History of rice cultivation

329: 474: 515: 1912: 1606:. Early rice farmers had scant knowledge of the plant and learned chiefly by trial and error. Years later temperate climate varieties were imported but these ended up being mixed with the previously imported tropical varieties producing seeds that were labelled "semilla nacional". In the 1939–1940 season 13,190 hectares of rice existed in Chile and by this time rice cultivation had become one of the most profitable agricultural businesses in Chile. In 1939 a division of the Ministry of Agriculture of Chile begun to study rice cultivated in Chile. This work continued in the research station Estación Genética de Ñuble in the 1940s. Labour opportunities in the rice fields meant a salary increase and a generally improved economic situation for many rural workers. However, as salaries increased between 1940 and 1964 the profitability also decreased. Rice fields also used lands with poor clay-rich soils that were less suitable for other activities. By 1964 38,000 ha of rice were cultivated. Rice was cultivated as far south as the commune 1379: 30: 840: 1646: 1637: 1192:. The principal rice growing season, known as "Berna-Bue Charne", is from June to July when water is sufficient for only a part of the fields; the subsidiary season, known as "Ropai" is from April to September, when there is usually enough water to sustain the cultivation of all rice fields. Farmers use irrigation channels throughout the cultivation seasons.Nepal's food security depends on the production of staple cereals with rice being the main cereal. Rice is grown on 1.49 million ha in Nepal with an average productivity of 3.5 t/ha and total annual production of 5.6 million tons in 2018 (MoALD, 2019). 497: 5127: 1326: 685: 367:. By around 4000 to 3800 BC, they were a regular secondary crop among southernmost Sino-Tibetan cultures. It did not replace millet, largely because of different environment conditions in northern China, but it was cultivated alongside millet in the southern boundaries of the millet-farming regions. Conversely, millet was also introduced into rice-farming regions. By the late Neolithic (3500 to 2500 BC), population in the rice cultivating centers had increased rapidly, centered around the 1286:

generations. The building of the rice terraces consists of blanketing walls with stones and earth which are designed to draw water from a main irrigation canal above the terrace clusters. Indigenous rice terracing technologies have been identified with the Ifugao's rice terraces such as their knowledge of water irrigation, stonework, earthwork and terrace maintenance. As their source of life and art, the rice terraces have sustained and shaped the lives of the community members.

621: 1804: 1295: 787: 131: 824: 1166: 1207: 1054: 1041:. A 2013 study using AMS carbon dating on seven samples of the actual rice husks have resulted in only one of the samples being dated to 12,520 ± 150 BP, with the other six being discovered to date to modern times. This inconsistency has not been explained. The evidence of the claimed cuts on the rice stalks are also inadequately explained. It is also unlikely for rice to be able to grow in Korea during the 1629: 980:, ca. 12,000 years ago. However, the climate in regions north of the Pearl River would likely be less suitable for this wild rice. Human activity over thousands of years may also have removed populations of wild rice from their previous ranges. Based on Chinese texts, it is speculated there are populations of native wild rice along the Yangtze basin in c. AD 1,000 that have recently become extinct. 1045:, when the climate was much colder. Lastly, apart from the husks, no other remains of rice plants have been recovered from the site, which opens the possibility that even if the rice husks were as old as claimed, it is still more likely that they may have been transported from warmer regions in some manner (either by migratory birds or Paleolithic foragers) and were not grown there. 466:). The Nanguanli site in Taiwan, dated to ca. 2800 BC, has yielded numerous carbonized remains of both rice and millet in waterlogged conditions, indicating intensive wetland rice cultivation and dryland millet cultivation. A multidisciplinary study using rice genome sequences indicate that tropical japonica rice was pushed southwards from China after a global cooling event (the 1311:

season, known as "Yala", is from April to September. During Maha season, there is usually enough water to sustain the cultivation of all rice fields, nevertheless in Yala season there is only enough water for cultivation of half of the land extent. Traditional rice varieties are now making a comeback with the recent interest in green foods.

1375:, the mosquito fern, which covers the top of a fresh rice paddy's water, blocking out any competing plants, as well as fixing nitrogen from the atmosphere for the rice to use. The rice is planted when it is tall enough to poke out above the azolla. This method has been used for at least a thousand years. 1857:

More than 100 varieties of rice are commercially produced primarily in six states (Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and California) in the U.S. According to estimates for the 2006 crop year, rice production in the U.S. is valued at $ 1.88 billion, approximately half of which is

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was an early proponent of rice cultivation in Chile during his rule between 1788 and 1796. The first rice cultivation occurred however much later, around 1920, yielding mixed results. Various attempts in Central Chile followed, also yielding mixed results. In part, the failure to establish successful

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In the southern region, most farmers transplant around boundaries to the flood plains or on the plains between mountains. Farming in the region is slower than other regions because the rainy season comes later. The popular rice varieties in this area are the Leb Nok Pattani seeds, a type of Jao rice.

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Although rice growing in Australia is highly profitable due to the cheapness of land, several recent years of severe drought have led many to call for its elimination because of its effects on extremely fragile aquatic ecosystems. The Australian rice industry is somewhat opportunistic, with the area

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A rice plantation, where black slaves were forced to work, and cultivate rice. Historians have argued that the African slaves brought with them the knowledge of how to cultivate the rice, and were responsible for the growth of such a large agricultural industry in the United States south that fed an

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Rice is the main export of Thailand, especially white jasmine rice 105 (Dok Mali 105). Thailand has a large number of rice varieties, 3,500 kinds with different characters, and five kinds of wild rice cultivates. In each region of the country there are different rice seed types. Their use depends on

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mainly depends on the rice cultivation. Rice production is acutely dependent on rainfall and government supply necessity of water through irrigation channels throughout the cultivation seasons. The principal cultivation season, known as "Maha", is from October to March and the subsidiary cultivation

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The Ifugao people practice traditional farming spending most of their labor at their terraces and forest lands while occasionally tending to root crop cultivation. The Ifugaos have also been known to culture edible shells, fruit trees, and other vegetables which have been exhibited among Ifugaos for

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basin. Evidence for rice cultivation in these regions, dates to slightly later than the Dapenkeng settlement of Taiwan, at around 3000 BC. Southward migrations of the Austroasiatic and Kra-Dai-speakers introduced it into Mainland Southeast Asia. The earliest evidence of rice cultivation in Mainland

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sometime between 3500 and 1200 BC. The cultivation of rice then occurred on a small scale, fields were impermanent plots, and evidence shows that in some cases domesticated and wild grains were planted together. The technological, subsistence, and social impact of rice and grain cultivation is not

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have been its caretakers. Ifugao culture revolves around rice and the culture displays an elaborate array of celebrations linked with agricultural rites from rice cultivation to rice consumption. The harvest season generally calls for thanksgiving feasts, while the concluding harvest rites called

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In 2003, Korean archaeologists announced they discovered rice husks in Soro-ri, Korea, which dated to 13,000 BC, that they claimed show signs of having been cut by stone tools. These antedates the oldest grains found in China, which were dated to 10,000 BC, and potentially challenge the

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Evidence for rice consumption in India since 6000BCE is found at Lahuradewa in Uttar Pradesh. However, whether or not the samples at Lahuradewa belong to domesticated rice is still disputed. Rice was cultivated in the Indian subcontinent from as early as 5,000 BC. "Several wild cereals, including

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Even before this Australia's rice production greatly exceeded local needs, and rice exports to Japan have become a major source of foreign currency. Above-average rainfall from the 1950s to the middle 1990s encouraged the expansion of the Riverina rice industry, but its prodigious water use in a

1122:: it shapes the landscape; is sold at markets; and is served in most meals. Rice accounts for more than half of the calories in the average diet, and the source of livelihood for about 20 million households. The importance of rice in Indonesian culture is demonstrated through the reverence of 1033:

explanation that domesticated rice originated in the Yangtze River basin of China. The findings were received by academia with strong skepticism and the claim remains dubious. The dates claimed by the authors of the study at Soro-ri are disputed, since they did not use the much more reliable

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area of West Africa and from coastal Sierra Leone. At the port of Charleston, through which 40% of all American slave imports passed, slaves from this region of Africa brought the highest prices due to their prior knowledge of rice culture, which was put to use on the many rice

1346:) has a brown color. The northeastern region is a large area where farmers can cultivate about 36 million square meters of rice. Although most of it is plains and dry areas, white jasmine rice 105—the most famous Thai rice—can be grown there. White jasmine rice was developed in 1899:

Because irrigation water, despite the extremely low runoff of temperate Australia, was (and remains) very cheap, the growing of rice was taken up by agricultural groups over the following decades. Californian varieties of rice were found suitable for the climate in the

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valley region of southern China, in contradiction to archaeological evidence. The study is based on modern distribution maps of wild rice populations which may be potentially inconclusive due to drastic climatic changes that happened during the end of the

423:. A genomic study also indicates that at around this time, a global cooling event (the 4.2 k event) led to tropical japonica rice being pushed southwards, as well as the evolution of temperate japonica rice that could grow in more northern latitudes. 390:

Liangzhu and Shijiahe declined abruptly in the terminal Neolithic (2500 to 2000 BC). With Shijiahe shrinking in size, and Liangzhu disappearing altogether. This is largely believed to be the result of the southward expansion of the early Sino-Tibetan

395:. Fortifications like walls (as well as extensive moats in Liangzhu cities) are common features in settlements during this period, indicating widespread conflict. This period also coincides with the southward movement of rice-farming cultures to the 1354:

The central region is mostly composed of plains. Most farmers grow Jao rice. For example, Pathum Thani 1 rice which has qualities similar to white jasmine 105 rice. Its paddy has the color of thatch, and the cooked rice also has fragrant grains.

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at an early date. However, there are at least two native (endemic) species of rice present in the Amazon region of South America, and one or both were used by the indigenous inhabitants of the region to create the domesticated form

963:, is one of oldest crop species. It has tens of thousands of varieties and two major subspecies, japonica and indica. Archeologists focusing on East and Southeast Asia argue that rice farming began in south-central China along the 967:

and spread to Korea and Japan from there south and northeast. Archaeologists working in India argue that rice cultivation started in the valley of the Ganges River and Indus valley, by peoples unconnected to those of the Yangtze.

815:, and extended to Senegal. However, it never developed far from its original region. Its cultivation even declined in favour of the Asian species, which was introduced to East Africa early in the common era and spread westward. 1350:

first and after that grown in many areas in the country, but the rice from this region has a high quality, because it is softer, whiter, and more fragrant. This rice can resist drought, acidic soil, and alkaline soil.

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The northern region has both lowlands and high lands. The farmers' usual crop is non-glutinous rice such as Niew Sun Pah Tong rice. This rice is naturally protected from leaf disease, and its paddy (unmilled rice)

4667: 3697: 871:'s military expedition to Asia. Large deposits of rice from the first century AD have been found in Roman camps in Germany. However it was not a staple of the Greek diet until the 10th century. Prior to this, 1862:. The U.S. provides about 12% of world rice trade. The majority of domestic utilization of U.S. rice is direct food use (58%), while 16% is used in each of processed foods and beer. 10% is found in pet food. 1253:". It is commonly thought that the terraces were built with minimal equipment, largely by hand. The terraces are located approximately 1,500 meters (5,000 ft) above sea level. They are fed by an ancient 538:, they had already lost the technology of rice farming. However, there is no archaeological record of rice in Polynesia and Micronesia before or during the time of Lapita pottery fitting the hypothesis. 3214: 4609:

Paredes C., Mario; Becerra V., Viviana; Donosos Ñ., Gabriel (2021). "Historia de la producción de arroz en Chile. 1920-2020". In Paredes C., Mario; Becerra V., Viviana; Donosos Ñ., Gabriel (eds.).

1819:, when an estimated 40,000 Chinese laborers immigrated to the state and grew small amounts of the grain for their own consumption. However, commercial production began only in 1912 in the town of 74:

basin in China 9,000 years ago. Cultivation, migration and trade spread rice around the world—first to much of east Asia, and then further abroad, and eventually to the Americas as part of the

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Asiatic rice (Oryza sativa), although a latecomer to Mediterranean agriculture, was relatively widespread in antiquity and was not a product of the Islamic Agricultural Revolution. During the

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system from the rainforests above the terraces. It is said that if the steps were put end to end, it would encircle half the globe. The terraces are found in the province of Ifugao and the

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300 BC. A genomic study indicates that temperate japonica, which predominates in Korea and Japan, evolved after a global cooling event (the 4.2k event) that occurred 4,200 years ago.

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A 2012 study, through genome sequencing and mapping of hundreds of rice varieties and that of wild rice populations, indicated that the domestication of rice occurred around the central

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was first domesticated and cultivated by humans, the spread of cultivation to different regions of the planet, and the technological changes that have impacted cultivation over time.

328: 2792: 473: 3666: 1911: 1741:, and it finally died out just after the turn of the 20th century. Today, people can visit the only remaining rice plantation in South Carolina that still has the original 383:

in these two regions. Both the number of settlements and overall settlement sizes increased among the Yangtze cultures, leading some archeologists to characterize them as

514: 4225: 5013: 4659: 3689: 1096:. Asian farmers still account for 87% of the world's total rice production. Because so much rice is produced in Bangladesh, it is also the staple food of the country. 4794: 2035: 1378: 1602:

rice cultivation in the first attempts is attributed to the indiscriminate use of rice varieties from areas with tropical climate that did not grow well in central

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were the primary grains cultivated and consumed in Greece. Over time, rice gradually replaced these traditional grains as a staple ingredient in many Greek dishes.

1141:. Divisions of labour between men, women, and animals that are still in place in Indonesian rice cultivation, were carved into relief friezes on the ninth century 4161: 959:

rice domestication has been a subject of much debate among those who study crop history and anthropology – whether rice originated in India or China. Asian rice,

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Hilbert, Lautaro; Neves, Eduardo Góes; Pugliese, Francisco; Whitney, Bronwen S.; Shock, Myrtle; Veasey, Elizabeth; Zimpel, Carlos Augusto; Iriarte, José (2017).

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The mastery of rice farming was a challenge for the English and other European settlers who were unfamiliar with the crop. Native Americans, who mostly gathered

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Huang, Xuehui; Kurata, Nori; Wei, Xinghua; Wang, Zi-Xuan; Wang, Ahong; Zhao, Qiang; Zhao, Yan; Liu, Kunyan; Lu, Hengyun; Li, Wenjun; Guo, Yunli (October 2012).

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Although attempts to grow rice in the well-watered north of Australia have been made for many years, they have consistently failed because of inherent iron and

1137:, which show kings levied taxes in rice. The images of rice cultivation, rice barn, and mice infesting a rice field is evident in Karmawibhangga bas-reliefs of 1157:). In the sixteenth century, Europeans visiting the Indonesian islands saw rice as a new prestige food served to the aristocracy during ceremonies and feasts. 3843:

22 (2)d Suyanggae International Symposium in Sakhalin "the Initial Human Exploration of the Continental and Insular Parts of the Eurasia. Suyanggae and Ogonk

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dates from 3000 BC. Historic written evidence for the earliest cultivation, however, comes from eighth century stone inscriptions from the central island of

4202: 2862: 295: 1827:. By 2006, California produced the second-largest rice crop in the United States, after Arkansas, with production concentrated in six counties north of 935:. Increasing scale of rice production in the region has recently brought criticism towards growers' alleged bad practices in regard to the environment. 1623: 299: 1680:, were also inexperienced with rice cultivation. However, within the first fifty years of settlement rice became the dominant crop in South Carolina. 912:

After the 15th century, rice spread throughout Italy and then France, later propagating to all the continents during the age of European exploration.

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practically waterless region began to attract the attention of environmental scientists. These became severely concerned with declining flow in the

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and periodically flood the fields. At first the rice was laboriously milled by hand using large mortars and pestles made of wood, then winnowed in

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people have harvested native rice varieties for thousands of years, and there are ongoing efforts to grow commercial quantities of these species.

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attached to a plough; women planting seedlings and pounding grain; and a man carrying sheaves of rice on each end of a pole across his shoulders (

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Rice was known to the Classical world, being imported from Egypt, and perhaps west Asia. It was known to Greece (where it is still cultivated in

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Hilbert, L., Neves, E.G., Pugliese, F. et al. Evidence for mid-Holocene rice domestication in the Americas. Nat Ecol Evol 1, 1693–1698 (2017).

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Zhang, Jianping; Lu, Houyuan; Gu, Wanfa; Wu, Naiqin; Zhou, Kunshu; Hu, Yayi; Xin, Yingjun; Wang, Can; Kashkush, Khalil (December 17, 2012).

4933: 3468: 1029:—though they concede that archaeological and genetic evidence exist for a single domestication of rice in the lowlands of southern China. 890:

in the 8th century where it expanded progressively from the south. In Majorca, rice cultivation seems to have stopped after the Christian

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Since its spread, rice has become a global staple crop important to food security and food cultures around the world. Local varieties of

29: 4776: 612:(ca. 2000 to 1200 BC). A genomic study indicates that rice diversified into Maritime Southeast Asia between 2,500 and 1,500 years ago. 701:, and rice cultivation, at sites such as Chopani-Mando and Mahagara, may have been underway as early as 7,000BC. Rice appeared in the 4028:

Kim, Kyeong Ja; Lee, Yung-Jo; Woo, Jong-Yoon; Jull, A.J. Timothy (January 2013). "Radiocarbon ages of Sorori ancient rice of Korea".

1583: 3658: 3113:"A Critical Evaluation Revealed the Proto-indica Model Rests on a Weaker Foundation and Has a Minimal Bearing on Rice Domestication" 4128:

Choudhary, Dyutiman; Banskota, Kamal; Khanal, Narayan Prasad; McDonald, Andrew James; Krupnik, Timothy J.; Erenstein, Olaf (2022).

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Most of the rice used today in the cuisine of the Americas is not native but was introduced to Latin America and the Caribbean by

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Huang, Xuehui; Kurata, Nori; Wei, Xinghua; Wang, Zi-Xuan; Wang, Ahong; Zhao, Qiang; Zhao, Yan; Liu, Kunyan; et al. (2012).

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due to the sheer distance of ocean they were crossing and the lack of abundant rain. These voyagers became the ancestors of the

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Hsieh, Jaw-shu; Hsing, Yue-ie Caroline; Hsu, Tze-fu; Li, Paul Jen-kuei; Li, Kuang-ti; Tsang, Cheng-hwa (December 24, 2011).

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Li, Hui; Huang, Ying; Mustavich, Laura F.; Zhang, Fan; Tan, Jing-Ze; Wang, ling-E; Qian, Ji; Gao, Meng-He; Jin, Li (2007).

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Genomic studies suggests that indica rice was later introduced back to China from India between 2,000 and 1,400 years ago.

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Shoda, Shinya; Nasu, Hiroo; Yamazaki, Kohei; Murakami, Natsuki; Na, Geon-Ju; Ahn, Sung-Mo; Yoneda, Minoru (8 May 2021).

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dishes that were a staple dish along the peoples of West Africa remained a staple among their descendants subjected to

901:, with cultivation starting in the 9th century, where it was an important crop long before it is noted in the plain of 4130:"Rice Subsector Development and Farmer Efficiency in Nepal: Implications for Further Transformation and Food Security" 758:

in Iran (dated to the first century AD) at one end of the ancient world, while at the same time rice was grown in the

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entire population for more information see Black Rice : The African Origins of Rice Cultivation in the Americas.

1407:(first century BCE) recognized rice as a significant Indian crop during the subcontinent's busy agricultural season. 317:. Both of these regions were heavily populated and had regular trade contacts with each other, as well as with early 177:

The scientific consensus based on archaeological and linguistic evidence, is that rice was first domesticated in the

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Zhang, Chi (2013). "The Qujialing–Shijiahe culture in the middle Yangzi River valley". In Underhill, Anne P. (ed.).

4873: 17: 4613:. Colección Libros INIA - Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (in Spanish). Vol. 40. pp. 314–379. 2971:"A New Chronology for the Bronze Age of Northeastern Thailand and Its Implications for Southeast Asian Prehistory" 5627: 2293: 1636: 943:

Recent research indicates that rice was independently domesticated in South America before the 14th century from

2831: 1831:. Unlike the Arkansas–Mississippi Delta region, California's production is dominated by short- and medium-grain 5079: 4169: 1067: 190: 4206: 2417:"The Checkered Prehistory of Rice Movement Southwards as a Domesticated Cereal—from the Yangzi to the Equator" 379:. There was also evidence of intensive rice cultivation in paddy fields as well as increasingly sophisticated 4491: 1483:

By the time the Muslims arrived in Iraq, rice was already widely farmed throughout the Sasanian kingdom. The

1081: 1034: 481:, and likely routes of early rice transfer (ca. 3500 to 500 BC). The approximate coastlines during the early 1780:

when the fields were flooded. In recent years rice production has risen in North America, especially in the

740:(3rd millennium BC). Agricultural activity during the second millennium BC included rice cultivation in the 387:, with clearly advanced socio-political structures. However, it is unknown if they had centralized control. 1761: 1650: 1150: 1105: 46: 3559:"Paddy cultivation during early Holocene: Evidence from diatoms in Lahuradewa lake sediments, Ganga Plain" 221:, sprang from a single domestication event that occurred some 9,000 years ago in China from the wild rice 4030:

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms

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Kim, Kyeong J.; et al. (2021). "Radiocarbon Ages of Suyanggae Paleolithic Sites in Danyang, Korea".

2929: 2832:"The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence" 1516: 1488: 1320: 1753:. The predominant strain of rice in the Carolinas was from Africa and was known as 'Carolina Gold'. The 5039: 3915:

Ahn, Sung-Mo (June 2010). "The emergence of rice agriculture in Korea: archaeobotanical perspectives".

2484:"Studies on Ancient Rice—Where Botanists, Agronomists, Archeologists, Linguists, and Ethnologists Meet" 1750: 1705: 1701: 1666: 1250: 1089: 1085: 4394: 4075: 3592:"Approaching rice domestication in South Asia: New evidence from Indus settlements in northern India" 3425: 1670: 1632:

Photograph by Havens O. Pierre taken between 1876 and 1888 in Savannah, Georgia titled "Hoeing Rice".

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Rice culture in the southeastern U.S. became less profitable with the loss of slave labor after the

568:(AD 900 to AD 1700). Guam is the only island in Oceania where rice was grown in pre-colonial times. 101:

and other transfers of agricultural technologies has led to increased production in recent decades.

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is an interdisciplinary subject that studies archaeological and documentary evidence to explain how

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By 500 BC, there is evidence of intensive wetland rice agriculture already established in Java and

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Higham, Charles F. W.; Douka, Katerina; Higham, Thomas F. G.; Hart, John P. (September 18, 2015).

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has been preserved and there are current attempts to reintroduce it as a commercially grown crop.

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was returning from a slave-trading voyage to Madagascar when he was blown off course and put into

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Double-headed rice, illustration from the Japanese agricultural encyclopedia Seikei Zusetsu (1804)

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rice was independently domesticated in Africa 3,000 to 3,500 years ago. Between 1500 and 800 BC,

592: 572: 416: 3460: 2091:"Early Mixed Farming of Millet and Rice 7800 Years Ago in the Middle Yellow River Region, China" 772:

rice cultivars including 'Gerdeh', 'Hashemi', 'Hasani', and 'Gharib' have been bred by farmers.

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describes its Mesopotamian cultivation, and implies it was an important part of the cuisine of

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In Russia, a short-grain, starchy rice similar to the Italian varieties, has been grown in the

631: 519: 314: 268: 211:. This was supported by a genetic study in 2011 that showed that all forms of Asian rice, both 150: 94: 4729: 3063:

Crawford, G.W. & G.-A. Lee. (March 2003). "Agricultural Origins in the Korean Peninsula".

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speakers to the south, facilitating the spread of rice cultivation throughout southern China.

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There are two most likely centers of domestication for rice as well as the development of the

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increased profitability of the crop, and the addition of waterpower for the mills in 1787 by

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Texts from the late first and early second centuries imply that rice was first introduced to

1234: 1189: 717:. This led to the local development of a mix of 'wetland' and 'dryland' agriculture of local 554: 420: 34: 3211:"Rice farming in India much older than thought, used as 'summer crop' by Indus civilisation" 3153: 1726:(the making of which was another skill brought by slaves from Africa). The invention of the 5497: 4773: 4409: 4037: 3969: 3924: 3732: 3603: 3503: 2982: 2596: 2585:"Pathways to Asian Civilizations: Tracing the Origins and Spread of Rice and Rice Cultures" 2495: 2431: 2358: 2241: 2102: 1820: 1816: 1746: 1720: 1688: 1661:, probably originating from Madagascar. Tradition (possibly apocryphal) has it that pirate 1211: 1201: 661: 576: 535: 500: 448: 404: 115: 64:

The current scientific consensus, based on archaeological and linguistic evidence, is that

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Evaluating Multiple Narratives: Beyond Nationalist, Colonialist, Imperialist Archaeologies

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planted varying significantly from season to season depending on water allocations in the

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as early as 4530 BC and 5440 BC, respectively. The early domestication process of rice in

8: 5389: 3997:"Dry or Wet? Evaluating the Initial Rice Cultivation Environment on the Korean Peninsula" 3575: 3154: 2347:"Prehistoric evolution of the dualistic structure mixed rice and millet farming in China" 1567: 977: 972: 868: 584: 560:

Much later Austronesian voyages from Island Southeast Asia succeeded in bringing rice to

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Crawford; Shen (1998). "The Origins of rice agriculture: recent progress in East Asia".

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Molina, J.; Sikora, M.; Garud, N.; Flowers, J. M.; Rubinstein, S.; et al. (2011).

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Tilling the Hateful Earth: Agricultural Production and Trade in the Late Antique East

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Science and technology with Thai rice, National center for genetic engineering, 2003

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evident in archaeological data until after 1500 BC. For example, intensive wet-

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arrived in India about ~4,500 years ago and hybridized with an undomesticated proto-

97:. More recent changes in agricultural practices and breeding methods as part of the 5376: 5344: 5111: 4631: 4544: 4538: 4417: 4141: 4045: 4008: 3977: 3932: 3809: 3799: 3750: 3740: 3629: 3611: 3570: 3529: 3511: 3385: 3276: 3124: 3072: 3037: 3000: 2990: 2846: 2768: 2604: 2559: 2539: 2503: 2439: 2366: 2310: 2302: 2259: 2249: 2174: 2164: 2120: 2110: 2031: 2027: 1983: 1776:

farmers grew rice in wet marshes and low-lying prairies where they could also farm

1603: 1451: 1404: 944: 920: 804: 781: 644: 588: 392: 380: 376: 372: 352: 348: 311: 284: 261: 147: 98: 80: 5126: 3887:

Kim, Minkoo (2008). "Multivocality, Multifaceted Voices, and Korean Archaeology".

3389: 2345:

He, Keyang; Lu, Houyuan; Zhang, Jianping; Wang, Can; Huan, Xiujia (June 7, 2017).

1325: 541:

Rice, along with other Southeast Asian food plants, were also later introduced to

5505: 5339: 5184: 4940: 4851: 4780: 4761: 4690: 4229: 4190: 4079: 4069: 2995: 2850: 2169: 2115: 1882: 1563: 1368: 906: 333: 223: 135: 119: 3690:"farming in india: Rice farming in India began much before Chinese rice arrived" 3265:"Phenotypic evaluation of scutellum-derived calluses in 'Indica' rice cultivars" 5580: 5482: 5445: 5424: 5419: 5364: 5319: 4062: 4049: 2522: 2416: 1793: 1742: 1658: 1547: 1500: 1463: 916: 832: 763: 706: 660:

rice agriculture was introduced into Korea shortly before or during the Middle

531: 463: 459: 384: 364: 139: 4611:

100 años del cultivo del arroz en Chile en un contexto internacional 1920-2020

4421: 4183: 4146: 4129: 4097: 3936: 3616: 3380:

Darby, H.C. (1957). "The face of Europe on the eve of the great discoveries".

3076: 3041: 2772: 2628: 2609: 2543: 2508: 2483: 2444: 1987: 1896:

that were too heavy for the cultivation of fruit and too infertile for wheat.

1476:

recommended the grain as a medicament in the second century, and his disciple

526:

It has been speculated the rice did not survive the Austronesian voyages into

5622: 5616: 5409: 5384: 5299: 5239: 5234: 5065: 4754: 4379: 4013: 3996: 3625: 3525: 2370: 2153:"The complex geography of domestication of the African rice Oryza glaberrima" 1995: 1832: 1579: 1520: 1339: 1258: 1246: 1170: 1080:

Today, the majority of all rice produced comes from China, India, Indonesia,

1038: 1017: 964: 905:(1468) or in the Lombard plain (1475), where its cultivation was promoted by 710: 684: 441: 412: 318: 257: 217: 199: 178: 71: 3804: 3413: 2306: 2254: 1971: 1359:

Its paddy has the color of thatch, and it can be processed to make noodles.

5550: 5354: 5329: 5304: 5289: 5274: 5249: 5209: 5189: 5159: 5146: 5116: 5036:"Alpine Rice | Australia's first commercial native grain crop. © 2013" 4625: 4429: 3823: 3764: 3643: 3543: 3281: 3264: 3014: 2780: 2695:

The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age

2551: 2324: 2289:"The Rice Paradox: Multiple Origins but Single Domestication in Asian Rice" 2273: 2188: 2134: 1937: 1929: 1662: 1575: 1507:

provinces of Iran) and then beyond the Muslim world into the valley of the

1146: 1042: 988: 620: 596: 356: 345: 303: 245: 189:, the critical indicator of domestication in grains, as well as five other 158: 89: 66: 4972:

Global Runoff: Continental Comparisons of Annual Flows and Peak Discharges

4635: 4359: 2930:"Latte villages in Guam and the Marianas: Monumentality or monumenterity?" 2563: 2230:"Molecular evidence for a single evolutionary origin of domesticated rice" 5585: 5565: 5455: 5450: 5414: 5359: 5334: 5284: 5259: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5204: 4907: 1925: 1803: 1789: 1496: 1424: 1271: 1242: 1215: 984: 932: 891: 812: 809: 767: 689: 657: 565: 550: 508: 125: 4877: 3981: 3745: 3516: 3097:

Tewari, R, Srivastava, RK, Saraswat, KS, Singh, IB and Singh, KK. 2008.

2817:"Deconstructing the Lapita Cultural Complex in the Bismarck Archipelago" 5520: 5487: 5470: 5460: 5429: 5349: 5309: 5294: 5269: 5174: 1837:

varieties, including cultivars developed for the local climate such as

1731: 1551: 1512: 1504: 1427:, based on second century BCE author Aristobulus. The crop traveled to 1254: 1174: 883: 625: 601: 542: 527: 166: 3721:"A map of rice genome variation reveals the origin of cultivated rice" 3492:"A map of rice genome variation reveals the origin of cultivated rice" 2629:"The Neolithic of Southern China – Origin, Development, and Dispersal" 1874:, who had experience with rice plantations in the Americas and India. 1715:

From the enslaved Africans, plantation owners learned how to dyke the

1450:. Palestine's main crop was fine, large kernel rice. According to the 1294: 786: 84:

rice was independently domesticated in Africa around 3,000 years ago.

5324: 5264: 5254: 5199: 5179: 5154: 3837:

Lee, Kyong-woo; Lee, Yung-jo; Woo, Jong-yoon; Lee, Seung-won (2017).

1878: 1845: 1765: 1727: 1691:

grew and amassed great wealth from the slave labor obtained from the

1677: 1571: 1541: 1477: 1416: 1303: 1279: 1142: 1138: 1111: 42: 38: 1669:

for repairs. While there he gave a bag of seed rice to explorer Dr.

1274:) entails a strict taboo on any agricultural work. Partaking of the 823: 5545: 5465: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4509:

Black rice: the African origins of rice cultivation in the Americas

4301: 4299: 4297: 4278: 4276: 3129: 3112: 2584: 1901: 1871: 1870:

Rice was one of the earliest crops planted in Australia by British

1859: 1785: 1777: 1754: 1555: 1428: 1130: 1123: 1012: 928: 828: 759: 698: 605: 575:, rice was presumably spread through river trade between the early 482: 478: 4548: 3784:, reveals multiple independent domestications of cultivated rice, 3342: 1165: 919:, and known in Russia as "Kuban Rice" or "Krasnodar Rice". In the 665: 553:

by around the 1st millennium AD by Austronesian settlers from the

130: 5575: 5570: 5515: 5244: 5164: 3659:"India's rice history may not have had anything to do with China" 1838: 1562:

and their African slaves introduced it at about the same time to

1492: 1491:. Following the Islamic conquest, its cultivation moved north to 1412: 1396: 1206: 1026: 1008: 848: 745: 741: 636: 609: 546: 447:

cultivation to Southeast Asia started with the migrations of the

408: 396: 322: 170: 4922: 4294: 4273: 3839:"Advances of Multidisciplinary Research on Cheongju Sorori Rice" 3778:

Londo JP, Chiang YC, Hung KH, Chiang TY, Schaal BA (June 2006).

2061:

The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia

332:

Spatial distribution of rice, millet and mixed farming sites in

5555: 5530: 5525: 5510: 4127: 1760:

In the southern United States, rice has been grown in southern

1723: 1467: 1459: 1432: 1408: 1372: 1238: 1222: 1053: 898: 872: 864: 702: 455: 400: 280: 182: 4608: 4395:"Evidence for mid-Holocene rice domestication in the Americas" 2754:"Genomic history and ecology of the geographic spread of rice" 1628: 748:

regions. Mixed farming was the basis of Indus valley economy.

290:

The second is in the middle Yangtze River associated with the

5601: 5560: 5540: 5535: 4526: 2525:"Y chromosomes of prehistoric people along the Yangtze River" 1965: 1963: 1773: 1716: 1524: 1508: 1473: 1185: 1181: 1022: 1004: 876: 669: 652: 648: 504: 272: 5035: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4848:"The economic contributions of the California rice industry" 615: 138:(8500 to 1500 BC), showing the approximate locations of the 5088: 4764:. Carolina Gold Rice Foundation. Retrieved on May 13, 2012. 4392: 4182:

National Statistical Coordinating Body of the Philippines.

3590:

Bates, J.; Petrie, C. A.; Singh, R. N. (February 1, 2017).

1443: 1420: 1400: 1134: 902: 844: 755: 561: 490: 58: 4692:

David Griffiths and the Missionary "History of Madagascar"

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Thakur, Biswajeet; Saxena, Anju; Singh, I (June 5, 2018).

1960: 1570:

played an active role in the establishment of rice in the

1411:(first century CE) reported that rice was widely grown in 1386: 1282:

constitutes an indelible practice during the festivities.

5229: 4946: 4532: 4072: 3994: 3156:

People, Plants and Genes: The Story of Crops and Humanity

3111:

Ray, Avik; Chakraborty, Debarati; Ghosh, Surajit (2020).

1578:

was an important crop from an early period. Varieties of

1302:

Rice is the staple food amongst all the ethnic groups in

4103:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 3062: 2227: 1970:

Fornasiero, Alice; Wing, Rod A.; Ronald, Pamela (2022).

1745:

and rice mill from the mid-19th century at the historic

1180:

Rice is the major food amongst all the ethnic groups in

647:

investigations indicate dry-land rice was introduced to

256:

technology. The first, and most likely, is in the lower

227:. A more recent population genomic study indicates that 5057: 4795:"Historic Richvale – the birthplace of California rice" 4463: 4461: 608:(ca. 2000 to 1500 BC); and the An Sơn site in southern 4943:

August 2006, Release No. 0306.06, U.S. Rice Statistics

3021: 1110:

Rice is a staple food for all classes in contemporary

909:, Duke of Milan, and demonstrated in his model farms. 4957:

Wadham, Sir Samuel; Wilson, R. Kent and Wood, Joyce;

4846:

Sumner, Daniel A.; Brunke, Henrich (September 2003).

4364:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 109–110. 3777: 2968: 1841:, which makes up as much as 85% of the state's crop. 1249:. The Rice Terraces are commonly referred to as the " 4458: 4162:"'The Best of the Philippines – its natural wonders" 3830: 3355:

S.D. Sharma (1957). "11 History of Rice in Europe".

3189:

Sorghum: Origin, History, Technology, and Production

1969: 579:-speakers of the Middle Yangtze basin and the early 403:

regions, as well as the southward migrations of the

45:

and rice plants being infested by mouse pestilence.

4993:, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Victoria (2000) 4797:. California Farm Bureau Federation. Archived from 3110: 344:Rice was gradually introduced north into the early 207:(2008) determined a single domestication event for 4323:Punkhao (Khao Dawk Mali 105), www.brrd.in.th, 2013 4096: 3718: 3489: 1624:Plantation complexes in the Southern United States 725:rice agriculture, before the truly 'wetland' rice 664:(circa 850–550 BC) and reached Japan by the final 4786: 4291:Punkhao (Niew San Pah Tong), www.brrd.in.th, 2013 4218: 4216: 3556: 2009: 2007: 2005: 493:, especially near very fertile volcanic islands. 5614: 4341:Punkhao ( Leb Nok Pattani), www.brrd.in.th, 2013 3589: 3151: 2058: 2013: 1815:Rice cultivation began in California during the 1188:, most rice varieties are cultivated during the 643:Mainstream archaeological evidence derived from 4472:. Archived from the original on January 1, 2007 2481: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2234:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2150: 1848:" native to North America are to the unrelated 1462:, and the Chrysopolis area to the north of the 798:was domesticated in Asia, the now less popular 470:) that occurred approximately 4,200 years ago. 4664:Louisiana State University Agricultural Center 4660:"The History of U.S. Rice Production – Part 1" 4332:Punkhao (Pathum Thani 1), www.brrd.in.th, 2013 4213: 3656: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2002: 1530: 534:. By the time they migrated southwards to the 436:Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia 5073: 4027: 2578: 2576: 2344: 1515:. In Palestine, rice came to be grown in the 1454:(3rd to 4th centuries CE), rice was grown in 1126:, the rice goddess of ancient Java and Bali. 4876:. California Rice Commission. Archived from 4850:. California Rice Commission. Archived from 4845: 4839: 4823:. California Rice Commission. Archived from 4604: 4602: 4600: 4314:The genetic wonder of Thai rice, p. 110,1998 4244:World Heritage Sites and Schlessinger Media 3836: 3297:Sub-Saharan Africa: An Environmental History 3262: 3183: 3181: 3027: 2921: 2823: 2622: 2620: 2397: 1807:Rice paddy fields just north of the city of 355:millet farmers, either via contact with the 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4090: 4088: 3917:Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 3379: 3354: 2736: 2718:Major, John S.; Cook, Constance A. (2016). 2672:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 510–534. 2088: 2084: 2082: 2080: 1881:toxicities in the soils and destruction by 485:are shown in lighter blue. (Bellwood, 2011) 5080: 5066: 4961:, Melbourne University Press (1957) p. 246 4866: 4813: 4792: 4783:. Crawfish.com. Retrieved on May 13, 2012. 3263:Pazuki, Arman & Sohani, Mehdi (2013). 2962: 2880: 2573: 790:Rice farmers work in the fields of Gambia. 4543:. Vol. 1. National Academies Press. 4145: 4012: 3813: 3803: 3754: 3744: 3633: 3615: 3574: 3533: 3515: 3414:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0322-4 3338: 3336: 3334: 3280: 3258: 3256: 3178: 3145: 3128: 3004: 2994: 2889:"An overview of latte period archaeology" 2839:Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 2717: 2711: 2661: 2626: 2617: 2608: 2507: 2475: 2443: 2314: 2263: 2253: 2178: 2168: 2124: 2114: 1919:) of rice imports to Australia since 1988 1734:Jonathan Lucas was another step forward. 1584:slavery in the Spanish New World colonies 808:propagated from its original centre, the 616:Korean peninsula and Japanese archipelago 4688: 4577: 4085: 2927: 2829: 2414: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2280: 2077: 2054: 2052: 1910: 1888:In the 1920s, it was seen as a possible 1802: 1644: 1635: 1627: 1586:, Brazil and elsewhere in the Americas. 1519:. Rice is also grown in Saudi Arabia at 1511:. In Egypt, rice is mainly grown in the 1377: 1324: 1293: 1205: 1164: 1052: 897:The Moors may have also brought rice to 838: 822: 785: 683: 619: 513: 495: 472: 327: 129: 28: 4512:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 4203:"About Banaue > Tourist Attractions" 4056: 3712: 3234: 3232: 2751: 2692: 2686: 2014:Vaughan, DA; Lu, B; Tomooka, N (2008). 1387:Middle East and the Mediterranean Basin 1298:Indian women separating rice from straw 1237:that were carved into the mountains of 1129:Evidence of wild rice on the island of 894:, although historians are not certain. 271:. Their diet were also supplemented by 181:basin in China. Because the functional 14: 5615: 5042:from the original on December 27, 2017 5016:from the original on December 23, 2017 4727: 4670:from the original on September 4, 2017 4623: 4540:Lost Crops of Africa: Volume I: Grains 4505: 4357: 4223:Department of Tourism: Ifugao Province 4094: 3910: 3908: 3868:from the original on November 12, 2013 3455: 3453: 3451: 3331: 3318:The Ecology of the Ancient Greek World 3253: 2886: 2582: 2385:from the original on November 20, 2021 2016:"The evolving story of rice evolution" 1653:officials at a rice farm in California 1367:One of the earliest known examples of 762:valley in Italy. In northern Iran, in 679: 169:-speakers), along the Lower and Upper 5061: 4991:Climatic Atlas of Australia: Rainfall 4709:from the original on February 7, 2017 4695:. Leiden NL: BRILL. pp. 448–49. 4565:from the original on January 22, 2009 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4261:The genetic wonder of Thai rice, 1998 4134:Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 3988: 3855: 3687: 3359:. Taylor & Francis. p. 345. 3209:Bates, Jennifer (November 21, 2016). 3208: 2667: 2649:from the original on January 25, 2019 2627:Zhang, Chi; Hung, Hsiao-Chun (2008). 2463:from the original on January 24, 2019 2331: 2049: 1395:, rice was well known as far west as 1334:weather, atmosphere, and topography. 999:rice was domesticated at least twice— 4970:See McMahon T.A. and Finlayson, B.; 3780:"Phylogeography of Asian wild rice, 3240:World History: Societies of the Past 3229: 2752:Gutaker, Rafal; et al. (2020). 2415:Bellwood, Peter (December 9, 2011). 2286: 2221: 2146: 2144: 1620:Rice production in the United States 1480:followed him in the fourth century. 1114:, and it holds the central place in 35:Karmawibhanga Museum in Central Java 5009:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 4184:FACTS & FIGURES:Ifugao province 4021: 3957: 3914: 3905: 3886: 3688:Varma, Subodh (November 21, 2016). 3471:from the original on August 8, 2020 3448: 3436:from the original on August 5, 2020 3357:Rice: Origin, Antiquity and History 3217:from the original on March 30, 2019 3160:. Oxford University Press. p. 2950:from the original on April 12, 2019 2909:from the original on April 12, 2019 1566:. Recent scholarship suggests that 1048: 70:rice was first domesticated in the 24: 4989:Australian Bureau of Meteorology; 4821:"California's Rice Growing Region" 4533:National Research Council (1996). 4344: 3700:from the original on July 10, 2020 2868:from the original on July 31, 2019 2830:Beaujard, Philippe (August 2011). 2670:A Companion to Chinese Archaeology 2516: 2209:from the original on April 4, 2023 1362: 713:was based around the wild species 624:Rice broker in 1820s Japan of the 25: 5639: 3669:from the original on June 7, 2020 3596:Journal of Archaeological Science 2151:Choi, Jae Young (March 7, 2019). 2141: 2063:. Psychology Press. p. 565. 1772:since the mid-19th century. Many 1435:) during the early centuries CE. 429: 231:was domesticated first, and that 95:40,000 cultivars of various types 5125: 4934:States Department of Agriculture 4624:Carney, Judith A. (2002-12-31). 4305:The ecology of life, p. 45, 1998 4282:The ecology of life, p. 44, 1998 4099:Indonesia: Peoples and Histories 3382:The New Cambridge Modern History 3242:. Portage & Main Press. 92. 2205:. K-agriculture. April 4, 2023. 1613: 1231:Hagdan-hagdang Palayan ng Banawe 950: 458:between 3500 and 2000 BC (5,500 321:speakers to the west, and early 49:has a long history in Indonesia. 5028: 4996: 4983: 4964: 4892: 4767: 4748: 4721: 4682: 4652: 4617: 4499: 4447:from the original on 2018-07-20 4386: 4335: 4326: 4317: 4308: 4285: 4264: 4255: 4235: 4195: 4176: 4154: 4121: 3951: 3880: 3849: 3771: 3681: 3657:Sandhya Ramesh (June 6, 2018). 3650: 3583: 3550: 3483: 3418: 3406: 3373: 3348: 3310: 3289: 3202: 3104: 3091: 3056: 2809: 2798:from the original on 2021-02-26 2693:Liu, Li; Chen, Xingcan (2012). 2294:Molecular Biology and Evolution 2287:Choi, Jae; et al. (2017). 2038:from the original on 2020-09-24 1904:, and the first mill opened at 191:single-nucleotide polymorphisms 4402:Nature Ecology & Evolution 3856:David, Dr (October 21, 2003). 3576:10.18520/cs/v114/i10/2106-2115 3461:"Debating the Origins of Rice" 3320:, Cornell Univ. Press, p. 23, 2697:. Cambridge University Press. 2195: 2032:10.1016/j.plantsci.2008.01.016 1329:Cambodian women planting rice. 1195: 1068:Rice production in South Korea 983:An older theory, based on one 754:was recovered from a grave at 165:cultures (associated with the 13: 1: 4959:Land Utilization in Australia 4900:"Information about Wild Rice" 4755:Carolina Gold Rice Foundation 4232:. Accessed September 4, 2008. 3390:10.1017/CHOL9780521045414.005 1953: 1495:, the southern shores of the 1278:(rice beer), rice cakes, and 1035:accelerator mass spectrometry 867:) by returning soldiers from 600:Southeast Asia come from the 591:basins, as well as the early 4496:. Retrieved on May 13, 2012. 4095:Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). 3792:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 3099:Early farming at Lahuradewa. 2996:10.1371/journal.pone.0137542 2851:10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142 2170:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007414 2116:10.1371/journal.pone.0052146 1651:Food and Drug Administration 1371:is the growing of rice with 1289: 1106:Rice production in Indonesia 1099: 886:brought Asiatic rice to the 7: 5098:History of rice cultivation 4506:Carney, Judith Ann (2001). 4068:September 10, 2011, at the 3384:. Vol. 1. p. 32. 3269:Acta Agriculturae Slovenica 1531:Caribbean and Latin America 1321:Rice production in Thailand 1314: 736:Rice was cultivated in the 55:history of rice cultivation 10: 5644: 4189:November 13, 2012, at the 4078:September 7, 2011, at the 4050:10.1016/j.nimb.2012.09.026 3426:"Rice originated in India" 2928:Peterson, John A. (2012). 2583:Fuller, Dorian Q. (2011). 2203:"Is basmati rice healthy?" 1865: 1751:Georgetown, South Carolina 1617: 1554:to Mexico in the 1520s at 1318: 1251:Eighth Wonder of the World 1199: 1103: 1092:, Philippines, Korea and 1065: 938: 779: 733:, arrived around 2000 BC. 433: 123: 113: 104: 5594: 5496: 5438: 5402: 5373: 5143: 5134: 5123: 5104: 5095: 4779:October 28, 2014, at the 4490:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4422:10.1038/s41559-017-0322-4 4147:10.3389/fsufs.2021.740546 3937:10.1007/s12520-010-0029-9 3617:10.1016/j.jas.2016.04.018 3295:Maddox, Gregory (2006). 3152:Murphy, Denis J. (2007). 3077:10.1017/s0003598x00061378 3042:10.1017/S0003598X00087494 2773:10.1038/s41477-020-0659-6 2610:10.1007/s12284-011-9078-7 2544:10.1007/s00439-007-0407-2 2509:10.1007/s12284-011-9075-x 2445:10.1007/s12284-011-9068-9 2059:Harris, David R. (1996). 1988:10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.025 1892:crop on soils within the 1657:In 1694, rice arrived in 1604:Chile's temperate climate 1399:, in modern northeastern 1343: 995:(2006) had proposed that 818: 775: 738:Indus Valley civilization 479:language family homelands 5087: 4874:"Medium Grain Varieties" 4358:Decker, Michael (2009). 4014:10.3390/agronomy11050929 3316:Sallare, Robert (1993), 3187:Smith, C. Wayne (2000). 2887:Carson, Mike T. (2012). 2722:. Taylor & Francis. 2720:Ancient China: A History 2371:10.1177/0959683617708455 1589: 1460:Paneas-Caesarea Phillipi 1308:Agriculture in Sri Lanka 1245:by the ancestors of the 1160: 1076:Rice production in India 1072:Rice production in China 109: 4728:Heuman, Gad J. (2003). 4689:Campbell, Gwyn (2012). 3805:10.1073/pnas.0603152103 3191:. John Wiley and Sons. 3101:Pragdhara, 18: 347–373. 2255:10.1073/pnas.1104686108 1544:, some 4000 years ago. 1230: 1061: 1057:Rice crop in Madagascar 927:cultivars are grown in 573:Mainland Southeast Asia 417:Mainland Southeast Asia 193:, is identical in both 5628:History of agriculture 5280:Nàng Thơm Chợ Đào rice 5004:"Wild for Aussie rice" 4939:March 4, 2016, at the 4760:June 20, 2006, at the 4228:March 2, 2009, at the 3891:. New York: Springer. 3430:www.downtoearth.org.in 3282:10.2478/acas-2013-0020 1920: 1812: 1809:Sacramento, California 1683:In the United States, 1654: 1642: 1633: 1383: 1330: 1299: 1218: 1177: 1058: 856: 836: 791: 693: 640: 632:36 Views of Mount Fuji 523: 520:Austronesian Expansion 511: 486: 341: 174: 93:have resulted in over 78:. The now less common 50: 5476:Germinated brown rice 4636:10.4159/9780674262539 4209:on December 14, 2008. 4082:. Accessed July 2011. 3858:"Cf. BBC news (2003)" 3238:Kahn, Charles (2005). 2569:on December 14, 2013. 2307:10.1093/molbev/msx049 1948:Australian Aboriginal 1914: 1806: 1782:Mississippi embayment 1648: 1639: 1631: 1381: 1328: 1297: 1233:) are 2,000-year-old 1209: 1168: 1066:Further information: 1056: 842: 826: 789: 687: 623: 555:Greater Sunda Islands 517: 499: 476: 421:Island Southeast Asia 415:-speaking peoples to 331: 133: 114:Further information: 32: 4827:on February 10, 2006 4774:Farm Raised Crawfish 4172:on October 30, 2013. 3299:. ABC-CLIO. p. 267. 1972:"Rice domestication" 1944:irrigation regions. 1894:Murray–Darling basin 1817:California Gold Rush 1747:Mansfield Plantation 1212:Santa Maria, Bulacan 1202:Banaue Rice Terraces 662:Mumun pottery period 536:Bismarck Archipelago 522:(3500 BC to AD 1200) 501:Banaue Rice Terraces 116:Neolithic Revolution 5390:New Rice for Africa 4801:on October 11, 2007 4793:Lee, Ching (2005). 4666:. 13 January 2017. 4414:2017NatEE...1.1693H 4042:2013NIMPB.294..675K 3982:10.1017/RDC.2021.77 3974:2021Radcb..63.1429K 3929:2010ArAnS...2...89A 3746:10.1038/nature11532 3737:2012Natur.490..497H 3608:2017JArSc..78..193B 3517:10.1038/nature11532 3508:2012Natur.490..497H 2987:2015PLoSO..1037542H 2601:2011Rice....4...78F 2500:2011Rice....4..178H 2436:2011Rice....4...93B 2363:2017Holoc..27.1885H 2246:2011PNAS..108.8351M 2107:2012PLoSO...752146Z 1687:South Carolina and 1446:farmers during the 978:last glacial period 869:Alexander the Great 680:Indian subcontinent 645:paleoethnobotanical 549:, and the coast of 254:wetland agriculture 5170:Bhutanese red rice 4904:www.mnwildrice.com 4731:The Slavery Reader 4470:"Rice and Slavery" 4063:"Indonesian food." 3694:The Times of India 2636:Asian Perspectives 1921: 1813: 1739:American Civil War 1655: 1643: 1634: 1599:Ambrosio O'Higgins 1548:Spanish colonizers 1448:Early Roman period 1393:Hellenistic period 1384: 1369:companion planting 1331: 1300: 1219: 1178: 1120:Indonesian cuisine 1116:Indonesian culture 1059: 857: 837: 792: 705:valley regions of 697:rice, grew in the 694: 641: 524: 512: 487: 468:4.2-kiloyear event 342: 175: 76:Columbian exchange 51: 5610: 5609: 5398: 5397: 5315:Pusa Basmati 1121 5195:Camargue red rice 4854:on April 26, 2006 4702:978-90-04-19518-9 4558:978-0-309-04990-0 4519:978-0-674-00452-8 4408:(11): 1693–1698. 4371:978-0-19-956528-3 4250:978-1-4171-0342-3 3898:978-0-387-76459-7 3731:(7421): 497–501. 3502:(7421): 497–501. 3399:978-1-139-05576-5 3366:978-1-57808-680-1 3171:978-0-19-920713-8 2357:(12): 1885–1898. 2240:(20): 8351–8356. 2070:978-1-85728-538-3 1851:Zizania palustris 1798:Mississippi Delta 1784:in the states of 1568:enslaved Africans 1485:Babylonian Talmud 1348:Chonburi Province 1143:Prambanan temples 888:Iberian Peninsula 853:Valencian Country 604:site in northern 595:-speakers of the 583:-speakers of the 452:Dapenkeng culture 381:material cultures 16:(Redirected from 5635: 5345:Sona masuri rice 5141: 5140: 5129: 5082: 5075: 5068: 5059: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5012:. May 15, 2014. 5000: 4994: 4987: 4981: 4968: 4962: 4955: 4944: 4931: 4920: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4910:on June 16, 2016 4906:. Archived from 4896: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4790: 4784: 4771: 4765: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4606: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4503: 4497: 4495: 4489: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4465: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4452: 4446: 4399: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4355: 4342: 4339: 4333: 4330: 4324: 4321: 4315: 4312: 4306: 4303: 4292: 4289: 4283: 4280: 4271: 4268: 4262: 4259: 4253: 4239: 4233: 4220: 4211: 4210: 4205:. Archived from 4199: 4193: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4168:. Archived from 4166:Filipinasoul.com 4158: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4102: 4092: 4083: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4025: 4019: 4018: 4016: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3968:(5): 1429–1444. 3955: 3949: 3948: 3912: 3903: 3902: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3817: 3807: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3758: 3748: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3637: 3619: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3537: 3519: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3467:. July 5, 2018. 3457: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3329: 3314: 3308: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3284: 3260: 3251: 3236: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3206: 3200: 3185: 3176: 3175: 3159: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3132: 3108: 3102: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3036:(278): 858–866. 3025: 3019: 3018: 3008: 2998: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2949: 2934: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2908: 2893: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2867: 2836: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2804: 2803: 2797: 2758: 2749: 2734: 2733: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2648: 2633: 2624: 2615: 2614: 2612: 2580: 2571: 2570: 2568: 2562:. Archived from 2538:(3–4): 383–388. 2529: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2511: 2494:(3–4): 178–183. 2479: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2462: 2447: 2421: 2412: 2395: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2342: 2329: 2328: 2318: 2284: 2278: 2277: 2267: 2257: 2225: 2219: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2182: 2172: 2148: 2139: 2138: 2128: 2118: 2086: 2075: 2074: 2056: 2047: 2046: 2044: 2043: 2011: 2000: 1999: 1967: 1452:Jerusalem Talmud 1345: 1049:Regional history 945:Amazon wild rice 921:Russian Far East 827:Paddy fields in 805:Oryza glaberrima 800:Oryza glaberrima 782:Oryza glaberrima 393:Longshan culture 377:Liangzhu culture 373:Shijiahe culture 353:Dawenkou culture 287:domestication. 235:rice arose when 99:Green Revolution 81:Oryza glaberrima 21: 18:Rice cultivation 5643: 5642: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5613: 5612: 5611: 5606: 5590: 5506:Arroz con pollo 5492: 5439:Processed forms 5434: 5403:Characteristics 5394: 5375: 5369: 5340:Semi-dwarf IR36 5185:Calasparra rice 5145: 5130: 5121: 5100: 5091: 5086: 5056: 5055: 5045: 5043: 5034: 5033: 5029: 5019: 5017: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4988: 4984: 4969: 4965: 4956: 4947: 4941:Wayback Machine 4932: 4923: 4913: 4911: 4898: 4897: 4893: 4883: 4881: 4872: 4871: 4867: 4857: 4855: 4844: 4840: 4830: 4828: 4819: 4818: 4814: 4804: 4802: 4791: 4787: 4781:Wayback Machine 4772: 4768: 4762:Wayback Machine 4753: 4749: 4742: 4726: 4722: 4712: 4710: 4703: 4687: 4683: 4673: 4671: 4658: 4657: 4653: 4646: 4622: 4618: 4607: 4578: 4568: 4566: 4559: 4531: 4527: 4520: 4504: 4500: 4483: 4482: 4475: 4473: 4468: 4466: 4459: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4397: 4391: 4387: 4372: 4356: 4345: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4240: 4236: 4230:Wayback Machine 4221: 4214: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4191:Wayback Machine 4181: 4177: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4126: 4122: 4115: 4093: 4086: 4080:Wayback Machine 4070:Wayback Machine 4061: 4057: 4026: 4022: 3993: 3989: 3956: 3952: 3913: 3906: 3899: 3885: 3881: 3871: 3869: 3854: 3850: 3835: 3831: 3798:(25): 9578–83. 3782:Oryza rufipogon 3776: 3772: 3717: 3713: 3703: 3701: 3686: 3682: 3672: 3670: 3655: 3651: 3588: 3584: 3563:Current Science 3555: 3551: 3488: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3459: 3458: 3449: 3439: 3437: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3411: 3407: 3400: 3378: 3374: 3367: 3353: 3349: 3341: 3332: 3315: 3311: 3294: 3290: 3261: 3254: 3237: 3230: 3220: 3218: 3207: 3203: 3186: 3179: 3172: 3150: 3146: 3109: 3105: 3096: 3092: 3061: 3057: 3026: 3022: 2981:(9): e0137542. 2967: 2963: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2943:(1/2): 183–08. 2932: 2926: 2922: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2891: 2885: 2881: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2834: 2828: 2824: 2815: 2814: 2810: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2756: 2750: 2737: 2730: 2716: 2712: 2705: 2691: 2687: 2680: 2666: 2662: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2631: 2625: 2618: 2581: 2574: 2566: 2527: 2521: 2517: 2480: 2476: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2430:(3–4): 93–103. 2419: 2413: 2398: 2388: 2386: 2343: 2332: 2285: 2281: 2226: 2222: 2212: 2210: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2163:(3): e1007414. 2149: 2142: 2087: 2078: 2071: 2057: 2050: 2041: 2039: 2012: 2003: 1976:Current Biology 1968: 1961: 1956: 1915:Monthly value ( 1868: 1858:expected to be 1844:References to " 1626: 1618:Main articles: 1616: 1592: 1564:colonial Brazil 1533: 1489:Jews in Babylon 1466:(in modern-day 1431:(in modern-day 1389: 1365: 1363:Companion plant 1323: 1317: 1292: 1225:Rice Terraces ( 1204: 1198: 1169:Rice fields in 1163: 1108: 1102: 1078: 1064: 1051: 991:regions, Londo 953: 941: 907:Ludovico Sforza 843:Planting rice, 821: 784: 778: 688:Paddy field in 682: 618: 438: 432: 334:Neolithic China 277:water chestnuts 224:Oryza rufipogon 136:Neolithic China 128: 122: 120:Neolithic China 112: 107: 37:of 9th century 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5641: 5631: 5630: 5625: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5598: 5596: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5588: 5583: 5581:Tuwon shinkafa 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5502: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5490: 5485: 5483:Parboiled rice 5480: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5446:Flattened rice 5442: 5440: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5432: 5427: 5425:Glutinous rice 5422: 5420:Perennial rice 5417: 5412: 5406: 5404: 5400: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5381: 5379: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5367: 5365:Yamada Nishiki 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5320:Red Cargo rice 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5151: 5149: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5101: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5085: 5084: 5077: 5070: 5062: 5054: 5053: 5027: 4995: 4982: 4963: 4945: 4921: 4891: 4880:on May 8, 2006 4865: 4838: 4812: 4785: 4766: 4747: 4740: 4720: 4701: 4681: 4651: 4644: 4616: 4576: 4557: 4535:"African Rice" 4525: 4518: 4498: 4457: 4385: 4370: 4343: 4334: 4325: 4316: 4307: 4293: 4284: 4272: 4263: 4254: 4234: 4212: 4194: 4175: 4153: 4120: 4113: 4084: 4055: 4020: 3987: 3950: 3904: 3897: 3879: 3848: 3829: 3770: 3711: 3680: 3649: 3582: 3549: 3482: 3447: 3417: 3405: 3398: 3372: 3365: 3347: 3330: 3309: 3288: 3252: 3228: 3201: 3177: 3170: 3144: 3130:10.5334/aa.175 3103: 3090: 3071:(295): 87–95. 3055: 3020: 2961: 2920: 2879: 2845:(2): 169–189. 2822: 2808: 2767:(5): 492–502. 2735: 2728: 2710: 2703: 2685: 2678: 2660: 2616: 2595:(3–4): 78–92. 2572: 2532:Human Genetics 2515: 2474: 2396: 2330: 2301:(4): 969–979. 2279: 2220: 2194: 2140: 2101:(12): e52146. 2076: 2069: 2048: 2026:(4): 394–408. 2001: 1982:(1): R20–R24. 1958: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1928:and the lower 1867: 1864: 1794:Arkansas Delta 1743:winnowing barn 1671:Henry Woodward 1659:South Carolina 1615: 1612: 1596:Royal Governor 1591: 1588: 1532: 1529: 1464:Sea of Galilee 1423:, and also in 1388: 1385: 1364: 1361: 1319:Main article: 1316: 1313: 1291: 1288: 1210:Ricefields at 1197: 1194: 1162: 1159: 1104:Main article: 1101: 1098: 1063: 1060: 1050: 1047: 955:The origin of 952: 949: 940: 937: 917:Krasnodar Krai 833:Northern Italy 820: 817: 780:Main article: 777: 774: 764:Gilan province 707:northern India 699:Vindhyan Hills 681: 678: 617: 614: 532:Lapita culture 440:The spread of 431: 430:Southeast Asia 428: 365:Hemudu culture 111: 108: 106: 103: 33:Bas-relief at 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5640: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5593: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5495: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5437: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5410:Aromatic rice 5408: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5385:Carolina Gold 5383: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5300:Paw hsan hmwe 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5240:Japonica rice 5238: 5236: 5235:Japanese rice 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5128: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5094: 5090: 5083: 5078: 5076: 5071: 5069: 5064: 5063: 5060: 5041: 5037: 5031: 5015: 5011: 5010: 5005: 4999: 4992: 4986: 4980: 4979:3-923381-27-1 4976: 4973: 4967: 4960: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4942: 4938: 4935: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4895: 4879: 4875: 4869: 4853: 4849: 4842: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4782: 4778: 4775: 4770: 4763: 4759: 4756: 4751: 4743: 4741:9780415213035 4737: 4734:. Routledge. 4733: 4732: 4724: 4708: 4704: 4698: 4694: 4693: 4685: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4655: 4647: 4645:9780674262539 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4628: 4620: 4612: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4564: 4560: 4554: 4550: 4549:10.17226/2305 4546: 4542: 4541: 4536: 4529: 4521: 4515: 4511: 4510: 4502: 4493: 4487: 4471: 4467:West, Jean M. 4464: 4462: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4396: 4389: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4367: 4363: 4362: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4338: 4329: 4320: 4311: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4288: 4279: 4277: 4267: 4258: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4238: 4231: 4227: 4224: 4219: 4217: 4208: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4188: 4185: 4179: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4157: 4148: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4124: 4116: 4114:0-300-10518-5 4110: 4106: 4101: 4100: 4091: 4089: 4081: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4067: 4064: 4059: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4024: 4015: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3991: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3962: 3954: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3909: 3900: 3894: 3890: 3883: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3852: 3844: 3840: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3684: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3586: 3577: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3486: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3401: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3376: 3368: 3362: 3358: 3351: 3344: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3327: 3326:0-8014-2615-4 3323: 3319: 3313: 3306: 3305:1-85109-555-1 3302: 3298: 3292: 3283: 3278: 3275:(2): 239–47. 3274: 3270: 3266: 3259: 3257: 3249: 3248:1-55379-045-6 3245: 3241: 3235: 3233: 3216: 3212: 3205: 3198: 3197:0-471-24237-3 3194: 3190: 3184: 3182: 3173: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3157: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3107: 3100: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2965: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2931: 2924: 2905: 2902:(1/2): 1–79. 2901: 2897: 2890: 2883: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2833: 2826: 2818: 2812: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2761:Nature Plants 2755: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2731: 2729:9781317503668 2725: 2721: 2714: 2706: 2704:9780521643108 2700: 2696: 2689: 2681: 2679:9781118325780 2675: 2671: 2664: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2630: 2623: 2621: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2579: 2577: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2526: 2519: 2510: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2478: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2418: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2295: 2290: 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