462:
1410:
394:(AAA) and served as its director. The AAA included a domestic allotment program, which paid farmers to voluntarily reduce their production by roughly 30% so that reduced supply would increase the price they received. It was funded with a tax on processing companies that used farm commodities. Tugwell's department managed the production of key crops by adjusting the subsidies for non-production. The act was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1936 in
331:
33:
427:. Directed by Tugwell, the RA sought to create healthy communities for the rural unemployed by relocating them to new communities for access to urban opportunities. Some of the RA's activities dealt with land conservation and rural aid, but the construction of new suburban satellite cities was the most prominent. In her book,
531:
in 1948 but fiercely opposed decentralizing government agencies and services away from the city of San Juan "despite most Puerto Ricans in need of such services not residing in the capital." In one case, he vetoed a bill approved by both chambers of the Puerto Rico
Legislature, and supported by 59 of
438:
critically quotes
Tugwell on the program: "My idea is to go just outside centers of population, pick up cheap land, build a whole community and entice people into it. Then go back into the cities and tear down whole slums and make parks of them." She believed that he underestimated the strengths of
457:
Tugwell had previously been denounced as "Rex the Red". The RA's suburban resettlement program earned him condemnation as
Communist and un-American because of its social planning aspects. Historians agree he was at all times a loyal American and was never affiliated in any way with the Communist
610:
in 1942 during which
Roosevelt warned him of internal clashes that might destroy the Democratic Party but might also create a "Progressive Party", adding in his own words that Roosevelt "would have led a movement like that which we now join." Tugwell pled for party unity under a platform that
478:
Given the opposition to his policies, Tugwell resigned from the
Roosevelt administration at the end of 1936. He was appointed as a vice president at the American Molasses Co. At this time, he divorced his first wife and married Grace Falke, his former assistant.
623:
Late in life, Tugwell drafted a constitution for the
Newstates of America. In it, planning would become a new branch of federal government, alongside the regulatory and electoral branches. During this time, he wrote several books, including a
461:
495:, created the commission as part of a city charter reform aimed at reducing corruption and inefficiency. The Planning Commission had relatively limited powers: all actions needed approval from the legislative
407:
in 1933, to restrict cultivation, restore poor-quality land, and introduce better agricultural practices to farmers to conserve the soil. This was especially necessary given the widespread damage of the 1930s'
815:
Changing the
Colonial Climate: the Story, from His Official Messages, of Governor Rexford Guy Tugwell's Efforts to Bring Democracy to an Island Possession Which Serves the United Nations as a Warbase,
583:
239:. Tugwell served in FDR's administration until he was forced out in 1936. He was a specialist on planning and believed the government should have large-scale plans to move the economy out of the
499:. Tugwell tried to assert the commission's power. He tried to retroactively enforce nonconforming land uses, despite a lack of public or legal support. His commission sought to establish
447:
1340:
Chichester, Steven A. "Making
America Over: Rexford Guy Tugwell and his thoughts on central planning," (MA thesis Department of History." Liberty University Lynchburg, Virginia, 2011)
644:
439:
complex urban communities and caused too much social displacement in "tearing down" neighborhoods that might have been renovated. This resulted in greater damage to
362:
as a successful experiment. He advocated agricultural planning (led by industry) to stop the rural poverty that had become prevalent due to a crop surplus after the
1601:
1531:
251:, with low-cost rents for relief families. He was denounced by conservatives for advocating state-directed economic planning to overcome the Great Depression.
270:. He wrote twenty books, covering the politics of the New Deal, biographies of major politicians, issues in planning, and memoirs of his experiences.
1526:
454:
It ruled that housing construction was a state power, and the RA was an illegal delegation of the
Federal Emergency Relief Administration's power.
303:
175:
247:
that moved subsistence farmers into small rented farms under close supervision. His ideas on suburban planning resulted in the construction of
1194:
1251:
429:
1440:
1252:"New Party Blocks Ban on Endorsing Red Foreign Policy: With Communists in Control, Platform Is Adopted Avoiding Any Criticism of Russia"
1566:
386:. After Roosevelt's inauguration in 1933, Tugwell was appointed first as Assistant Secretary and then in 1934 as Undersecretary of the
1591:
1576:
1551:
575:
267:
771:
American
Economic Review: Supplement, Papers and Proceedings of the Forty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association
1581:
693:
864:
The Art of Politics, As Practiced by Three Great Americans: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Luis Munoz Marin, and Fiorell H. LaGuardia,
1561:
599:
543:
As he prepared to retire from the Governorship, Tugwell was instrumental in getting the first Puerto Rican appointed to the job,
537:
424:
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156:
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77 municipalities, establishing a state medical school in the city of Ponce, calling it "regionalism." He publicly supported
933:
920:
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840:
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1465:
603:
413:
1546:
1428:
1341:
1168:
Gilbert, Jess and Carolyn Howe. "Beyond "State vs. Society": Theories of the State and New Deal Agricultural Policies."
563:
After his stint as governor, Tugwell returned to teaching at a variety of institutions. He had years of service at the
1070:
764:
Soviet Russia in the second decade: a joint survey by the technical staff of the first American Trade Union Delegation
243:
because private businesses were too frozen in place to do the job. He helped design the New Deal farm program and the
1536:
488:
150:
1596:
496:
287:
1541:
817:
selection and explanatory comments by J. San Juan Lear: Bureau of Supplies, Printing, and Transportation, 1942.
689:
1446:
1586:
677:
348:
634:
A Biography of the President Whose Uncompromising Honesty and Integrity Failed America in a Time of Crisis
1461:
737:
420:
244:
1290:
672:
524:
552:
404:
282:. In his youth, he gained an appreciation for workers' rights and liberal politics from the works of
132:
571:, one of the new suburbs designed and built by the Resettlement Administration under his direction.
803:
Our economic society and its problems: a study of American levels of living and how to improve them
344:
299:
295:
1036:
1488:
1025:
520:
396:
279:
255:
111:
44:
1481:
67:
1353:
Myhra, David. "Rexford Guy Tugwell: Initiator of America's Greenbelt New Towns, 1935 to 1936,"
1142:
Myhra, David. "Rexford Guy Tugwell: Initiator of America's Greenbelt New Towns, 1935 to 1936,"
701:
528:
508:
1013:
358:
Tugwell's approach to economics was experimentalist, and he viewed the industrial planning of
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from 1945 to 1948. He also thought the national constitution needed to be amended to enable
1521:
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544:
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954:(Free Press, 1951), a history of one of Tugwell's collective farm programs in California.
366:. This method of controlling production, prices, and costs was especially relevant as the
8:
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466:
352:
307:
248:
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180:
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262:(1941–1945). He became a professor at various universities, with lengthy service at the
1424:
1419:
947:
492:
379:
1498:
1346:
Gelfand, Mark. "Rexford G. Tugwell and the Frustration of Planning in New York City,"
1210:
Gelfand, Mark. "Rexford G. Tugwell and the Frustration of Planning in New York City,"
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was his memoir about his years in Puerto Rico. This book was reprinted in 2007 by the
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115:
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in 1942. Tugwell supported Puerto Rican self-government through amendment to the
1457:
723:
Portrayed by Craig Welzbacher, Tugwell makes a brief appearance in the 2020 film
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at moderate densities, yet repeatedly approved FHA requests for greater density.
363:
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713:
667:
500:
291:
283:
1227:
Secretaria de Cultura y Turismo. Gobierno Municipal de Ponce. 2003. pp. 75–76.
762:"Russian Agriculture," in Stuart Chase, Robert Dunn, and R. G. Tugwell, eds.
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was the only sure way to prevent a nuclear apocalypse. He participated in the
235:
academics who helped develop policy recommendations leading up to Roosevelt's
32:
1510:
311:
606:(July 23–25, 1948), he recounted a conversation with presidential candidate
465:
Tugwell and President Roosevelt inspecting the construction progress at the
823:: Service Office of the Government of Puerto Rico, Printing Division, 1945.
717:
705:
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315:
259:
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383:
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228:
201:
1037:
The American People in the Great Depression: Freedom from Fear, Part One
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196:
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In 1948, Tugwell served as chair of the platform committee for the
523:, from 1941 to 1946. He worked with the legislature to create the
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United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
236:
769:"The Principle of Planning and the Institution of Laissez Faire."
511:
with a fiery public denouncement of its open-space protections.
482:
355:. At Columbia University he taught economics from 1920 to 1932.
858:
The Democratic Roosevelt: A Biography of Franklin D. Roosevelt,
821:
Puerto Rican Public Papers of R. G. Tugwell, Governor, San Juan
983:
Roosevelt's Revolution: The First Year, a Personal Perspective
676:(1962), set in an alternate world where the United States was
567:, where he helped develop their planning program. He moved to
551:
in Washington, D.C. Tugwell also served as Chancellor of the
1450:
1014:
The Crisis of the Old Order: 1919–1933, The Age of Roosevelt
636:(1968). His biography of Franklin D. Roosevelt was entitled
725:
487:
In 1938 Tugwell was appointed as the first director of the
302:. Tugwell began studying economics in graduate work at the
846:
The Place of Planning in Society: Seven Lectures, San Juan
753:
Menasha, Wisconsin: George Banta Publishing Company, 1922.
343:
After graduation, Tugwell served as junior faculty at the
1133:
Chapter 16, "Gradual Money and Cataclysmic Money," p. 310
1124:
Chapter 16, "Gradual Money and Cataclysmic Money," p. 310
412:. He additionally played a key role in crafting the 1938
940:
The Diary of Rexford G. Tugwell: The New Deal, 1932–1935
1026:
A Commonwealth of Hope: The New Deal Response to Crisis
310:. At university, he was influenced by the teaching of
1441:
1934 Time Magazine Cover featuring Rexford G. Tugwell
219:(July 10, 1891 – July 21, 1979) was an American
915:, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1972.
525:
Puerto Rico Planning, Urbanization, and Zoning Board
446:
The RA completed three "Greenbelt" towns before the
796:
The Industrial Discipline and the Governmental Arts
1508:
1396:Whitten, David O. "Tugwell after Eighty Years."
848:: Office of the Government Planning Board, 1954.
827:Forty-Fifth Annual Report of the Governor, 1945,
744:
650:
419:In April 1935 Tugwell and Roosevelt created the
304:Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania
57:September 19, 1941 – September 2, 1946
1602:United States Department of Agriculture people
1532:Franklin D. Roosevelt administration personnel
519:Tugwell served as the last appointed American
403:Tugwell was also instrumental in creating the
378:In 1932 Tugwell was invited to join President
1355:Journal of the American Planning Association,
615:summed up as "endorsing Red foreign policy".
483:Director of New York City Planning Commission
1348:Journal of the American Planning Association
1212:Journal of the American Planning Association
1144:Journal of the American Planning Association
833:The Stricken Land: The Story of Puerto Rico,
798:, New York: Columbia University Press, 1933.
779:"Experimental Control in Russian Industry."
1379:Namorato, Michael. "Tugwell, Rexford Guy";
854:Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1955.
593:
430:The Death and Life of Great American Cities
373:
273:
16:American economist and academic (1891–1979)
1102:. Rutgers University Press, 1964. 183–193.
829:San Juan: Government of Puerto Rico, 1945.
811:New York: Columbia University Press, 1935.
514:
31:
1458:Newspaper clippings about Rexford Tugwell
1398:Essays in Economic & Business History
1195:Milestones, Dec. 5, 1938 "Rexford Tugwell
576:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
268:University of California at Santa Barbara
1249:
1225:Ponce en su Historia Moderna: 1945–2002.
835:Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1947.
700:and received much of the credit for the
473:
460:
329:
1527:People from Chautauqua County, New York
1493:September 19, 1941 – September 2, 1946
878:Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1962.
872:Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1960.
866:Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1958.
860:Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1957.
584:Committee to Frame a World Constitution
469:, Maryland town site, in February 1937.
425:Federal Emergency Relief Administration
388:United States Department of Agriculture
1509:
751:The Economic Basis of Public Interest,
540:, which wanted a Commonwealth status.
450:found the program unconstitutional in
392:Agricultural Adjustment Administration
1435:Tugwell Room of the Greenbelt Library
1060:
558:
507:killed Tugwell's proposed fifty-year
338:
1159:. Ohio State University Press, 1971.
963:To the Lesser Heights of Morningside
414:Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
278:Rexford Tugwell was born in 1891 in
1429:United States National Park Service
957:Tugwell's autobiographies include
946:Tugwell also wrote the foreword to
852:A Chronicle of Jeopardy, 1945–1955,
740:in the piece "California Dreaming."
254:Roosevelt appointed Tugwell as the
13:
1420:Biography on Spartacus Educational
1382:American National Biography Online
1334:
1016:, By Arthur M. Schlesinger, p. 210
870:The Enlargement of the Presidency,
759:, New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1927.
400:, and had to be replaced in 1938.
14:
1613:
1567:University of Puerto Rico faculty
1411:Works by or about Rexford Tugwell
1404:
1250:Lawrence, W. H. (July 26, 1948).
489:New York City Planning Commission
382:'s team of advisers known as the
306:, and completed his doctorate at
1592:20th-century American economists
1577:Economists from New York (state)
1552:University of Washington faculty
1393:(Rutgers University Press, 1964)
1391:Rexford Tugwell and the New Deal
1100:Rexford Tugwell and the New Deal
1582:People from Greenbelt, Maryland
1362:Rexford G. Tugwell: A Biography
1318:
1283:
1278:Rexford G. Tugwell: A Biography
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1238:Rexford G. Tugwell: A Biography
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1183:Rexford G. Tugwell: A Biography
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1113:Rexford G. Tugwell: A Biography
1087:Rexford G. Tugwell: A Biography
1049:Rexford G. Tugwell: A Biography
1002:Rexford G. Tugwell: A Biography
928:Harper's Magazine Press, 1974.
491:. New York's reformist mayor,
1562:Writers about the Soviet Union
1105:
1092:
1079:
1054:
1041:
1030:
1019:
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994:
708:, after which the US enters a
690:President of the United States
678:conquered by Germany and Japan
1:
1572:University of Chicago faculty
988:
790:Mr. Hoover's Economic Policy,
745:Books and articles by Tugwell
712:with an intact, expansionist
651:Representation in other media
618:
452:Franklin Township v. Tugwell.
318:, as well as the writings of
1170:American Sociological Review
888:FDR: An Architect of an Era,
773:(1932) 22#1 pp. 75–92
766:(The John Day Company, 1928)
732:Tugwell is mentioned in the
656:Tugwell is mentioned in the
638:FDR: An Architect of an Era.
349:American University in Paris
7:
1557:Columbia University faculty
1462:20th Century Press Archives
1369:Reviews in American History
1367:review by Ellis W. Hawley,
1157:The New Deal in the Suburbs
884:Simon & Schuster, 1964.
805:(NY: Harcourt, Brace, 1934)
801:with Howard Copeland Hill.
781:Political Science Quarterly
738:Slouching Towards Bethlehem
688:In it, Tugwell was elected
686:The Grasshopper Lies Heavy.
421:Resettlement Administration
245:Resettlement Administration
10:
1618:
1547:Columbia University alumni
1350:51, no. 2 (1985): 151–159.
1327:was not yet a municipality
1214:51, no. 2 (1985): 151–159.
1065:. Routledge. p. 680.
926:The Emerging Constitution,
882:How They Became President,
673:The Man in the High Castle
1495:
1486:
1478:
1473:
950:'s first published work,
809:The Battle for Democracy,
792:New York: John Day, 1932.
553:University of Puerto Rico
405:Soil Conservation Service
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30:
23:
1537:Governors of Puerto Rico
1371:(1990) 18#2 pp 229–234.
1311:
1146:, Vol. 40, no. 3 (1974).
1063:Encyclopedia of the City
876:The Light of Other Days,
757:Industry's Coming of Age
594:Progressive Party (1948)
578:, Tugwell believed that
538:Popular Democratic Party
390:. He helped create the
374:Roosevelt administration
345:University of Washington
300:Charles Richard van Hise
296:Frederick Winslow Taylor
274:Early life and education
1489:Governor of Puerto Rico
1223:Carmelo Rosario Nadal.
971:A Chronicle of Jeopardy
959:The Light of Other Days
521:Governor of Puerto Rico
515:Governor of Puerto Rico
397:United States v. Butler
280:Sinclairville, New York
256:governor of Puerto Rico
45:Governor of Puerto Rico
1597:Bancroft Prize winners
1427:Mini-biography at the
1357:Vol. 40, no. 3 (1974).
1172:56, no. 2 (1991): 216.
913:In Search of Roosevelt
645:Muñoz Marín Foundation
470:
335:
1542:Wharton School alumni
1061:Caves, R. W. (2004).
698:Franklin D. Roosevelt
608:Franklin D. Roosevelt
565:University of Chicago
549:Resident Commissioner
474:American Molasses Co.
464:
333:
264:University of Chicago
225:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1482:José Miguel Gallardo
1389:Sternsher, Bernard.
1291:"Mank (2020) - IMDb"
1098:Sternsher, Bernard.
896:Viking Press, 1968.
682:novel within a novel
423:(RA), a unit of the
68:José Miguel Gallardo
1587:Greenbelt, Maryland
1474:Government offices
1360:Namorato, Michael.
1276:Namorato, Michael.
1236:Namorato, Michael.
1085:Namorato, Michael.
1000:Namorato, Michael.
569:Greenbelt, Maryland
353:Columbia University
308:Columbia University
249:Greenbelt, Maryland
233:Columbia University
223:who became part of
217:Rexford Guy Tugwell
181:Columbia University
99:Rexford Guy Tugwell
1425:Rexford G. Tugwell
1386:Access Aug 23 2014
1256:The New York Times
952:Government Project
948:Edward C. Banfield
613:The New York Times
559:Return to academia
547:, then serving as
493:Fiorello LaGuardia
471:
380:Franklin Roosevelt
339:Academic economist
336:
176:The Wharton School
1505:
1504:
1496:Succeeded by
1447:"Rexford Tugwell"
967:The Stricken Land
942:(Greenwood, 1992)
934:978-0-06-128225-6
921:978-0-674-44625-0
907:Grover Cleveland,
902:978-0-670-00273-3
894:The Brains Trust,
841:978-0-8371-0252-8
783:(1928): 161–187.
736:essay collection
600:Progressive Party
588:economic planning
497:Board of Estimate
214:
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157:Progressive Party
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1479:Preceded by
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1415:Internet Archive
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975:The Brains Trust
909:Macmillan, 1968.
890:Macmillan, 1967.
716:rather than the
630:Grover Cleveland
534:Luis Muñoz Marín
368:Great Depression
334:Tugwell in 1922.
241:Great Depression
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90:Personal details
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364:First World War
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602:. During its
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312:Scott Nearing
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133:Santa Barbara
126:July 21, 1979
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112:Sinclairville
109:July 10, 1891
97:
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1298:. Retrieved
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1115:. pp. 81–82.
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1062:
1056:
1051:, pp 21–54.
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982:
981:(1971), and
978:
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718:Soviet Union
706:World War II
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662:Home Country
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505:Robert Moses
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342:
316:Simon Patten
277:
260:World War II
253:
216:
215:
128:(1979-07-21)
75:Succeeded by
52:
18:
1522:1979 deaths
1517:1891 births
1400:22 (2012).
1300:December 5,
1258:. p. 1
734:Joan Didion
529:Organic Act
509:master plan
436:Jane Jacobs
434:the author
384:Brain Trust
360:World War I
288:James Bryce
229:Brain Trust
202:Academician
153:(1932–1948)
63:Preceded by
1511:Categories
1181:Namorato,
1111:Namorato,
1047:Namorato,
989:References
979:Off Course
670:'s novel,
658:Ernie Pyle
619:Later life
604:convention
574:After the
441:inner city
410:Dust Bowls
320:John Dewey
227:'s first "
190:Profession
168:Alma mater
151:Democratic
137:California
105:1891-07-10
1384:Feb. 2000
1262:March 18,
626:biography
467:Greenbelt
221:economist
197:Economist
53:In office
1431:website.
1373:in JSTOR
985:(1977).
977:(1968),
973:(1955),
969:(1947),
965:(1982),
961:(1962),
785:in JSTOR
775:in JSTOR
710:Cold War
266:and the
237:New Deal
116:New York
1464:of the
1460:in the
1413:at the
1364:(1988)
1325:Florida
458:Party.
370:began.
258:during
1342:online
1201:, 1938
1069:
932:
919:
900:
839:
660:book,
351:, and
326:Career
298:, and
159:(1948)
139:, U.S.
118:, U.S.
1451:JSTOR
1312:Notes
1302:2020
1295:IMDb
1264:2016
1199:Time
1067:ISBN
930:ISBN
917:ISBN
898:ISBN
837:ISBN
726:Mank
694:1940
314:and
123:Died
95:Born
1466:ZBW
704:in
692:in
628:of
536:'s
1513::
1449:.
1293:.
1254:.
1197:,
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114:,
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936:.
729:.
720:.
664:.
432:,
107:)
103:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
