516:
Mutations in response to NNRTIs decrease the binding of the drug to this pocket. Treatment with a regimen including efavirenz (EFV) and nevirapine (NVP) typically results in mutations L100I, Y181C/I, K103N, V106A/M, V108I, Y188C/H/L and G190A/S. There are three main mechanisms of NNRTI resistance. In the first NRTI mutations disrupt specific contacts between the inhibitor and the NNRTI binding pocket. An example of this is K103N and K101E which sit at the entrance of the pocket, blocking the entrance/binding of the drug. A second mechanism is the disruption of important interactions on the inside of the pocket. For example, Y181C and Y188L result in the loss of important aromatic rings involved in NNRTI binding. The third type of mutations result in changes in the overall conformation or the size of the NNRTI binding pocket. An example is G190E, which creates a steric bulk in the pocket, leaving little or no room for an NNRTI to tightly bind.
500:
the drug . A prime example for this mechanism is the M184V mutation that confers resistance to lamivudine (3TC) and emtricitabine (FTC). Another well characterized set of mutations is the Q151M complex found in multi-drug resistant HIV which decreases reverse transcriptase's efficiency at incorporating NRTIs, but does not affect natural nucleotide incorporation. The complex includes Q151M mutation along with A62V, V75I, F77L, and F116Y. A virus with Q151M alone is intermediately resistant to zidovudine (AZT), didanosine (ddI), zalcitabine (ddC), stavudine (d4T), and slightly resistant to abacavir (ABC). A virus with Q151M complexed with the other four mutations becomes highly resistant to the above drugs, and is additionally resistant to lamivudine (3TC) and emtricitabine (FTC).
507:. This is a reverse of the polymerase reaction in which the pyrophosphate/PPI released during nucleotide incorporation reacts with the incorporated drug (monophosphate) resulting in the release of the triphosphate drug. This 'unblocks' the DNA chain, allowing it to be extended, and replication to continue. Excision enhancement mutations, typically M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y/F, and K219E/Q, are selected for by thymidine analogs AZT and D4T; and are therefore called thymidine analog mutations (TAMs). Other mutations including insertions and deletions in the background of the above mutations also confer resistance via enhanced excision.
491:
mutations in reverse transcriptase that make the virus less susceptible to NRTIs and NNRTIs. Aspartate residues 110, 185, and 186 in the reverse transcriptase polymerase domain are important in the binding and incorporation of nucleotides. The side chains of residues K65, R72, and Q151 interact with the next incoming nucleotide. Also important is L74, which interacts with the template strand to position it for base pairing with the nucleotide. Mutation of these key amino acids results in reduced incorporation of the analogs.
309:, also known as TDF is a so-called 'prodrug' with the active compound deactivated by a molecular side chain that dissolves in the human body allowing a low dose of tenofovir to reach the site of desired activity. One example of the prodrug form is tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with the trade name Viread (Gilead Sciences Inc USA). It is approved in the US for the treatment of both HIV and hepatitis B.
74:. The viral DNA is then integrated into the host chromosomal DNA, which then allows host cellular processes, such as transcription and translation, to reproduce the virus. RTIs block reverse transcriptase's enzymatic function and prevent completion of synthesis of the double-stranded viral DNA, thus preventing HIV from multiplying.
499:
There are two major mechanisms of NRTI resistance. The first being reduced incorporation of the nucleotide analog into DNA over the normal nucleotide. This results from mutations in the N-terminal polymerase domain of the reverse transcriptase that reduce the enzyme's affinity or ability to bind to
149:
In contrast, NNRTIs have a completely different mode of action. NNRTIs block reverse transcriptase by binding directly to the enzyme. NNRTIs are not incorporated into the viral DNA like NRTIs, but instead inhibit the movement of protein domains of reverse transcriptase that are needed to carry out
77:
A similar process occurs with other types of viruses. The hepatitis B virus, for example, carries its genetic material in the form of DNA, and employs an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase to replicate. Some of the same compounds used as RTIs can also block HBV replication; when used in this way they are
1443:
Hsiou, Y; Das, K; Ding, J; Clark Jr, AD; Kleim, JP; RΓΆsner, M; Winkler, I; Riess, G; et al. (1998). "Structures of Tyr188Leu mutant and wild-type HIV-1 reverse transcriptase complexed with the non-nucleoside inhibitor HBY 097: inhibitor flexibility is a useful design feature for reducing drug
490:
While NRTIs and NNRTIs alike are effective at terminating DNA synthesis and HIV replication, HIV can and eventually does develop mechanisms that confer the virus resistance to the drugs. HIV-1 RT does not have proof-reading activity. This, combined with selective pressure from the drug, leads to
515:
NNRTIs do not bind to the active site of the polymerase but in a less conserved pocket near the active site in the p66 subdomain. Their binding results in a conformational change in the reverse transcriptase that distorts the positioning of the residues that bind DNA, inhibiting polymerization.
117:
needed to synthesize the viral DNA and they compete with the natural deoxynucleotides for incorporation into the growing viral DNA chain. However, unlike the natural deoxynucleotides substrates, NRTIs and NtRTIs lack a 3β²-hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose moiety. As a result, following
1371:
Ren, J; Nichols, C; Bird, L; Chamberlain, P; Weaver, K; Short, S; Stuart, DI; Stammers, DK (2001). "Structural mechanisms of drug resistance for mutations at codons 181 and 188 in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and the improved resilience of second generation non-nucleoside inhibitors".
1190:
Arion, D; Kaushik, N; McCormick, S; Borkow, G; Parniak, MA (1998). "Phenotypic mechanism of HIV-1 resistance to 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT): increased polymerization processivity and enhanced sensitivity to pyrophosphate of the mutant viral reverse transcriptase".
870:
Shafer, RW; Kozal, MJ; Winters, MA; Iversen, AK; Katzenstein, DA; Ragni, MV; Meyer, WA III; Gupta, P; et al. (1994). "Combination therapy with zidovudine and didanosine selects for drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains with unique patterns of
1407:
Das, K; Ding, J; Hsiou, Y; Clark Jr, AD; Moereels, H; Koymans, L; Andries, K; Pauwels, R; et al. (1996). "Crystal structures of 8-Cl and 9-Cl TIBO complexed with wild-type HIV-1 RT and 8-Cl TIBO complexed with the Tyr181Cys HIV-1 RT drug-resistant mutant".
1292:
Das, Kalyan; Sarafianos, SG; Clark Jr, AD; Boyer, PL; Hughes, SH; Arnold, E (2007). "Crystal structures of clinically relevant Lys103Asn/Tyr181Cys double mutant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase in complexes with ATP and non-nucleoside inhibitor HBY 097".
162:
Nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NARTIs or NRTIs) compose the first class of antiretroviral drugs developed. In order to be incorporated into the viral DNA, NRTIs must be activated in the cell by the addition of three
385:
Non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are the third class of antiretroviral drugs that were developed. In all cases, patents remain in force until beyond 2007. This class of drugs was first described at the
535:
2003:
525:
968:
Maeda, Y; Venzon, DJ; Mitsuya, H (1998). "Altered drug sensitivity, fitness, and evolution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with pol gene mutations conferring multi-dideoxynucleoside resistance".
218:, also called FTC, has the trade name Emtriva (formerly Coviracil). Structurally similar to lamivudine, it is approved for the treatment of HIV and undergoing clinical trials for hepatitis B.
290:
step, but host enzymes must still phosphorylate the phosphonate nucleotide analogue to the phosphonate-diphosphate state for anti-viral activity. These molecules were first synthesized by
1328:
Hsiou, Y; Ding, J; Das, K; Clark Jr, AD; Boyer, PL; Lewi, P; Janssen, PA; Kleim, JP; et al. (2001). "The Lys103Asn mutation of HIV-1 RT: a novel mechanism of drug resistance".
1479:
Ren, J; Esnouf, R; Garman, E; Somers, D; Ross, C; Kirby, I; Keeling, J; Darby, G; et al. (1995). "High resolution structures of HIV-1 RT from four RT-inhibitor complexes".
2187:
2192:
230:, made of emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, is used to treat and prevent HIV. It is approved for HIV prevention in the US and manufactured by Gilead.
2138:
182:, also called AZT, ZDV, and azidothymidine, has the trade name Retrovir. Zidovudine was the first antiretroviral drug approved by the FDA for the treatment of HIV.
1610:
2577:
1774:
440:
2144:
2202:
2122:
744:
Hachiya, A; Kodama, EN; Schuckmann, MM; Kirby, KA; Michailidis, E; Sakagami, Y; Oka, S; Singh, K; Sarafianos, SG (2011). Ambrose, Zandrea (ed.).
951:
2207:
436:
2155:
1556:
323:
While often listed in chronological order, NRTIs/NtRTIs are nucleoside/nucleotide analogues of cytidine, guanosine, thymidine and adenosine:
2177:
2161:
319:. It is not approved by the FDA for treatment of HIV due to toxicity issues, but a lower dose is approved for the treatment of hepatitis B.
188:, also called ddI, with the trade names Videx and Videx EC, was the second FDA-approved antiretroviral drug. It is an analog of adenosine.
3206:
2530:
2525:
478:
Researchers have designed molecules which dually inhibit both reverse transcriptase (RT) and integrase (IN). These drugs are a type of "
795:
2172:
746:"K70Q adds high-level tenofovir resistance to "Q151M complex" HIV reverse transcriptase through the enhanced discrimination mechanism"
3629:
2182:
175:
enzymes. NRTIs can induce mitochondrial impairment that leads to a number of adverse events, including symptomatic lactic acidosis.
122:
bond needed to extend the DNA chain. Thus, when an NRTI or NtRTI is incorporated, viral DNA synthesis is halted, a process known as
2616:
2449:
567:"Bench-to-bedside review: Severe lactic acidosis in HIV patients treated with nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors"
224:, also called ETV, is a guanosine analog used for hepatitis B under the trade name Baraclude. It is not approved for HIV treatment.
2093:
689:
Derbalah, Abdallah; Karpick, Hayley
Christine; Maize, Holly; Skersick, Preston; Cottrell, Mackenzie; Rao, Gauri G. (2022-07-01).
671:
453:
in 2017 and is currently used on its own or in fixed-dose combination with tenofovir disoproxil and emtricitabine (Elpida Combi).
1226:
De Clercq, E (1998). "The role of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) in the therapy of HIV-1 infection".
3150:
2548:
2439:
1102:"A mechanism of AZT resistance: an increase in nucleotide-dependent primer unblocking by mutant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase"
2197:
1534:
387:
3540:
3384:
3343:
2212:
206:, also called 3TC, has the trade name Zeffix and Epivir. It is approved for the treatment of both HIV and hepatitis B.
194:, also called ddC and dideoxycytidine, has the trade name Hivid. This drug has been discontinued by the manufacturer.
3492:
3309:
2676:
1768:
1549:
811:"Lamivudine (3TC) resistance in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase involves steric hindrance with beta-branched amino acids"
3501:
3167:
2565:
2222:
2106:
912:"Multidrug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains resulting from combination antiretroviral therapy"
1265:; Pillay, D; Schapiro, JM; Richman, DD (2009). "Update of the drug resistance mutations in HIV-1: December 2009".
3199:
2232:
2217:
3461:
3368:
2112:
3555:
3389:
2594:
1060:"The role of steric hindrance in 3TC resistance of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 reverse transcriptase"
1524:
3588:
3580:
2609:
1542:
3484:
3474:
3456:
3397:
3301:
2317:
450:
672:"Elpida Combi (tenofovir+elsulfavirine+emtricitabine) Film-Coated Tablets. Full Prescribing Information"
3338:
3280:
3243:
3192:
151:
3604:
3427:
295:
3293:
3560:
3422:
2649:
2389:
2299:
2280:
2167:
2128:
1528:
118:
incorporation of an NRTI or an NtRTI, the next incoming deoxynucleotide cannot form the next 5β²β3β²
1143:"Selective excision of AZTMP by drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase"
3535:
3513:
3479:
3238:
3155:
2602:
2553:
2149:
3496:
3466:
3432:
3405:
3317:
3233:
3036:
2770:
2227:
1977:
910:
Iversen, AK; Shafer, RW; Wehrly, K; Winters, MA; Mullins, JI; Chesebro, B; Merigan, TC (1996).
2335:
3545:
3102:
3051:
2999:
2907:
2424:
2237:
2117:
1987:
1895:
1586:
479:
127:
47:
3046:
2903:
2307:
2133:
1982:
1740:
822:
757:
503:
The second mechanism is the excision or the hydrolytic removal of the incorporated drug or
276:
143:
113:
of NRTIs and NtRTIs is essentially the same; they are analogues of the naturally occurring
1564:
286:
analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NtARTIs or NtRTIs) directly obviates the initial
8:
3410:
3325:
3032:
2995:
2747:
2242:
2101:
1973:
1891:
1690:
1569:
530:
251:
27:
2943:
827:
809:
Sarafianos, SG; Das, K; Clark Jr, AD; Ding, J; Boyer, PL; Hughes, SH; Arnold, E (1999).
762:
745:
3248:
3097:
1504:
1353:
1040:
911:
782:
726:
653:
536:
Discovery and development of nucleoside and nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitors
157:
1239:
1167:
1142:
1118:
1101:
938:
617:
593:
566:
3518:
2384:
2047:
1496:
1461:
1425:
1389:
1345:
1310:
1274:
1243:
1208:
1172:
1158:
1123:
1079:
1032:
1027:
1010:
986:
943:
892:
852:
847:
810:
787:
730:
718:
710:
645:
637:
598:
268:
135:
130:. Unfortunately, NRTIs/NtRTIs compete as substrates for not only viral but also host
123:
43:
1508:
1044:
928:
657:
457:
3253:
3219:
2409:
1488:
1453:
1417:
1381:
1357:
1337:
1302:
1262:
1235:
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1162:
1154:
1113:
1071:
1022:
978:
933:
923:
884:
842:
832:
777:
767:
702:
629:
588:
578:
565:
Claessens, Yann-Erick; Chiche, Jean-Daniel; Mira, Jean-Paul; Cariou, Alain (2003).
3184:
2583:
470:
It is orally available, long acting antiviral, being tested as ART against HIV-1.
3523:
3330:
2924:
2686:
2640:
2636:
2485:
2444:
1604:
1009:
Matsumi, S; Kosalaraksa, P; Tsang, H; Kavlick, MF; Harada, S; Mitsuya, H (2003).
772:
706:
299:
287:
257:
168:
1011:"Pathways for the emergence of multi-dideoxynucleoside-resistant HIV-1 variants"
66:
When HIV infects a cell, reverse transcriptase copies the viral single stranded
3376:
3363:
3270:
3161:
2713:
2628:
2559:
1565:
888:
815:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
485:
467:
432:
272:
139:
119:
110:
51:
2624:
1306:
633:
3623:
3506:
3079:
2878:
2658:
2325:
2075:
1997:
1910:
1796:
837:
714:
641:
504:
446:
347:
215:
131:
690:
526:
Discovery and development of non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors
3215:
3118:
2889:
2766:
2704:
2632:
2379:
2369:
1950:
1940:
1758:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1667:
1647:
1577:
1457:
1421:
1393:
1385:
1349:
1341:
1314:
1278:
1176:
1127:
1083:
1075:
1036:
856:
791:
722:
649:
602:
380:
291:
236:, also called RO-0622. It has been investigated as a possible treatment of
55:
1500:
1465:
1429:
1247:
1212:
990:
947:
896:
3353:
3127:
3019:
2985:
2971:
2966:
2761:
2722:
2718:
2709:
2505:
2480:
2419:
2404:
2399:
2063:
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1945:
1925:
1720:
1700:
1679:
1626:
1594:
422:
410:
339:
280:
241:
191:
39:
1492:
212:, also called ABC, has the trade name Ziagen, is an analog of guanosine.
3132:
3089:
3009:
2958:
2948:
2919:
2883:
2867:
2857:
2816:
2801:
2736:
2510:
2490:
2475:
2470:
2434:
2429:
2343:
2288:
2258:
2070:
2058:
2053:
2025:
1965:
1955:
1930:
1915:
1905:
1854:
1849:
1837:
1821:
1811:
1791:
1753:
1663:
1651:
1643:
553:
463:
428:
416:
404:
365:
343:
328:
283:
264:
260:
245:
203:
185:
179:
114:
96:
90:
1204:
252:
Nucleotide analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NtARTIs or NtRTIs)
3446:
3123:
3074:
3024:
3014:
3004:
2915:
2872:
2862:
2837:
2791:
2776:
2700:
2625:
2520:
2500:
2495:
2465:
2394:
2374:
2263:
2020:
1935:
1920:
1843:
1816:
1806:
1801:
1748:
1725:
1638:
398:
369:
358:
332:
306:
221:
197:
167:
groups to their deoxyribose moiety, to form NRTI triphosphates. This
164:
1059:
425:
has the trade name
Edurant, and was approved by the FDA in May 2011.
158:
Nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NARTIs or NRTIs)
3041:
2934:
2811:
2515:
1900:
982:
583:
373:
354:
312:
237:
233:
209:
1058:
Gao, HQ; Boyer, PL; Sarafianos, SG; Arnold, E; Hughes, SH (2000).
419:
has the trade name
Intelence, and was approved by the FDA in 2008.
105:
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitor (NRTTIs).
2785:
2756:
2731:
2695:
2414:
1960:
1730:
1260:
466:
being the first agent of this group. Islatravir was developed by
458:
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitor (NRTTIs)
391:
316:
315:, also known as ADV or bis-POM PMPA, has trade names Preveon and
227:
150:
the process of DNA synthesis. NNRTIs are therefore classified as
271:) for both viral and host DNA, causing respectively the desired
3285:
2796:
2364:
2359:
691:"Role of islatravir in HIV treatment and prevention: an update"
172:
1008:
3570:
1674:
1100:
Meyer, PR; Matsuura, SE; Mian, AM; So, AG; Scott, WA (1999).
743:
688:
486:
Mechanisms of resistance to reverse transcriptase inhibitors
2188:
Elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide
1633:
1621:
1189:
1140:
99:
analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NtARTIs or NtRTIs)
35:
2193:
Elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil
1291:
909:
1658:
1573:
1370:
1141:
Boyer, PL; Sarafianos, SG; Arnold, E; Hughes, SH (2001).
869:
808:
564:
435:
It was FDA-approved in August 2018. It is also used in a
93:
analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NARTIs or NRTIs)
71:
67:
31:
2139:
Darunavir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide
1057:
381:
Non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)
102:
Non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)
1261:
Johnson, VA; Brun-Vezinet, F; Clotet, B; Gunthard, HF;
413:, currently rarely used, has the trade name Rescriptor.
200:, also called d4T, has trade names Zerit and Zerit XR.
1478:
267:
analogs. The latter serve as poison building blocks (
1442:
1406:
1327:
3214:
1099:
441:
doravirine/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
967:
798:from the original on Mar 17, 2022 – via PMC.
54:that is required for replication of HIV and other
957:from the original on Jul 3, 2024 – via PMC.
3621:
2145:Dolutegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide
2203:Emtricitabine/rilpivirine/tenofovir alafenamide
2123:Bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide
2208:Emtricitabine/rilpivirine/tenofovir disoproxil
1694:(Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTI))
462:This is a new class of antivirals, MK-8591 or
3200:
2610:
2156:Dolutegravir/lamivudine/tenofovir alafenamide
1550:
431:has the trade name Pifeltro, is developed by
138:for both. The former explains NRTIs'/NtRTIs'
2178:Efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil
2162:Dolutegravir/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil
3207:
3193:
2617:
2603:
2173:Doravirine/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil
1557:
1543:
449:, sold as Elpida, was approved by Russian
2183:Efavirenz/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil
1527:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1225:
1166:
1117:
1095:
1093:
1026:
937:
927:
846:
836:
826:
781:
771:
761:
615:
592:
582:
473:
126:. All NRTIs and NtRTIs are classified as
2450:Zinc finger protein transcription factor
401:has the trade names Sustiva and Stocrin.
1004:
1002:
1000:
3622:
1090:
618:"Elsulfavirine: First Global Approval"
78:referred to as polymerase inhibitors.
61:
3188:
2598:
1538:
997:
616:Al-Salama, Zaina T. (October 2017).
558:
70:genome into a double-stranded viral
2198:Emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide
676:Russian State Register of Medicines
510:
388:Rega Institute for Medical Research
13:
2213:Emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil
971:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
877:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
494:
142:, while the latter explains their
14:
3641:
1518:
3630:Reverse transcriptase inhibitors
2586:. Formerly or rarely used agent.
2223:Lamivudine/nevirapine/zidovudine
2107:Abacavir/dolutegravir/lamivudine
1525:Reverse+Transcriptase+Inhibitors
1159:10.1128/JVI.75.10.4832-4842.2001
1028:10.1097/00002030-200305230-00003
171:step is carried out by cellular
128:competitive substrate inhibitors
20:Reverse-transcriptase inhibitors
2390:Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)
2233:Lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil
2218:Lamivudine/nevirapine/stavudine
1472:
1436:
1400:
1364:
1321:
1285:
1254:
1219:
1183:
1134:
1051:
961:
929:10.1128/JVI.70.2.1086-1090.1996
695:Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS
256:As described above, host cells
2113:Abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine
903:
863:
802:
737:
682:
664:
609:
547:
1:
1240:10.1016/S0166-3542(98)00025-4
1119:10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80185-9
541:
1446:Journal of Molecular Biology
1410:Journal of Molecular Biology
1374:Journal of Molecular Biology
1330:Journal of Molecular Biology
1064:Journal of Molecular Biology
773:10.1371/journal.pone.0016242
707:10.1097/COH.0000000000000740
407:has the trade name Viramune.
16:Class of antiretroviral drug
7:
1988:Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF)
519:
10:
3646:
3385:Dihydropteroate synthetase
3244:Non-competitive inhibition
1983:Tenofovir disoproxil (TDF)
277:drug toxicity/side effects
154:of reverse transcriptase.
152:non-competitive inhibitors
144:drug toxicity/side effects
3605:Steroidogenesis inhibitor
3597:
3569:
3445:
3352:
3269:
3262:
3226:
3145:
3111:
3088:
3067:
3060:
2984:
2957:
2933:
2902:
2850:
2830:
2746:
2685:
2675:
2666:
2657:
2648:
2543:
2458:
2352:
2334:
2316:
2298:
2279:
2272:
2251:
2092:
2039:
2013:
2004:Discovery and development
1996:
1879:
1867:
1830:
1784:
1775:Discovery and development
1767:
1739:
1689:
1611:Discovery and development
1603:
1585:
1481:Nature Structural Biology
1307:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.08.097
634:10.1007/s40265-017-0820-3
296:Czech Academy of Sciences
86:RTIs come in four forms:
3541:Matrix metalloproteinase
3344:Ribonucleotide reductase
3239:Uncompetitive inhibition
2300:Transcription inhibitors
2252:Pharmacokinetic boosters
2168:Dolutegravir/rilpivirine
2129:Cabotegravir/rilpivirine
1769:Protease Inhibitors (PI)
1529:Medical Subject Headings
889:10.1093/infdis/169.4.722
838:10.1073/pnas.96.18.10027
298:, and commercialized by
81:
3310:Dihydrofolate reductase
3068:Nucleic acid inhibitors
2584:initial regimen options
2150:Dolutegravir/lamivudine
1627:Enfuvirtide (ENF, T-20)
1605:Entry/fusion inhibitors
3406:Nucleotidyltransferase
3234:Competitive inhibition
2425:Portmanteau inhibitors
2318:Translation inhibitors
2228:Lamivudine/raltegravir
1998:Non-nucleoside (NNRTI)
1956:Islatravir (EFdA, ISL)
1458:10.1006/jmbi.1998.2171
1422:10.1006/jmbi.1996.0698
1386:10.1006/jmbi.2001.4988
1342:10.1006/jmbi.2001.4648
1267:Topics in HIV Medicine
1076:10.1006/jmbi.2000.3823
480:portmanteau inhibitors
474:Portmanteau inhibitors
3416:Reverse transcriptase
3103:Peginterferon alfa-2a
3052:Tenofovir alafenamide
2440:Synergistic enhancers
2238:Lamivudine/zidovudine
2118:Atazanavir/cobicistat
2094:Combined formulations
1931:Zidovudine (AZT, ZDV)
1869:Reverse-transcriptase
1741:Maturation inhibitors
364:Adenosine analogues:
353:Guanosine analogues:
338:Cytidine analogues:
327:Thymidine analogues:
48:reverse transcriptase
3462:Acetylcholinesterase
3369:Thymidylate synthase
3047:Tenofovir disoproxil
3033:Nucleotide analogues
2996:Nucleoside analogues
2281:Uncoating inhibitors
2134:Darunavir/cobicistat
1974:Nucleotide analogues
1892:Nucleoside analogues
1691:Integrase inhibitors
1570:antiretroviral drugs
38:, and in some cases
28:antiretroviral drugs
3556:Histone deacetylase
3390:Farnesyltransferase
2748:Pyrimidine analogue
2273:Experimental agents
2243:Lopinavir/ritonavir
2102:Abacavir/lamivudine
2076:Elsulfavirine (ESV)
1911:Emtricitabine (FTC)
1797:Fosamprenavir (FPV)
1493:10.1038/nsb0495-293
1147:Journal of Virology
916:Journal of Virology
828:1999PNAS...9610027S
763:2011PLoSO...616242H
531:Protease inhibitors
62:Mechanism of action
3589:Carbonic anhydrase
3581:Dopa decarboxylase
3249:Suicide inhibition
3172:Never to phase III
3098:Interferon alfa 2b
2570:Never to phase III
1716:Elvitegravir (EVG)
1711:Dolutegravir (DTG)
1706:Cabotegravir (CAB)
1228:Antiviral Research
505:pyrophosphorolysis
451:Ministry of Health
437:combination tablet
3617:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3485:Alpha-glucosidase
3475:Polygalacturonase
3457:Phosphodiesterase
3398:GABA transaminase
3302:Monoamine oxidase
3286:HMG-CoA reductase
3220:enzyme inhibition
3182:
3181:
3141:
3140:
2980:
2979:
2898:
2897:
2846:
2845:
2826:
2825:
2592:
2591:
2539:
2538:
2385:Diarylpyrimidines
2088:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2064:Rilpivirine (RPV)
2048:diarylpyrimidines
2031:Delavirdine (DLV)
1926:Zalcitabine (ddC)
1883:nucleotide (NRTI)
1863:
1862:
1721:Raltegravir (RAL)
1701:Bictegravir (BIC)
1680:Fostemsavir (FTR)
1595:Lenacapavir (LEN)
1587:Capsid inhibitors
1205:10.1021/bi981200e
875:gene mutations".
628:(16): 1811β1816.
269:chain terminators
136:chain terminators
124:chain termination
26:) are a class of
3637:
3339:Xanthine oxidase
3281:Aldose reductase
3267:
3266:
3254:Mixed inhibition
3209:
3202:
3195:
3186:
3185:
3112:Multiple/unknown
3065:
3064:
3061:Multiple/general
2831:Not TK activated
2683:
2682:
2673:
2672:
2664:
2663:
2655:
2654:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2596:
2595:
2410:Hydroxycarbamide
2277:
2276:
2071:Doravirine (DOR)
2059:Etravirine (ETR)
2054:Dapivirine (DPV)
2026:Nevirapine (NVP)
2011:
2010:
1916:Lamivudine (3TC)
1906:Didanosine (ddI)
1877:
1876:
1850:Tipranavir (TPV)
1838:Atazanavir (ATV)
1822:Saquinavir (SQV)
1812:Nelfinavir (NFV)
1792:Amprenavir (APV)
1782:
1781:
1664:Ibalizumab (IBA)
1559:
1552:
1545:
1536:
1535:
1513:
1512:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1199:(45): 15908β17.
1187:
1181:
1180:
1170:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1121:
1097:
1088:
1087:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1030:
1006:
995:
994:
965:
959:
958:
956:
941:
931:
907:
901:
900:
867:
861:
860:
850:
840:
830:
821:(18): 10027β32.
806:
800:
799:
785:
775:
765:
741:
735:
734:
686:
680:
679:
668:
662:
661:
613:
607:
606:
596:
586:
562:
556:
551:
511:NNRTI resistance
273:antiviral effect
140:antiviral effect
115:deoxynucleotides
111:antiviral effect
3645:
3644:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3609:
3593:
3565:
3441:
3428:Tyrosine kinase
3348:
3258:
3222:
3213:
3183:
3178:
3177:
3162:Clinical trials
3137:
3107:
3084:
3056:
2976:
2953:
2929:
2925:Podophyllotoxin
2894:
2842:
2822:
2742:
2687:Purine analogue
2668:
2644:
2623:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2575:
2560:Clinical trials
2535:
2486:Dexelvucitabine
2454:
2445:Tre recombinase
2348:
2330:
2312:
2308:Tat antagonists
2294:
2268:
2247:
2080:
2035:
2021:Efavirenz (EFV)
2000:
1992:
1921:Stavudine (d4T)
1882:
1870:
1859:
1844:Darunavir (DRV)
1826:
1817:Ritonavir (RTV)
1807:Lopinavir (LPV)
1802:Indinavir (IDV)
1771:
1763:
1735:
1693:
1685:
1639:Maraviroc (MVC)
1607:
1599:
1581:
1566:Antiviral drugs
1563:
1521:
1516:
1477:
1473:
1441:
1437:
1416:(5): 1085β100.
1405:
1401:
1369:
1365:
1326:
1322:
1290:
1286:
1259:
1255:
1224:
1220:
1188:
1184:
1153:(10): 4832β42.
1139:
1135:
1098:
1091:
1056:
1052:
1007:
998:
966:
962:
954:
908:
904:
868:
864:
807:
803:
742:
738:
687:
683:
670:
669:
665:
614:
610:
563:
559:
552:
548:
544:
522:
513:
497:
495:NRTI resistance
488:
476:
468:Merck & Co.
460:
433:Merck & Co.
383:
288:phosphorylation
254:
169:phosphorylation
160:
84:
64:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3643:
3633:
3632:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3584:
3583:
3576:
3574:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3561:Beta-lactamase
3558:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3452:
3450:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3423:Protein kinase
3420:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3401:
3400:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3380:
3379:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3359:
3357:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3321:
3320:
3313:
3312:
3305:
3304:
3297:
3296:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3276:
3274:
3271:Oxidoreductase
3264:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3212:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3189:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3094:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
2991:
2989:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2939:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2912:
2910:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2781:
2780:
2774:
2764:
2752:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2727:
2726:
2716:
2714:Valganciclovir
2707:
2691:
2689:
2680:
2670:
2661:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2622:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2599:
2590:
2589:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2285:
2283:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2259:Cobicistat (c)
2255:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2008:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1901:Abacavir (ABC)
1887:
1885:
1881:Nucleoside and
1874:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1779:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1671:
1655:
1641:
1630:
1617:
1615:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1520:
1519:External links
1517:
1515:
1514:
1487:(4): 293β302.
1471:
1435:
1399:
1380:(4): 795β805.
1363:
1320:
1284:
1253:
1218:
1182:
1133:
1106:Molecular Cell
1089:
1050:
1021:(8): 1127β37.
996:
983:10.1086/515282
977:(5): 1207β13.
960:
922:(2): 1086β90.
902:
862:
801:
736:
701:(4): 240β246.
681:
663:
608:
584:10.1186/cc2162
577:(3): 226β232.
557:
545:
543:
540:
539:
538:
533:
528:
521:
518:
512:
509:
496:
493:
487:
484:
475:
472:
459:
456:
455:
454:
444:
426:
420:
414:
408:
402:
382:
379:
378:
377:
362:
351:
336:
321:
320:
310:
253:
250:
249:
248:
231:
225:
219:
213:
207:
201:
195:
189:
183:
159:
156:
120:phosphodiester
107:
106:
103:
100:
94:
83:
80:
63:
60:
52:DNA polymerase
30:used to treat
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3642:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3598:Miscellaneous
3596:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3536:Enkephalinase
3534:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3514:Endopeptidase
3512:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3480:Neuraminidase
3478:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3205:
3203:
3198:
3196:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3080:Brincidofovir
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2879:early protein
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2667:DNA-synthesis
2665:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2620:
2615:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:Failed agents
2457:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2326:Trichosanthin
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2264:Ritonavir (r)
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1866:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1572:used against
1571:
1567:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1452:(2): 313β23.
1451:
1447:
1444:resistance".
1439:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1336:(2): 437β45.
1335:
1331:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1273:(5): 138β45.
1272:
1268:
1264:
1263:Kuritzkes, DR
1257:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1234:(3): 153β79.
1233:
1229:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1094:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1070:(2): 403β18.
1069:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1005:
1003:
1001:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
964:
953:
949:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
921:
917:
913:
906:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
866:
858:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
820:
816:
812:
805:
797:
793:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
756:(1): e16242.
755:
751:
747:
740:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
685:
678:(in Russian).
677:
673:
667:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
612:
604:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
576:
572:
571:Critical Care
568:
561:
555:
550:
546:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
523:
517:
508:
506:
501:
492:
483:
481:
471:
469:
465:
452:
448:
447:Elsulfavirine
445:
442:
438:
434:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
396:
395:
393:
389:
375:
371:
367:
363:
360:
356:
352:
349:
348:emtricitabine
345:
341:
337:
334:
330:
326:
325:
324:
318:
314:
311:
308:
305:
304:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
259:
258:phosphorylate
247:
243:
239:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
216:Emtricitabine
214:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
176:
174:
170:
166:
155:
153:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
132:DNA synthesis
129:
125:
121:
116:
112:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
87:
79:
75:
73:
69:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
34:infection or
33:
29:
25:
21:
3530:
3497:Exopeptidase
3467:Ribonuclease
3433:Janus kinase
3415:
3318:Lipoxygenase
3294:5Ξ±-Reductase
3216:Pharmacology
3119:Filociclovir
3031:
2994:
2942:
2890:Tromantadine
2877:
2810:
2784:
2767:Trifluridine
2755:
2730:
2705:Valaciclovir
2694:
2580:
2380:Cyanovirin-N
2370:Calanolide A
2046:
2040:2 generation
2014:1 generation
2001:
1972:
1951:Elvucitabine
1941:Apricitabine
1890:
1880:
1868:
1831:2 generation
1785:1 generation
1772:
1759:Fipravirimat
1673:
1668:Semzuvolimab
1657:
1648:Cenicriviroc
1632:
1620:
1608:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1301:(1): 77β89.
1298:
1294:
1287:
1270:
1266:
1256:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1196:
1193:Biochemistry
1192:
1185:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1112:(1): 35β43.
1109:
1105:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1018:
1014:
974:
970:
963:
919:
915:
905:
883:(4): 722β9.
880:
876:
872:
865:
818:
814:
804:
753:
749:
739:
698:
694:
684:
675:
666:
625:
621:
611:
574:
570:
560:
549:
514:
502:
498:
489:
477:
461:
443:(Delstrigo).
384:
322:
292:Antonin Holy
255:
161:
148:
134:, acting as
108:
85:
76:
65:
56:retroviruses
46:activity of
23:
19:
18:
3546:Oxytocinase
3354:Transferase
3158:from market
3128:Taribavirin
3020:Telbivudine
2986:Hepatitis B
2972:Tecovirimat
2967:Methisazone
2762:Idoxuridine
2723:Famciclovir
2719:Penciclovir
2710:Ganciclovir
2659:Herpesvirus
2650:Baltimore I
2631:(primarily
2581:recommended
2556:from market
2506:Lersivirine
2481:Capravirine
2420:Miltefosine
2405:Griffithsin
2400:Fosdevirine
1946:Censavudine
1576:(primarily
423:Rilpivirine
411:Delavirdine
372:(TDF), and
346:(3TC), and
340:zalcitabine
281:phosphonate
263:analogs to
242:hepatitis C
192:Zalcitabine
40:hepatitis B
3133:Moroxydine
3090:Interferon
3010:Lamivudine
2959:Poxviridae
2949:Rifampicin
2920:Resiquimod
2884:Fomivirsen
2868:Letermovir
2858:Amenamevir
2817:Cytarabine
2802:Sorivudine
2771:+tipiracil
2737:Vidarabine
2629:antivirals
2511:Lodenosine
2491:Droxinavir
2476:Brecanavir
2471:Atevirdine
2435:Seliciclib
2430:Scytovirin
2344:Elipovimab
2289:TRIM5alpha
1966:Stampidine
1871:inhibitors
1855:TMC-310911
1754:BMS-955176
1652:Leronlimab
1644:Vicriviroc
1295:J Mol Biol
554:Islatravir
542:References
464:Islatravir
429:Doravirine
417:Etravirine
405:Nevirapine
366:didanosine
357:(ABC) and
344:lamivudine
331:(AZT) and
329:zidovudine
284:nucleotide
265:nucleotide
261:nucleoside
246:SARS-CoV-2
204:Lamivudine
186:Didanosine
180:Zidovudine
97:Nucleotide
91:Nucleoside
50:, a viral
3447:Hydrolase
3411:Integrase
3326:Aromatase
3263:Substrate
3168:Phase III
3156:Withdrawn
3124:Ribavirin
3075:Cidofovir
3025:Clevudine
3015:Lobucavir
3005:Entecavir
2916:Imiquimod
2873:Maribavir
2863:Docosanol
2838:Foscarnet
2792:Brivudine
2777:Edoxudine
2701:Aciclovir
2679:activated
2669:inhibitor
2626:DNA virus
2566:Phase III
2554:Withdrawn
2531:Telinavir
2526:Palinavir
2521:Mozenavir
2501:Emivirine
2496:Lasinavir
2466:Aplaviroc
2395:Foscarnet
2375:Ceragenin
1936:Amdoxovir
1749:Bevirimat
1726:BI 224436
731:250078665
715:1746-6318
642:0012-6667
399:Efavirenz
370:tenofovir
359:entecavir
333:stavudine
307:Tenofovir
279:. Taking
222:Entecavir
198:Stavudine
165:phosphate
3624:Category
3493:Protease
3042:Adefovir
2944:assembly
2935:Vaccinia
2812:cytosine
2516:Loviride
1509:34618424
1394:11575933
1350:11371163
1315:17056061
1279:20068260
1177:11312355
1128:10445025
1084:10873473
1045:21484628
1037:12819513
952:Archived
857:10468556
796:Archived
792:21249155
750:PLOS ONE
723:35762379
658:25316512
650:28940154
603:12793872
520:See also
374:adefovir
355:abacavir
313:Adefovir
234:Azvudine
210:Abacavir
3519:Trypsin
2786:thymine
2757:uridine
2732:adenine
2696:guanine
2635:, also
2415:KP-1461
1961:Racivir
1731:MK-2048
1501:7540934
1466:9813120
1430:9000632
1358:3109889
1248:9754886
1213:9843396
991:9593005
948:8551567
897:8133086
823:Bibcode
783:3020970
758:Bibcode
392:Belgium
368:(ddI),
342:(ddC),
317:Hepsera
294:at the
228:Truvada
44:inhibit
42:. RTIs
3573:(EC 4)
3449:(EC 3)
3356:(EC 2)
3316:1.13
3273:(EC 1)
3151:WHO-EM
3037:NtRTIs
3000:NARTIs
2797:FV-100
2549:WHO-EM
2365:BIT225
2360:Abzyme
2291:(gene)
1978:NtRTIs
1873:(RTIs)
1531:(MeSH)
1507:
1499:
1464:
1428:
1392:
1356:
1348:
1313:
1277:
1246:
1211:
1175:
1168:114238
1165:
1126:
1082:
1043:
1035:
989:
946:
939:189915
936:
895:
855:
845:
790:
780:
729:
721:
713:
656:
648:
640:
601:
594:270672
591:
300:Gilead
244:, and
173:kinase
3571:Lyase
3531:Mixed
3524:Renin
3502:DPP-4
3337:1.17
3331:COX-2
3324:1.14
3227:Class
2988:(VII)
2851:Other
2641:D06BB
2637:S01AD
2353:Other
2336:BNAbs
1896:NRTIs
1675:gp120
1505:S2CID
1354:S2CID
1041:S2CID
955:(PDF)
848:17836
727:S2CID
654:S2CID
622:Drugs
376:(ADV)
361:(ETV)
350:(FTC)
335:(d4T)
82:Types
3587:4.2
3579:4.1
3554:3.5
3491:3.4
3473:3.2
3455:3.1
3404:2.7
3396:2.6
3383:2.5
3377:PARP
3375:2.4
3364:COMT
3362:2.1
3308:1.5
3300:1.4
3292:1.3
3279:1.1
2639:and
2578:DHHS
1634:CCR5
1622:gp41
1497:PMID
1462:PMID
1426:PMID
1390:PMID
1346:PMID
1311:PMID
1275:PMID
1244:PMID
1209:PMID
1173:PMID
1124:PMID
1080:PMID
1033:PMID
1015:AIDS
987:PMID
944:PMID
893:PMID
853:PMID
788:PMID
719:PMID
711:ISSN
646:PMID
638:ISSN
599:PMID
275:and
238:AIDS
109:The
36:AIDS
24:RTIs
3507:ACE
2904:HPV
2633:J05
1659:CD4
1578:J05
1574:HIV
1489:doi
1454:doi
1450:284
1418:doi
1414:264
1382:doi
1378:312
1338:doi
1334:309
1303:doi
1299:365
1236:doi
1201:doi
1163:PMC
1155:doi
1114:doi
1072:doi
1068:300
1023:doi
979:doi
975:177
934:PMC
924:doi
885:doi
881:169
873:pol
843:PMC
833:doi
778:PMC
768:doi
703:doi
630:doi
589:PMC
579:doi
482:".
439:as
394:).
72:DNA
68:RNA
32:HIV
3626::
3495::
3218::
3164::
2908:MC
2677:TK
2562::
1666:,
1650:,
1646:,
1568::
1503:.
1495:.
1483:.
1460:.
1448:.
1424:.
1412:.
1388:.
1376:.
1352:.
1344:.
1332:.
1309:.
1297:.
1271:17
1269:.
1242:.
1232:38
1230:.
1207:.
1197:37
1195:.
1171:.
1161:.
1151:75
1149:.
1145:.
1122:.
1108:.
1104:.
1092:^
1078:.
1066:.
1062:.
1039:.
1031:.
1019:17
1017:.
1013:.
999:^
985:.
973:.
950:.
942:.
932:.
920:70
918:.
914:.
891:.
879:.
851:.
841:.
831:.
819:96
817:.
813:.
794:.
786:.
776:.
766:.
752:.
748:.
725:.
717:.
709:.
699:17
697:.
693:.
674:.
652:.
644:.
636:.
626:77
624:.
620:.
597:.
587:.
573:.
569:.
302:.
240:,
146:.
58:.
3208:e
3201:t
3194:v
3126:/
3039::
3035:/
3002::
2998:/
2946::
2918:/
2906:/
2886:)
2882:(
2819:)
2815:(
2779:)
2773:)
2769:(
2760:(
2739:)
2735:(
2725:)
2721:/
2712:/
2703:/
2699:(
2643:)
2618:e
2611:t
2604:v
2576:Β°
2164:Β°
2158:Β°
2152:Β°
2141:Β°
2125:Β°
2109:Β°
2006:)
2002:(
1980::
1976:/
1898::
1894:/
1846:Β°
1840:Β°
1777:)
1773:(
1682:)
1678:(
1670:)
1662:(
1654:)
1637:(
1629:)
1625:(
1613:)
1609:(
1580:)
1558:e
1551:t
1544:v
1511:.
1491::
1485:2
1468:.
1456::
1432:.
1420::
1396:.
1384::
1360:.
1340::
1317:.
1305::
1281:.
1250:.
1238::
1215:.
1203::
1179:.
1157::
1130:.
1116::
1110:4
1086:.
1074::
1047:.
1025::
993:.
981::
926::
899:.
887::
859:.
835::
825::
770::
760::
754:6
733:.
705::
660:.
632::
605:.
581::
575:7
390:(
22:(
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