Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust

1218:(1888–1954). Niska was a smuggler during the Finnish prohibition but had run into financial troubles after its end in 1932, so when Albert Amtmann, an Austrian-Jewish acquaintance, expressed his concerns over his people's position in Europe, Niska quickly saw a business opportunity in smuggling Jews out of Germany. The modus operandi was quickly established. Niska would forge Finnish passports and Amtmann would acquire the customers, who with their new passports would be able to cross the border out of Germany. All in all, Niska falsified passports for 48 Jews during 1938 and earned 2,5 million Finnish marks ($ 890,000 or £600,000 in today's money) selling them. Only three of the Jews are known to have survived the Holocaust while twenty were certainly caught. The fates of the other twenty-five are not known. Involved in the operation with Niska and Amtmann were Major Rafael Johannes Kajander, Axel Belewicz and Belewicz's girlfriend Kerttu Ollikainen whose job was to steal the forms on which the passports were forged. 531:, mother Buena, and nine siblings—fled Veria to escape the increasingly frequent atrocities committed by Nazi forces against the city's Jews. They ended up in a small nearby village in Sykies, where the family was taken in by Giorgos and Panayiota Lanara, who offered them shelter, food and a hiding place in the woods, helped also by a priest, Nestoras Karamitsopoulos. The Nazis, however, soon stormed Sykies, where around 50 more Jews from Veria had also taken refuge. They questioned the priest about the whereabouts of the Jews, but when Karamitsopoulos refused to answer, they began raiding people's homes. They found Jews hidden in eight homes, and promptly set fire the houses. They also turned their wrath on the priest, torturing him and pulling out his beard, according to Danieli. 3318: 1107:—became a safe haven for Jews. At the end of 1938, Albania was the only remaining country in Europe that still issued visas to Jews through its embassy in Berlin. Following the Nazi occupation of Albania, the country refused to hand over its small Jewish population to the Germans, sometimes even providing Jewish families with forged documents. During the war, about 2,000 Jews sought refuge in Albania, and many of them took shelter in rural parts of the country where they were protected by the local population. At the end of the war, Albania's Jewish population was greater than it was prior to the war, making it the only country in Europe where the Jewish population increased during 1493:, by the morning of 16 October, "a total of 477 Jews had been given shelter in the Vatican and its enclaves, while another 4,238 had been given sanctuary in the many monasteries and convents of in Rome. Only 1,015 of Rome's 6,730 Jews were seized that morning". Upon receiving news of the roundups on the morning of 16 October, the Pope immediately instructed Cardinal Secretary of State Maglione, to make a protest to the German ambassador. After the meeting, the ambassador gave orders for a halt to the arrests. Earlier, the Pope had helped the Jews of Rome by offering gold towards the 50 kg ransom demanded by the Nazis. 3472:, France – There was a Jewish boarding home and orphanage in this town. When the mayor was told that the Nazis were coming, the older students would go camping for several days, the younger students were boarded with families in the area and told to be treated as members of their immediate family; the oldest students hid in the house. When it became too dangerous for the students to stay there any longer, the residents made sure that every student had a safe place to go to. If the students had to move again, the counsellors from the boarding house arranged for a new place and even escorted them to the new housing. 35: 376:. Some of its members had been involved in Polish nationalist movements, which were themselves anti-Jewish, but which became appalled by the barbarity of the Nazi mass murders. In an emotional protest prior to the foundation of the council, Kossak wrote that Hitler's race murders were a crime about which it was not possible to remain silent. While Polish Catholics might still feel Jews were "enemies of Poland", Kossak wrote that protest was required: "God requires this protest from us... It is required of a Catholic conscience... The blood of the innocent calls for vengeance to the heavens." 1943: 597: 1906:– the Dominican dictator promised to receive 100,000 Jewish refugees into the Dominican Republic in 1938 when Franklin D. Roosevelt organized an international conference in Evian to discuss the persecution of the Jews. Dominican Republic was the only nation accepting Jews immigrants after the conference. The DORSA (Dominican Republic Settlement Association) was formed to settle Jews on the northern coast. 5,000 visas were issued, but only 645 European Jews reached the settlement. The refugees were assigned land and cattle and the town of 1750: 271: 991:, who helped thousands of Jews to escape from France to Spain. Other diplomats with a relevant role were Bernardo Rolland de Miota (consul of Spain at Paris), José Rojas Moreno (Ambassador at Bucharest), Miguel Ángel de Muguiro (diplomat at the Embassy in Budapest), Sebastián Romero Radigales (Consul at Athens), Julio Palencia Tubau, (diplomat at the Embassy in Sofía), Juan Schwartz Díaz-Flores (Consul at Vienna) and José Ruiz Santaella (diplomat at the Embassy in Berlin). 256: 1418: 2353: 3592:, the historian of the archive of Fondazione Centro di Documentazione Ebraica Contemporanea (Foundation Center for the Contemporary Jewish Documentation) writes that of the 32,300 Jews living in Italy under German occupation, only 8,000 were arrested, whereas 23,500 escaped unharmed. She speculates that the overall percentage of Jews who survived in Italy owed this to the solidarity the persecuted found among the local population. 1727: 869: 466:(Λουκάς Καρρέρ), was presented with the German order to hand over a list of Jews, Bishop Chrysostomos returned to the amazed Germans with a list of two names; his and the mayor's. Moreover, the Bishop wrote a letter to Hitler himself stating that the Jews of the island were under his supervision. In the meantime the island's population hid every member of the Jewish community. When the island was almost levelled by the great 1054:, Lithuania, 1939–1940, issued thousands of visas to Jews fleeing Kaunas after occupation of Lithuania by the Soviet Union in defiance of explicit orders from the Japanese foreign ministry. The last foreign diplomat to leave Kaunas, Sugihara continued stamping visas from the open window of his departing train. After the war, Sugihara was fired from the Japanese foreign service, ostensibly due to downsizing. 368:) – was established in late 1942 in co-operation with church groups. The organization saved thousands. Emphasis was placed on protecting children, as it was nearly impossible to intervene directly against the heavily guarded transports. False papers were prepared, and children were distributed among safe houses and church networks. Two women founded the movement: the Catholic writer and activist 3276:– On 3 December 2013, Yad Vashem recognized German Quakers Lili Louise Pollatz-Engelsmann and Erwin Herbert Manfred Pollatz as Righteous Among the Nations for hiding German and Dutch Jewish children in their home in Haarlem, Netherlands. Wijnberg, I., Hollaender, A., 'Er wacht nog een kind..., De quakers Lili en Manfred Pollatz, hun school en kindertehuis in Haarlem 1934–1945, AMB Diemen, 2014, 922:

Peshev had been involved in various anti-Semitic legislation that was passed in Bulgaria during the early years of the War, the government's decision to deport Bulgaria's 48 000 Jews on 8 March 1943 was too much for Peshev. After being informed of the deportation, Peshev tried several times to see Prime Minister Bogdan Filov but the prime minister refused. Next, he went to see Interior Minister

1037: 911:) than did the German occupiers in the region. In Bulgarian-occupied Greece, the Bulgarian authorities arrested the majority of the Jewish population on Passover 1943. The territories of Greece, Macedonia and other nations occupied by Bulgaria during World War II were not considered Bulgarian—they were only administered by Bulgaria, but Bulgaria had no say as to the affairs of these lands. 455:, along with 27 prominent leaders of cultural, academic and professional organizations. The document, written in a very sharp language, refers to unbreakable bonds between Christian Orthodox and Jews, identifying them jointly as Greeks, without differentiation. It is noteworthy that such a document is unique in the whole of occupied Europe, in character, content and purpose". 2121:– provided Salvadoran protection papers for thousands of Jews. He spearheaded an unprecedented Swiss grassroots protests and press campaign. It led to Roosevelt, Churchill and other world leaders threatening Hungary's ruler, regent Miklos Horthy, with post-war retribution if the transports did not stop. That ended the deportation of Jews from Hungary to Auschwitz. 2083:(aka Peter Bergson) established a US-based rescue group, which had considerable support in the Congress and Senate. The group's activism was the major factor forcing President Roosevelt to establish the War Refugee Board in January 1944. One of the WRB's important actions was initiation and sponsoring of the Wallenberg mission to Budapest. 2912:, went to Rome to encourage papal action against the Jewish persecutions. In Hungary, she had sheltered the persecuted and protested forced labour and antisemitism. In 1944, Pius appealed directly to the Hungarian government to halt the deportation of the Jews of Hungary. The Sisters of Social Service, nuns who saved thousands of 1073:, aviator Vladas Drupas, doctor Pranas Mažylis, Catholic priest Juozapas Stakauskas, teacher Vladas Žemaitis, Catholic nun Maria Mikulska and others. In Šarnelė village (Plungė district) Straupiai family (Jonas and Bronislava Straupiai together with their neighbours Adolfina and Juozas Karpauskai) saved 26 people (9 families). 1425:, the Pope's summer residence, was thrown open to Jews fleeing the Nazi roundups in Northern Italy. In Rome, Pope Pius XII had ordered the city's Catholic institutions to open themselves to the Jews, and 4715 of the 5715 people listed for deportation by the Nazis were sheltered in 150 institutions – 477 in the Vatican itself. 2982:. In 1936 Bell received the chair of the International Christian Committee for German Refugees, and in that role he especially supported Jewish Christians, who at that time were supported by neither Jewish nor Christian organizations. He provided a temporary home for exiled Jewish children in his own official residence. 1710:, facilitated the entry into the Philippines of Jewish refugees fleeing fascist regimes in Europe, while taking on critics who were convinced by fascist propaganda that Jewish settlement is a threat to the country. Quezon and McNutt proposed to have 30,000 refugee families on Mindanao, and 40,000-50,000 refugees on 3462:, Netherlands – during the war, this small village contained 117 inhabitants. Most households in the village and surrounding area cooperated to shelter Jews, thus making it difficult for anyone in the small village to betray their neighbors. Dozens of Jews were thus saved. Over 200 inhabitants have been honored by 196:

of the local language, determination, and luck played a major role in determining survival. Jews in hiding were hunted down with the assistance of local collaborators and rewards offered for their denunciation. The death penalty was sometimes enforced on people hiding them, especially in eastern Europe,

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Several other sources also mention the monthly allowance that Sousa Mendes received until his death in 1954: A letter that Sousa Mendes wrote to the Portuguese Bar Association, Ordem dos Advogados – Secretaria do Conselho Geral, Lisboa, Cota – Processo nº 10/1931 Date 1946.04.29 where he says that he

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including 6 children and prenatal child were shot dead by the Germans for hiding the Szall and Goldman families. Dorota and Antoni Szylar hid seven members of Weltz family. Julia and Józef Bar hid five members of Reisenbach family. Michal Bar hid Jakub Lorbenfeld; while Jan and Weronika Przybylak hid

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to stop their deportation. He issued protective passports for Jews and 15,000 safe conduct passes – the nunciature sheltered some 3000 Jews in safe houses. An "International Ghetto" was established, including more than 40 safe houses marked by the Vatican and other national emblems. 25,000 Jews found

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Serbian civilians were involved in saving thousands of Yugoslavian Jews during this period. Miriam Steiner-Aviezer, a researcher into Yugoslavian Jewry and a member of Yad Vashem's Righteous Gentiles committee states: "The Serbs saved many Jews. Contrary to their present image in the world, the Serbs

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in the absence of the Chief Rabbi Max Friediger who had already been arrested as a hostage on 29 August 1943, urging the community to go into hiding in service on 29 September 1943. During the following weeks, more than 7,200 of Denmark's 8,000-strong Jewish communities were ferried to neutral Sweden

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sheltered Jewish boys in a residential school or home. Bruno Reynders was a Belgian monk who defied the Nazis, as he implemented the directive of Pope Pius XII to save the Jews, worked with local orphanages, Catholic Nuns and the Belgian Underground to forge false identities for Jewish children whose

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The support, or at least absence of active opposition, of the local population was essential to Jews attempting to hide but often lacking in Eastern Europe. Those in hiding depended on the assistance of non-Jews. Having money, social connections with non-Jews, a non-Jewish appearance, perfect command

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saved a large number of Jews by providing them with false identification papers by the morning of October 16, a total of 4,238 Jews had been given sanctuary in the many monasteries and convents of Rome. A further 477 Jews had been given shelter in the Vatican and its enclaves." Gilbert credited the

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Citizens of Lithuania and foreign countries who rescue people on the territory of Lithuania and citizens of Lithuania abroad are awarded Life Saving Crosses. The President of Lithuania honors Jewish rescuers every year on the occasion of the National Memorial Day for the Genocide of Lithuanian Jews,

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was not introduced in Denmark. In August 1943, this situation was about to collapse as the Danish government refused to introduce the death penalty as demanded by the Germans following a series of strikes and popular protests. The German empire forced the Danish government to shut down. During these

971:. A devoted Jew, and a Salazar supporter, Amzalak headed the Lisbon Jewish community for more than fifty years (from 1926 until 1978). Leite Pinto, General Manager of the Portuguese railways, together with Amzalak, organized several trains, coming from Berlin and other cities, loaded with refugees. 1633:

under Japanese occupation, accepted unconditionally over 18,000 Jewish refugees escaping the Holocaust in Europe, a number greater than those taken in by Canada, New Zealand, South Africa and British India combined during World War II. After 1943, the occupying Nazi-aligned Japanese ghettoised the

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to broadcast papal disapproval of race murder and anti-Semitism angered the Nazis. Mussolini was overthrown in July 1943, and the Nazis moved to occupy Italy, commencing a round-up of Jews. Although thousands were caught, the great majority of Italy's Jews were saved. As in other nations, Catholic

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deported 8 Jews in 1942 who were refugees seeking asylum in Finland. Moreover, it seems highly likely that Finland deported Soviet POWs, among them a number of Jews. The majority of Finnish Jews, however, were protected by the government's co-belligerence with Germany. Their men joined the Finnish

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Dimitar Peshev was the Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly of Bulgaria and Minister of Justice during World War II. He rebelled against the pro-Nazi cabinet and prevented the deportation of Bulgaria's 48 000 Jews. He was aided by the strong opposition of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. Although

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In 1943, the Nazis asked Albanian authorities for a list of the country's Jews. They refused to comply. "Jews were then taken from the cities and hidden in the countryside", Goldfarb explained. "Non-Jewish Albanians would steal identity cards from police stations . The underground resistance even

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The Republic of Lithuania following the occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in September 1939, accepted and accommodated in the country numbers of Polish and Jewish refugees as well as soldiers of defeated Polish army. Part of these refugees were later saved from the Soviets

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Historians have estimated that up to one million refugees fled from the Nazis through Portugal during World War II, an impressive number considering the size of the country's population at that time (circa 6 million). Portugal remained neutral within the overall objectives of the Anglo-Portuguese

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and instructed him to stop preparations for the Jewish deportations. By 5:30 p.m. on 9 March, the order was cancelled. After the war, Peshev was charged with anti-Semitism and anti-Communism by the Soviet courts, and sentenced to death. However, after an outcry from the Jewish community, his

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in Berlin. While he was posted in Berlin from 1929 to 1939 he personally intervened with Nazi officials to save those (German Jews as well as opponents of the Nazi regime), who were under the threat of being imprisoned in concentration camps and issued more than 50,000 visas to save their lives.

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wrote that, in October 1943, with the SS occupying Rome and determined to deport the city's 5000 Jews, the Vatican clergy had opened the sanctuaries of the Vatican to all "non-Aryans" in need of rescue in an attempt to forestall the deportation. "Catholic clergy in the city acted with alacrity",

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issued visas, indiscriminately, to a population in panic, without asking previous authorizations from Lisbon, as he was supposed to. On 20 June, the British Embassy in Lisbon accused the Consul in Bordeaux of improperly charging money for issuing visas and Sousa Mendes was called to Lisbon. The

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s close alliance with Hitler, Italy did not adopt Nazism's genocidal ideology towards the Jews. The Nazis were frustrated by the Italian forces' refusal to co-operate in the roundups of Jews, and no Jews were deported from Italy prior to the Nazi occupation of the country following the Italian

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was a Polish sewage inspector in the city of Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine). During the Holocaust, Socha used his knowledge of the city's sewage system to shelter a group of Jews from Nazi Germans and their supporters of different nationalities. In 1978, he was recognized by the State of Israel as

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seized power in October, and a campaign of murder of the Jews commenced. The neutral powers led a major rescue effort and Pius' representative, Angelo Rotta, took the lead in establishing an "international Ghetto", marked by the emblems of the Swiss, Swedish, Portuguese, Spanish and Vatican

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historian Dr. Avraham Milgram published by the Shoah Resource Center, International School for Holocaust Studies, asserts that there is a great difference between reality and the myth created by the generally cited numbers. Sousa Mendes never lost his title as he kept on being listed in the

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declared: "Every utterance the Pope makes in Rome is an incitement of the Jews throughout the world to agitate against Germany". The Vatican took steps to find refuge for Jews. Pius XI rejected the Nazi claim of racial superiority, and insisted instead that there was only a single human

207:. The Catholic Church and Vatican opposed the systemic murder of Jews, and in Italy the Mussolini government refused to deport Jews or participate in their mass murder. Many diplomats were involved in efforts to help Jews escape, such as by providing documents that allowed safe transit. 1739: 1601:

to extermination camps. Although at least 764 Jews in Norway were killed, over 1,000 were rescued with the help of non-Jewish Norwegians who risked their lives to smuggle the refugees out, typically to Sweden. As of January 2018, 67 of these individuals have been recognized by

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before and during World War II. Issued numerous Dominican Republic visas to Jews in Germany. Only 16 Jewish families arrived in the Dominican Republic (the other Jews dispersed to countries along the way, e.g. Britain, America) and so created the Jewish community of the Dominican

1254:, after the promulgation of racial laws against Jews in 1938 and at the beginning of war in 1940, as chief of the Foreigners' Office, forged documents and visas to Jews threatened by deportation. He managed to destroy all documented records of some 5,000 Jewish refugees living in 4071: 1879:. They successfully negotiated with the Nazis in early 1942 to stop the transports from Slovakia and a few months later, via the Europa plan, to try to stop transports from other parts of Europe. They demanded bombing of the rail lines to Auschwitz and authored/distributed the 931:

sentence was commuted to 15 years imprisonment, though released after just one year. His deeds went unrecognized after the war, as he lived in poverty in Bulgaria. It was not until 1973 that he was awarded the title of Righteous Among the Nations. He died the same year.

2692:, the nuncio to Turkey saved a number of Croatian, Bulgarian and Hungarian Jews by assisting their migration to Palestine. Roncalli succeeded Pius XII as Pope John XXIII, and always said that he had been acting on the orders of Pius XII in his actions to rescue Jews. 944:

allowed all international Jewish organizations—HIAS, HICEM, the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, World Jewish Congress, and Portuguese Jewish relief committees—to establish themselves in Lisbon. In 1944, in Hungary, risking their lives, the diplomats

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of France refused to hand over Jewish children being sheltered in Catholic homes. In September 1942, Eight Jesuits were arrested for sheltering hundreds of children on Jesuit properties, and Pius XII's Secretary of State, Cardinal Maglione protested to the Vichy

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parents willingly gave them up in an attempt to spare their lives faced with deportation to the death camps. Pere Bruno risked his life for his values and to save the lives of an estimated 400 Jewish children and is honored as a Righteous Gentile at Yad Vashem.

2992:(a German military intelligence organization) which was also the center of the anti-Hitler resistance, and was involved in operations to help German Jews escape to Switzerland. Arrested by the Nazis, he was hanged on 5 April 1945, not long before the war ended. 3416:

provided a hiding place for as many as 30 Jews on their farm and set up homeschooling for all children, Christian and Jewish together; their actions were "an open secret in the village." Other villagers helped "if only to provide a meal." Another farm couple,

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were assigned to house refugees. They were pleasant resorts with many available hotels. The refugees led totally ordinary lives. They were allowed to circulate freely within town limits, practice their religions, and enroll their children in local schools.

1274:, a close friend of his, offered him a safe pass to Switzerland, but Giovanni Palatucci sent his young Jewish fiancée instead. Palatucci was arrested on 13 September 1944. He was condemned to death, but the sentence was later commuted to deportation to 379:

In the 1948–49 Zegota Case, the Stalin-backed regime established in Poland after the war secretly tried and imprisoned the leading survivors of Zegota as part of a campaign to eliminate and besmirch resistance heroes who might threaten the new regime.

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of Zagreb, condemned Croat atrocities against both Serbs and Jews, and himself saved a group of Jews. He declared publicly in the spring of 1942 that it was "forbidden to exterminate Gypsies and Jews because they are said to belong to an inferior

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was the Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly of Bulgaria and Minister of Justice (1935–1936), before World War II. He rebelled against the pro-Nazi cabinet and prevented the deportation of Bulgaria's 48,000 Jews, and was bestowed the title of

584:, the religious head of the Islamic Center of France, helped more than a thousand Jews by providing forged identity papers to the Jews of Paris during the German occupation of France. He also managed to hide many Jewish families in the rooms of 526:

82-year-old Simon Danieli traveled from Israel to his birthplace in Veria to thank the descendants of the people who helped him and his family escape Nazi persecution during World War II. Danieli was 13 in 1942 when his family—father Joseph, a

2686:, the Vatican Chargé d'Affaires in Slovakia. Protested the anti-Semitism and totalitarianism of the Tiso regime. Burzio advised Rome of the deteriorating situation for Jews in the Nazi puppet state, sparking Vatican protests on behalf of Jews. 2259:– Led the Resistance against the German and Italians in Albania. Hoxha refused that the Germans or collaborationists deport a single Jew, therefore Albania was the only country in Europe to have an increased Jewish population after the war. 1150:. Lekatari is noted for stealing blank identity papers from the municipality of Harizaj and distributing identity papers with Muslim names on them to Jewish refugees. In 1997, Albanian Shyqyri Myrto was honored for rescuing Jews, with the 899:, fully and actively assisted in the Holocaust in occupied areas. On Passover 1943, Bulgaria rounded up the great majority of Jews in Greece and Yugoslavia, transported them through Bulgaria, and handed them off to German transport to 3151:, set up 7 April 1933, in Britain, she raised awareness for the dangers of the Nazi philosophy. With voluntary workers, she handled appeals for assistance from Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia and contributed substantially to the 296:

in Israel., constituting the largest national contingent. Martin Gilbert wrote that "Poles who risked their own lives to save the Jews were indeed the exception. But they could be found throughout Poland, in every town and village."

2328:, France. For two years, he issued Mexican visas to around 40,000 Jews, Spaniards and political refugees, allowing them to escape to Mexico and other countries. He was imprisoned by the Nazis in 1943 and released to Mexico in 1944. 4669:

Caught up in the exodus, two British volunteers in the French Ambulance Corps, Dennis Freeman and Douglas Cooper (art historian), captured the drama and agony of this civilian nightmare in "The Road to Bordeaux." London: Harper,

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Pius directly protested the deportations of Slovakian Jews to the Bratislava government from 1942. He made a direct intervention in Hungary to lobby for an end to Jewish deportations in 1944, and on 4 July, the Hungarian leader,

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in April the same year. When the Italians requisitioned the Albanian puppet government to expel its Jewish refugees, the Albanian leaders refused, and in the following years, 400 more Jewish refugees found sanctuary in Albania.

918:, the planned deportation of the Bulgarian Jews (about 50,000) was stopped. Deportation to the concentration camps was denied. Bulgaria was officially thanked by the government of Israel despite being an ally of Nazi Germany. 477:, one of the most ancient in Greece, had fewer losses than any other Jewish community in Greece thanks to the timely and dynamic intervention and mobilization of the massive communist-leftist partisan movement of EAM-ELAS ( 1562:

In Rome, some 4,000 Italian Jews and escaped prisoners of war avoided deportation, many of them hidden in safe houses or evacuated from Italy by a resistance group organized by the Irish-born priest and Vatican official

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and their families. The list of Polish citizens officially recognized as Righteous includes 700 names of those who lost their lives while trying to help their Jewish neighbors. There were also groups, such as the Polish

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is receiving a monthly salary of 1,593 Portuguese Escudos. Other source: Wheeler, Douglas L., "And Who Is My Neighbor? A World War II Hero of Conscience for Portugal," Luso-Brazilian Review 26:1 (Summer, 1989): 119–39.

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Between 1938 and 1941, around 20,000 Jews were given visas for Bolivia under an agricultural visa program. Although most moved on to the neighboring countries of Argentina, Uruguay and Chile, some stayed and created a

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during the German occupation. He formally protested the deportation of Jews and quietly ordered churches under his jurisdiction to issue fake Christian baptismal certificates to Jews fleeing the Nazis. Thousands of

2103:– Brazilian in charge of the Brazilian diplomatic mission in France. He granted Brazilian visas to several Jews and other minorities persecuted by the Nazis. He was proclaimed as Righteous among the Nations in 2003. 642:

on 9 April 1940. The Germans allowed the Danish government to remain in office and this cabinet rejected the notion that any "Jewish question" should exist in Denmark. No legislation was passed against Jews and the

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The government of Finland generally refused to deport Finnish Jews to Germany. It has been said that Finnish government officials told German envoys that "Finland has no Jewish Problem". However, the Secret Police

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Portuguese Diplomatic Yearbook until 1954 and kept on receiving his full Consul salary, $ 1,593 Portuguese Escudos, until the day he died. Other Portuguese credited for saving Jews during the war are Professor

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warned that anyone who turned in a Jew would be executed." ... "There were actually more Jews in the country after the war than before—thanks to the Albanian traditions of religious tolerance and hospitality."

2057:, who granted Turkish citizenship to hundreds of Jews. At one point, he entered an Auschwitz-bound train at enormous personal risk to save from deportation 70 Jews, to whom he had granted Turkish citizenship. 1481:

Following the capitulation of Italy, Nazi deportations of Jews to death camps began. Pius XII protested at diplomatic levels, while several thousand Jews found refuge in Catholic networks. On 27 June 1943,

1138:, having declared afterwards that betraying the Jews "would have disgraced his village and his family. At minimum his home would be destroyed and his family banished". On 21 July 1992, Mihal Lekatari, an 616:. Many people saved children by hiding them away in private houses and boarding schools. Of the approximately 50,000 Jews in Belgium in 1940, about 25,000 were deported—though only about 1,250 survived. 1629:

started to issue visas to Jews for Shanghai, part of which during this time was still under the control of the Republic of China, for humanitarian reasons. Between 1933 and 1941, the Chinese city of

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diplomat. Wallenberg saved the lives of tens of thousands of Jews condemned to certain death by the Nazis during World War II. In January 1945, Wallenberg was imprisoned at the headquarters of

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rescued large numbers of Jews with the help of her husband Yitzchak by smuggling them into Switzerland from Austria, by distributing protection papers, by negotiating with Himmler with help of

5715: 5631: 4728: 2348:– Head of Consular affairs at the Iranian Embassy in Paris. He saved many Iranian Jews and gave 500 blank Iranian passports to an acquaintance of his, to be used by non-Iranian Jews in France. 1489:

When the Nazis came to Rome in search of Jews, the Pope had already days earlier ordered the sanctuaries of the Vatican City be opened to all "non-Aryans" in need of refuge and according to

8066: 1478:, responsible for the deportation of Jews, called him the "mouthpiece of the Jewish war criminals". Pius XII intervened to attempt to block Nazi deportations of Jews in various countries. 4281: 1949:, commander of the police of the Canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland, who provided falsely dated papers from late 1938 to autumn 1939 to over 3,000 refugees so they could escape Austria. 9334: 914:

The active participation of Bulgaria in the Holocaust however did not extend to its pre-war territory and after various protests by Archbishop Stefan of Sofia and the interference of

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The Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture writes "One cannot forget the repeated initiatives of the head of the Greek Christian Orthodox Metropolitan See of

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to denounce race murders and anti-Semitism. Directly lobbied Axis officials to stop Jewish deportations. Opened the sanctuaries of the Vatican to Rome's Jews during the Nazi roundup.

1266:, Fiume was occupied by the Nazis. Palatucci remained as head of the police administration without real powers. He continued to clandestinely help Jews and maintain contact with the 470:, the first relief came from the state of Israel, with a message that read "The Jews of Zakynthos have never forgotten their Mayor or their beloved Bishop and what they did for us." 612:

train to Auschwitz, and freed 231 people. Several local governments did all they could to slow down or block the registration processes for Jews they were obliged to perform by the

3246: 9361: 3185:– On 29 September 1994, Yad Vashem recognized Dutch Quaker Laura van den Hoek Ostende-van Honk as Righteous Among the Nations for hiding Jews in Putten, Hilversum and Amsterdam. 940:

Alliance; and that astute policy under precarious conditions, made it possible for Portugal to contribute to the rescue of a large number of refugees. Portuguese Prime Minister

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are a friendly, loyal people who will not abandon their neighbors." As of 2017 Yad Vashem recognizes 135 Serbians as Righteous Among Nations, the highest of any Balkan country.

200:. Rescuers' motivations varied on a spectrum from altruism to expecting sex or material gain; it was not uncommon for helpers to betray or murder Jews if their money ran out. 5279: 3297: 3148: 1360: 1773:

diplomat in Budapest who originated the idea of issuing provisional passports to Hungarian Jews to protect them from arrest and deportation to camps. Anger collaborated with

7507: 2271:– First Secretary in the Spanish embassy in Paris who stamped and signed passports almost non-stop for four days in 1940 to let Jewish refugees escape to Spain and Portugal. 1910:

was founded. 5000 dollars in gold from Jewish International in New York were paid for each person taken by the Trujillo. Other refugees settled in the capital Santo Domingo.

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succeeded Pius XI on the eve of war in 1939. He used diplomacy to aid the victims of the Holocaust, and directed the Church to provide discreet aid. His encyclicals such as

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had hidden a Jewish family in his cellar and, according to one of the survivors, saved their lives in doing so. He also used his fame to carry messages and documents to the

964: 6336: 3182: 6369: 8996: 4858: 6845: 2127:– King of Bulgaria from 1918 to 1943 Resisted demands from Hitler to deport the Jews resulting in all 50,000 being spared, Boris died in 1943 after meeting with Hitler. 1367:

have been beatified for reviving the Swedish Bridgettine Order of nuns and hiding scores of Jewish families in their convent. The churches, monasteries and convents of

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diplomat who saved the lives of some 42 Jewish Turkish families, more than 200 persons, among a Jewish community of some 2000 after the Germans occupied the island of

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consul to Lithuania, 2,140 (mostly Polish) Jews and an unknown number of additional family members were saved by passports, many unauthorized, provided by him in 1940.

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L'abbé Joseph André is another Catholic priest who secured safe hiding places with Belgian families, orphanages and other institutions for Jewish children and adults.

3068:, harbored hundreds of Jews in his residence and in Greek Catholic monasteries. He also issued the pastoral letter, "Thou Shalt Not Kill", to protest Nazi atrocities. 953:, coordinating with Salazar, also helped many Jews escape Nazis and their Hungarian allies. In June 1940, when Germany invaded France, Portuguese consul in Bordeaux, 4964:

The last diplomat to leave Kaunas (already occupied by Soviet Union on June 15, 1940), Sugihara continued stamping visas from the open window of his departing train.

226:

justice, recognizes rescuers of Jews as Righteous among the Nations to honor non-Jews who risked their lives during the Holocaust to save Jews from extermination by

3128:, from 1933 played a major role in assisting and saving Jews through their international network of centres (Berlin, Paris, Vienna) and organizations. In 1947, the 6305: 1069:

and his wife journalist Sofija Binkienė, musician Vladas Varčikas, writer and translator Danutė Zubovienė (Čiurlionytė) and her husband Vladimiras Zubovas, doctor

6116: 5298:

Jussi Samuli Laitinen; Huijari vai pyhimys? Algoth Niskan osallisuus juutalaisten salakuljettamiseen Keski-Euroopassa vuoden 1938 aikana; Joensuun yliopisto; 2009

1238:

advised Berlin that Italian forces had "apparently been influenced" by Vatican opposition to German anti-Semitism. As anti-Axis feeling grew in Italy, the use of

3287:

Wijnberg, I., Hollaender, A., 'Er wacht nog een kind ..., De quakers Lili en Manfred Pollatz, huIlse Schwersensky-Zimmermann and n school en kinderte men, 2014,

3212: 2806: 1258:, issuing them false papers and providing them with funds. Palatucci then sent the refugees to a large internment camp in southern Italy protected by his uncle, 6229: 6199: 4947: 3588:

The situation in Italy was somewhat peculiar in that, notwithstanding Mussolini's proclamation against Jews, most Italians had no personal hatred against them.

2698:, papal nuncio in Romania. Appealed directly to Marshall Antonescu to limit the deportations of Jews to Nazi concentration camps planned for the summer of 1942. 827: 3301: 695:

Based on its 1940 population of 9 million the 5,516 Jews rescued in the Netherlands represents the largest per capita number: 1 in 1,700 Dutch was awarded the

6805:"Diplomáticos que salvaron judíos durante el Holocausto | Especiales | Israel en Tiempo de Noticias. Judaismo y Pueblo Judio a diario. El Reloj.com" 9529: 9386: 9031: 7329:(Montreal: The Concordia University Chair in Canadian Jewish Studies, and The Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies, 1999), pp. 66–68, 71. 284:, more Jews were both killed and rescued in Poland than in any other nation: the rescue figure usually being put at between 100,000–150,000. The memorial at 163: 3992: 6167: 5952: 2205:– Deputy Speaker of the Bulgarian Parliament, played a major role in rescuing Bulgaria's 48 000 Jews, the entire Jewish population in Bulgaria at the time. 1364: 7795: 3589: 1486:

broadcast a papal injunction: "He who makes a distinction between Jews and other men is being unfaithful to God and is in conflict with God's commands".

1285:, which had been governed by Italy since 1912. Of the approximately 2,000 Rhodesli Jews who were deported to Auschwitz and elsewhere, only 104 survived. 802:, the country was occupied by Germany and some regions were occupied by Italy, Hungary, Bulgaria and Albania. A joint German-Italian puppet state called 7291:

Exhibition "Righteous among the Nations." Rzeszów, 15 June 2004. Subtitled: "The Poles were helping Jews during the war – most of us already know that."

5451: 3012: 776:, about 300,000 to 500,000 people who on 25 and 26 February 1941 took part in the first strike against persecution of the Jews in Nazi-occupied Europe). 5856: 4121: 9162: 8038: 5635: 4737: 3939: 3273: 3242: 1554:, told Berlin that deportations of Jews must cease, citing protests by the Vatican, the King of Sweden and the Red Cross. The pro-Nazi, anti-Semitic 1400: 670: 2460:

to save Jews in the concentration camps as the Germans were retreating, and by rescuing the Jews who arrived to Bergen-Belsen by train from Hungary.

8144: 4679:

Milgram, Avraham. "Portugal, the Consuls, and the Jewish Refugees, 1938–1941". Source: Yad Vashem Studies, vol. XXVII, Jerusalem, 1999, pp. 123–56.

3259: 3255: 2810: 2762:

O.Carm. († Dachau, 1942) a letter in which he called for all Catholics to assist persecuted Jews, and in which he openly condemned the Nazi German

2626: 1598: 1412: 1380: 321: 197: 4640: 2736:, papal nuncio to Hungary. Actively protested Hungary's mistreatment of the Jews, and helped persuade Pope Pius XII to lobby the Hungarian leader 8747: 5723: 3198: 4763: 3305: 3269: 3263: 3250: 3236: 3226: 3216: 3202: 3192: 3176: 3162: 1336:

and issued hundreds of fake identity cards in order to save Jews and anti-fascists. He was arrested after an anonymous tip-off and died in the

1000: 493:

for the evacuation of Volos from the Jewish people, after the events in Thessaloniki (displacement of the city's Jews to concentration camps).

239: 107: 73: 2823:, Capuchin priest who saved many Jews in Marseille and later in Rome where he became known among the Jewish community as "father of the Jews". 1745:, between 16 and 23 June 1940, frantically issued Portuguese visas, free of charge, to over 30,000 refugees seeking to escape the Nazi terror. 9366: 7421: 1580: 1474:

denounced the murder of "hundreds of thousands" of "faultless" people because of their "nationality or race". The Nazis were furious and The

137: 112: 102: 3966: 2265:– a resistance fighter in Albania who allowed Jews to enter Albania, and refused to hand the Jews over to The Germans, during the occupation 9514: 8149: 8061: 3521: 3443: 325: 250: 127: 87: 82: 7230: 5432: 1158:

presented to his son, Arian Myrto. In 2006, a plaque honoring the compassion and courage of Albania during the Holocaust was dedicated in

834:. Serbian Jews who were not transported to concentration camps in Germany were either murdered in Nazi concentration camps within Serbia ( 9065: 8889: 7126: 5831: 300:

Poland during the Holocaust of World War II was under total enemy control: initially, half of Poland was occupied by the Germans, as the

132: 7394:, 10 December 1994; Janice Arnold, "Polish widow made Righteous Gentile," The Canadian Jewish News (Montreal edition), 26 January 1995; 6764: 5373: 4431: 9026: 7953: 7479:

Ben-Zwi Kalischer – On The Way to the Land of Israel tr. from the German by Shalom Kramer (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1945) pp. 174–82

5930: 842:), Banjica being jointly controlled by Nedic's Government and the German Army, or transported to Ustasha-controlled concentration camp 523:. Although the Germans and Bulgarians deported a great number of Greek Jews, others were successfully hidden by their Greek neighbors. 121: 97: 6932: 4698: 5085: 3092:

nun who ran a shelter for alcoholics, drug addicts and homeless people; the shelter was also open for refugees who had fled from the

1471: 156: 92: 8249: 1567:. Msgr. O'Flaherty used his political connections to help secure sanctuary for dispossessed Jews. The wife of the Irish ambassador, 1515:(later Pope Paul VI) was offered an award for his rescue work by Israel, he said he had only been acting on the orders of Pius XII. 9100: 8549: 7635:

Burzlaff, Jan (2020). "Confronting the Communal Grave: a Reassessment of Social Relations During the Holocaust in Eastern Europe".

4808:"The Angel of Budapest: Ángel Sanz Briz | 4 Corners of the World: International Collections and Studies at the Library of Congress" 3830: 3549: 3539: 2831: 1057:

As well as in other countries rescuers from Lithuania came from different layers of society. The most iconic figures are librarian

5127: 9448: 8969: 8697: 8092: 8043: 7861: 7253: 6853: 6782: 6346: 6259: 6082: 3456:, many people from this village helped hide a Jewish family; six of them were given the honorific of Righteous Among the Nations. 3357: 3133: 5761: 4807: 4444: 8273: 6743: 6474: 6377: 6274: 5953:"The papers of Apostolic Visitor, Giuseppe Ramiro Marcone reveal the Holy See's commitment to helping Jews persecuted by Nazis" 5308: 3121: 1995: 1403:, a parish priest who sheltered a large Jewish family. Of Italy's 44,500 Jews, some 7,680 were murdered in the Nazi Holocaust. 1139: 819: 5238: 4862: 3504:, said Ben-Zwi Kalischer. Those times were captured on films that can be found at the Steven Spielberg Film and Video Archive. 1470:

preached against racism—with specific reference to Jews: "there is neither Gentile nor Jew, circumcision nor uncircumcision".

7809: 7702: 7680: 7625: 7599: 6839: 5567: 5053: 4350: 4323: 4025: 3373: 2744: 1958:

who sheltered German and Dutch Jews in the Uruguayan embassy and assisted with their travel to Uruguay and the United States.

1030: 5884: 4607: 1896:

agent undercover as a passport officer in Berlin, saved around 10,000 people by issuing forged passports to Britain and the

9539: 9519: 8653: 8071: 7911: 4189: 3342: 3292: 3281: 2584: 2134: 1704: 149: 7490:"March of Time -- outtakes -- Refugees in Caldas da Rainha - Collections Search - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum" 4091: 3408:

near Warsaw, 25 Poles were caught hiding Jews; all were killed and the village was burned to the ground as punishment. In

3096:. During the first three years of the war she also took in several hundred Jewish people fearing persecution. She died in 769:(18 December 1903 – 1 August 1975), instrumental in preventing Jews from being deported and murdered during the Holocaust. 9458: 9291: 8399: 6945: 6550: 5386: 3317: 3129: 1433:

urged Mussolini to ask Hitler to restrain the anti-Semitic actions taking place in Germany. In 1937, the Pope issued the

500: 403:. About 10,000 Jews received such passports, of whom over 3,000 have been saved. The group efforts are documented in the 6804: 6313: 4788:«Salazar visto pelos seus próximos», Testemunho de Francisco de Paula Leite Pinto, Organização de Jaime Nogueira Pinto. 3165:. She helped many Jewish people by offering them accommodation in her home or directing them to hiding places elsewhere. 1934:

commander of police who provided falsely dated papers to over 3,000 refugees so they could escape Austria following the

8487: 7467: 7447: 6693: 6120: 4628: 4552: 3554: 3137: 1391:

of Dominican Seminary of Turin, who saved many Jews before being arrested and sent to Dachau where he died in 1945; Fr

656:

that the Danish Jews would be deported to Germany following the collapse of the Danish government. Hedtoft alerted the

478: 289: 117: 3418: 2029:– Romanian diplomat, who saved over 51,000 Jews from deportation and extermination, as credited by Yad Vashem in 2005. 1801:

diplomat, who negotiated the release of 27,000 people (a significant number of whom were Jews) to hospitals in Sweden.

8268: 8013: 7785: 7733: 7350: 7314: 7070: 7033: 7012: 6880: 6678: 6654: 6239: 6209: 5137: 5095: 4957: 4793: 4594: 4033: 4018: 1955: 674: 666: 482: 8283: 8219: 4387:

Names and Numbers of Righteous Among the Nations – per Country & Ethnic Origin, as of 1 January 2017, Yad Vashem

3097: 983:, several diplomats contributed very actively to rescue Jews during the Holocaust. The two most prominent ones were 9524: 9054: 8511: 8288: 8229: 8204: 7993: 7921: 6965: 5488: 3201:

and Fritz Fuchs – On 11 August 2009, Yad Vashem recognized German Quakers Auguste Fuchs-Bucholz and Fritz Fuchs as

950: 807: 763:, rescued over 100 Jews by hiding them in her house and providing them with forged paperwork to escape the country. 504: 358:

Home Army Intelligence discovered the true fate of transports leaving the Jewish Ghetto, the council to Aid Jews –

344: 2741:

refuge in these safe houses. Elsewhere in the city, Catholic institutions hid several thousand more Jewish people.

846:

and murdered there. Jews living in Hungarian-occupied regions faced mass executions, the most notorious being the

8132: 8127: 6592: 4170: 3065: 3022: 2296: 1700: 1422: 6723: 5960: 4997: 4516: 3249:– On 11 August 2009, Yad Vashem recognized German Quakers Ernst Lusebrink and Elfriede Lusebrink-Bokenkruger as 987:(the Angel of Budapest), who saved around five thousand Hungarian Jews by providing them Spanish passports, and 9534: 8949: 8762: 8224: 7759: 7179: 7158: 6975: 6068: 6044: 5790: 5748: 5473: 5419: 5360: 5334: 5213: 3913: 3875: 3817: 3304:– On 2 May 1985, Yad Vashem recognized German Quakers Gerhard Schwersensky and Ilse Schwersensky-Zimmermann as 1991: 1112: 1010: 669:. Danish officials were able to ensure that these prisoners weren't shipped to extermination camps, and Danish 546: 285: 8924: 6822: 4534: 4498: 2268: 988: 941: 835: 665:

hidden in fishing boats. A small number of Jews, some 450 in all, were captured by the Germans and shipped to

9421: 9261: 8424: 8278: 8259: 8239: 8209: 8102: 7565: 7537: 4589:

Lochery, Neill. "Lisbon: War in the Shadows of the City of Light, 1939–45", PublicAffairs; 1 edition (2011),

4480: 3544: 2883:, including 2,000 Jews. He was also active as a radio amateur, vilifying Nazi activities through his reports. 2211:– Dutch industrialist who saved 382 Jews by insisting to the Nazis that they were indispensable employees of 2140: 2015: 1862: 1611: 1590: 880: 712:, who helped save about 10,000 Jewish children from Germany and Austria just before the outbreak of the war ( 706:, Dutch artist and resistance fighter who helped forge documents allowing Jewish families to flee the country 601: 416: 8331: 4974: 3865: 1822: 9286: 8849: 8477: 8346: 8321: 8199: 5541: 4255: 4129: 2100: 1876: 1714:. Quezon gave, as a 10-year loan to Manila's Jewish Refugee Committee, land beside Quezon's family home in 926:

insisting that he cancel the deportations. After much persuasion, Gabrovski finally called the governor of

863: 843: 803: 573: 496: 8919: 6171: 4832: 3262:– On 15 August 2012, Yad Vashem recognized Dutch Quaker Geertruida Pel and her daughter Trijntje Pfann as 2317: 9468: 9453: 9354: 9200: 9124: 8336: 8293: 8254: 8154: 7988: 7854: 7265: 6580: 3605:, and condemned racial theories and the mistreatment of people based on race. Pius XI condemned the 1938 3413: 3105: 3071: 3044: 3004: 2844:

S.J., a Jesuit priest who helped Jews escape to Switzerland while rector of St. Georg Church in suburban

2790: 2199:

was ordered to leave Hungary, he falsely claimed to be his substitute and saved some thousands more Jews.

1893: 1780: 1684: 1586: 1267: 1159: 1147: 1135: 754: 709: 696: 690: 565: 516: 219: 24: 8446: 4767: 3397: 1903: 9326: 9205: 9175: 9094: 9011: 8844: 8482: 8380: 8341: 8298: 8234: 8107: 7983: 7672: 5672: 4648: 4212: 4072:"Η Απίστευτη Ιστορία των Εβραίων της Ζακύνθου – Μνήμη Ολοκαυτώματος – ΙΣΡΑΗΛ: ΘΥΜΑ ΤΡΟΜΟΚΡΑΤΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΜΜΕ" 2953: 2609: 2230: 1475: 1295:, was able to put under his protection thousands of Jews and non-Jews destined to concentration camps. 839: 657: 373: 305: 3434: 3381: 2491: 1043:, Japanese consul-general in Kaunas, in defiance of Japanese policy, issued thousands of visas to Jews 968: 8964: 8779: 8326: 8303: 8214: 8076: 7928: 7916: 7903: 7289:"Polacy pomagali Żydom podczas wojny, choć groziła za to kara śmierci – o tym wie większość z nas." ( 5239:"Adl commemorates holocaust day at city hall; honors albanian rescuer and recognizes jewish survivor" 4462: 3215:– On 19 January 1976, Yad Vashem recognized German Quakers Carl Hermann and Eva Hermann-Lueddecke as 2996: 2909: 2778: 2670: 2431: 1852: 1742: 1376: 1337: 1275: 1115:

perished at the hands of the Nazis. They were discovered by the Germans and subsequently deported to

954: 633: 554: 6441: 4761:

Testimonial from famous Portuguese historian, Jose Hermano Saraiva – Interview to "Sol" newspaper –

2968:'s pressure against the Bulgarian government to cancel the deportation of the 48,000 Bulgarian Jews. 2711:, apostolic visitor to Croatia, lobbied Croat regime, saved 1000 Jewish partners in mixed marriages. 1734:

and his colleagues saved as many as 100,000 Hungarian Jews by providing them with diplomatic passes.

891:

in March 1941 and took part in the invasion of Yugoslavia and Greece. The Nazi-allied government of

830:

in Serbia proper, in Hungarian-occupied Vojvodina region, and in the territory held by the Croatian

290:

6,532 men and women (more than from any other country in the world) have been recognized as rescuers

9443: 9398: 8944: 8724: 8263: 8244: 8191: 8175: 8122: 8117: 8028: 8018: 8008: 7960: 7943: 7933: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7104: 6644: 6018: 3433:, where 17 Jews survived the war in hiding with their Christian neighbors, entire Polish family of 1981: 1872: 1844: 1654:

The Japanese government ensured Jewish safety in China, Japan and Manchuria. Japanese Army General

1395:

who protected around 100 Jewish children in his seminary and among local farmers in the village of

1163: 1090: 649: 8869: 7723: 7418: 6524: 5505: 3611:, sparking mass demonstrations against Catholics and Jews in Munich, where the Bavarian Gauleiter 1851:

about the imminent German plans deport to Denmark's Jewish community, thus enabling the following

9436: 9426: 9152: 8706: 8434: 8112: 8097: 8023: 8003: 7998: 7978: 7948: 7938: 3101: 3061: 2613: 2589: 2244: 2064: 1880: 1594: 793: 485:) and the successful cooperation of the head of the Greek Christian Orthodox Metropolitan See of 443:, Gennadios, against the deportations, and most of all, the official letter of protest signed in 223: 8503: 5902: 9147: 8914: 8393: 7971: 7965: 7847: 7237: 3527: 3502:"Here we were given freedom of movement; we were allowed to go on outing and live as we wished" 3172: 2876: 2820: 2751: 2234: 1508: 1348: 1263: 1151: 946: 799: 539: 467: 204: 34: 8658: 7121: 6747: 6499: 5826: 4699:"Arquivo Digital - Ministério das Finanças - Abranches, Aristides de Sousa Mendes do Amaral e" 3405: 3175:– On 4 July 1991, Yad Vashem recognized Cornelis Boeke and his wife Beatrice Boeke-Cadbury as 2165:

and was part of the network that saved the lives of POWs and Jews in the hands of the Gestapo.

1942: 9381: 9006: 8959: 8623: 8374: 7830: 7543: 6478: 5260: 4340: 3426: 3409: 3335: 3322: 3079: 2938: 2917: 2345: 2124: 2070: 1186: 908: 639: 581: 569: 452: 448: 369: 274: 6705: 6255: 3940:"Lista Ładosia: nazwiska 3262 Żydów objętych tzw. "akcją paszportową" - Instytut Pileckiego" 2782: 2727: 2394:– German industrialist, the first to inform the Allies about the mass extermination of Jews. 1281:

On 19 July 1944, the Gestapo rounded up the nearly 2000 Jewish inhabitants of the island of

9344: 9281: 8864: 8648: 8539: 8517: 8412: 8407: 8388: 6423: 4702: 2975: 2886: 2794: 2544:

which sent 669 children (most of them Jewish) to foster parents ln England and Sweden from

1435: 1356: 9210: 7489: 5523: 2950:

in and around Athens were thus able to claim that they were Christian and were thus saved.

1841:

Jews from Nazi persecution by providing them with false papers of Salvadorean nationality.

8: 9431: 9339: 9185: 8772: 7617: 7083: 4764:"Recorde a grande entrevista de José Hermano Saraiva ao SOL (2ª parte) - Sociedade - Sol" 2985: 2979: 2899: 2879:

friar. During the Second World War, in the friary, Kolbe provided shelter to people from

2817:– in denouncing roundups and mistreatment of Jews in France, spurring greater resistance. 2786: 2525: 2377: 2007: 1897: 1834: 1197:, and an estimated 600 Jews were captured in these territories, and consequently killed. 1104: 823: 515:

during the Second World War, sheltering Jewish refugees, for which she is recognized as "

8567: 8557: 6583:[Asylum and exile in Uruguay: Principles, continuities and ruptures, 1875-1985] 6399: 2730:

was beatified by the Church and recognized as Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem.

1977: 1837:

from 1942 to 1945, and in conjunction with George Mantello, helped save at least 13,000

1070: 806:

was installed. After a bombing campaign on major Serbian cities, a German puppet regime

743:, a teacher and antifascist resistance member, who saved Jewish children during the war. 8811: 8806: 8313: 7799: 7609: 6341: 5861: 5087:

Bringing the Dark Past to Light: The Reception of the Holocaust in Postcommunist Europe

4213:"Caecilia Antonia Maria Loots - Stories of Women Who Rescued Jews During the Holocaust" 3559: 2971: 2814: 2802: 2677: 2654: 2641: 2178: 2162: 2026: 1971: 1805: 1718:. The land would house homeless refugees in Marikina Hall, dedicated on 23 April 1940. 1564: 1531: 1522:, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia and Slovakia, Germany itself and elsewhere. Many 1518:

Pius' diplomatic representatives lobbied on behalf of Jews across Europe, including in

1504: 1500: 1460: 1375:

and served as a safe haven for Jews. Gilbert credits the network established by Bishop

1303: 1251: 617: 596: 508: 301: 59: 6933:"Raymond Geist Wiki: American Consul General in Berlin – Striking a Blow for Humanity" 6733:

19 April 1994, reproduced in English by the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation.

6142: 6090: 4397: 4384: 3838: 3785: 2371:

businessman whose efforts to save his 1,200 Jewish workers were recounted in the book

2331: 2196: 1383:

of the Franciscan Monastery, with saving 300 people. Other Italian clerics honored by

1006: 984: 9416: 9276: 9107: 9021: 8988: 8902: 8719: 8685: 7805: 7781: 7774: 7755: 7748: 7729: 7698: 7676: 7664: 7652: 7621: 7595: 7463: 7462:

Milgram, Avraham. "Portugal, Salazar, and the Jews", Publication Date: 20 March 2012

7443: 7395: 7346: 7310: 7175: 7154: 7066: 7029: 7008: 6971: 6876: 6866: 6674: 6650: 6235: 6205: 6064: 6040: 5907: 5786: 5765: 5744: 5697: 5605: 5563: 5469: 5468: