Status of the Irish language

30: 265:. The European Union regularly advertises competitions for positions, including those for lawyer-linguists. There is also a demand for teachers, given that there are over 370 primary and secondary Irish-medium and Gaeltacht schools. There is increasing demand for Irish-language teachers abroad, with scholarships available for travel to the United States and Canada. In the area of broadcast media there are many job opportunities for bilingual researchers, producers, journalists, IT and other technical specialists. Opportunities also exist for Irish-speaking actors and writers, especially in television. Many Irish speakers are employed by public relations firms because of a need for clients to be represented in the Irish media and to comply with the requirements of the 801: 545:, particularly with regard to the translation of documents. It has been pointed out that, though the European Parliament does not supply a breakdown of costs by language, on the figures available Irish is not the most expensive to translate of the 24 languages used. The total amount spent on translation of languages per year has been established at €1.1 billion, described as amounting to €2.20 per EU citizen per year. It has been argued that any extra expense incurred in translating into Irish is due to a lack of translators. Such translators in many cases need specialist knowledge, especially of law. The Irish Department of Education provides courses accordingly, run by 616: 197:

in the 2011 census. Of these, 66.3% said that they speak Irish, down from 68.5% in 2011; and only 21.4% or 20,586 people said they spoke Irish daily outside the education system. It was estimated in 2007 that, outside the cities, about 17,000 people lived in strongly Irish-speaking communities, about 10,000 people lived in areas where there was substantial use of the language, and 17,000 people lived in "weak" Gaeltacht communities. In no part of the Gaeltacht was Irish the only language. Complete or functional monolingualism in Irish is now restricted to a relatively small number of children under school age.

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designated for Irish speakers by 2030 with a National Plan for the Provision of Public Services in Irish to be developed. The act further states that all public offices in the Gaeltacht will operate through the medium of Irish. And that state companies will have to spend 20% of their advertising budgets on advertising through the Irish language with a quarter of that 20% at a minimum having to be spent on the Irish language media. And the act also complies State organisations to be obliged to spell Irish speakers names and addresses accurately with

1335:, announced that more attention would be given to the spoken language, and that from 2012 the percentage of marks available in the Leaving Certificate Irish exam would increase from 25% to 40% for the oral component. This increased emphasis on the oral component of the Irish examinations is likely to change the way Irish is examined. Despite this, there is still a strong emphasis on the written word at the expense of the spoken, involving analysis of literature and poetry and the writing of lengthy essays and stories in Irish for the (L2) 914:"The launch of a dedicated Irish language children’s channel gives TG4 the opportunity to better serve younger Irish audiences. I am very pleased to see the combination of child-focused news, educational and entertainment content in the schedule. I welcome the strategy to provide the content digitally which ensures that the content can be accessed on a multiplatform basis, and ensures Cula4 will be where children are. For non-native speakers, this brings the language out of the school environment and into their homes." 577:/Uisce Éireann have Irish-speaking customer support representatives and offer both Irish and English language options on their phone lines, along with written communication in both languages. These services are being phased in to all State organisations. The Emergency response number 112 or 999 also have agents who deal with emergency calls in both languages. All state companies are obliged to have bilingual signage and stationery and have Irish language options on their websites with the Official Languages Act 2003. 1668: 208:, designed to strengthen the language in all areas and greatly increase the number of habitual speakers. This was to include the encouragement of Irish-speaking districts in areas where Irish has been replaced by English. The 2015 independent report on the Gaeltacht commissioned by Údarás na Gaeltachta, however, did not regard this strategy as likely to be successful without a radical change in policy at national level, and the 2022 census showed a fall in the number of daily speakers. 367: 38: 1664:. Following Digital Switchover for terrestrial television transmissions in both parts of Ireland in 2012, TG4 is now carried on Freeview HD for viewers in Northern Ireland (channel 51) as well as to those households in Border areas that have spillover reception of the ROI Saorview platform (channel 104). TG4 also continues to be available on other TV delivery platforms across Northern Ireland: Sky (channel 163) and Virgin Cable customers in Belfast (channel 877). 5768: 59:

to the 2021 census for Northern Ireland, out of a population of 1,903,175 people. It has been found, however, that while ideological support for Irish is high, actual routine use is very low, and that there is very little or rare correlation between personal fluency in the language and the perceived value of Irish as an identity-marker. Nevertheless, the language benefits from the support of activists who continue to use it as a social and cultural medium.

1388:, who said that forcing students to learn Irish was not working, and was actually driving young people away from real engagement with the language. The question provoked a public debate, with some expressing resentment of what they saw as the coercion involved in compulsory Irish. Fine Gael now places primary emphasis on improved teaching of Irish, with greater emphasis on oral fluency rather than the rote learning that characterises the current system. 897:, with around 160,000 viewers per week. In 2022 TG4 reported that overall their average audience share increased to 1.96% of the national television market in the Republic of Ireland. This market share is up from about 1.5% in the late 1990s. The Ofcom 2014 annual report for Northern Ireland said that TG4 had an average share of 3% of the market in Northern Ireland. TG4 delivers 16 hours a day of television from an annual budget in 2022 of €44.9 million. 1250: 254:

enables the student to see from disparate linguistic standpoints: "The practice of weighing up arguments, forming opinions and expressing challenging concepts in another language teaches students to think outside the monolingual box". Another argument is that since the primary language of communication is English and that under normal circumstances there is no need to speak Irish, people use Irish in order to make a cultural statement.

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Irish language exam, the majority of whom had an exemption from studying Irish, with the remaining students choosing not to sit the exam. The number of students sitting the Higher Level Irish language exam have remained at a similar level for several years after the introduction of the 40% oral Irish policy in 2012, with circa 40% of all Leaving Cert. students continuing to study and sit Honours Level for the Leaving Certificate.

283:"What we’re seeing now is Irish actors, Irish filmmakers, they’re putting Gaeilge on their CV. They’re training up, they’re brushing up on the Irish. People are really proud to be making content in Irish and they really want to get involved, which I think is really exciting to see." She further revealed that she noticed lot of scripts coming in with elements of the language within those scripts also following the success of 348:

linguistic bias according to this study. Due to this, according to Walsh, the number of Irish speakers has continued to decline. Only 1.8% of Irish speakers reported speaking the language at home, while 40% report some knowledge of the language. Despite political rhetoric from the Irish government there has been according to many Irish-language activists a lack of funding which has harmed the effectiveness of the act.

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such bilinguals enjoy certain educational advantages, and the 2016 Republic of Ireland census noted that daily Irish language speakers were more highly educated than the population generally in Ireland. Of those daily Irish speakers who had completed their education, 49 per cent had a third level degree or higher at university or college level, compared to a rate of 28 per cent for the state overall.

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people in 2022 claiming to be daily Irish speakers. And there was a decrease from 16,199 people reported as speaking the language every day outside the education system in the Gaeltacht in 2016 to 15,360 in 2022. The 2022 census was the first to include a question on level of ability in the Irish language. Estimates of fully native Irish language speakers in Ireland range from 40,000 to 80,000.

877: 534:…phased reallocation of part of the €1 billion committed each year to teaching Irish is a good place to start. All students should be introduced to the Irish language at primary level, but after that resources should be directed only to those who have shown interest and commitment. The old policies of compulsion that have so inhibited the restoration of the language should be abandoned. 201:

language of communication with family and neighbours; among themselves they prefer to use English. The study concluded that, on current trends, the survival of Irish as a community language in Gaeltacht areas is unlikely. A follow-up report by the same author published in 2015 concluded that Irish would die as a community language in the Gaeltacht within a decade.

1357:'s 2006 conference on "Language Policy and Language Planning in Ireland" found that the study of Irish and other languages in Ireland was declining. It was recommended, therefore, that training and living for a time in a Gaeltacht area should be compulsory for teachers of Irish. No reference was made to the decline of the language in the Gaeltacht itself. 498:) 2004 requires the original Irish placenames to be used in the Gaeltacht on all official documents, maps and roadsigns. This has removed the legal status of those placenames in the Gaeltacht in English. Opposition to these measures comes from several quarters, including some people in popular tourist destinations located within the Gaeltacht (namely in 1384:, leader of Fine Gael, called for the language to be made an optional subject in the last two years of secondary school. Kenny, despite being a fluent speaker himself (and a teacher), stated that he believed that compulsory Irish has done the language more harm than good. The point was made again in April 2010 by Fine Gael's education spokesman 312:

been argued that government grants and infrastructure projects have encouraged the use of English: "only about half Gaeltacht children learn Irish in the home... this is related to the high level of in-migration and return migration which has accompanied the economic restructuring of the Gaeltacht in recent decades".

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announced the release of its new Irish language learning course. As of April 2018 the course had been downloaded by 4.27 million users and as of early 2019 has 961,000 active learners. Data from 2016 showed 53% of learners were from the United States; 23% were from Ireland; 10% were from the U.K. and

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There are 1,000 Irish-language summer colleges. These supplement the formal curriculum, providing Irish language courses, and giving students the opportunity to be immersed in the language, usually for a period of three weeks. Some courses are college-based but generally make use of host families in

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is a 24-hour digital television news service available featuring national and international news. It broadcasts mostly English language news and current affairs and also broadcasts a news bulletin in Irish at 17.00 during the week and subsequently the longer full Nuacht RTÉ daily RTÉ 1 Irish language

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In 2001 Justice Hardiman said that "the individual who seeks basic legal materials in Irish will more than likely be conscious of causing embarrassment to the officials from whom he seeks them and will certainly become conscious that his business will be much more rapidly and efficaciously dealt with

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that he was launching a review of the Official Languages Act 2003. The process, much to the dismay of many Irish speakers, only finished in December 2021 when the Official Languages (Amendment) Act 2021 was signed into law. The biggest aim of the act is for a quota of 20% of public sectors jobs to be

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Recent research suggests that urban Irish is developing in a direction of its own and that Irish speakers from urban areas can find it difficult to understand Irish speakers from the Gaeltacht. This is related to an urban tendency to simplify the phonetic and grammatical structure of the language. It

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While the number of fluent urban speakers is rising (largely because of the growth of urban Irish-medium education), Irish in the Gaeltacht grows steadily weaker. The 2016 census showed that inhabitants of the officially designated Gaeltacht regions of Ireland numbered 96,090 people, down from 96,628

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In the latest Irish census, of 2022, 1,873,997 people or 39.8% of the population of the Republic of Ireland claimed some ability to speak Irish, which was an increase of 6% compared to the 2016 census. However the number of daily Irish speakers in the state dropped by 2% compared to 2016, with 71,968

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In 2007 the Government abolished the requirement for barristers and solicitors to pass a written Irish language examination before becoming eligible to commence professional training in the Kings Inns or Blackhall Place. A Government spokesman said it was part of a move to abolish requirements which

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The number of second-level students doing "higher level" Irish for the Irish Leaving Certificate increased from 14,359 (32%) in 2011 to 23,176 (48%) in 2019. According to the most recent annual figures, 61,737 students sat the Leaving Certificate in 2023 and of those, 12,578 students did not sit the

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These schools have a high academic reputation, thanks to committed teachers and parents. Their success has attracted other parents who seek good examination performance at a moderate cost. The result has been termed a system of "positive social selection," with such schools giving exceptional access

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buses display the names of their destinations bilingually and their internal signage and automated oral announcements on their vehicles are bilingual. Tickets can be ordered from Luas ticket machines in Irish along with some other languages. Most public bodies have Irish language or bilingual names.

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The Irish text of the Constitution takes precedence over the English text (Articles 25.4.6° and 63). However, the second amendment included changes to the Irish text to align it more closely with the English text, rather than vice versa. The Constitution provides for a number of Irish language terms

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A more recent contributor to the decline of Irish in the Gaeltacht has been the immigration of English speakers and the return of native Irish speakers with English-speaking partners. The Planning and Development Act (2000) attempted to address the latter issue, with varied levels of success. It has

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tend to be more highly educated than monolingual English speakers, and enjoy the benefits of language-based networking, leading to better employment and higher social status. Though this initial study has been criticised for making certain assumptions, the statistical evidence supports the view that

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launched the State Policy on Gaeltacht Education 2017–2022. As a result, new students in most Gaeltacht schools now have deeper formal immersion in the Irish language at primary and second level and are also taught the language as a new Irish Junior Certificate subject tailored for L1 speakers. It

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Following a campaign in the 1960s and early 1970s, most road-signs in Gaeltacht regions have been in Irish only. Most maps and government documents did not change, though Ordnance Survey (government) maps showed placenames bilingually in the Gaeltacht (and generally in English only elsewhere). Most

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which aimed to create a monolingual Irish speaking nation. This method largely failed to increase the number of Irish speakers due to its emphasis on teaching the Irish language while failing to encourage the use of spoken Irish. In response to the continuing decline of the number of Irish speakers

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also. In the 2022 Republic of Ireland census 1,873,997 people or 39.8% of the population in the Republic of Ireland said that they had some ability to speak Irish, out of an overall population of 5,149,139. In Northern Ireland 228,600 people (12.4%) have some ability in the Irish language according

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activities through the medium of Irish. As with conventional schools, the Department of Education establishes the boundaries for class size and teacher qualifications. Over 25,000 second-level students from all over Ireland attend Irish-language summer colleges in the Gaeltacht every Summer. Irish

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In Gaeltacht areas education has traditionally been through Irish since the foundation of the state in 1922. A growing number of schools now teach through English, given that the official Gaeltacht boundaries no longer reflect linguistic reality. Even when most students were brought up with Irish,

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The number of native Irish-speakers in Gaeltacht areas of the Republic of Ireland today is far lower than it was at independence. Many Irish-speaking families encouraged their children to speak English as it was the language of education and employment; by the nineteenth century the Irish-speaking

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It has been argued that, although many Irish people see the Irish language as standing for national identity and a collective pride, this is by no means true of all, and that Irish has little utility compared to English. A counterpoint is that one of the chief benefits of studying Irish is that it

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In 2016 Irish President Michael D. Higgins lauded the seven volunteers who worked with Duolingo to produce the curriculum, calling their contribution "an act of both national and global citizenship." President Higgins went on to say that he hoped the impact of the Duolingo project would catch the

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In 2009 the Irish government announced funding for third-level institutions abroad who offer or wish to offer Irish language courses. There are thirty such universities where the Irish language is taught to students. Furthermore, scholarships for international studies in the Irish language can be

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The Irish language is a compulsory subject in government-funded schools in the Republic of Ireland and has been so since the early days of the state. At present the language must be studied throughout secondary school, but students need not sit the examination in the final year. It is taught as a

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was a positive adjustment in terms of improving the quality of Irish language revitalization. The study argues that the official policies laid out in the Act are in line with current policies which we need. However, the effective implementation of the act has been hamstrung by lack of funding and

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of 2022, Irish is recognised as an official language in Northern Ireland. 6,000 people (0.3%) in Northern Ireland claim to use Irish as their main home language according to the 2021 UK Census with 71,900 people being able to speak Irish (circa 4% of population) and 228,600 people overall in the

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In 1972, outside official Irish-speaking areas, there were only 11 such schools at primary level and five at secondary level but as of 2023 there are now 188 Gaelscoileanna at primary level and 31 Gaelcholáistí and 17 Aonaid Ghaeilge (Irish language units within English-medium schools) at second

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have usually been considered as the core speakers of the language. Their number, however, is diminishing, and some assert that they are being replaced in importance by fluent speakers outside the Gaeltacht, including both second-language speakers and a small minority who were raised and educated

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Since September 2017 new students in Irish language-medium secondary schools have been taught a new L1 Irish language subject for their Junior Certificate which is specially designed for schools teaching through Irish. It is expected that a new L1 Irish language subject for Leaving Certificate

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In 1983 Justice Ó hAnnluain noted that Irish is referred to in the present Constitution as 'the first official language' and that the Oireachtas itself can give priority to one language over the other. Until that time it should be assumed that Irish is the first official language, and that the

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A comprehensive study published in 2007 on behalf of Údarás na Gaeltachta found that young people in the Gaeltacht, despite a largely favourable view of Irish, use the language less than their elders. Even in areas where the language is strongest, only 60% of young people use Irish as the main

1745:, the only designated Gaeltacht outside Ireland. Irish has retained a certain status abroad as an academic subject. It is also used as a vehicle of journalism and literature. A small number of activists teach and promote the language in countries to which large numbers of Irish have migrated. 223:

The Irish-American scholar James McClosky has argued that the current (urban) Irish-language revival is in fact highly impressive if seen in perspective. The hopes of earlier revivalists were too high and disappointment was inevitable. But if the current revival is compared to similar efforts

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Irish-language summer colleges for second-level students in the Gaeltacht are supported and represented at the national level by CONCOS. Additionally, there are shorter courses for primary and third-level students in a number of colleges. and third-level students in a number of colleges.

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The revival of Irish traditional folk music in the sixties may initially have hindered the creation of contemporary folk and pop music in Irish. Traditional music, though still popular, now shares the stage with modern Irish-language compositions, a change due partly to the influence of

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Some 6,000 people (0.3%) in Northern Ireland claim to use Irish as their main home language according to the 2021 UK Census with 71,900 people being able to speak Irish (circa 4% of population) and 228,600 people overall in the state (12.4%) having some knowledge of the language.

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if he resorts to English. I can only say that this situation is an offence to the letter and spirit of the Constitution". In the same judgement he stated his opinion that it was improper to treat Irish less favourably than English in the transaction of official business.

319:, the Galway County Council introduced a development plan whereby new housing in Gaeltacht areas must be allocated to English-speakers and Irish-speakers in the same ratio as the existing population of the area. Developers had to enter a legal agreement to that effect. 518:

commercial map companies retained the English placenames, leading to some confusion. The Act therefore updates government documents and maps in line with what has been reality in the Gaeltacht for the past 30 years. Private map companies are expected to follow suit.

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It has become increasingly common to hear Irish top 40 hits presented in Irish by radio stations normally associated with English: East Coast FM, Flirt FM, Galway Bay FM, LM FM, Midwest Radio, Beat 102 103, Newstalk, Red FM, Spin 1038, Spin South West and Wired FM.

758:, subject to adoption and implementation of approved language plans. There are now 16 Gaeltacht Service Towns - the others being Cork City, Clifden, Athboy, Navan, Ballinrobe, Cahersiveen, Castlebar, Belmullet, Dungloe, Donegal Town, Dungarvan, Macroom and Tralee. 1267:

to tertiary education and so to employment - an analysis of "feeder" schools (which supply students to third level institutions) has shown that 22% of the Irish-medium schools sent all their students on to tertiary level, compared to 7% of English-medium schools.

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has been pointed out, however, that Irish speakers outside the Gaeltacht constitute a broad spectrum, with some speaking an Irish which is closely modelled on traditional versions of the language and others speaking an Irish which is emphatically non-traditional.

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second language (L2) at second level, to native (L1) speakers and learners (L2) alike. English is offered as a first (L1) language only, even to those who speak it as a second language. The curriculum was reorganised in the 1930s by Father Timothy Corcoran SJ of

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Gaelscoileanna and Irish language-medium schools in the Gaeltacht are supported and represented by Gaeloideachas and An Chomhairle um Oideachas Gaeltachta & Gaelscolaíochta or COGG in the Republic of Ireland and by Comhairle na Gaelscolaíochta in Northern

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The vast majority of Irish in the Republic are, in practice, monolingual English speakers. Habitual users of Irish fall generally into two categories: traditional speakers in rural areas (a group in decline) and urban Irish speakers (a group in expansion).

854:("Best of the Week") radio programme which Raidió na Life produce and offer to other community radio stations. Near FM, the community radio station covering north-east Dublin City, broadcasts Irish language programmes five days per week including their own 849:

Community radio stations in the Republic of Ireland usually have at least one Irish-language programme per week which may be their own programme depending on the number of Irish speakers available in their stations and/or they often rebroadcast the weekly

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There are 127 Irish-language primary and 29 secondary schools in the Gaeltacht regions, with over 9,000 pupils at primary level and over 3,000 at secondary being educated through Irish. There are also around 1,000 children in Irish language preschools or

1350:. In the three years up to 2010, over half the students granted an exemption from studying Irish for the Leaving Certificate because of a learning difficulty sat or intended to sit for other European language examinations such as French or German. 66:, the new arrangements coming into effect on 1 January 2007. On 1 January 2022, Irish received full status as a working language of the EU joining the other 23 official languages of the EU. It is, however, among those least routinely spoken of the 1212:

TD announced that there would be a comprehensive change in the instruction and teaching of Irish in Gaeltacht schools which would include an updated curriculum for students, with greater immersion in the language and more resources. In 2016

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In the same report UNESCO estimated that there are between 20,000 and 40,000 Irish speakers in the world. This number of Irish speakers is similarly estimated by Google to be the approximate true number of Irish speakers in the world.

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and ran as a daily national newspaper between 2003 and 2008 and had a readership of several thousand. The board of Foras na Gaeilge announced they were ending funding to the newspaper in late 2008 and the newspaper folded soon after.

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Many of the main social media forum websites have Irish language options. These include Facebook, Google, Twitter, Gmail and Wordpress. Several computer software products also have an Irish language option. Prominent examples include

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elsewhere in the world, it is clear that the Irish example is one of the most successful. He also argues that it is not wise to be prescriptive about the way the language is developing; Irish is an unusual cultural artefact ("

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There are two Irish-language radio programmes series specialising in popular music that are broadcast on many of the generally English medium commercial radio stations in Ireland, both created by Digital Audio Productions:

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It is possible to secure an exemption from learning Irish on the grounds of time spent abroad or a learning disability, subject to Circular 12/96 (primary education) and Circular M10/94 (secondary education) issued by the

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Northern Ireland's first Irish language community radio station started broadcasting to the Greater Belfast Area and is one of only two Irish language community radio stations on the island of Ireland, the other being

1204:..the needs of Irish as L1 at post-primary level have been totally ignored, as at present there is no recognition in terms of curriculum and syllabus of any linguistic difference between learners of Irish as L1 and L2. 1771:. In the Antipodes the main body is the Irish Language Association of Australia, based in Melbourne. The websites maintained by these groups are supplemented by a number of sites and blogs maintained by individuals. 304:

areas were relatively poor and remote, though this very remoteness helped the language survive as a vernacular. There was also continuous outward migration of Irish speakers from the Gaeltacht (see related issues at

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country which was launched on 20 December 2010. This involves a 13-point plan and encouraging the use of language in all aspects of life. It aims to strengthen the language in both the Gaeltacht and the Galltacht.

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from foundation. This reflects the dominance of the language in Irish cultural and social history until the nineteenth century and its role in Irish cultural identity. In 2022, strong recognition was added in

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In 2010 Justice Macken said that there was a constitutional obligation to provide to a respondent all Rules of Court in an Irish language version as soon as practicable after they were published in English.

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In 2009, however, Justice Charleton said that the State has the right to use documents in either language and that there is no risk of an unfair trial if an applicant understands whichever language is used.

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also) by 2024. The Gaeltacht Education Policy represents a fundamental change in education in the Gaeltacht, and allows schools which teach through English to opt out of being classed as Gaeltacht schools.

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In 2003 Justice Ó Laighin deemed that to have the Irish language and English on the same level of equality would be unconstitutional on the basis that Irish is the National and first language of the State.

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The British Government have a legal obligation to provide funding to help run a Northern Ireland-based Irish language newspaper but as of 2023 not much pressure has been put on them to supply the funding.

1697:/ Irish Language Networks on the island of Ireland outside the Gaeltacht. The other areas to be designated in 2018 as having Líonraí Gaeilge are Loughrea, Ennis and Clondalkin in the Republic of Ireland. 823:. It broadcasts across the island of Ireland on FM, although the station and all of its studios are based in the Republic of Ireland. There are also two Irish language-medium community radio stations: 1564:) was also established in Belfast in 1984 and ran as a daily newspaper between 2003 and 2008. The paper is no longer produced due to a decision by Foras na Gaeilge to cease funding it in late 2008. 1163:, a music festival attended by thousands, features DJs from the Dublin-based Irish-language radio station Raidió na Life, as well as celebrities from Irish-language media doing sketches and comedy. 1259:

level. These schools educate over 50,000 students and there is now at least one in each of the 32 traditional counties of Ireland. There are also over 4,000 children in Irish-medium preschools or

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to have Irish language programming. Most commercial radio stations in the Republic have a weekly Irish language programme. RTÉ radio stations have daily Irish language programmes or news reports.

1133:. Yearly albums of contemporary song in Irish now appear, though most are translations from English. The artists have included Mundy, The Frames, The Coronas, The Corrs, The Walls, Paddy Casey, 815:(Gaeltacht radio) has gone beyond its original brief, covering not only the Gaeltacht but also national and international news and issues. It is owned and operated by public service broadcaster 601:

Most private companies in Ireland have no formal provision for the use of Irish, but it is not uncommon for garages, cafes and other commercial establishments to display some signage in Irish.

732:, there are residential areas with names in Irish in most counties in Ireland. Over 500 new residential areas were named in Irish during the late 1990s to late 2000s property boom in Ireland. 1550:. These schools and the Gaelscoileanna movement has since expanded to across much of Northern Ireland similar to its expansion in the Republic of Ireland. An Irish-language newspaper called 3214: 1763:

The organisation Coláiste na nGael plays a major part in fostering the Irish language in Britain. North America has several groups and organisations devoted to the language. Among these are

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Irish has also proved to be an excellent vehicle for scholarly work, though chiefly in such areas as Irish-language media commentary and analysis, literary criticism and historical studies.

135:, providing information on "languages spoken at home." The number of Irish speakers in 2010 was given as 20,590 (with a margin of error of 1,291), the states with the largest numbers being 3468: 1900: 831:

in Belfast, the former being older and more recognised as an important training station for those wishing to work in radio professionally. There is also a station for young people called

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An extra 5–10% marks are awarded to students who take some certain examinations through Irish, though the propriety of this practice has been questioned by the Irish Equality Authority.

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Irish is no longer used as a community language by the Irish diaspora. It is still used, however, by Irish-speaking networks. In Canada such speakers have a gathering place called the

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Provision may, however, be made by law for the exclusive use of either of the said languages for any one or more official purposes, either throughout the State or in any part thereof.

1704:, the UK Government committed to introduce an Irish Language Act. Although a consultation document on the matter was published in 2007, the restoration of devolved government by the 1501:

Attitudes towards the language in Northern Ireland traditionally reflect the political differences between its two main communities. The language has been regarded with suspicion by

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There has been rapid growth in a branch of the State-sponsored school system (mostly urban) in which Irish is the language of instruction. Such schools - which are officially called

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an Irish-speaking hip-hop band based in Belfast have developed a cult following and have gone on to sell out shows in Ireland and even have a cult following in England and Scotland.

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University College Cork (UCC) maintains a unique site where old texts of Irish relevance in several languages, including Irish, are available in a scholarly format for public use.

171:. Statistics on languages spoken at home (as gathered in the United States and Australia) give no indication of the number of speakers who use those languages in other contexts. 2281: 1331:

In recent years the design and implementation of compulsory Irish have been criticised with growing vigour for their ineffectiveness. In March 2007, the Minister for Education,

908: 4783: 2131: 1648:. The Agreement (and subsequent implementation measures and memoranda) also contained specific provisions regarding the availability of the Irish language television service 1033:

which is funded by Foras na Gaeilge and advertisers. This replaces previous Foras na Gaeilge-funded newspapers which were available both in print and online. The newspapers

4078: 2027: 1880: 1246:- are found both in middle-class and disadvantaged areas. Their success is due to limited but effective community support and a professional administrative infrastructure. 1720:

or Irish Language Act has been a central bone of contention between Sinn Féin and the DUP since early 2017 in their efforts to reestablish the Northern Ireland Executive.

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also showed its first TV programme in the language in the early 1990s. BBC Northern Ireland now have an Irish Language Department in their headquarters in Belfast.

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were no longer practical or realistic. The Bar Council and Law Society run compulsory oral Irish language workshops as part of their professional training courses.

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has been heavily influenced by the Irish language, and words derived from Irish, including whole phrases, continue to be a feature of English as spoken in Ireland:

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citizen is entitled to require that it be used in administration. In 1988 Justice Ó hAnnluain said it was fair to provide official forms in both Irish and English.

4581:"Number of candidates at each level and breakdown of candidates by grade awarded in each subject- State Examinations Commission Leaving Cert. (2017-2019) 16.8.17" 3549: 1686:

of Belfast, one of the four cultural quarters of the city. There are a growing number of Irish-medium schools throughout Northern Ireland (e.g. see photo above).

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In the first half of the 20th century the best writers were from the Gaeltacht or closely associated with it. Remarkable autobiographies from this source include

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offers a wide variety of programming, including dramas, rock and pop shows, a technology show, travel shows, documentaries and an award-winning soap opera called

1171:

are among the latter, Bishop (an American by origin) having spent a well-publicised year in the Conamara Gaeltacht to learn the language and popularise its use.

3086: 1656:

in respect to Irish in Northern Ireland. In March 2005, TG4 began broadcasting from the Divis transmitter near Belfast, as a result of an agreement between the

530:

deplored the fact that the state spends about €1,000,000,000 p.a. on teaching Irish, although he did not say how he had arrived at this figure. He called for a

2364: 1693:

In February 2018 Foras na Gaeilge announced that West Belfast and Carn Tóchair in Derry are going to be designated as having two of the first State-recognised

2256: 2103: 2610: 1945: 1561: 5121: 4664: 2332: 2890: 220:

The written standard remains the same for all Irish speakers, and urban Irish speakers have made notable contributions to an extensive modern literature.

1905: 1653: 4335: 2872: 1981: 1690:

work with the business sector across Belfast to promote the Irish language in the business sector and have been very successful in Nationalist areas.

557:. By 2015 243 translators had been trained at a cost of €11m, and the logging of Irish terms into an international language database had cost €1.85M. 392:) was established under the Official Languages Act as an independent statutory office operating as an ombudsman's service and as a compliance agency. 261:

who speak Irish make up a large proportion of the Bar Council, and that there are at least 194 translators who work through Irish and are licensed by

4562: 1859: 1724: 1479: 361: 205: 5054: 774: 4544: 3850: 3218: 1895: 3651: 761:

In 2018 it was announced that five areas outside the Gaeltacht on the island of Ireland would be formally recognised as having the first official

4122: 2665: 1200:

the language was taught only as an L2 (second) language, with English being taught as an L1 (first) language. Professor David Little commented:

4481: 3490: 17: 2184: 2302: 3626: 29: 4784:

https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-language.pdf

4638: 1642:

was established to promote the language in both Northern Ireland and the Republic, taking over the functions of the previous Republic-only

904:

launched as a stand-alone children's television channel broadcasting from 6.00 to 20.00 every day. The channel is a part of the TG4 Group.

4809: 3153: 940:

Though Irish is the language of a small minority, it has a distinguished modern literature. The foremost prose writer is considered to be

33:

The percentage of respondents who said they spoke Irish daily outside the education system in the 2011 census in the Republic of Ireland.

4526: 1150: 159:(1,015). These figures give no evidence of proficiency. There is no information readily available as to the number of Irish speakers in 2703: 4682: 3349: 1748:

Irish is taught as a degree subject in a number of tertiary institutions in North America and northern and eastern Europe, and at the

839:. All three regional stations - Raidió na Life, Raidió Rí-Rá and Raidió Fáilte - seek to become national stations broadcasting on FM. 331:, the first official language policy was implemented by the Irish government. It was based on the revitalization method pioneered by 5163: 1963: 1498:

there is as of 2023 a demand for three further Gaelcholáistí in the province also in - North Belfast, Derry City and West Tyrone.

1709: 1657: 1424: 288: 1536:) but not taught at all in the controlled sector, mostly attended by Protestant pupils. Irish-medium schools, however, known as 1450:

has a full-time Irish language officer. Most universities in the Republic have Irish-language officers elected by the students.

2282:"Irish language 'definitely endangered' as linguists predict it will vanish in the next century - The Irish Independent (2021)" 1428: 82: 41:

Proportion of respondents who said they could speak Irish in the Ireland census in 2011 or the Northern Ireland census in 2011.

4597: 4434: 115:

Only 6,685 of the Republic of Ireland 2022 census forms were completed in Irish, down from 8,068 in 2016. In anecdotal input,

85:(NUIG, formerly UCG). NUIG is a centre of academic work in the Irish language and is also adjacent to the Connemara Gaeltacht. 4418: 2488: 1756:

in New Zealand teaches it as an extension course. It is also an academic subject in several European universities, including

1221:

is expected that a new Irish language Leaving Certificate subject for L1 speakers will come into the same schools (and maybe

4912: 3600: 3131: 1588:

in Dublin. In October 2018 the station moved to a new building on the junction of the Falls Road and the Westlink motorway.

5352: 4309: 1812:

attention of the rest of the Irish Government and boost its confidence in the success of language revitalization efforts.

1369:

The abolition of compulsory Irish for the Leaving Certificate has been a policy advocated in 3 Irish General Elections by

3402: 2850: 2162: 640: 4890: 3061: 1043:(2010–2013) ceased publication in 2013. Between 1984 and 2003 there was a Belfast-based Irish language weekly newspaper 975:(1904–1950). Following demographic trends, the bulk of contemporary writing now comes from writers of urban background. 5753: 5283: 3814:

Héalaí, Pádraig Ó (1975). "An Béal Bocht", agus Údair Ghaeltachta. The Maynooth Review / Revieú Mhá Nuad 1 (1):36 - 50.

1928: 1885: 1774:

Irish-language publications outside Ireland include two online publications: a quarterly American-based journal called

1742: 1533: 1494:

and three Aonaid Ghaeilge (Irish-language units) in English-medium secondary schools in Northern Ireland. According to

1462: 1307:

language summer colleges for second-level students in the Gaeltacht are supported and represented at national level by

67: 4204: 384:

into law. This was the first time the provision of state services through Irish had the support of law. The office of

3090: 1727:

became law. The Irish Language Act officially repealed legislation from 1737 that banned the use of Irish in courts.

1716:

announced to the Assembly that he did not intend to bring forward an Irish language Bill. The debate over a proposed

1708:

later that year meant that responsibility for language transferred from London to Belfast. In October 2007, the then

1347: 2371: 5802: 1440: 1391:

In 2014 just over 7,000 students chose not to sit their Irish Leaving Cert exams, down from almost 14,000 in 2009.

578: 266: 3726: 3335: 2607: 1432: 1373:, a major Irish party which more recently won power in the 2011 general election as part of a coalition with the 623:

tram on Abbey Street Dublin. "Luas" is the Irish language word for "Speed" and the company has a bilingual policy

582: 63: 4701: 2339: 1529:

are used by businesses with bilingual (Irish/English) and trilingual (Irish/English/Ulster Scots) signage seen.

1495: 1483:

state (12.4%) having some knowledge of the language. It is the second most spoken language in Northern Ireland.

816: 5293: 5289: 4984: 1890: 1736: 1522: 800: 4451: 3003: 1847: 751: 717:, based in Galway and founded in 1928, is the national Irish language theatre. There is also a theatre called 565:

People corresponding with state bodies can generally send and receive correspondence in Irish or English. The

428:

These measures are being brought in on a phased basis and as of early 2024 have not all been implemented yet.

5723: 5579: 5244: 5180: 4342: 1089:

also has an article in Irish every issue, as do some other local and regional papers throughout the country.

997: 812: 804: 3043: 3025: 2410: 972: 781:. Foras na Gaeilge have said they hope to award the status of Líonraí Gaeilge to other areas in the future. 5427: 5156: 1864: 1447: 790: 643:. Irish is a main domestic, work or community language for approximately 2% of the population of Ireland. 4836: 2552: 1377:. This policy was the cause of disapproving comment by many Irish language activists before the election. 639:

The population of the Republic of Ireland was predicted to be 5.01 million in April 2021 according to the

452:

The interpretation of 8.3 has been problematic and various judgments have cast more light on this matter.

5415: 5330: 5062: 1826: 610: 381: 357: 344: 119:

has noted that fewer than 1% of their customers use the Irish language option on their banking machines.

3446: 5730: 5403: 5301: 4642: 4503: 3291: 935: 836: 550: 3240: 2669: 989:, which specialise in Irish-language material and which together produce scores of titles every year. 5797: 2177:"Roghnaítear an Ghaeilge do níos lú ná 1 faoin gcéad de na hidirbhearta ar ATManna Bhanc na hÉireann" 2085: 1842: 1705: 1602: 1598: 1412: 1336: 1325: 1274: 1137:, Luan Parle, Gemma Hayes, Bell X1 and comedian/rapper Des Bishop. The Irish-language summer college 949: 718: 632: 328: 77: 71: 3491:"Historical Step for Irish Language Speaking Communities outside of the Gaeltacht- Foras na Gaeilge" 2626: 1296:

for second-level students. Students attend classes, participate in sports, art, drama, music, go to

941: 5550: 3744: 1385: 964: 714: 179:

In 2021 UNESCO's Atlas of World Languages described the Irish language as "definitely endangered".

2916:Ó Murchú v. Registrar of Companies and the Minister for Industry and Trade I.R.S.R (1980–1998) 42 2365:"Nuashonrú ar an Staidéar Cuimsitheach Teangeolaíoch ar Úsáid na Gaeilge sa Ghaeltacht: 2006–2011" 2310: 1525:, and still in force, state that only English could be used in public street signs, but Irish and 385: 5792: 5771: 5692: 5337: 5149: 4868: 4224:"28 October, 2016 - Government Launches Policy on Gaeltacht Education 2017-2022" (Press release). 3321: 1757: 1661: 1597:

was established with a view to broadening the appeal of the language among Protestants, although

1404: 1069:

publishes the Irish-language page "Bileog" on Mondays and other articles in Irish in the section

546: 4750:"Identity and Language (Northern Ireland) Act 2022 Stages - Parliamentary Bills - UK Parliament" 4616: 4563:"An riachtantas Gaeilge do na coláistí múinteoireachta bainte amach ag 88% de dhaltaí Ardteiste" 1505:, who have associated it with the Roman Catholic-majority Republic, and more recently, with the 750:

In 2016 it was announced that Galway City, Dingle and Letterkenny would be the first recognised

5398: 4279: 4123:"Deireadh á chur leis an iris 'Feasta' tar éis 75 bliain de dheasca 'easpa tacaíochta ón stát'" 4030:"Schmidt agus Gatland i mbun na cleasaíochta cheana, ach ní haon cúis mhagaidh an comhtholgadh" 2500: 2333:"Staidéar Cuimsitheach Teangalaíoch ar Úsáid na Gaeilge sa Ghaeltacht: Piomhthátal agus Moltaí" 1753: 1723:

Irish is recognised as an official language of Northern Ireland as of 6 December 2022 when the

1420: 1416: 1408: 1374: 1012:

under the supervision of Professor Pádraig Ó Fiannachta and was finally published in 1981. The

745: 741: 485: 4837:"'NÍL FOIRGNEAMH RAIDIÓ NÍOS FEARR IN ÉIRINN' Raidió Fáilte ag craoladh ó stiúideo úrnua- NÓS" 4796:"🕬 Cá háit a n-osclófar tuilleadh Gaelcholáistí i dTuaisceart Éireann sa todhchaí? - Near FM" 3712: 953: 2028:"Census 2022: Fall in percentage of daily Irish speakers but greater proficiency among youth" 1632:

Irish received official recognition in Northern Ireland for the first time in 1998 under the

1610: 1526: 1096:

Several magazines are published in the language. These include the "flagship" monthly review

1016: 843: 615: 413: 505: 70:

with there being only 1 Irish speaking MEP out of the total number of 13 Irish MEP's in the

4824:

Formations of Violence: The Narrative of the Body and Political Terror in Northern Ireland.

2666:"The state has anglicised the Gaeltacht by encouraging the immigration of English-speakers" 1853: 1749: 1701: 1679: 1573: 1436: 1130: 861: 762: 570: 376: 284: 5660: 5588: 4580: 3424: 1764: 1467: 986: 832: 627: 8: 5685: 5620: 5188: 5102: 3825:"Modern Ireland in 100 Artworks: An tOileánach,Tomás Ó Criomhthain | Royal Irish Academy" 3364:"Riomhthionscadal cónaithe Gaeilge / Irish language residential e-project (Since 2009) …" 2595: 1964:"Irish is now at the same level as the other official EU languages - European Commission" 1506: 1502: 1354: 1112:

ceased publication in 2023 after being in print for 75 years A quarterly magazine called

729: 696: 50: 4934: 4766: 3688: 3105: 1153:. Top 40 Oifigiúil na hÉireann (Ireland's Official Top 40) was first broadcast in 2007. 765:/ Irish Language Networks under the Gaeltacht Act 2012. The networks in question are in 5606: 5408: 5264: 5223: 4209: 3905: 3582: 2967: 2928:

Hardiman, J. – Judicial Review – Supreme Court. Ref : Ó Beoláin v.Fahy 2 I.R. 279

2802: 2752: 2306: 1837: 1626: 1618: 1580: 1105: 883:

The national Irish language television station is based in Baile na hAbhann in Conamara

828: 755: 277: 3469:"Irish-speaking areas in north set for official status for first time- The Irish News" 2820: 1138: 708: 5498: 5378: 5347: 4948: 4257: 3897: 3700: 3586: 3526: 2959: 2806: 2794: 2775:"Language policy and language governance: a case-study of Irish language legislation" 2744: 2484: 2433: 1792: 1683: 1633: 1509:

movement in Northern Ireland itself. Many republicans in Northern Ireland, including

1209: 1013: 1001: 956:(1922–2021). There are many less notable figures who have produced interesting work. 704: 332: 127:

The number of Irish speakers outside Ireland cannot be readily verified. In 2015 the

5597: 4431: 3970: 3601:"Corporate: Background - TG4 - Irish language television channel - Teilifís Gaeilge" 3512: 3198:"Interesting Irish language / Scots Gaelic names & words that became Anglicised" 3176:"Ireland's population was estimated to be just over five million in April 2021- CSO" 2481:

Voices Silenced - Guthanna in Éag: Has Irish a Future - An Mairfidh an Ghaeilge Beo.

1585: 1568:

began broadcasting a nightly half-hour programme in Irish in the early 1980s called

824: 541:

Much of the discussion of the cost of Irish has arisen from its official use in the

230:") and it is not yet known what will come of the creative influences at work in it. 5613: 5342: 3889: 3572: 3564: 2951: 2786: 1687: 1682:

has designated the Falls Road area (from Milltown Cemetery to Divis Street) as the

1638: 1565: 1079: 684: 262: 136: 55: 5701: 3670:"Cúla4: Ireland's first ever Irish language children's channel is now live on air" 2158: 2057:

Linguistic Minorities in Multilingual Settings: Implications for Language Policies

1667: 1491: 1222: 1164: 1120:

is the only lifestyle magazine in Irish directed chiefly to a younger readership.

1085: 721:, based in the Donegal Gaeltacht. Plays in Irish may sometimes be seen elsewhere. 395:

In 2006 the government announced a 20-year strategy to help Ireland become a more

5357: 5208: 4438: 4280:"Language and Occupational Status: Linguistic Elitism in the Irish Labour Market" 3604: 2614: 2501:"Language and Occupational Status: Linguistic Elitism in the Irish Labour Market" 2032: 1946:"The Irish language gains full official and working status in the European Union" 1614: 1160: 692: 644: 527: 116: 4749: 1077:

publishes an Irish language supplement called "Seachtain" on Wednesdays and the

917: 5269: 5254: 5203: 5198: 5172: 4313: 3568: 3363: 3197: 2608:

https://gradireland.com/sites/gradireland.com/files/public/english-language.pdf

2231: 1821: 1622: 1487: 1175: 1005: 700: 542: 502:) who argue that tourists may not recognise the Irish forms of the placenames. 491: 421:

for those Irish speakers who want to have their names and addresses spelt with

409: 305: 273: 46: 4858: 4795: 3317: 2790: 590: 5786: 5393: 5320: 5259: 3996:"Coiscéim - Leabhair Gaeilge don scoth - Gaelic Book publishing at its best!" 3901: 2963: 2798: 2748: 2627:"Films, books, music, agus... yeah: The Irish language's new cultural moment" 2108: 1875: 672: 667: 144: 128: 5541: 3790: 2873:"Official Languages Act (Amendment) 2021 signed by the President of Ireland" 2774: 1292: 893: 665:("good health"; used when drinking like "bottoms up" or "cheers"). The term 366: 5362: 5274: 5228: 5218: 5193: 4403:

Minister Hanafin announces increase in marks for Oral Irish to 40% in exams

3851:"Muiris O'Sullivan's "New Storytelling": The Art of Twenty Years A-Growing" 3689:"Watch: Ireland's first ever Irish language children's TV channel launched" 2567:"Broadside: Can anybody truthfully say that Irish is a necessary language?" 1593: 1332: 441:

The Irish language as the national language is the first official language.

4810:"Coláiste Feirste ar a gconláin féin, ceal straitéise ón Roinn Oideachais" 1510: 340:

during the 1960s, there was a policy shift to Irish-English bilingualism.

5642: 5471: 5388: 4480:(Press release). The Equality Authority. 22 November 2006. Archived from 1929:"The First Official Language? The status of the Irish language in Dublin" 1713: 1672: 1652:

signal in Northern Ireland. In 2001, the British government ratified the

1514: 1303: 1277:

is the largest patron body of Gaelscoileanna in the Republic of Ireland.

1065: 1029: 945: 574: 538:

Walsh's remarks provoked further comment for and against his suggestion.

510: 37: 5669: 4598:"Duine as gach cúigear daltaí Ardteiste nach bhfuair aon toradh Gaeilge" 3909: 3877: 3318:"Irish and bilingual names for new residential areas- Near FM (16.4.19)" 3292:"Bogearra den scoth, chomh maith agus a bhí sé ariamh, anois as Gaeilge" 2971: 2756: 2736: 1141:

has made popular video versions in Irish of English-language pop songs.

982: 227:

Déantús cultúrtha fíor-aisteach an rud seo a dtugaimid 'an Ghaeilge' air

5748: 5462: 3765: 1606: 1381: 1217: 1168: 1059: 944:(1906–1970), whose dense and complex work has been compared to that of 778: 594: 554: 258: 152: 140: 5534: 4728:"CELT: The online resource for Irish history, literature and politics" 4665:"More is more as number of students taking Irish and science increase" 3652:"Fáilte Cúla4: first ever Irish language kids' TV channel goes on air" 3577: 2939: 1298: 5678: 5213: 4614: 4381:"The University Times | Head-to-Head: The Irish Language Debate" 3893: 2955: 2395: 1869: 1831: 1538: 1370: 1287: 1249: 1242: 1235: 1214: 725: 566: 396: 337: 316: 160: 90: 5651: 5527: 5309: 5084: 5010: 4988: 4962: 4949:"SF/DUP impasse over substantive issues remains as NI talks adjourn" 4380: 3923: 2553:"Irish Language and the Gaeltacht - CSO - Central Statistics Office" 1901:

List of Scottish council areas by number of Scottish Gaelic speakers

1556: 1403:

There are third-level courses offered in Irish at all universities (

1083:

publish an article in Irish on Saturdays. The immigrants' newspaper

1049: 257:

The lack of utility has been disputed. It has been pointed out that

1804: 1009: 770: 148: 4478:"Landmark Decision for Leaving Certificate Students with Dyslexia" 4056: 1636:'s provisions on "parity of esteem". A cross-border body known as 1532:

Irish was taught in Catholic secondary schools (especially by the

901: 5489: 5141: 4863: 3944: 3377: 3106:"Gaeilge to become a full working language of the European Union" 1543: 1113: 766: 444:

The English language is recognised as a second official language.

164: 156: 4235: 4147: 3824: 2257:"Language in England and Wales - Office for National Statistics" 1134: 679:" or "What's the craic?" ("how's the fun?"/"how is it going?"). 5453: 5444: 5122:"Ar fheabhas! President praises volunteer Duolingo translators" 4527:"In numbers: how Ireland's students fared in Leaving Cert 2011" 3399:"Letterkenny announced as Gaeltacht Service Town - Donegal Now" 2104:"The role of the Irish language in Northern Ireland's deadlock" 1999: 1308: 1229: 1109: 1035: 909:

Minister for Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media

499: 94:

through Irish. Such speakers are predominantly urban dwellers.

5480: 4545:"More students taking higher level subjects and fewer failing" 4046:'An Ghaeilge: bás nó beatha?', Derry Journal, 1 November 2013. 3745:"The Irish Literary Revival – The Irish Literature Collection" 3336:"Sunday Times (Ireland) article on Gael-Taca: log in required" 1117: 5383: 4859:"Raidió Fáilte in 2018- Raidió na Life & Near FM podcast" 3550:"Irish-language broadcasting: history, ideology and identity" 3269: 1547: 1472: 1271:

students in Irish-medium schools will be introduced in 2024.

168: 4100: 3627:"An additional €4.2m for TG4 in Budget 2022 | Press Release" 3295: 2891:"President signs Irish language rights legislation into law" 2704:"Majority of new Spiddal apartments held for Irish speakers" 2691:

The Irish Language in a Changing Society: Shaping The Future

2458: 1517:, learned Irish while in prison, a development known as the 5558: 4767:"Language and identity laws could spell significant change" 4258:"Scoileanna : Gaelscoileanna – Irish Medium Education" 3244: 3154:"Get bilingual and get more notice for your local business" 1881:

An Chomhairle um Oideachas Gaeltachta & Gaelscolaíochta

1108:. A monthly magazine produced by Conradh na Gaeilge called 921:

news television programme every evening at 17.40 or 17.45.

876: 620: 586: 4727: 3995: 3200:. Darren J. Prior - Youtube presentation. 19 October 2022. 2907:

The State (Mac Fhearraigh) v. Mac Gamhna (1983) T.É.T.S 29

2206: 1785: 5518: 4029: 1649: 1560:) produced by The Andersonstown News Group (later called 888: 880: 688: 97: 3087:"The Irish Language - Busting Myths and Cool Statistics" 3004:"Finding the muscle to fix our failing education system" 2660: 2658: 2644: 1982:"Irish gains full official and working status in the EU" 1617:, was, in turn, ridiculed by nationalists and even some 4432:

National Council for Curriculum and Assessment: Ireland

3366:. Darren J. Prior Irish language residential e-project. 3350:"Irish Times obituary of Pádraig Ó Cuanacháin (2008) …" 2232:"Language used at home | Australia | Community profile" 5032: 4401:

Department of Education & Science, 11 March 2007,

2821:"Govt announces 20-year bilingual strategy - RTÉ News" 2596:

http://www.universitytimes.ie/2015/11/why-study-irish/

842:

All radio stations in the Republic are obliged by the

4935:"Northern Ireland Assembly divided by Irish language" 4915:. newshound.com, quoting Irish News. 16 November 2002 4172: 2940:"Craolachán: teilifís na gaeilge: teilifís ar strae?" 2655: 2530: 1778:, and a fortnightly newsletter from Australia called 1398: 1364: 89:

Traditional Irish speakers in the areas known as the

4893:. newshound.com, quoting Irish News. 6 February 2003 2438:

Technology.ie News & Views on Gadgets & Tech

2022: 2020: 1803:

On St. Patrick's Day 2014 the language learning app

1100:, devoted to new literature and current affairs and 436:

Article 8 of the Constitution states the following:

322: 174: 4193:

A link is available at Coláiste Lurgan: lurgan.biz.

4142: 4140: 1906:

List of Welsh areas by percentage of Welsh-speakers

1654:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

1174:In more recent years with the band forming in 2017 1019:of 2004 is available in an Irish-language version. 233: 1443:) and most also have Irish language departments. 1318: 2404: 2402: 2017: 1860:20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010-2030 907:Speaking at the launch of Cúla4 Catherine Martin 408:In 2011 then Minister of State for the Gaeltacht 362:20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010-2030 206:20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010-2030 5784: 4683:"Compulsory Irish rule to be lifted for lawyers" 4148:"An Gael - Irisleabhar Idirnáisiúnta na Gaeilge" 4137: 4081:. Seachtain, The Irish Independent. 9 March 2022 1896:List of organisations in Irish Language Movement 1671:Bilingual (Irish/English) street sign in Newry, 1123: 981:There are several publishing houses, among them 526:In a 2011 comment on Irish education, professor 4641:. Irishtimes.com. 15 April 2010. Archived from 4504:"Irish exempt students sit for other languages" 4328: 3129: 5116: 5114: 5112: 3447:"Ennis Recognised As Líonra Gaeilge- Clare FM" 2399: 2153: 2151: 5157: 2924: 2922: 343:According to a 2012 study by John Walsh, the 315:In an effort to stop the erosion of Irish in 4761: 4759: 4617:"Beo! - Litir Oscailte Chuig Enda Kenny T.D" 3209: 3207: 2084: 1328:, who could not speak the language himself. 1230:Irish-medium education outside the Gaeltacht 864:broadcasts an Irish-language service called 62:On 13 June 2005, Irish was made an official 5728: 5699: 5690: 5676: 5667: 5658: 5649: 5640: 5618: 5604: 5595: 5586: 5577: 5539: 5525: 5516: 5496: 5487: 5478: 5469: 5460: 5451: 5442: 5413: 5328: 5299: 5246: 5109: 4913:"The rich heritage of Ulster Scots culture" 4615:Donncha Ó hÉallaithe Donncha Ó hÉallaithe. 3875: 2459:"Gach leabhar Gaeilge i gCló - Irish Books" 2431: 2148: 1643: 811:Irish has a significant presence in radio. 660: 654: 648: 239: 225: 204:In 2010, the Irish government launched the 191: 5164: 5150: 4937:. BBC News Northern Ireland. 28 June 2017. 3527:"Northern Ireland - Irish Language - Blas" 3294:(in Irish). openoffice.org. Archived from 2919: 2303:"Towns at risk of losing Gaeltacht status" 2054: 1795:and Ireland Canada University Foundation. 1208:In 2015 Minister for Education and Skills 4891:"Unionist fear of Irish must be overcome" 4756: 4336:"Language in the Post-Primary Curriculum" 4236:"Gaelscoileanna – Irish Medium Education" 3576: 3264: 3262: 3204: 2734: 2408: 2357: 2325: 952:(1907–1977) and the lyricist and scholar 4341:. Ncca.ie. November 2003. Archived from 4202: 3924:"Publishers – Munster Literature Centre" 3132:"Tesco puts the fada back into shopping" 2937: 1666: 1471:Sign for Irish-medium primary school in 1466: 1280: 1248: 875: 799: 626: 614: 560: 504: 370:Irish language sign in Donegal Gaeltacht 365: 351: 211: 76: 68:official languages of the European Union 36: 28: 4419:Pupils lap up hi-tech learning of Irish 4205:"A Celtic Revival, in Hip-Hop and More" 3215:"Windows XP Pacáiste Comhéadan Gaeilge" 2668:. Homepage.ntlworld.com. Archived from 2434:"Nuachainteoirí [Podchraoladh]" 1922: 1920: 1786:Irish at tertiary level internationally 404:Official Languages (Amendment) Act 2021 14: 5785: 5033:"Ireland Canada University Foundation" 4963:"Irish language in Britain and London" 4524: 4383:. Universitytimes.ie. 21 February 2011 3727:"New Irish TV channel goes live today" 3547: 3324:from the original on 15 December 2021. 3259: 3103: 3026:"Plan for optional Leaving Cert Irish" 2984:Charleton J., The High Court, IEHC 188 2844:"Statement on the Irish Language 2006" 2545: 2074:. Cork University Press. p. 1140. 2072:Irish Writing in the Twentieth Century 2069: 2000:"Explore language knowledge in Europe" 1660:in the Republic of Ireland and the UK 1063:has two pages in Irish every day. The 887:The Irish-language television station 294: 248: 98:Self-reported number of Irish speakers 83:National University of Ireland, Galway 5145: 4871:from the original on 15 December 2021 4798:. Near FM Youtube. 12 September 2023. 4702:"Cúrsaí le Gaeilge ar an 3ú Leibhéal" 4238:. Gaelscoileanna.ie. 22 February 1999 3425:"Gaeltacht Service Towns- Gaelphobal" 3217:(in Irish). Microsoft. Archived from 2993:Macken J., The Supreme Court, IESC 26 2772: 2768: 2766: 2737:"The Irish State and Language Policy" 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 1710:Minister of Culture, Arts and Leisure 1104:, a magazine of the Ulster branch of 1027:Irish has an online newspaper called 998:The Bible has been available in Irish 476:that are to be used even in English. 238:It has been argued in one study that 3766:"CELT: Early Irish Poetry to c.1200" 3686: 2590:Peter Weakliam, "Why Study Irish?", 2432:Muíneacháin, Conn Ó (4 April 2014). 1917: 1834:– Irish speaking regions in Ireland. 1730: 1186: 835:which is available in some areas on 754:/ Gaeltacht Service Towns under the 4452:"Leaving Cert exam papers: Gaeilge" 3593: 3548:Watson, Iarfhlaith (30 June 2016). 3378:"Dúchas, Daingean Uí Chúis website" 2059:. J. Benjamins Pub. Co. p. 81. 1456: 1000:since the 17th century through the 735: 133:2008-2013 American Community Survey 24: 5171: 3791:"Filíocht.html LEABHAIR DEN SCOTH" 3687:Desk, Picture (8 September 2023). 3062:"Cost of translating EU documents" 2763: 2721: 1886:Irish language in Northern Ireland 1743:Permanent North American Gaeltacht 1463:Irish language in Northern Ireland 1399:Irish at tertiary level in Ireland 1365:Debate concerning compulsory Irish 1311:. There are also shorter courses. 992: 186: 122: 25: 5814: 4699: 4370:(Hodder Books, London 2003) p145. 3876:Nic Pháidín, Caoilfhionn (1985). 3130:Éanna Ó Caollaí (22 March 2014). 3006:. Irishtimes.com. 25 January 2011 2606:Gradireland: Careers with Irish: 2370:. udaras.ie. 2015. Archived from 2338:. Pobail.ie. 2007. Archived from 2207:"U.S. Demographic Data Made Easy" 1926: 1116:, is published in North America. 323:History of revitalization efforts 175:UNESCO's Atlas of World Languages 5767: 5766: 5095: 5077: 5047: 5025: 5003: 4977: 4955: 4941: 4927: 4905: 4883: 4851: 4829: 4826:U of Chicago P, 1991. Chapter 3. 4816: 4802: 4788: 4777: 4742: 4720: 4693: 4675: 4657: 4631: 4608: 4590: 4573: 4555: 4537: 4525:Reilly, Gavan (17 August 2011). 4518: 4506:. The Irish Times. 14 April 2010 4496: 4470: 4444: 4424: 4408: 4395: 4373: 4360: 4302: 4272: 4250: 4228: 4217: 4196: 4187: 4165: 3945:"Critic agus Léirmheastóireacht" 3156:. Advertiser.ie. 24 October 2013 2511:. Ideas.repec.org: 435–460. 2009 2183:. 4 October 2016. Archived from 521: 234:Irish and educational attainment 5353:Dependent and independent forms 4441:. Retrieved on 13 October 2007. 4421:. Retrieved on 13 October 2007. 4405:. Retrieved on 13 October 2007. 4203:Mullally, Una (16 March 2022). 4115: 4093: 4071: 4049: 4040: 4022: 4019:An Bíobla Naofa (Maynooth 1981) 4013: 3988: 3971:"Cló Iar Chonnacht | Directory" 3963: 3937: 3916: 3869: 3843: 3817: 3808: 3783: 3758: 3737: 3719: 3680: 3662: 3644: 3619: 3541: 3519: 3505: 3483: 3461: 3439: 3417: 3391: 3370: 3356: 3342: 3328: 3310: 3284: 3233: 3190: 3168: 3146: 3123: 3097: 3079: 3054: 3036: 3018: 2996: 2987: 2978: 2931: 2910: 2901: 2883: 2865: 2862:. Retrieved on 13 October 2007. 2835: 2813: 2773:Walsh, John (1 November 2012). 2696: 2684: 2637: 2619: 2600: 2584: 2559: 2523: 2493: 2473: 2451: 2425: 2389: 2295: 2274: 2249: 2224: 2199: 2169: 2124: 2096: 1319:Irish in English-medium schools 431: 4985:"Cummann Gaeilge na hAstráile" 4284:The Economic and Social Review 4125:. Tuairisc.ie. 19 October 2023 3241:"KDE Irish Gaelic translation" 2505:The Economic and Social Review 2411:"Schism fears for Gaeilgeoirí" 2132:"Northern Ireland census 2021" 2078: 2063: 2048: 1992: 1974: 1956: 1938: 1891:Irish language outside Ireland 1872:– Irish language-medium school 1737:Irish language outside Ireland 1523:Parliament of Northern Ireland 1290:areas under the guidance of a 1022: 971:("Twenty Years A'Growing") by 479: 64:language of the European Union 18:Revitalisation of Irish Gaelic 13: 1: 5011:"Cumann Gaeilge na hAstráile" 4639:"Ultach " 'Compulsory' Irish" 3044:"Fixing the education system" 2938:Conghaíl, Muiris Mac (1997). 2735:Tuathaigh, Gearóid O (1993). 1911: 1658:Department of Foreign Affairs 1124:Contemporary music and comedy 929: 871: 604: 102: 72:2019–2024 European Parliament 4290:. Ideas.repec.org: 446. 2009 3557:Media, Culture & Society 3513:"Ar Mhuin na Muice- Near FM" 3104:Cahill, Ann (9 March 2016). 1865:List of Irish language media 1496:Comhairle na Gaelscolaíochta 1448:Union of Students in Ireland 1181: 1147:Top 40 Oifigiúil na hÉireann 791:List of Irish language media 272:In July 2023 Louise Ryan of 7: 5085:"Learn a language for free" 3857:(in Spanish). 15 March 2018 2088:(1999). "Native speakers". 2055:Bratt Paulston, Christina. 1848:Bailte Seirbhíse Gaeltachta 1827:Official Languages Act 2003 1815: 1798: 752:Bailte Seirbhíse Gaeltachta 611:Official Languages Act 2003 579:InterCity (Iarnród Éireann) 382:Official Languages Act 2003 358:Official Languages Act 2003 131:Census Bureau released the 45:The official status of the 10: 5819: 5731:Teastas Eorpach na Gaeilge 5035:. Icuf.ie. 17 October 2013 4987:(in Irish). Archived from 4312:(in Irish). Archived from 3569:10.1177/016344370202400601 3320:. Near FM. 16 April 2019. 2823:. RTÉ.ie. 19 December 2006 2531:"Beo! - Meán Fómhair 2014" 1734: 1460: 1233: 936:Modern literature in Irish 933: 819:(RTÉ), which is Irish for 788: 739: 671:has been popularised in a 608: 583:Commuter (Iarnród Éireann) 551:University College, Galway 483: 355: 345:Official Language Act 2003 5762: 5749:Personal and family names 5741: 5716: 5700: 5691: 5677: 5668: 5659: 5650: 5641: 5633: 5605: 5596: 5587: 5578: 5570: 5526: 5517: 5509: 5435: 5426: 5371: 5319: 5237: 5179: 4951:. RTÉ News. 27 June 2017. 4812:. RTÉ. 12 September 2023. 4260:. Gaelscoileanna.ie. 2015 2791:10.1007/s10993-012-9238-7 1856:– Irish Language Networks 1850:– Gaeltacht Service Towns 1725:Identity and Language Act 1706:Northern Ireland Assembly 1480:Identity and Language Act 719:Amharclann Ghaoth Dobhair 707:operating systems (since 412:announced at that year's 390:The Language Commissioner 329:Irish War of Independence 49:has remained high in the 5580:RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta 4366:Professor R. Comerford, 3243:. kde.ie. Archived from 2613:15 February 2020 at the 1769:North American Gaeltacht 1752:in Australia, while the 1008:version was produced at 924: 821:Radio Television Ireland 813:RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta 805:RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta 795: 784: 192:Decline of the Gaeltacht 5803:Celtic language revival 5013:. Gaeilgesanastrail.com 4965:. Colaiste-na-ngael.com 2841:Government of Ireland, 2159:"7. The Irish language" 1758:Moscow State University 1662:Northern Ireland Office 1348:Department of Education 1263:outside the Gaeltacht. 817:Raidió Teilifís Éireann 547:University College Cork 380:(president) signed the 291:initiative in general. 5754:List of personal names 5729: 5619: 5540: 5497: 5488: 5479: 5470: 5461: 5452: 5443: 5416:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil 5414: 5331:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil 5329: 5300: 5247: 3529:. BBC. 17 October 2014 2070:Pierce, David (2000). 1754:University of Auckland 1676: 1644: 1572:("taste, accent") and 1475: 1255: 1206: 948:. Two major poets are 884: 808: 746:Irish Language Network 742:Gaeltacht Service Town 724:Partly due to work by 661: 655: 649: 636: 624: 536: 514: 496:An tOrdú Logainmneacha 495: 490:The Placenames Order ( 486:Place names in Ireland 450: 371: 267:Official Languages Act 240: 226: 163:. The same is true of 86: 42: 34: 2086:Ó hÉallaithe, Donncha 1808:5% were from Canada. 1670: 1634:Good Friday Agreement 1521:. Laws passed by the 1470: 1281:Irish summer colleges 1252: 1202: 1017:Book of Common Prayer 973:Muiris Ó Súilleabháin 963:("The Islandman") by 879: 844:Broadcasting Act 2009 803: 675:spelling: "How's the 659:("get home safely"), 630: 618: 561:Companies using Irish 532: 508: 438: 414:Oireachtas na Gaeilge 386:An Coimisinéir Teanga 374:On 14 July 2003, the 369: 352:Law and public policy 212:Growth of urban Irish 80: 40: 32: 5055:"The Irish Language" 3975:Údarás na Gaeltachta 3093:on 21 December 2017. 2004:languageknowledge.eu 1968:commission.europa.eu 1843:Údarás na Gaeltachta 1793:Fulbright Commission 1750:University of Sydney 1702:St Andrews Agreement 1680:Belfast City Council 1574:BBC Northern Ireland 1275:An Foras Pátrúnachta 1131:Seachtain na Gaeilge 1047:which relaunched as 1004:. In 1964 the first 900:On 8 September 2023 862:BBC Northern Ireland 5686:Irish Texts Society 5189:Proto-Indo-European 5065:on 13 November 2013 4773:. 11 December 2022. 4689:. 21 November 2007. 4484:on 28 December 2013 4437:1 July 2009 at the 3855:Estudios Irlandeses 3733:. 8 September 2023. 3676:. 8 September 2023. 2879:. 22 December 2021. 2377:on 14 November 2017 2345:on 22 February 2011 1952:. 31 December 2021. 1613:, promoted by some 1605:ridiculed it as a " 1562:Belfast Media Group 1355:Royal Irish Academy 1337:Leaving Certificate 969:Fiche Bliain ag Fás 965:Tomás Ó Criomhthain 954:Máire Mhac an tSaoi 858:programme service. 852:Scoth na Seachtaine 730:Gaillimh le Gaeilge 697:Mozilla Thunderbird 295:Republic of Ireland 249:Usefulness of Irish 51:Republic of Ireland 5724:Leaving Cert Irish 5693:Sáirséal agus Dill 5265:Newfoundland Irish 5224:Early Modern Irish 4867:. 3 October 2018. 4316:on 25 January 2010 4210:The New York Times 4152:Angaelmagazine.com 3831:. 14 February 2015 3711:has generic name ( 3493:. 22 February 2018 3471:. 23 February 2018 3449:. 28 February 2018 3352:. The Irish Times. 3270:"Firefox in Irish" 3050:. 2 February 2011. 3032:. 2 February 2011. 2479:McCloskey, James. 1838:Gaeltacht Act 2012 1677: 1542:, were founded in 1534:Christian Brothers 1476: 1256: 1106:Conradh na Gaeilge 885: 809: 756:Gaeltacht Act 2012 637: 631:Bilingual sign on 625: 515: 372: 278:The Irish Examiner 87: 43: 35: 5780: 5779: 5712: 5711: 5661:Cló Iar-Chonnacht 5626: 5563: 5555: 5547: 5404:Modern literature 5338:Initial mutations 4687:Irish Independent 4671:. 13 August 2014. 4604:. 31 August 2023. 4569:. 17 August 2018. 4101:"Comhar Teoranta" 3878:"Ál na Spideoige" 3674:Irish Independent 3427:. 21 January 2024 2594:, November 2015: 2489:978-1-90-117624-7 2483:Cois Life, 2001. 2313:on 5 January 2009 2236:profile.id.com.au 2187:on 6 October 2016 1765:Daltaí na Gaeilge 1684:Gaeltacht Quarter 1601:politicians like 1187:Gaeltacht schools 1075:Irish Independent 1014:Church of Ireland 1002:Church of Ireland 987:Cló Iar-Chonnacht 942:Máirtín Ó Cadhain 856:Ar Mhuin na Muice 705:Microsoft Windows 633:Beaumont Hospital 410:Dinny McGinley TD 333:the Gaelic League 16:(Redirected from 5810: 5798:Sociolinguistics 5770: 5769: 5734: 5705: 5704: 5696: 5695: 5682: 5681: 5673: 5672: 5664: 5663: 5655: 5654: 5646: 5645: 5624: 5616: 5614:BBC Radio Ulster 5610: 5609: 5601: 5600: 5592: 5591: 5583: 5582: 5561: 5553: 5545: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5522: 5521: 5502: 5493: 5484: 5475: 5466: 5457: 5448: 5433: 5432: 5419: 5399:Early literature 5334: 5305: 5284:Northern Ireland 5250: 5238:Sociolinguistics 5166: 5159: 5152: 5143: 5142: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5118: 5107: 5106: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5061:. 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Litriocht.com 2457: 2456: 2452: 2442: 2440: 2430: 2426: 2416: 2414: 2409:Brian Ó Broin. 2407: 2400: 2394: 2390: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2367: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2335: 2331: 2330: 2326: 2316: 2314: 2301: 2300: 2296: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2265: 2263: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2240: 2238: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2215: 2213: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2190: 2188: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2157: 2156: 2149: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2130: 2129: 2125: 2115: 2113: 2112:. 12 April 2017 2102: 2101: 2097: 2083: 2079: 2068: 2064: 2053: 2049: 2039: 2037: 2033:The Irish Times 2026: 2025: 2018: 2008: 2006: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1986:The Irish Times 1980: 1979: 1975: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1931: 1927:Carty, Nicola. 1925: 1918: 1914: 1854:Líonraí Gaeilge 1818: 1801: 1788: 1739: 1733: 1731:Outside Ireland 1718:Acht na Gaeilge 1714:Edwin Poots MLA 1695:Líonraí Gaeilge 1645:Bord na Gaeilge 1465: 1459: 1401: 1367: 1321: 1283: 1238: 1232: 1189: 1184: 1161:Electric Picnic 1139:Coláiste Lurgan 1126: 1025: 995: 993:Religious texts 950:Seán Ó Ríordáin 938: 932: 927: 874: 798: 793: 787: 763:Líonraí Gaeilge 748: 740:Main articles: 738: 693:Mozilla Firefox 645:Hiberno-English 613: 607: 571:Iarnród Éireann 563: 528:Edward M. Walsh 524: 488: 482: 434: 364: 356:Main articles: 354: 325: 297: 285:An Cailín Ciúin 251: 236: 214: 194: 189: 187:Trends in usage 177: 125: 123:Outside Ireland 117:Bank of Ireland 105: 100: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5816: 5806: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5793:Irish language 5778: 5777: 5775: 5774: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5756: 5751: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5735: 5726: 5720: 5718: 5717:Qualifications 5714: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5706: 5697: 5688: 5683: 5674: 5665: 5656: 5647: 5637: 5635: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5627: 5611: 5602: 5598:Raidió Na Life 5593: 5584: 5574: 5572: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5564: 5556: 5548: 5532: 5523: 5513: 5511: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5503: 5494: 5485: 5476: 5467: 5458: 5449: 5439: 5437: 5430: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5420: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5375: 5373: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5325: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5313: 5306: 5297: 5287: 5277: 5272: 5270:Leinster Irish 5267: 5262: 5257: 5255:Connacht Irish 5252: 5241: 5239: 5235: 5234: 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