730:
799:
starters, the MACS-lift uses a shorter scar that is in front of the ear, instead of behind, which is much easier to hide. Overall, the MACS-lift surgery is safer because less skin is raised. This means that there is less risk of bleeding and nerve damage. The operation also takes less time, lasting 2.5 hours instead of the 3.5 hours that the traditional facelift requires. There is also a shorter recovery period, 2â3 weeks instead of 3â4 weeks. Finally, the results of the MACS-lift are very natural while the traditional facelift will often result in a "windswept" look. The MACS lift has been successfully used for to correct complication after thread-lift with APTOS.
752:
and the Vector of pull to get an optimal result. It can be done with a simple ellipse of skin removed with minimal undermining of skin flaps or more extensively with large skin flaps. It can last 5 to 10 years but some patients may want a touch-up at 6 to 12 months after the procedure. The reason that this option is considered is that it has fewer complications and quicker recovery. One of the father's of plastic surgery Sir Harold Gilles described a simple ellipse of skin excision in a socialite who was pleased with her quick recovery and outcome. Can be done for a simple jowl lift in a 35 to 45-year-old patient.
197:
38:
331:
709:
skin folds. To achieve a younger appearance the surgeon makes several small incisions along the hairline and inside the mouth, this way the fatty tissue layers can be lifted and repositioned. This way there are practically no scars. The fatty layer that lies over the cheekbones is also lifted and repositioned. This improves the nose-to-mouth lines and the roundness over the cheekbones. The recovery time is rather short and this procedure is often combined with a blepharoplasty (eyelid surgery)
339:
648:
tissues with a scalpel or scissors (also called undermining) over the cheeks and neck. At this point, the deeper tissues (SMAS, the fascial suspension system of the face) can be tightened with sutures, with or without removing some of the excess deeper tissues. The skin is then redraped, and the amount of excess skin to be removed is determined by the surgeon's judgement and experience. The excess skin is then removed, and the skin incisions are closed with
862:
following surgery in men can be more challenging due to their hair-bearing preauricular skin. In both men and women, one of the signs of having had a facelift can be an earlobe which is pulled forwards and/or distorted. If too much skin is removed, or a more vertical vector not employed, the face can assume a pulled-back, "windswept" appearance. This appearance can also be due to changes in bone structure that generally happen with age.
392:
wound healing. Patients are typically asked to abstain from taking aspirin or other blood thinners for at least one week prior to surgery. Patients motivations and expectations are an important factor in order to determine the patient's medical status. A psychiatric illness leading to unreasonable expectations for the surgical outcome, such as a distorted perception of reality, can be a contraindication to surgery. Some kinds of
660:
430:
626:. The parts of the face elevated are in continuity in the deep-plane and the composite rhytidectomy include the SMAS layer in the lower face, subcutaneous tissue and the skin as the arteries to these parts are preserved. With this option you can create a well vascularized tissue flap, which can be used to tighten the skin without loss of vascularization, this will result in fewer complications like
418:
367:(caused by a descent of cheek fat) and the increased distance from the ciliary margin to the inferior-most point of the orbicularis oculi muscle (caused by decreasing tone of the orbicularis oculi muscle). The skin is a fourth component in the aging of the face. The ideal age for face-lifting is at age 50 or younger, as measured by patient satisfaction. Some areas, such as the nasolabial folds or
1548:
780:
to a couple of days of face-to-face training. A professionally trained cosmetic doctor, Vincent Wong, said that a thread lift is the most dangerous procedure an aesthetic practitioner can do. A great many things can go wrong, more so than any injectable treatment, because threads stay in the skin and
760:
A technique called thread lift or non-surgical face lift simplifies the operation. Silicone threads with barbs are used to pull the face and neck skin upwards without the need of skin excision. These are non-absorbable threads and combination of these threads with other methods of facial rejuvenation
721:
in the mini lift procedure. It is also called the âSâ lift because of the shape of the incision that is used or the âshort-scarâ facelift. This lift is a more temporary solution to the ageing of the face which also has less downtime and is done on people who have deep nasolabial folds, sagging facial
708:
or sagging of the neck. In these cases a mid face-lift is sufficient to rejuvenate the face opposed to a full facelift, which is a more drastic surgery. The ideal candidates for a mid face-lift is when a person is in his 40s, or if the cheeks appear to be sagging and the nasolabial area has laxity or
342:
A. Increased redundancy of the nasolabial fold (caused by a descent of cheek fat) B. Increased distance from the ciliary margin to the inferior-most point of the orbicularis oculi muscle (caused by decreasing tone of the orbicularis oculi muscle) C. Jowl (a broken jaw line by ptosis of the platysma
248:
used the Esser-graft to school all those who flocked towards him who wanted to study under him. That's how he earned the name "Father of 20th
Century Plastic Surgery". In 1919, Dr Passot was known to publish one of the first papers on face-lifting, this consisted mainly of the elevating and redraping
865:
One of the most often overlooked (or not discussed) areas of a traditional facelift procedure is the effects on the anatomical positioning and angles of the ears. Most patients are, in many cases, not made aware that the vector forces in a facelift will lower the ears as well as change the angle of
784:
A nurse sent undercover by the BBC to take and secretly film a course teaching thread lifting was shocked at the unprofessionalism and unsafe practices she was taught. While exceptional sterility is required to avoid possible long-term infection, there was no attempt to control infection. The tutor
685:
In order to correct the deepening of the nasolabial fold more accurately, the deep plane facelift was developed. Differing from the SMAS lift by freeing cheek fat and some muscles from their bone implement. This technique has a higher risk at damaging the facial nerve. The SMAS lift is an effective
301:
via a coronal incision. In 1979, Tessier demonstrated that the subperiosteal undermining of the superior and lateral orbital rims allowed the elevation of the soft tissue and eyebrows with better results than the classic face-lifting. The objective was to elevate the soft tissue over the underlying
751:
With the skin-only facelift only the skin of the face is lifted and not the underlying SMAS, muscles or other structures. As the elastin fibers disintegrate, the skin itself loses elasticity in older patients. A skin only face lift requires skill in understanding the extent of safe removal of skin
742:
The subperiosteal facelift technique is done by vertically lifting the soft tissues of the face, completely separating it from the underlying facial bones and elevating it to a more esthetically pleasing position, correcting deep nasolabial folds and sagging cheeks. The technique is often combined
694:
As well as in the deep plane facelift, in the composite facelift a deeper layer of tissue is mobilised and repositioned. The difference between these operating techniques is the extra repositioning and fixation of the orbicularis oculi muscle in the composite facelift procedure. The malar crescent
672:
The SMAS (Superficial
Musculo Aponeurotic System) layer consists of suspensory ligaments that encase the cheek fat, thereby causing them to remain in their normal position. This procedure is often performed in tandem with blepharoplasty as an ancillary procedure. Resuspension and securing the SMAS
647:
In the traditional facelift, an incision is made in front of the ear extending up into the hairline. The incision curves around the bottom of the ear and then behind it, usually ending near the hairline on the back of the neck. After the skin incision is made, the skin is separated from the deeper
391:
medical problems, both physical and psychological. While not absolute contraindications, the risk of postoperative complications is increased in cigarette smokers and patients with hypertension and diabetes. These strong relative contraindications consist primarily of diseases predisposing to poor
643:
Many different procedures are used for rhytidectomy. The differences are mostly the type of incision, the invasiveness and the area of the face that is treated. Each surgeon practices multiple different types of facelift surgery. At a consultation the procedure with the best outcome is chosen for
798:
The term MACS-lift â or
Minimal Access Cranial Suspension lift â allows for the correction of sagging facial features through a short, minimal incision, elevating them vertically by suspending them from above. There are many advantages to having a MACS facelift versus a traditional facelift. For
861:
after rhytidectomy. The permanent hair loss is mostly seen at the incision site in the temporal areas. In men, the sideburns can be pulled backwards and upwards, resulting in an unnatural appearance if appropriate techniques are not employed to address this issue. Achieving a natural appearance
576:
The retaining ligaments in the face provide an anchorage of superficial structures to underlying bone. Four retaining ligaments exist. The platysma-cutaneous ligaments and the platysma-auricular ligament are aponeurotic condensations which connect the platysma to the dermis. The osteocutaneous
789:
during it. Ashton
Collins, the director of Save Face, a national register of accredited medical practitioners that provide non-surgical cosmetic treatments, said that "there's no doubt that if people following that course go on to do treatments will cause a lot of complications".
566:). The fibres of the nerve are becoming more superficially medially. Therefore, the dissection of a deep plane begins further away of the surface then it ends. This allows the undermining to be carried out towards the nasolabial fold without harming the branches of the facial nerve.
321:
The technique for performing a facelift went from simply pulling on the skin and sewing it back to aggressive SMAS and deep plane surgeries to a more refined facelift where variable options are considered to have an aesthetically good and a more long-lasting effect.
785:
touched various objects and then the patient's face, and the procedure was carried out on a chair instead of a clean bed. Several blood vessels were accidentally punctured, and the patient was clearly in severe pain. Patients drank alcohol before the treatment and
225:. An elderly Polish female aristocrat asked him to: "lift her cheeks and corners of the mouth". After much debate, he finally proceeded to excise an elliptical piece of skin around the ears. The first textbook about facial cosmetic surgery (1907) was written by
133:
procedure intended to give a more youthful facial appearance. There are multiple surgical techniques and exercise routines. Surgery usually involves the removal of excess facial skin, with or without the tightening of underlying tissues, and the redraping of the
577:
ligaments, the zygomatic ligament and the mandibular ligament, are more important. They attach to the skin and bone, leading to a counteraction of gravitational forces. These ligaments should be released surgically to obtain a fully mobile facelift flap.
743:
with standard techniques, which provide a long-lasting rejuvenation of the face and is done in all age groups. The difference between this and other lifts is that the subperiosteal facelift has a longer period of facial swelling after the procedure.
781:
cannot be pulled out; while the results can be very good, the procedure can also cause irreversible damage. The professional training of Wongâalready a physician with a degree in surgeryâin this procedure involved four courses over three months.
601:
Injury to the greater auricular nerve is the most seen nerve injury after rhytidectomy. Care should be taken in elevation over the sternocleidomastoid muscle, because of the terminal branches of the nerve that pass superficially to innervate the
249:
of the facial skin. After this, many others began to write papers on face-lifting in the 1920s. From then, the esthetic surgery was being performed on a large scale, form the basis of the reconstructive surgery. The first female plastic surgeon,
269:
introduced the concept of subfacial dissection, therefore providing suspension of the stronger deeper layer rather than relying on skin tension to achieve his facelift (he publishes his technique in 1974, with subfacial dissection of the
1679:
Sapountzis, Stamatis; Kim, Ji Hoon; Li, Tzong-Shiun; Rashid, Abid; Cruz, Pedro Ciudad; Hwang, Yoong Soo (December 2012). "Successful treatment of thread-lifting complication from APTOS sutures using a simple MACS lift and fat grafting".
812:. Although the facial plastic surgeon attempts to prevent and minimise the risk of complications, a rhytidectomy can have complications. As a risk to every operation, complications can be derived as a reaction to the anesthetics.
722:
structures, yet still have a firm and well-contoured neck. The position of the incision is usually made from the hairline around the ear with scars hidden in the natural crease of the skin. The mini lift can be performed with an
553:
A dissection in the deep plane can mostly be performed safely, because the facial nerve innervates the facial muscles on the deep surface of these muscles (except for the muscles which are lying deep to the facial nerve, the
807:
The most common complication is bleeding which usually requires a return to the operating room. Less common, but potentially serious, complications may include damage to the facial nerves and necrosis of the skin flaps or
703:
The mid face area, the area between the cheeks, flattens and makes a woman's face look slightly more masculine. The mid face-lift is suggested to people where these changes occur, yet without a significant degree of
726:, which is used to reposition the soft tissues. After this, the skin is repositioned by the surgeon with small sutures. This type of lift is a good alternative to the full facelift to people with premature ageing.
50:. This plane is dissected down to the orbital rim and connected to the midface subperiosteal plane created through the sublabial incision under the upper lip, and often through a lower eyelid incision.
768:
In the UK aesthetic practitionersâwho administer thread lifts and other treatmentsâare not required to have any mandatory qualifications, although some treatments can cause serious complications. In
857:
in the portions of the incision within the hair-bearing scalp can rarely occur. A distortion of the hairlineâand facial hair in menâcan result after a rhytidectomy. There is a high incidence of
644:
every patient. Expectations of the patient, the age, possible recovery time and areas to improve are some of the many factors taken in consideration before choosing a technique of rhytidectomy.
1792:
Cohen, SR; Webster, RC (May 1983). ""How I do it"âhead and neck and plastic surgery. A targeted problem and its solution. Primary rhytidectomyâcomplications of the procedure and anesthetic".
217:
In the first 70 years of the 20th century, facelifts were performed by pulling on the skin on the face and cutting the loose parts off. The first facelift was reportedly performed by
2136:
1252:
Friel, M; Shaw RE; Trovato MJ; Owsley JQ (July 2010). "The measure of face-lift patient satisfaction: the Owsley
Facelift Satisfaction Survey with a long-term followup study".
869:
Infection is a rare complication for patients who have undergone a rhytidectomy. Staphylococcus is the most usual causative organism for an infection after facelift surgery.
310:
At the start of this period in the history of the facelift, there was a change in conceptual thinking, surgeons started to care more about minimizing scars, restoring the
274:
without detaching the skin in a posterior direction). In 1976, Mitz and
Peyronie described the anatomical Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System, or SMAS, a term coined by
686:
procedure to reposition the platysma muscle; however, the nasolabial fold is according to some surgeons better addressed by a deep plane facelift or composite facelift.
334:
The difference between an aged eye and a youthful eye, looking at the distance from the cilliary margin to the inferior-most point of the orbicularis oculi muscle.
226:
161:
According to the most recent
American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery facelifts were the third most popular aesthetic surgery in 2019, surpassed only by
2129:
1028:
733:
Blue represents the incisions in the Skin only facelift. Green represents the S-lift. Red is the extensive undermining done in several facelift techniques.
286:(SMAS) concept rapidly emerged to become the standard face-lifting technique, which was the first innovative change in facelift surgery in over 50 years.
218:
1740:, exposes how complicated aesthetic procedures, involving needles and surgical threads, are being taught over the internet or on unsafe one-day courses.
2083:
LeRoy JL, Rees TD, Nolan WB (March 1994). "Infections requiring hospital readmission following face lift surgery: incidence, treatment, and sequelae".
2122:
1663:
New combinations of threads with surgical methods for facial rejuvenationnew combinations of threads with surgical methods for facial rejuvenation
1948:
61:
1295:
Liu, TS; Owsley, JQ (January 2012). "Long-term results of face lift surgery: patient photographs compared with patient satisfaction ratings".
266:
717:
The mini-facelift is the least invasive type of facelift which is similar to a full facelift, the only difference is the omission of the
2005:
Leist, FD; Masson, JK; Erich, JB (April 1977). "A review of 324 rhytidectomies, emphasizing complications and patient dissatisfaction".
851:
scars can appear. A facelift requires skin incisions; however, the incisions in front of and behind the ear are usually inconspicuous.
705:
150:. Exercise routines tone underlying facial muscles without surgery. Surgical facelifts are effectively combined with eyelid surgery (
776:
found 26 cosmetic training academies offering courses ranging in price from ÂŁ150 to ÂŁ5,000 in 2021, lasting from a couple of hours
351:
the appearance of the face. Aging of the face is most shown by a change in position of the deep anatomical structures, notably the
2306:
919:
536:
283:
818:
is the most seen complication after rhytidectomy. Arterial bleeding can cause the most dangerous hematomas, as they can lead to
1913:
Niamtu J, 3rd (September 2005). "Expanding hematoma in face-lift surgery: literature review, case presentations, and caveats".
1341:
Rees, TD; Liverett, DM; Guy, CL (June 1984). "The effect of cigarette smoking on skin-flap survival in the face lift patient".
1011:
1962:
Baker, DC; Conley, J (December 1979). "Avoiding facial nerve injuries in rhytidectomy. Anatomical variations and pitfalls".
888:
2321:
2316:
244:," the technique was soon used on both English and German sides in the war. At the same time, the British plastic surgeon
1078:
828:
can be sustained during rhytidectomy. This kind of injury can be temporary or permanent and harm can be done to either
1094:
Mitz, V.; Peyronie M. (July 1976). "The superficial musculo-aponeurotic system (SMAS) in the parotid and cheek area".
899:
2205:
840:
is the most common nerve to get injured at a facelift procedure. The most injured motor nerve is the facial nerve.
1032:
904:
1727:
729:
677:. Modifications to this technique led to development of the "Composite Facelift" and "Deep plane Facelift."
2311:
2114:
1563:
315:
253:, played a large role in its development and she wrote one of the first books about esthetic surgery named
454:
847:
increases the risk of skin necrosis 12-fold. Scarring is considered a complication of facelift surgery.
1835:
Clevens, RA (November 2009). "Avoiding patient dissatisfaction and complications in facelift surgery".
20:
1209:
Marcus, BC (August 2012). "Rhytidectomy: current concepts, controversies and the state of the art".
619:
506:
458:
356:
1055:
866:
the ears. Ear lowering can be as much as 1 cm and change in the angle as much as 10 degrees.
1152:
Heinrichs, HL; Kaidi, AA (September 1998). "Subperiosteal face lift: a 200-case, 4-year review".
939:
673:
anatomical layer can lead to rejuvenation of the face, by counteracting aging and gravity caused
618:
supplies the platysma and goes on as the angular artery, which connects with the branches of the
594:
486:
623:
518:
462:
282:, after he had become familiar with Skoog's technique. After Skoog died of a heart attack, the
1870:
Kamer, FM; Song, AU (OctoberâDecember 2000). "Hematoma formation in deep plane rhytidectomy".
1662:
172:
Cost varies by country where surgery is performed. Prices were quoted ranging from US$ 2,500 (
1942:
837:
330:
240:
made one of the most famous discoveries in the field of plastic surgery to date, namely the "
196:
37:
614:
The composite flap is vascularised by facial, angular and/or inferior orbital arteries. The
359:. These lead up to three landmarks namely, an appearance of the jowl (a broken jaw line by
2285:
2040:
Baker, TJ; Gordon, HL; Mosienko, P (January 1977). "Rhytidectomy: a statistical analysis".
786:
348:
279:
154:) and other facial procedures and are typically performed under general anesthesia or deep
1638:
1620:
8:
2150:
663:
The technique of a SMAS facelift, consisting of mobilisation, repositioning and fixating.
559:
311:
155:
2065:
1987:
1895:
1817:
1705:
1451:
1401:
1320:
1277:
1234:
1119:
674:
1770:
1491:
822:. Almost all of the hematomas occur within the first 24 hours after the rhytidectomy.
2100:
2096:
2069:
2057:
2053:
2022:
2018:
1979:
1975:
1930:
1926:
1887:
1852:
1809:
1774:
1697:
1596:
1530:
1526:
1495:
1443:
1393:
1389:
1358:
1354:
1312:
1269:
1226:
1169:
1165:
1111:
1107:
1074:
1007:
973:
653:
56:
1991:
1899:
1821:
1513:
Whetzel, TP; Mathes, SJ (August 1997). "The arterial supply of the face lift flap".
1455:
1324:
1281:
1238:
1123:
2092:
2049:
2014:
1971:
1922:
1879:
1844:
1801:
1766:
1709:
1689:
1522:
1487:
1435:
1405:
1385:
1350:
1304:
1261:
1218:
1161:
1103:
878:
588:
582:
393:
368:
130:
2220:
1564:"Deep Plane Facelift Versus SMAS Facelift Demystified Glenn Vallecillos, MD, FACS"
1139:
Transactions of 7th
International Conference on Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
388:
74:
2256:
2175:
1308:
1265:
1222:
914:
695:
caused by the orbicularis oculi ptosis can be addressed in a composite facelift.
649:
607:
511:
364:
352:
222:
47:
314:
volume that was lost during the ageing process and they started making use of a
294:
Tessier, who had his background in the craniofacial surgery, made the step to a
250:
2261:
1805:
1588:
909:
894:
829:
718:
627:
541:
245:
237:
166:
151:
1848:
1693:
1439:
2300:
2195:
2180:
1883:
883:
615:
474:
450:
376:
295:
241:
181:
103:
2144:
2185:
1934:
1891:
1856:
1701:
1600:
1447:
1316:
1273:
1230:
977:
848:
833:
825:
546:
494:
490:
338:
275:
2104:
1813:
1728:"Non-surgical beauty treatments: Undercover on a facelift training course"
1534:
1499:
1397:
1362:
1173:
2238:
2215:
2210:
2170:
2061:
2026:
1983:
1778:
1115:
761:
reveals even better results. One such procedure is thread-lift with anti-
162:
68:
762:
524:
360:
84:
2158:
2146:
563:
397:
298:
201:
135:
43:
1478:
Baker, DC (July 1983). "Complications of cervicofacial rhytidectomy".
1137:
Tessier, P. (September 1979). "Facelifting and frontal rhytidectomy".
188:) as of 2008. Costs in Europe mostly ranged ÂŁ4,000âÂŁ9,000 as of 2009.
2200:
2190:
1757:
Rees, TD; Aston, SJ (January 1978). "Complications of rhytidectomy".
1426:
Moyer, JS; Baker, SR (August 2005). "Complications of rhytidectomy".
854:
809:
769:
723:
124:
112:
2243:
1621:"Composite Facelift: Background, History of the Procedure, Problem"
1376:
Furnas, DW (January 1989). "The retaining ligaments of the cheek".
858:
815:
631:
555:
271:
1056:"Mens of monster? Plastische chirurgie en de Eerste Wereldoorlog"
844:
819:
205:
139:
659:
429:
46:
midface lift (rhytidectomy). Note the shiny surface of the deep
1251:
777:
445:
185:
177:
964:
Comarow, Avery (12 May 2008). "Under the Knife in
Bangalore".
417:
129:) 'excision', the surgical removal of wrinkles), is a type of
1211:
Current
Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery
481:
372:
173:
118:
106:
1006:. Trans. Grahame Larkin. New York, N.Y.: Thiene. p. 4.
302:
skeleton to re-establish the patient's youthful appearance.
2277:
469:
147:
143:
2039:
1582:
1580:
773:
208:
is elevated in an endoscopic midface lift (rhytidectomy).
2004:
1577:
1340:
1587:
Joshi, Kritika; Hohman, Marc H.; Seiger, Eric (2022),
236:
In the First World War (1914â1918), the Dutch surgeon
1678:
387:
Contraindications to facelift surgery include severe
363:
of the platysma muscle), increased redundancy of the
1190:
Hamra, S.T. (April 1997). "Composite Rhytidectomy".
843:
Skin necrosis can occur after a facelift operation.
1151:
371:, in some cases can be treated more suitably with
1586:
1512:
305:
2298:
1791:
289:
1837:Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America
1595:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1428:Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America
1093:
212:
19:"Facelift" redirects here. For other uses, see
2082:
1961:
1425:
963:
318:direction of the "lift" instead of posterior.
2130:
1869:
1756:
1721:
1719:
1294:
991:"Face Lift Fact Sheet". BuyAssociation. 2009.
343:muscle) D. The intended effect of a facelift
1071:Plastic Surgery: New Methods and Refinements
836:nerves of the face. As a sensory nerve, the
1947:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1738:Under the Skin: The Botched Beauty Business
1561:
2137:
2123:
1716:
260:
36:
737:
42:Temporal incision behind the hairline in
1912:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1336:
1334:
1185:
1183:
1001:
728:
658:
337:
329:
231:The Correction of Featural Imperfections
195:
1834:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1725:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1562:Vallecillos, Dr Glenn (4 August 2022).
1136:
920:Superficial muscular aponeurotic system
284:superficial muscular aponeurotic system
2299:
1375:
1208:
1053:
680:
2118:
1477:
1462:
1412:
1331:
1189:
1180:
1068:
746:
689:
255:Chirurgie Esthetique, son rĂŽle social
1921:(9 Pt 1): 1134â44, discussion 1144.
1745:
1667:
944:American Society of Plastic Surgeons
411:Facelift: Generally relevant anatomy
382:
403:
13:
2085:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
2042:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
2007:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
1964:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
1872:Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery
1549:"Facelift (rhytidectomy) approach"
1515:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
1378:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
1343:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
1297:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
1154:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
14:
2333:
900:Minimal access cranial suspension
200:Sublabial incision through which
2206:Electrodesiccation and curettage
2097:10.1097/00006534-199493030-00013
2054:10.1097/00006534-197701000-00004
2019:10.1097/00006534-197759040-00008
1976:10.1097/00006534-197912000-00005
1927:10.1097/00042728-200509000-00012
1527:10.1097/00006534-199708000-00033
1390:10.1097/00006534-198901000-00003
1355:10.1097/00006534-198406000-00009
1166:10.1097/00006534-199809030-00036
1108:10.1097/00006534-197607000-00013
1029:"The History of Plastic Surgery"
1026:
802:
793:
712:
698:
428:
416:
2076:
2033:
1998:
1955:
1906:
1863:
1828:
1785:
1726:Lakhani, Ashni (24 June 2021).
1656:
1631:
1613:
1555:
1541:
1506:
1369:
1288:
1245:
1202:
1145:
1002:Panfilov, Dimitrije E. (2005).
278:, Mitz and Peyronie's tutor in
2307:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
1521:(2): 480â6, discussion 487â8.
1130:
1087:
1062:
1047:
1020:
995:
984:
957:
932:
905:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
755:
325:
306:Volumetric period (since 1991)
1:
1771:10.1016/S0094-1298(20)32193-3
1492:10.1016/S0094-1298(20)31873-3
638:
290:Deep plane period (1980â1991)
2145:Tests and procedures on the
1309:10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182362b55
1266:10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181dbc2f0
1223:10.1097/MOO.0b013e328355b175
966:U.S. News & World Report
940:"Plastic Surgery Statistics"
925:
667:
213:Cutaneous period (1900â1970)
125:
113:
7:
2322:Surgical removal procedures
2317:Plastic surgical procedures
1069:Skoog, Tord Gustav (1974).
872:
347:A facelift is performed to
10:
2338:
1806:10.1002/lary.1983.93.5.654
1759:Clinics in Plastic Surgery
1643:Al Shunnar Plastic Surgery
1480:Clinics in Plastic Surgery
242:skin graft inlay technique
191:
119:
107:
18:
2276:
2252:
2229:
2166:
2157:
1849:10.1016/j.fsc.2009.06.005
1736:A BBC Three documentary,
1694:10.1007/s00266-012-9975-1
1589:"SMAS Plication Facelift"
1440:10.1016/j.fsc.2005.04.005
1073:. Saunders. p. 500.
891:("non-surgical" facelift)
517:
505:
500:
480:
468:
444:
439:
427:
415:
410:
98:, technically known as a
81:
67:
55:
35:
30:
21:Facelift (disambiguation)
1884:10.1001/archfaci.2.4.240
620:arteria supratrochlearis
459:Arteria supratrochlearis
400:are a contraindication.
357:orbicularis oculi muscle
16:Type of cosmetic surgery
889:Micro-current treatment
595:Greater auricular nerve
487:Greater auricular nerve
261:SMAS period (1970â1980)
1004:Cosmetic Surgery Today
738:Subperiosteal facelift
734:
664:
624:arteria infraorbitalis
519:Anatomical terminology
463:Arteria infraorbitalis
344:
335:
209:
1639:"Endoscopic Facelift"
972:(13): 42, 45, 47â50.
838:great auricular nerve
732:
662:
341:
333:
199:
2286:Hair transplantation
1915:Dermatologic Surgery
1682:Aesthetic Plast Surg
355:, cheek fat and the
280:craniofacial surgery
246:Harold Delfs Gillies
2312:Otorhinolaryngology
2151:subcutaneous tissue
1627:. 22 November 2021.
1254:Plast Reconstr Surg
1192:Plast Reconstr Surg
1096:Plast Reconstr Surg
1035:on 19 November 2012
681:Deep-plane facelift
571:Retaining ligaments
560:levator anguli oris
229:(Chicago) entitled
747:Skin-only facelift
735:
690:Composite facelift
665:
587:Melolabial folds (
542:Facial musculature
345:
336:
210:
2294:
2293:
2272:
2271:
1054:van Bergen, Leo.
1013:978-1-58890-334-1
765:(APTOS) sutures.
533:
532:
528:
383:Contraindications
180:) to US$ 15,000 (
117:) 'wrinkle', and
92:
91:
2329:
2164:
2163:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2116:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1946:
1938:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1843:(4): 515â30, v.
1832:
1826:
1825:
1794:The Laryngoscope
1789:
1783:
1782:
1754:
1743:
1742:
1723:
1714:
1713:
1676:
1665:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1584:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1475:
1460:
1459:
1423:
1410:
1409:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1187:
1178:
1177:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1031:. Archived from
1024:
1018:
1017:
999:
993:
992:
988:
982:
981:
961:
955:
954:
952:
950:
936:
879:Cosmetic surgery
589:marionette lines
583:Nasolabial folds
525:edit on Wikidata
522:
432:
420:
408:
407:
404:Surgical anatomy
394:hypersensitivity
369:marionette lines
131:cosmetic surgery
128:
122:
121:
116:
110:
109:
85:edit on Wikidata
77:
40:
28:
27:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2268:
2257:Medical imaging
2248:
2225:
2153:
2143:
2113:
2112:
2081:
2077:
2038:
2034:
2003:
1999:
1960:
1956:
1940:
1939:
1911:
1907:
1868:
1864:
1833:
1829:
1790:
1786:
1755:
1746:
1724:
1717:
1677:
1668:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1605:
1603:
1585:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1511:
1507:
1476:
1463:
1424:
1413:
1374:
1370:
1339:
1332:
1293:
1289:
1250:
1246:
1207:
1203:
1188:
1181:
1150:
1146:
1135:
1131:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1067:
1063:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1036:
1027:Kita, Natalie.
1025:
1021:
1014:
1000:
996:
990:
989:
985:
962:
958:
948:
946:
938:
937:
933:
928:
915:Plastic surgery
875:
805:
796:
758:
749:
740:
715:
701:
692:
683:
670:
641:
608:Vascularisation
529:
455:Temporal artery
435:
423:
406:
385:
365:nasolabial fold
353:platysma muscle
328:
308:
292:
263:
219:Eugen HollÀnder
215:
194:
88:
73:
51:
48:temporal fascia
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2335:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2110:
2075:
2032:
1997:
1954:
1905:
1862:
1827:
1784:
1744:
1715:
1688:(6): 1307â10.
1666:
1655:
1630:
1612:
1576:
1554:
1540:
1505:
1461:
1411:
1368:
1330:
1287:
1244:
1201:
1179:
1144:
1129:
1086:
1080:978-0721683553
1079:
1061:
1046:
1019:
1012:
994:
983:
956:
930:
929:
927:
924:
923:
922:
917:
912:
910:Otolaryngology
907:
902:
897:
895:Lifestyle lift
892:
886:
881:
874:
871:
804:
801:
795:
792:
757:
754:
748:
745:
739:
736:
714:
711:
700:
697:
691:
688:
682:
679:
669:
666:
640:
637:
636:
635:
611:
610:
604:
603:
598:
597:
592:
585:
579:
578:
573:
572:
568:
567:
550:
549:
544:
539:
531:
530:
521:
515:
514:
509:
503:
502:
498:
497:
484:
478:
477:
472:
466:
465:
448:
442:
441:
437:
436:
433:
425:
424:
421:
413:
412:
405:
402:
384:
381:
327:
324:
307:
304:
291:
288:
262:
259:
238:Johannes Esser
227:Charles Miller
214:
211:
193:
190:
167:blepharoplasty
156:twilight sleep
152:blepharoplasty
90:
89:
82:
79:
78:
71:
65:
64:
59:
53:
52:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2334:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2196:Rotation flap
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2181:Skin grafting
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1970:(6): 781â95.
1969:
1965:
1958:
1950:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1765:(1): 109â19.
1764:
1760:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1741:
1739:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1720:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1664:
1659:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1581:
1565:
1558:
1550:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1486:(3): 543â62.
1485:
1481:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1434:(3): 469â78.
1433:
1429:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1335:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1303:(1): 253â62.
1302:
1298:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1260:(1): 245â57.
1259:
1255:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1184:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1160:(3): 843â55.
1159:
1155:
1148:
1140:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1082:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1057:
1050:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1015:
1009:
1005:
998:
987:
979:
975:
971:
967:
960:
945:
941:
935:
931:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
890:
887:
885:
884:Facial toning
882:
880:
877:
876:
870:
867:
863:
860:
856:
852:
850:
846:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
821:
817:
813:
811:
803:Complications
800:
794:MACS facelift
791:
788:
782:
779:
775:
771:
766:
764:
753:
744:
731:
727:
725:
720:
713:Mini-facelift
710:
707:
699:Mid face-lift
696:
687:
678:
676:
661:
657:
655:
651:
645:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
616:facial artery
613:
612:
609:
606:
605:
600:
599:
596:
593:
590:
586:
584:
581:
580:
575:
574:
570:
569:
565:
561:
557:
552:
551:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
534:
526:
520:
516:
513:
510:
508:
504:
499:
496:
492:
488:
485:
483:
479:
476:
475:Temporal vein
473:
471:
467:
464:
460:
456:
452:
451:Facial artery
449:
447:
443:
438:
434:Head arteries
431:
426:
419:
414:
409:
401:
399:
395:
390:
380:
378:
377:liposculpture
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
340:
332:
323:
319:
317:
313:
303:
300:
297:
296:subperiosteal
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
258:
256:
252:
247:
243:
239:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
207:
203:
198:
189:
187:
183:
182:United States
179:
175:
170:
168:
164:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
127:
115:
105:
104:Ancient Greek
101:
97:
86:
80:
76:
72:
70:
66:
63:
60:
58:
54:
49:
45:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
2234:Rhytidectomy
2233:
2186:Mohs surgery
2091:(3): 533â6.
2088:
2084:
2078:
2048:(1): 24â30.
2045:
2041:
2035:
2013:(4): 525â9.
2010:
2006:
2000:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1943:cite journal
1918:
1914:
1908:
1878:(4): 240â2.
1875:
1871:
1865:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1800:(5): 654â6.
1797:
1793:
1787:
1762:
1758:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1685:
1681:
1658:
1646:. Retrieved
1642:
1633:
1625:medscape.com
1624:
1615:
1604:, retrieved
1592:
1567:. Retrieved
1557:
1543:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1483:
1479:
1431:
1427:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1349:(6): 911â5.
1346:
1342:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1217:(4): 262â6.
1214:
1210:
1204:
1195:
1191:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1138:
1132:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1070:
1064:
1049:
1037:. Retrieved
1033:the original
1022:
1003:
997:
986:
969:
965:
959:
947:. Retrieved
943:
934:
868:
864:
853:
849:Hypertrophic
842:
826:Nerve injury
824:
814:
806:
797:
783:
767:
759:
750:
741:
716:
702:
693:
684:
671:
646:
642:
547:Facial nerve
495:Mental nerve
491:Facial nerve
386:
346:
320:
312:subcutaneous
309:
293:
276:Paul Tessier
264:
254:
251:Suzanne Noël
235:
230:
216:
171:
160:
100:rhytidectomy
99:
95:
93:
31:Rhytidectomy
25:
2262:Wood's lamp
2239:Liposuction
2216:Skin biopsy
2211:Cryosurgery
2171:Escharotomy
1384:(1): 11â6.
1102:(1): 80â8.
756:Thread lift
628:skin slough
501:Identifiers
422:Head nerves
389:concomitant
326:Indications
221:in 1901 in
163:rhinoplasty
69:MedlinePlus
2301:Categories
1606:28 October
1593:StatPearls
1569:28 October
1198:(2): 1â13.
949:19 October
639:Procedures
564:buccinator
398:anesthesia
349:rejuvenate
299:dissection
267:Tord Skoog
202:periosteum
102:(from the
44:endoscopic
2201:TRAM flap
2191:Free flap
2070:220564313
1732:BBC Three
926:Footnotes
855:Hair loss
810:infection
770:Liverpool
724:endoscope
719:neck lift
668:SMAS lift
265:In 1968,
2244:Z-plasty
2221:Excision
1992:23475490
1935:16164866
1900:23335563
1892:11074716
1857:19900658
1822:39904742
1702:23052379
1601:30285353
1456:28878512
1448:16085292
1325:46598295
1317:22186515
1282:45672161
1274:20224460
1239:39343579
1231:22894994
1124:19719594
1039:10 March
978:18655694
873:See also
859:alopecia
816:Hematoma
632:necrosis
602:earlobe.
562:and the
556:mentalis
272:platysma
96:facelift
57:ICD-9-CM
2105:8115508
1814:6843261
1710:9109621
1648:14 June
1535:9252619
1500:6627843
1406:1098358
1398:2909050
1363:6728942
1174:9727455
845:Smoking
830:sensory
820:dyspnea
706:jowling
654:staples
650:sutures
512:D015361
440:Details
316:cranial
206:maxilla
192:History
140:patient
138:on the
2176:Suture
2103:
2068:
2062:831238
2060:
2027:847029
2025:
1990:
1984:515227
1982:
1933:
1898:
1890:
1855:
1820:
1812:
1779:639438
1777:
1708:
1700:
1599:
1533:
1498:
1454:
1446:
1404:
1396:
1361:
1323:
1315:
1280:
1272:
1237:
1229:
1172:
1122:
1116:935283
1114:
1077:
1010:
976:
778:online
763:ptosis
675:laxity
558:, the
446:Artery
361:ptosis
223:Berlin
186:Canada
178:Panama
126:ektome
120:áŒÎșÏÎżÎŒÎź
114:rhytis
75:002989
2066:S2CID
1988:S2CID
1896:S2CID
1818:S2CID
1706:S2CID
1452:S2CID
1402:S2CID
1321:S2CID
1278:S2CID
1235:S2CID
1120:S2CID
1098:. 1.
834:motor
787:vaped
523:[
482:Nerve
373:Botox
174:India
108:áż„Ï
ÏÎŻÏ
83:[
62:86.82
2278:Hair
2159:Skin
2149:and
2147:skin
2101:PMID
2058:PMID
2023:PMID
1980:PMID
1949:link
1931:PMID
1888:PMID
1853:PMID
1810:PMID
1775:PMID
1698:PMID
1650:2022
1608:2022
1597:PMID
1571:2022
1531:PMID
1496:PMID
1444:PMID
1394:PMID
1359:PMID
1313:PMID
1270:PMID
1227:PMID
1170:PMID
1112:PMID
1075:ISBN
1041:2009
1008:ISBN
974:PMID
951:2022
772:the
652:and
630:and
622:and
537:SMAS
507:MeSH
470:Vein
184:and
176:and
165:and
148:neck
146:and
144:face
136:skin
2093:doi
2050:doi
2015:doi
1972:doi
1923:doi
1880:doi
1845:doi
1802:doi
1767:doi
1690:doi
1523:doi
1519:100
1488:doi
1436:doi
1386:doi
1351:doi
1305:doi
1301:129
1262:doi
1258:126
1219:doi
1162:doi
1158:102
1104:doi
970:144
832:or
774:BBC
396:to
375:or
204:of
142:'s
2303::
2099:.
2089:93
2087:.
2064:.
2056:.
2046:59
2044:.
2021:.
2011:59
2009:.
1986:.
1978:.
1968:64
1966:.
1945:}}
1941:{{
1929:.
1919:31
1917:.
1894:.
1886:.
1874:.
1851:.
1841:17
1839:.
1816:.
1808:.
1798:93
1796:.
1773:.
1761:.
1747:^
1734:.
1730:.
1718:^
1704:.
1696:.
1686:36
1684:.
1669:^
1641:.
1623:.
1591:,
1579:^
1529:.
1517:.
1494:.
1484:10
1482:.
1464:^
1450:.
1442:.
1432:13
1430:.
1414:^
1400:.
1392:.
1382:83
1380:.
1357:.
1347:73
1345:.
1333:^
1319:.
1311:.
1299:.
1276:.
1268:.
1256:.
1233:.
1225:.
1215:20
1213:.
1196:24
1194:.
1182:^
1168:.
1156:.
1118:.
1110:.
1100:58
968:.
942:.
656:.
493:,
489:,
461:,
457:,
453:,
379:.
257:.
233:.
169:.
158:.
94:A
2138:e
2131:t
2124:v
2107:.
2095::
2072:.
2052::
2029:.
2017::
1994:.
1974::
1951:)
1937:.
1925::
1902:.
1882::
1876:2
1859:.
1847::
1824:.
1804::
1781:.
1769::
1763:5
1712:.
1692::
1652:.
1573:.
1551:.
1537:.
1525::
1502:.
1490::
1458:.
1438::
1408:.
1388::
1365:.
1353::
1327:.
1307::
1284:.
1264::
1241:.
1221::
1176:.
1164::
1141:.
1126:.
1106::
1083:.
1058:.
1043:.
1016:.
980:.
953:.
634:.
591:)
527:]
123:(
111:(
87:]
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_upper_incision.png)
_lower_incision.png)