History of Chile - Knowledge

7320: 1231:. One of the most durable charters ever devised in Latin America, the Portalian constitution lasted until 1925. The constitution concentrated authority in the national government, more precisely, in the hands of the president, who was elected by a tiny minority. The chief executive could serve two consecutive five-year terms and then pick a successor. Although the Congress had significant budgetary powers, it was overshadowed by the president, who appointed provincial officials. The constitution also created an independent judiciary, guaranteed inheritance of estates by primogeniture, and installed Catholicism as the state religion. In short, it established an autocratic system under a republican veneer. 2279: 1352: 55: 2671: 1139:. He won plaudits for defeating royalists and founding schools, but civil strife continued. O'Higgins alienated liberals and provincials with his authoritarianism, conservatives and the church with his anticlericalism, and landowners with his proposed reforms of the land tenure system. His attempt to devise a constitution in 1818 that would legitimize his government failed, as did his effort to generate stable funding for the new administration. O'Higgins's dictatorial behavior aroused resistance in the provinces. This growing discontent was reflected in the continuing opposition of partisans of 1457: 628: 7684: 1253:, who served two terms (1831–1836, 1836–1841). President Prieto had four main accomplishments: implementation of the 1833 constitution, stabilization of government finances, defeat of provincial challenges to central authority, and victory over the Peru-Bolivia Confederation. During the presidencies of Prieto and his two successors, Chile modernized through the construction of ports, railroads, and telegraph lines, some built by United States entrepreneur William Wheelwright. These innovations facilitated the export-import trade as well as domestic commerce. 1895:

Marxism but fear over losing control of its investments. "By 1968, 20 percent of total U.S. foreign investment was tied up in Latin America...Mining companies had invested $ 1 billion over the previous fifty years in Chile's copper mining industry – the largest in the world – but they had sent $ 7.2 billion home." Part of the CIA's program involved a propaganda campaign that portrayed Allende as a would-be Soviet dictator. In fact, however, "the U.S.'s own intelligence reports showed that Allende posed no threat to democracy." Nevertheless, the

7397: 2394: 837: 1121: 1110: 7314: 6327: 2008: 1322: 2217:, simplified and reduced the corporate tax. Chile went ahead with privatizations, including public utilities plus the re-privatization of companies that had returned to the government during the 1982–1983 crisis. From 1984 to 1990, Chile's gross domestic product grew by an annual average of 5.9%, the fastest on the continent. Chile developed a good export economy, including the export of fruits and vegetables to the northern hemisphere when they were out of season, and commanded high prices. 1224:

military. Political and economic stability reinforced each other, as Portales encouraged economic growth through free trade and put government finances in order. Portales was an agnostic who said that he believed in the clergy but not in God. He realized the importance of the Roman Catholic Church as a bastion of loyalty, legitimacy, social control and stability, as had been the case in the colonial period. He repealed Liberal reforms that had threatened church privileges and properties.

1548: 2171: 1561:. Alessandri appealed to those who believed the social question should be addressed, to those worried by the decline in nitrate exports during World War I, and to those weary of presidents dominated by Congress. Promising "evolution to avoid revolution", he pioneered a new campaign style of appealing directly to the masses with florid oratory and charisma. After winning a seat in the Senate representing the mining north in 1915, he earned the sobriquet "Lion of Tarapacá." 580: 1257: 1046: 1403: 1737: 5040: 793: 2657: 409: 1813:, reorganization of the national economy into socialized, mixed, and private sectors, a foreign policy of "international solidarity" and national independence and a new institutional order (the "people's state" or "poder popular"), including the institution of a unicameral congress. Immediately after the election, the United States expressed its disapproval and raised a number of economic sanctions against Chile. 664:

their arsenal of clubs and bows and arrows. They became adept at raiding Spanish settlements and, albeit in declining numbers, managed to hold off the Spaniards and their descendants until the late 19th century. The Araucanians' valor inspired the Chileans to mythologize them as the nation's first national heroes, a status that did nothing, however, to elevate the wretched living standard of their descendants.

423: 3169:...y llegado al valle de Copiapó, lo que trabajé en hacer la guerra a los naturales e fuertes que les rompí y la guerra que hice por todos los valles adelante, hasta que llegué al valle de Mapocho, que es cien leguas de Copiapó, e fundé la cibdad de Sanctiago del Nuevo Extremo, a los veinte e cuatro de hebrero del año de mill quinientos e cuarenta e uno, formando Cabildo, Justicia e Regimiento. 1210: 933: 1714:, including rural unionization of agricultural workers. By 1967, however, Frei encountered increasing opposition from leftists, who charged that his reforms were inadequate, and from conservatives, who found them excessive. At the end of his term, Frei had accomplished many noteworthy objectives, but he had not fully achieved his party's ambitious goals. 822:). He organized an expedition that brought him to central Chile in 1537, but he found little of value to compare with the gold and silver of the Incas in Peru. Left with the impression that the inhabitants of the area were poor, he returned to Peru, later to be garotted following defeat by Hernando Pizarro in a Civil War. 2055:. At least 29,000 were imprisoned and tortured. According to the Latin American Institute on Mental Health and Human Rights (ILAS), "situations of extreme trauma" affected about 200,000 persons.; this figure includes individuals killed, tortured or exiled, and their immediate families. About 30,000 left the country. 1497:

of the armed forces, its respect for civil liberties, its expansion of suffrage and participation, and its gradual admission of new contenders, especially reformers, to the political arena. In particular, two young parties grew in importance – the Democrat Party, with roots among artisans and urban workers, and the

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intimidated or loyal peasant voters in the countryside, even though the population was becoming increasingly urban. The lackluster presidents and ineffectual administrations of the period did little to respond to the country's dependence on volatile nitrate exports, spiraling inflation, and massive urbanization.

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Among those favouring independence, conservatives fought with liberals over the degree to which French revolutionary ideas would be incorporated into the movement. After several efforts, Spanish troops from Peru took advantage of the internecine strife to reconquer Chile in 1814, when they reasserted

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in northern Chile, trapping 33 men 700 metres (2,300 ft) below ground. A rescue effort organized by the Chilean government located the miners 17 days later. All 33 men were brought to the surface two months later on 13 October 2010 over a period of almost 24 hours, an effort that was carried on

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Recognizing that U.S. intelligence forces were trying to destabilize his presidency through a variety of methods, the KGB offered financial assistance to the first democratically elected Marxist president. However, the reason behind the U.S. covert actions against Allende concerned not the spread of

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The Araucanians, a fragmented society of hunters, gatherers, and farmers, constituted the largest Native American group in Chile. Mobile people who engaged in trade and warfare with other indigenous groups lived in scattered family clusters and small villages. Although the Araucanians had no written

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and later copper. The wealth of raw materials led to an economic upturn, but also led to dependency, and even wars with neighboring states. Chile was governed during most of its first 150 years of independence by different forms of restricted government, where the electorate was carefully vetted and

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Alessandri soon discovered that his efforts to lead would be blocked by the conservative Congress. Like Balmaceda, he infuriated the legislators by going over their heads to appeal to the voters in the congressional elections of 1924. His reform legislation was finally rammed through Congress under

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However, particularly when the authoritarian regime of Augusto Pinochet is taken into consideration, some scholars have in recent years reevaluated the Parliamentary Republic of 1891–1925. Without denying its shortcomings, they have lauded its democratic stability. They have also hailed its control

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form of government, with separate legislative, executive, and judicial branches. By adopting a moderately liberal constitution in 1828, Pinto alienated both the federalists and the liberal factions. He also angered the old aristocracy by abolishing estates inherited by primogeniture (mayorazgo) and

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in which the Christian kingdoms retook Iberia from the Muslims). During this period, the harsh rule of the Spanish loyalists, who punished suspected rebels, drove more and more Chileans into the insurrectionary camp. More members of the Chilean elite were becoming convinced of the necessity of full

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settled in the fertile valleys and coastal areas of what is present-day Chile. Pre-Hispanic Chile was home to over a dozen different Amerindian societies. The current prevalent theories are that the initial arrival of humans to the continent took place either along the Pacific coast southwards in a

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took the responsibility to release him on medical grounds, and refused to extradite him to Spain. Thereafter, Pinochet returned to Chile in March 2000. Upon descending the plane on his wheelchair, he stood up and saluted the cheering crowd of supporters, including an army band playing his favorite

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funded opposition media, politicians, and organizations, helping to accelerate a campaign of domestic destabilization. By 1972, the economic progress of Allende's first year had been reversed, and the economy was in crisis. Political polarization increased, and large mobilizations of both pro- and

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As a dissident Liberal running for the presidency, Alessandri attracted support from the more reformist Radicals and Democrats and formed the so-called Liberal Alliance. He received strong backing from the middle and working classes as well as from the provincial elites. Students and intellectuals

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Scholars speculate that the total Araucanian population may have numbered 1.5 million at most when the Spaniards arrived in the 1530s; a century of European conquest and disease reduced that number by at least half. During the conquest, the Araucanians quickly added horses and European weaponry to

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briefly extended their empire into what is now northern Chile, where they collected tribute from small groups of fishermen and oasis farmers but were not able to establish a strong cultural presence in the area. As the Spaniards would after them, the Incas encountered fierce resistance and so were

1839:, accompanied by major declines in inflation (down from 34.9% to 22.1%) and unemployment (down to 3.8%). Allende adopted measures including price freezes, wage increases, and tax reforms, which had the effect of increasing consumer spending and redistributing income downward. Joint public-private 1492:

Political authority ran from local electoral bosses in the provinces through the congressional and executive branches, which reciprocated with payoffs from taxes on nitrate sales. Congressmen often won election by bribing voters in this clientelistic and corrupt system. Many politicians relied on

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to unite with Peru against Chile. These qualms exacerbated animosities toward Peru dating from the colonial period, now intensified by disputes over customs duties and loans. Chile also wanted to become the dominant South American military and commercial power along the Pacific. Santa Cruz united

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O'Higgins's opponents also disapproved of his diversion of Chilean resources to aid San Martín's liberation of Peru. O'Higgins insisted on supporting that campaign because he realized that Chilean independence would not be secure until the Spaniards were routed from the Andean core of the empire.

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The so-called Parliamentary Republic was not a true parliamentary system, in which the chief executive is elected by the legislature. It was, however, an unusual regime in presidentialist Latin America, for Congress really did overshadow the rather ceremonial office of the president and exerted

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dominated Chilean politics from the cabinet and behind the scenes from 1830 to 1837. He installed the "autocratic republic", which centralized authority in the national government. His political program enjoyed support from merchants, large landowners, foreign capitalists, the church, and the

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Although opposed by many liberals, O'Higgins angered the Roman Catholic Church with his liberal beliefs. He maintained Catholicism's status as the official state religion but tried to curb the church's political powers and to encourage religious tolerance as a means of attracting Protestant

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After O'Higgins went into exile in 1823, civil conflict continued, focusing mainly on the issues of anticlericalism and regionalism. Presidents and constitutions rose and fell quickly in the 1820s. The civil struggle's harmful effects on the economy, and particularly on exports, prompted

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Report (1975), publicly available documents have indicated that the CIA attempted to prevent Allende from taking office after he was elected in 1970; the CIA itself released documents in 2000 acknowledging this and that Pinochet was one of their favored alternatives to take power.

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except Chiloé (and Valdivia which was decades later reestablished as a fort), and the great river became the frontier line between Mapuche lands and the Spanish realm. North of that line cities grew up slowly, and Chilean lands eventually became an important source of food for the

829:, captain of the army, realizing the potential for expanding the Spanish empire southward, asked Pizarro's permission to invade and conquer the southern lands. With a couple of hundred men, he subdued the local inhabitants and founded the city of Santiago de Nueva Extremadura, now 2439:(signed under the previous administration of Ricardo Lagos), the first Chinese free trade agreement with a Latin American nation; similar deals with Japan and India were promulgated in August 2007. In October 2006, Bachelet promulgated a multilateral trade deal with New Zealand, 1158:

In the minds of most members of the Chilean elite, the bloodshed and chaos of the late 1820s were attributable to the shortcomings of liberalism and federalism, which had been dominant over conservatism for most of the period. The political camp became divided by supporters of

1014:, captained a rival faction that plunged the Criollos into civil war. For him and certain other members of the Chilean elite, the initiative for temporary self-rule quickly escalated into a campaign for permanent independence, although other Criollos remained loyal to Spain. 1464:

For many decades thereafter, historians derided the Parliamentary Republic as a quarrel-prone system that merely distributed spoils and clung to its laissez-faire policy while national problems mounted. The characterization is epitomized by an observation made by President

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composed of various nomadic tribes, who supported themselves through fishing and hunting (and who in Pacific/Pacific Coast immigration scenario would be descended partly from the most ancient settlers). No elaborate, centralized, sedentary civilization reigned supreme.

954:, and it was far from having unanimous support among Chileans, who became divided between independentists and royalists. What started as an elitist political movement against their colonial master, finally ended as a full-fledged civil war between pro-Independence 2263:

established that in 1988 there would be another plebiscite in which the voters would accept or reject a single candidate proposed by the Military Junta. Pinochet was, as expected, the candidate proposed, but was denied a second 8-year term by 54.5% of the vote.

1820:'s website reports that the agency aided three different Chilean opposition groups during that time period and "sought to instigate a coup to prevent Allende from taking office". The action plans to prevent Allende from coming to power were known as Track I and 1572:

A double military coup set off a period of great political instability that lasted until 1932. First military right-wingers opposing Alessandri seized power in September 1924, and then reformers in favor of the ousted president took charge in January 1925. The

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By 1973, Chilean society had grown highly polarized, between strong opponents and equally strong supporters of Salvador Allende and his government. Military actions and movements, separate from the civilian authority, began to manifest in the countryside. The

5413:. Coleccion de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional (in Spanish). Vol. IX (Instituto Chileno de Cultura Hispánica, Academia Chilena de la Historia ed.). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta de La Estrella de Chile. p. 483. 1175:, being the two last the main movements that prevailed and absorbed the rest. The abolition of slavery in 1823—long before most other countries in the Americas—was considered one of the Pipiolos' few lasting achievements. One Pipiolo leader from the south, 1472:

At the mercy of Congress, cabinets came and went frequently, although there was more stability and continuity in public administration than some historians have suggested. Chile also temporarily resolved its border disputes with Argentina with the

5399:. Coleccion de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional (in Spanish). Vol. VIII (Instituto Chileno de Cultura Hispánica, Academia Chilena de la Historia ed.). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta de La Estrella de Chile. 5427:. Coleccion de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional (in Spanish). Vol. X (Instituto Chileno de Cultura Hispánica, Academia Chilena de la Historia ed.). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta de La Estrella de Chile. 5752:. Coleccion de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional (in Spanish). Vol. XXIII (Instituto Chileno de Cultura Hispánica, Academia Chilena de la Historia ed.). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Elzeviriana. 5450:. Coleccion de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional (in Spanish). Vol. II (Instituto Chileno de Cultura Hispánica, Academia Chilena de la Historia ed.). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta del Ferrocarril. 1801:

and Frei's refusal to form an alliance with Alessandri to oppose Allende – on the grounds that the Christian Democrats were a workers' party and could not make common cause with the oligarchs – Allende was chosen by a vote of 153 to 35.

5728:. Coleccion de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional (in Spanish). Vol. XXII (Instituto Chileno de Cultura Hispánica, Academia Chilena de la Historia ed.). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Elzeviriana. 2205:. In 1983 another five banks were nationalized and two banks had to be put under government supervision. The central bank took over foreign debts. Critics ridiculed the economic policy of the Chicago Boys as "Chicago way to socialism“. 1179:, rode in and out of the presidency several times (1823–1827, 1828, 1829, 1830) but could not sustain his authority. From May 1827 to September 1831, with the exception of brief interventions by Freire, the presidency was occupied by 2492:) and over a million people lost their homes. The earthquake was also followed by multiple aftershocks. Initial damage estimates were in the range of US$ 15–30 billion, around 10 to 15 percent of Chile's real gross domestic product. 1887:, plummeting private investment, and withdrawal of bank deposits in response to Allende's socialist program. Production fell and unemployment rose. The combination of inflation and government-mandated price-fixing led to the rise of 5577:. Coleccion de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional (in Spanish). Vol. XV (Instituto Chileno de Cultura Hispánica, Academia Chilena de la Historia ed.). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Ercilla. 1930:

asserted that Chilean democracy had broken down and called for "redirecting government activity", to restore constitutional rule. Less than a month later, on September 11, 1973, the Chilean military deposed Allende, who

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By the early 20th century, both parties were winning increasing numbers of seats in Congress. The more leftist members of the Democrat Party became involved in the leadership of labor unions and broke off to launch the

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became Minister of Finance from 1985 to 1989, introducing a more pragmatic economic policy. He allowed the peso to float and reinstated restrictions on the movement of capital in and out of the country. He introduced

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The political revolt brought little social change, however, and 19th century Chilean society preserved the essence of the stratified colonial social structure, which was greatly influenced by family politics and the

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Although Valdivia found little gold in Chile he could see the agricultural richness of the land. He continued his explorations of the region west of the Andes and founded over a dozen towns and established the first

2641:.The Republican party won 22 out of the 51 seats, with right-wing parties winning another 11 seats, in the assembly tasked with drawing up Chile's new constitution. In December 2023, Chilean voters rejected in a 484:

Failure to address the economic and social increases and increasing political awareness of the less-affluent population, as well as indirect intervention and economic funding to the main political groups by the

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pressure from younger military officers, who were sick of the neglect of the armed forces, political infighting, social unrest, and galloping inflation, whose program was frustrated by a conservative congress.

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In the 1870s, the church influence started to diminish slightly with the passing of several laws that took some old roles of the church into the State's hands such as the registry of births and marriages.

3089: 2584:, while 21.72 per cent rejected the change. Voter turnout was 51 per cent. A second vote was held on April 11, 2021, to select 155 Chileans who form the convention which will draft the new constitution. 644:

unable to exert control in the south. During their attempts at conquest in 1460 and again in 1491, the Incas established forts in the Central Valley of Chile, but they could not colonize the region. The

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Chile was the least wealthy realm of the Spanish Crown for most of its colonial history. Only in the 18th century did a steady economic and demographic growth begin, an effect of the reforms by Spain's

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The Spaniards never subjugated the Mapuche territories; various attempts at conquest, both by military and peaceful means, failed. The Great Uprising of 1598 swept all Spanish presence south of the

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initiated a period of major reform. Under the slogan "Revolution in Liberty", the Frei administration embarked on far-reaching social and economic programs, particularly in education, housing, and

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has been populated since at least 3000 BC. By the 16th century, Spanish invaders began to raid the region of present-day Chile, and the territory was a colony between 1540 and 1818, when it gained

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immigrants and traders. Like the church, the landed aristocracy felt threatened by O'Higgins, resenting his attempts to eliminate noble titles and, more important, to eliminate entailed estates.

5464:(Santiago: Ediciones Universidad Católica de Chile); a compendium of indicators, from macroeconomic aggregates to demographic trends and social policies, focused on economic and social history; 1079:

on April 5, 1818. San Martín then led his Argentine and Chilean followers north to liberate Peru; and fighting continued in Chile's southern provinces, the bastion of the royalists, until 1826.

977:. Depending on what terms one uses to define the end, the movement extended until 1821 (when the Spanish were expelled from mainland Chile) or 1826 (when the last Spanish troops surrendered and 6211: 2431:, expecting a boom in import and export of local produce and becoming a regional trade-hub. Continuing the coalition's free trade strategy, in August 2006 President Bachelet promulgated a 1797:. This procedure had previously been a near-formality, yet became quite fraught in 1970. After assurances of legality on Allende's part, the murder of the Army Commander-in-Chief, General 1010:, an aristocrat then in his mid-twenties. The military-educated Carrera was a heavy-handed ruler who aroused widespread opposition. Another of the earliest advocates of full independence, 2051:. At least a thousand people were executed during the first six months of Pinochet in office, and at least two thousand more were killed during the next sixteen years, as reported by the 4654: 1646:

dictatorship. When constitutional rule was restored in 1932, a strong middle-class party, the Radicals, emerged. It became the key force in coalition governments for the next 20 years.

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On 11 March 2022, Gabriel Boric was sworn in as president to succeed outgoing President Sebastian Pinera. Out of 24 members of Gabriel Boric's female-majority Cabinet, 14 are women.

4717: 4623: 4533: 2319:" which could be proved and registered. Of course, the very nature of "disappearances" made such investigations very difficult. The same problem arose, several years later, with the 1642:

The longest lasting of the ten governments between 1924 and 1932 was that of General Carlos Ibáñez, who briefly held power in 1925 and then again between 1927 and 1931 in what was a

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Despite such diversity, it is possible to classify the indigenous people into three major cultural groups: the northern people, who developed rich handicrafts and were influenced by

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postponed the date of the elections, while Chile was one of the hardest hit nations in the Americas as of May 2020. On October 25, 2020, Chileans voted 78.28 per cent in favor of a

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After his success Bulnes was elected president in 1841. He served two terms (1841–1846, 1846–1851). His administration concentrated on the occupation of the territory, especially

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in 1836 with a desire to expand control over Argentina and Chile. Portales got Congress to declare war on the Confederation. Portales was killed by traitors in 1837. The general

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The beginning of the Independence movement is traditionally dated as of September 18, 1810, when a national junta was established to govern Chile in the name of the deposed king

2062:, dissolved the national congress, banned union activities, prohibited strikes and collective bargaining, and erased the Allende administration's agrarian and economic reforms. 1453:

authority over the chief executive's cabinet appointees. In turn, Congress was dominated by the landed elites. This was the heyday of classic political and economic liberalism.

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However, amid mounting discontent, troops from the northern and southern provinces forced O'Higgins to resign. Embittered, O'Higgins departed for Peru, where he died in 1842.

4453: 2886: 7319: 6235: 2622: 1579:(ruido de sables) incident of September 1924, provoked by discontent of young officers, mostly lieutenants from middle and working classes, lead to the establishment of the 1437: 5642: 1654: 3749: 2370: 2304:, received an absolute majority of votes (55%). President Aylwin served from 1990 to 1994, in what was considered a transition period. In February 1991 Aylwin created the 1482: 564:

archaeological site, which predates the Clovis site by thousands of years. Specific early human settlement sites from the very early human habitation in Chile include the

7153: 4593: 1072:. San Martín considered the liberation of Chile a strategic stepping-stone to the emancipation of Peru, which he saw as the key to hemispheric victory over the Spanish. 5740: 5716: 970:. The struggle for independence was a war within the upper class, although the majority of troops on both sides consisted of conscripted mestizos and Native Americans. 5568: 3635: 1906:

In addition, Nixon gave instructions to make the Chilean economy scream, and international financial pressure restricted economic credit to Chile. Simultaneously, the

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to become the country's youngest ever leader, after the most polarizing election since democracy was restored, defeating right wing pinochetist and leader of the

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was elected president of Chile for a second term. He received 36% of the votes, the highest percentage among all 8 candidates. In the second round, Piñera faced

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In 2013, Bachelet, a Social Democrat, was elected again as president, seeking to make the structural changes claimed in recent years by the society relative to

1636: 4965: 2427:(comprising a free trade agreement and political and cultural agreements), in 2003, an extensive free trade agreement with the United States, and in 2004 with 4676: 2197:

with a surge in unemployment and a meltdown of the financial sector. 16 out of 50 financial institutions faced bankruptcy. In 1982 the two biggest banks were

1469:(1910–1915), reputedly made in reference to labor unrest: "There are only two kinds of problems: those that solve themselves and those that can't be solved." 6968: 6372: 7198: 4831: 3943: 1923: 616:

language, they did use a common tongue. Those in what became central Chile were more settled and more likely to use irrigation. Those in the south combined

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The military junta began to change during the late 1970s. Due to problems with Pinochet, Leigh was expelled from the junta in 1978 and replaced by General

900:. In that post, he obeyed the viceroy of Peru and, through him, the King of Spain and his bureaucracy. Responsible to the governor, town councils known as 7193: 1478: 1368: 516: 7223: 2511:

Despite good macroeconomic indicators, there was increased social dissatisfaction, focused on demands for better and fairer education, culminating in

1771:" (UP or "Unidad Popular") coalition of the Socialist, Communist, Radical, and Social-Democratic Parties, along with dissident Christian Democrats, the 6938: 5970: 3054:). It has been interpreted later as "big foot" but the etymologyrefers to a literary character in a Spanish novel of the early 16th century (see text). 5684:

Crónica del Reino de Chile, escrita por el capitán Pedro Mariño de Lobera... reducido a nuevo método y estilo por el Padre Bartolomé de Escobar (1593)

3634:, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 123, edited by Peter Kornbluh, posted May 26, 2004. This particular dialogue can be found at 7293: 2190:

characterized by the absence of registration lists, on September 11, 1980, and General Pinochet became president of the republic for an 8-year term.

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with hunting. Of the three Araucanian groups, the one that mounted the fiercest resistance to the attempts at seizure of their territory were the

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was noted in polls as particularly divisive in Chile. In May 2023, the far-right Republican Party became first in Chilean Constitutional Council

2581: 7268: 5942: 1606:. They returned Alessandri to the presidency that March and enacted his promised reforms by decree. The latter re-assumed power in March, and a 1086:

was officially issued by Chile on February 12, 1818, and formally recognized by Spain in 1840, when full diplomatic relations were established.

6251: 4646: 1288: 203: 7108: 4290: 2553:, a television news anchor who represented Bachelet's New Majority (Nueva Mayoría) coalition. Piñera won the elections with 54% of the votes. 1985:. For instance, in 1976, the New York Times published 66 articles on human rights abuses in Chile and only 4 on Cambodia, where the communist 7428: 7258: 6422: 4740: 1673:

supported Ibáñez's candidacy, which had been announced on September 4. In order to preempt Ross's victory, the National Socialists mounted a

1628: 1238:. For the next forty years, Chile's armed forces would be distracted from meddling in politics by skirmishes and defensive operations on the 7133: 7248: 5614:. Colección de Documentos Inéditos para la Historia de España (in Spanish). Vol. XLVIII. Madrid, Spain: Imprenta de la Viuda de Calero 4709: 4615: 4525: 3969: 3323: 2638: 2539: 2448: 300: 5891: 2412:

coalition has continued to dominate Chilean politics for last two decades. In January 2006 Chileans elected their first female president,

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Drake, Paul. "International Crises and Popular Movements in Latin America: Chile and Peru from the Great Depression to the Cold War," in

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later commented that the retired general's televised arrival had damaged the image of Chile, while thousands demonstrated against him.

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Toward the end of the 19th century, the government in Santiago consolidated its position in the south by persistently suppressing the

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dominance (1932–1952), the state increased its role in the economy. In 1952, voters returned Ibáñez to office for another 6 years.

1195:. After the defeat of his liberal army at the Battle of Lircay on April 17, 1830, Freire, like O'Higgins, went into exile in Peru. 54: 5055: 4329: 7273: 2527: 825:

After this initial excursion there was little interest from colonial authorities in further exploring modern-day Chile. However,

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Chileans elected a new president and the majority of members of a two-chamber congress on December 14, 1989. Christian Democrat

1786:. In the end, Allende received a plurality of the votes cast, getting 36% of the vote against Alessandri's 35% and Tomic's 28%. 7013: 6931: 6118: 5963: 3995: 2843: 2642: 2626: 2362: 959: 7218: 4563: 4269: 3192: 2984: 1565:

also rallied to his banner. At the same time, he reassured the landowners that social reforms would be limited to the cities.

7083: 6427: 6243: 4478: 4188: 3911: 3555: 3018: 1542: 1486: 1443: 951: 7178: 3811: 2808: 660:, which subsequently became the boundary between the Incan empire and the Mapuche lands until the arrival of the Spaniards. 6779: 6617: 5646: 4904: 4554: 4035:

Valdivia Ortiz de Zarate, Veronica (2003). "Terrorism and Political Violence during the Pinochet Years: Chile, 1973-1989".

3859: 2783: 2512: 2283: 2047:. The junta jailed, tortured, and executed thousands of Chileans. In October 1973, at least 72 people were murdered by the 1670: 720: 323: 7288: 7138: 7118: 7068: 5600:(in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Instituto Chileno de Estudios Humanísticos (ICHEH) and Centro de Estudios Sociales (CESOC). 3282: 906:

administered local municipalities, the most important of which was Santiago, which was the seat of a Royal Appeals Court (

7337: 3608: 3591: 2955: 1900: 1748: 1731: 1696: 1083: 7683: 5906: 4421: 4380: 2633:

and strongly backed by President Boric. Prior to the dismissal of the proposed constitution the issue of constitutional

7183: 6477: 5682: 5265:

Chile and the United States, 1880–1962: The Emergence of Chile's Social Crisis and challenge to United States Diplomacy

5157: 3933: 3150: 2918: 2880: 2300: 1700: 552: 175: 4874: 1025:

The second period was characterized by the Spanish attempts to reimpose arbitrary rule during the period known as the

696:

to describe the native people whom his expedition thought to be giants. It is now believed the Patagons were actually

386: 7421: 6924: 6807: 5956: 5368: 5217: 5086: 4558: 4212: 4113: 3832: 3743: 3699: 3186: 2630: 1727: 1428:. Defeated, Balmaceda fled to Argentina's embassy, where he committed suicide. Jorge Montt became the new president. 267: 1653:

took place on September 5, 1938, in the midst of a heated three-way election campaign between the ultraconservative

1416:

was elected president. His economic policies visibly changed the existing liberal policies. He began to violate the

1038:

independence, regardless of who sat on the throne of Spain. As the leader of guerrilla raids against the Spaniards,

7158: 7078: 5095:

Antezana-Pernet, Corinne. "Peace in the World and Democracy at Home: The Chilean Women's Movement in the 1940s" in

4133: 2573: 2572:. On 15 November, most of the political parties represented in the National Congress signed an agreement to call a 17: 3302: 3124: 7508: 7098: 6878: 6515: 6387: 6367: 6278: 6259: 6131: 6073: 4358: 2755: 2398: 2273: 1939:

was surrounded and bombed. Subsequently, rather than restore governmental authority to the civilian legislature,

1871:

fell during the administration's first year. However, these results were not sustainable and in 1972 the Chilean

1772: 1447: 1273: 524: 356: 318: 137: 7533: 7143: 7103: 5212:

Harvey, Robert. "Liberators: Latin America`s Struggle For Independence, 1810–1830". John Murray, London (2000).

3615:, Chile Documentation Project, National Security Archive, September 19, 2000. Accessed online November 26, 2006. 2496: 2278: 1136: 6580: 5605: 5070: 3671: 3655: 3073: 2596: 1970: 1793:, keeping with tradition, conducted a runoff vote between the leading candidates, Allende and former president 1075:

Chile won its formal independence when San Martín defeated the last large Spanish force on Chilean soil at the

1064:. Their combined army freed Chile with a daring assault over the Andes in 1817, defeating the Spaniards at the 716: 476:. The country's economic development was successively marked by the export of first agricultural produce, then 448: 277: 7396: 5582: 2715: 2029: 1998: 1591: 1420:

and slowly began to establish a dictatorship. Congress decided to depose Balmaceda, who refused to step down.

1364: 1292: 504: 295: 262: 7243: 7233: 6549: 6362: 5869: 5851: 2592: 1300: 1143:, who was executed by the Argentine regime in Mendoza in 1821, as were his two brothers three years earlier. 1039: 1027: 981:

was incorporated into the Chilean republic). The independence process is normally divided into three stages:

848:

that show to genius military and hero of the Arauco war after the arrival of the Spanish to Chilean territory

7283: 2515:

demanding more democratic and equitable institutions. Approval of Piñera's administration fell irrevocably.

1891:

in rice, beans, sugar, and flour, and a "disappearance" of such basic commodities from supermarket shelves.

700:

with an average height of 1.80 m (~5′11″) compared to the 1.55 m (~5′1″) average for Spaniards of the time.

7700: 7613: 7573: 7414: 7058: 6554: 6510: 6357: 6308: 6163: 5588:

Historia de Todas las Cosas que han Acaecido en el Reino de Chile y de los que lo han gobernado (1536–1575)

5418: 5404: 5390: 2451:(P4), also signed under Lagos' presidency. Regionally, she has signed bilateral free trade agreements with 2260: 2183: 1927: 1666: 1607: 1599: 1557:

By the 1920s, the emerging middle and working classes were powerful enough to elect a reformist president,

1228: 1104: 536: 381: 333: 272: 2602:. The center-left and center-right political conglomerates alternating power during the last 32 years (ex- 7695: 7468: 7038: 7028: 6837: 6762: 6691: 6203: 6148: 5586: 3507: 3357: 2725: 2705: 927: 473: 160: 63: 7371: 7313: 7303: 7253: 5422: 5408: 5394: 863:

people, who opposed European conquest and colonization until the 1880s; this resistance is known as the

7213: 7128: 7023: 6658: 6467: 6457: 6417: 6298: 6111: 3880: 3586: 3395:"Chile and the United States: Declassified Documents Relating to the Military Coup, September 11, 1973" 2730: 2695: 1790: 1598:

as interim government while waiting for Alessandri's return. The latter group was led by two colonels,

967: 897: 783: 376: 127: 7608: 7503: 7168: 3606:

CIA Acknowledges Ties to Pinochet’s Repression Report to Congress Reveals U.S. Accountability in Chile

1351: 1186:

In August 1828, Pinto's first year in office, Chile abandoned its short-lived federalist system for a

213: 7727: 7360: 7278: 7088: 6715: 6303: 6288: 5823: 3042:, 1524: "Il capitano generale nominò questi popoli Patagoni." The original word would probably be in 2945: 2700: 2082: 1932: 1100: 441: 371: 361: 236: 34: 7163: 5678: 5454: 5318: 7488: 7228: 7203: 6988: 6842: 6532: 6392: 6382: 6078: 5987: 5979: 5475: 4298: 4171:

Fischer, Karin (2009). "The Influence of Neoliberals in Chile before, during, and after Pinochet".

2788: 2778: 2773: 2735: 2499:

in 2010. On 5 August 2010, the access tunnel collapsed at the San José copper and gold mine in the

1978: 1764: 1752: 1522: 1506: 596: 180: 7523: 6998: 4062:

Petras, James; Vieux, Steve (July 1990). "The Chilean 'Economic Miracle': An Empirical Critique".

1413: 1406: 942:

The drive for independence from Spain was precipitated by the usurpation of the Spanish throne by

7643: 7463: 7043: 6947: 6681: 6407: 6347: 2768: 2475: 2331: 2233: 2037: 2028:

by physicians, teachers, students, truck owners, copper workers, and the small business class. A

1678: 1558: 1551: 1474: 1355:

Territorial losses of the Republic of Chile de jure (by law) according to Chilean historiography.

1315: 1304: 1260: 1180: 1061: 1054: 494: 5258:

Courage Tastes of Blood: The Mapuche Community of Nicolás Ailío and the Chilean State, 1906–2001

3965: 3497: 3315: 2488:, the fifth largest ever recorded at the time. More than 500 people died (most from the ensuing 2032:

overthrew Allende on September 11, 1973. As the armed forces bombarded the presidential palace (

1379:, and a considerable fraction of the territory it had during colonial times. As a result of the 1268: 7483: 7473: 7448: 7376: 7173: 7048: 6802: 6544: 6412: 5897: 5875:

La guerra a muerte: memoria sobre las últimas campañas de la Independencia de Chile (1819–1824)

5188: 5100: 2366: 2249: 2044: 1982: 1836: 1650: 1518: 1425: 1234:

Portales also achieved his objectives by wielding dictatorial powers, censoring the press, and

1114: 974: 915: 546: 99: 69: 7518: 5879: 5861: 5692: 5148: 1391:(1879–1883), Chile expanded its territory northward by almost one-third and acquired valuable 1164: 1140: 1007: 7668: 7658: 7623: 7381: 7238: 7113: 7073: 7063: 6973: 6963: 6732: 6653: 6522: 6326: 6219: 6104: 5330:(in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta, Litografía i Encuadernación Barcelona. p. 550. 4504: 4087: 2565: 2546: 2485: 2467: 2402: 2335: 2090: 1948: 1768: 1703: 1685: 1658: 1498: 1345: 1204: 1160: 1011: 936: 542: 366: 198: 89: 7453: 5744: 5720: 5696: 5322: 1867:, nationalized, or subjected to state intervention. Industrial output increased sharply and 1456: 7598: 7578: 7558: 7478: 6747: 6648: 6643: 6570: 6539: 6527: 6293: 6050: 5995: 3464: 3439: 3414: 2676: 2432: 2316: 2241: 2033: 2002: 1944: 1936: 1827:

In the first year of Allende's term, the short-term economic results of Economics Minister

1805:

The Popular Unity platform included the nationalization of U.S. interests in Chile's major

1624: 1614: 1424:, among others, directed an armed conflict against Balmaceda, which soon extended into the 995: 943: 652:(c. 1471–1493) and his army. The result of the bloody three-day confrontation known as the 584: 170: 7603: 7553: 7208: 5887: 5841: 5663: 4227: 3624: 3394: 2599: 2357:

In 1998, Pinochet travelled to London for back surgery. But under orders of Spanish judge

1466: 8: 7593: 7003: 6852: 6742: 6575: 6487: 6472: 6168: 6061: 6040: 6030: 6015: 4385: 3717: 2690: 1880: 1810: 1723: 1711: 1662: 1065: 1050: 989: 890: 653: 649: 7263: 4996: 4934: 4800: 4770: 3529: 3247: 3218: 1613:

The new constitution gave increased powers to the presidency. Alessandri broke with the

7437: 6993: 6983: 6822: 6774: 6752: 6737: 6701: 6505: 6482: 6462: 6397: 6335: 6179: 6045: 6020: 6000: 5354: 5342: 5108:

Labor in Latin America: Comparative Essays on Chile, Argentina, Venezuela, and Colombia

4319: 4079: 3043: 2740: 2587:

On 19 December 2021, leftist candidate, the 35-year-old former student protest leader,

2569: 2550: 2519: 2351: 2347: 1756: 1590:

However, fears of a conservative restoration in progressive sectors of the army led to

1380: 1372: 1326: 1243: 1239: 1022:

on October 12. O'Higgins, Carrera and many of the Chilean rebels escaped to Argentina.

1019: 885: 845: 807: 803: 775: 708: 693: 497: 218: 165: 7123: 5103:, ed. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1994, pp. 166–186. 3281:. Washington, D.C.: Chile Documentation Project, The National Security Archive. 2000. 2358: 1299:

made important intellectual advances in this period, most notably the creation of the

1076: 810:

on November 1, 1520. However, the title of discoverer of Chile is usually assigned to

7663: 7653: 7588: 7568: 7563: 7548: 7018: 7008: 6978: 6958: 6832: 6769: 6668: 6602: 6594: 6441: 6283: 6187: 6025: 6005: 5873: 5855: 5837: 5631: 5487: 5364: 5273: 5213: 5141: 5082: 4854: 4208: 4184: 4109: 4083: 3739: 3695: 3667: 3146: 3069: 3033: 3014: 2914: 2876: 2720: 2577: 2413: 2393: 2374: 2225: 2224:. In the late 1980s, the government gradually permitted greater freedom of assembly, 2209: 902: 868: 836: 830: 826: 815: 796: 779: 755: 724: 672: 627: 565: 338: 117: 5904: 5502: 4966:"El debate sobre el reconocimiento del "Estado plurinacional" divide a los chilenos" 3991: 2835: 1798: 1674: 1348:. A strong presidency eventually emerged, but wealthy landowners remained powerful. 1250: 7633: 7628: 7618: 7053: 7033: 6871: 6794: 6696: 6631: 6402: 6377: 6352: 6227: 5807: 5792: 5778: 5764: 5687:. Crónicas del Reino de Chile (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: Atlas. pp. 227–562. 5074: 4549: 4265: 4176: 4071: 3659: 3559: 3415:"CIA, Report of CIA Chilean Task Force Activities, 15 September to 3 November 1970" 3181: 2976: 2710: 2634: 2523: 2381:

military march tunes, which was awaiting him at the airport in Santiago. President

2253: 2221: 2048: 2011: 1966: 1958: 1940: 1794: 1783: 1741: 1689: 1632: 1610:

encapsulating his proposed reforms was ratified in a plebiscite in September 1925.

1526: 1510: 1338: 1281: 947: 811: 759: 735: 704: 697: 569: 508: 500: 328: 208: 7583: 7538: 7148: 5651:(in Spanish) (Universidad de Chile ed.). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Cervantes. 5591:. Crónicas del Reino de Chile (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: Atlas. pp. 75–224. 4474: 4017: 3901: 3097: 2812: 2542:) became public, threatening the credibility of the political and business class. 2237: 2085:. Economic reforms were drafted by a group of technocrats who became known as the 2024:

The crippled economy was further battered by prolonged and sometimes simultaneous

1120: 1109: 604: 7638: 6817: 6812: 6686: 6663: 6035: 5801:(in Spanish). Vol. III. Valparaíso, Chile: Imprenta i Libreria del Mercurio. 5796: 5782: 5768: 5609: 5572: 5558: 5544: 5530: 5516: 5445: 5358: 4537: 4234: 4091: 3877:"Chile: Reports: Truth Commissions: Library & Links: U.S. Institute of Peace" 3863: 3801: 3642: 3631: 3612: 2750: 2531: 2343: 2295: 2229: 2214: 2198: 2059: 1864: 1844: 1603: 1584: 1580: 1235: 1192: 872: 712: 94: 7513: 7458: 7386: 5846:. Crónicas del Reino de Chile (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: Atlas. pp. 1–74. 5787:(in Spanish). Vol. II. Valparaíso, Chile: Imprenta i Libreria del Mercurio. 5158:"An overview of the Mapuche and Aztec military response to the Spanish Conquest" 3856: 2603: 2007: 1296: 1176: 751: 560:, or even trans-Pacific migration. These theories are backed by findings in the 7298: 6887: 6847: 6827: 6784: 6727: 6195: 5773:(in Spanish). Vol. I. Valparaíso, Chile: Imprenta i Libreria del Mercurio. 5563:(in Spanish). Vol. I & II. Paris, France: Imprenta de E. Thunot y Cia. 5113: 4075: 3303:

http://www.glamorama.cl/medio/articulo/0,0,38035857_178048856_151840537,00.html

2745: 2500: 2424: 2245: 2194: 2066: 1884: 1828: 1821: 1779: 1220: 1213: 963: 955: 617: 557: 477: 427: 122: 5294:

Battling for Hearts and Minds: Memory Struggles in Pinochet's Chile, 1973–1988

4180: 3605: 3355: 3345:"A Draconian Cure for Chile's Economic Ills?". BusinessWeek. January 12, 1976. 3278: 1321: 962:

Criollos, who supported the continued allegiance to and permanence within the

7721: 7673: 7648: 7493: 7329: 5910: 5191:, ed. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1994, 109–140. 5051: 5046: 2588: 2382: 2339: 2320: 2309: 2228:, and association, to include trade union and political activity. Due to the 2202: 2074: 2052: 2025: 1896: 1832: 1619: 1595: 1277: 1187: 739: 5935: 5241:

Spanish Policy in Colonial Chile: the Struggle for Social Justice, 1535–1700

5161: 5117:

By Reason or Force: Chile and the Balancing Power of South America 1830–1905

5064:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 142–160. 4586:"Chile's once and future president, Michelle Bachelet, wins runoff election" 2416:, of the Socialist Party. She was sworn in on March 11, 2006, extending the 1835:

were unambiguously favorable: 12% industrial growth and an 8.6% increase in

723:

archipelago. The Argentine politico-economic Patagonic Region includes the

683:, who were considered giants by Spaniards during Magellan's voyage of 1520. 7498: 6916: 6892: 6673: 6612: 6607: 6497: 5948: 5662:. Washington, D.C.: United States National Security Council. Archived from 5302:

Out of the Ashes: The Life, Death and Transfiguration of Democracy in Chile

4044: 3068:(in Spanish) (1st ed.). Buenos Aires: Emecé Editores S.A. p. 29. 2662: 2466:

After 20 years, Chile went in a new direction with the win of center-right

2170: 2086: 2070: 1888: 1868: 1840: 1417: 1311: 983: 743: 600: 520: 413: 155: 5549:(in Spanish). Vol. IV. Paris, France: En casa del autor. p. 506. 5233:

La Frontera: Forests and Ecological Conflict in Chile's Frontier Territory

4832:"Chile cierra la campaña de las elecciones más polarizadas de su historia" 4350: 1919:

was a failed military coup d'état attempted against Allende in June 1973.

588: 7543: 7528: 6172: 5896:(in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: ARTEHISTORIA REVISTA DIGITAL. Archived from 5554: 5540: 5526: 5512: 2607: 2428: 1986: 1575: 1421: 1395:

deposits, the exploitation of which led to an era of national affluence.

1267:

Prieto and his adviser, Portales, feared the efforts of Bolivian general

1033: 747: 657: 640: 579: 561: 84: 5469: 5410:

Descripción Histórica y Geografía del Reino de Chile Vol. II (1626–1787)

5349:(in Spanish). Vol. I–IV. Santiago, Chile: Imprenta del Ferrocarril. 4129: 1547: 5746:

Historia Natural, Militar, Civil y Sagrada del Reino de Chile (Vol. II)

5396:

Descripción Histórica y Geografía del Reino de Chile Vol. I (1542–1626)

5079:

The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World

4647:"Fire kills three in ransacked Chile supermarket as protests intensify" 3664:

The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World

3120: 2685: 2535: 2377: 2187: 1916: 1256: 1125: 864: 855: 787: 680: 132: 7406: 5722:

Historia Natural, Militar, Civil y Sagrada del Reino de Chile (Vol. I)

5704:(in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Elzeviriana. pp. 1, 006. 4970: 4875:"Gabriel Boric, 36, sworn in as president to herald new era for Chile" 3938: 3689: 3558:. Washington, D.C.: Hinchey Report. September 18, 2000. Archived from 2504: 2174:

Chilean (orange) and average Latin American (blue) rates of growth of

1402: 1045: 5933: 5648:

Compendio historial del Descubrimiento y Conquista del Reino de Chile

5385:(in Spanish) (5th ed.). Santiago, Chile: Editorial del Pacífico. 4048: 3502: 2645:

a proposed new constitution drafted by a conservative-led committee.

2440: 2093:

professors. Under these new policies, the rate of inflation dropped:

2018: 1989:

killed some 1.5 million people of 7.5 million people in the country.

1876: 1736: 1376: 1172: 763: 668: 608: 573: 5893:

Crónica y relación copiosa y verdadera de los reinos de Chile (1558)

5482:(in Spanish). Vol. I–XX. Santiago, Chile: Editorial Nascimento. 5436:(in Spanish). Vol. 2. Santiago, Chile: Empresa Editora Zig-Zag. 5011:"Chile voters reject conservative constitution in second referendum" 4130:"Country Study of Chile: Authoritarianism Defeated by Its Own Rules" 2576:

in April 2020 regarding the creation of a new Constitution. But the

2036:), Allende committed suicide. A military government, led by General 1843:

projects helped reduce unemployment. Much of the banking sector was

1303:. But political tensions, including a liberal rebellion, led to the 978: 792: 656:

was that the Inca conquest of the territories of Chile ended at the

6903: 6757: 5147:(4th ed.). New York: University of California Press. pp. 4905:"Chile's president-elect names progressive, majority-women cabinet" 4710:"One month on: Protests in Chile persist despite gov't concessions" 4354: 4324: 3906: 3806: 2610:) ended up in fourth and fifth place of the presidential election. 2460: 1707: 1168: 1002:

Chile's first experiment with self-government, the "Patria Vieja" (

731: 676: 599:; the Araucanian culture, who inhabited the area between the river 490: 5798:

Historia general de el Reyno de Chile: Flandes Indiano (1625–1655)

5784:

Historia general de el Reyno de Chile: Flandes Indiano (1554–1625)

5770:

Historia general de el Reyno de Chile: Flandes Indiano (1425–1553)

5045:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

3590:(in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico. August 17, 2003. Archived from 2298:, the candidate of a coalition of 17 political parties called the 1911:

anti-government groups became frequent, often leading to clashes.

1517:– POS) in 1912. The founder of the POS and its best-known leader, 1129: 6096: 4935:"Chile constitution: Voters overwhelmingly reject radical change" 4801:"Leftist Gabriel Boric to become Chile's youngest ever president" 4681: 4446:"New Chilean President Sworn In, Faces Reconstruction Challenges" 3636:

TELCON: September 16, 1973, 11:50 a.m. Kissinger Talking to Nixon

2556: 2489: 2324: 1856: 1760: 1392: 1388: 1360: 860: 841: 769: 688: 645: 632: 621: 5827: 5206:

Marxism and democracy in Chile: From 1932 to the fall of Allende

5119:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1965. 2949: 2369:

principle. Pinochet tried to defend himself by referring to the

2058:

The four-man junta headed by General Augusto Pinochet abolished

1903:

in Chile, in order to quickly destabilize Allende's government.

1631:. However, social discontents were also crushed, leading to the 5574:

Historia Geográfica, Natural y Civil del Reino de Chile Vol. II

5462:

Chile 1810–2010. La República en Cifras. Historical Statistics.

2452: 2444: 2312:

on human rights violations committed during the military rule.

2078: 1806: 1789:

Despite pressure from the government of the United States, the

5535:(in Spanish). Vol. III. Paris, France: En casa del autor. 5363:(in Spanish). Vol. I–XVI. Santiago, Chile: Rafael Jover. 3530:"Equipo Nizkor – CIA Activities in Chile – September 18, 2000" 2354:, by a very tight score of fewer than 200,000 votes (51,32%). 2323:, released in 2004 and which counted almost 30,000 victims of 958:

who sought political and economic independence from Spain and

6127: 5521:(in Spanish). Vol. II. Paris, France: En casa del autor. 5424:

Descripción Histórica y Geografía del Reino de Chile Vol. III

4997:"Chile constitution: Far-right party biggest in new assembly" 4291:"Moderate socialist Lagos wins Chilean presidential election" 4205:

Politics, policies, and economic development in Latin America

4106:

Politics, policies, and economic development in Latin America

3833:"JURIST | School of Law | University of Pittsburgh" 2436: 1860: 1242:, although some units got embroiled in domestic conflicts in 877: 703:

The Argentine portion of Patagonia includes the provinces of

469: 5860:(in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Cervantes. pp. 4132:. Washington, D.C.: US Library of Congress. March 31, 1994. 1809:

mines, the advancement of workers' rights, deepening of the

1209: 730:

The Chilean part of Patagonia embraces the southern part of

5878:(in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Nacional. pp. 5434:

Resumen de la Historia de Chile de Francisco Antonio Encina

3248:"Chile – Arturo Alessandri's Reformist Presidency, 1920–25" 2456: 1852: 1848: 1677:

that was intended to take down the rightwing government of

1501:, representing urban middle sectors and provincial elites. 1384: 932: 635:

were the original inhabitants of central and southern Chile

5905:

World Wide Web Virtual Library History Central Catalogue.

4248:"Man in the News: Patricio Aylwin; A Moderate Leads Chile" 3064:

Fondebrider, Jorge (2003). "chapter 1 (Ámbitos y voces)".

2240:, member of the junta since 1973 and representants of the 1094: 881:(war chief), but the European conquest was well underway. 5491: 4294: 4124: 4122: 2948:(1616). "Segunda Parte: Libro VII Cap. 18, 19 & 20". 2175: 1974: 1954: 1907: 1817: 1438:

History of Chile during the Parliamentary Era (1891–1925)

950:. The Chilean War of Independence was part of the larger 486: 4034: 3690:

Alejandra Marchevsky, Jeanne Theoharis (10 April 2006).

3498:"How 'weak' Allende was left out in the cold by the KGB" 2621:

On 4 September 2022, voters rejected overwhelmingly the

2373:, an argument rejected by the British justice. However, 1128:. The painting depicts a woman being kidnapped during a 918:

dynasty and a more stable situation along the frontier.

859:. The greatest resistance to Spanish rule came from the 5507:(in Spanish). Valparaíso, Chile: Imprenta del Comercio. 5129: 4266:"Chile elects new leader Late president's son wins big" 4228:

http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/87.88sp/Chile9755.htm

2423:

In 2002 Chile signed an association agreement with the

2089:

because many of them had been trained or influenced by

1957:

involvement in the coup is documented. As early as the

5069: 4156:

Monetarism and Liberalization: the Chilean Experiment.

4119: 3934:"El campo de concentración de Pinochet cumple 70 años" 3654: 1883:

that had begun in 1967 peaked in 1972, exacerbated by

1307:. In the end the conservatives defeated the liberals. 750:, also the fiords and islands south to the regions of 5124:

Ideas and Politics of Chilean Independence, 1808–1833

4616:"Sebastián Piñera wins Chile's presidential election" 2566:

violent protests about costs of living and inequality

2495:

Chile achieved global recognition for the successful

1135:

From 1817 to 1823, Bernardo O'Higgins ruled Chile as

527:

and initiate a succession of democratic governments.

5504:

Historia eclesiastica: Politica y literaria de Chile

5417: 5403: 5389: 5252:(3rd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 3356:

Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Activities.

3189:, Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs, January 2008 2652: 2613: 1992: 1060:

In exile in Argentina, O'Higgins joined forces with

4830:Montes, Federico Rivas Molina, Rocío (2021-11-19). 4771:"Jubilation as Chile votes to rewrite constitution" 4741:"Chile celebrates decision to rewrite constitution" 3213: 3211: 3209: 1778:Allende had two main competitors in the election — 1665:, and the newly formed Popular Alliance candidate, 1479:

Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina

1369:

Boundary Treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina

1227:The "Portalian State" was institutionalized by the 5630: 5611:Desengaño y reparo de la guerra del Reino de Chile 5604: 5480:Historia de Chile: desde la prehistoria hasta 1891 5440: 5272: 5243:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 5140: 3715:"The Soviet struggle for Third World domination". 2267: 1460:Picture of the 1915 presidential election in Chile 802:The first European to sight Chilean territory was 5581: 5567: 5353: 3625:The Kissinger Telcons: Kissinger Telcons on Chile 2481:On 27 February 2010, Chile was struck by an 8.8 M 1155:conservatives to seize national control in 1830. 7719: 5677: 5641: 5208:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 3866:Pinochet's rule: Repression and economic success 3465:"CIA, Operating Guidance Cable on Coup Plotting" 3206: 2306:National Commission for Truth and Reconciliation 1431: 1068:on February 12 and marking the beginning of the 1031:of 1814–1817 ("Reconquest": the term echoes the 5868: 5850: 5805: 5546:Historia física y política de Chile (1749–1808) 5532:Historia física y política de Chile (1638–1716) 5518:Historia física y política de Chile (1564–1638) 3090:"Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino (SEGEMAR)" 2913:. Langenscheidt Publishing Group. p. 381. 2282:"No" supporters celebrate their victory in the 1943:exploited his role as Commander of the Army to 1536: 1198: 818:'s partner, and he received the Southern area ( 607:, and lived primarily off agriculture; and the 7359: 5595: 4166: 4164: 3731: 3121:"Chile – Conquest and Colonization, 1535–1810" 770:European conquest and colonization (1540–1810) 7422: 7345: 6932: 6112: 5964: 5659:Operation Guide for the Conspiration in Chile 5347:Historia Jeneral de la Independencia de Chile 4738: 3857:http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/63821.stm 3685: 3683: 3598: 3582:"Admite hija de Allende suicidio de su padre" 3279:"Chile: 16,000 Secret Documents Declassified" 3242: 3240: 2872:Historia del pueblo mapuche: (siglo XIX y XX) 2420:coalition governance for another four years. 2342:, who won the presidency in an unprecedented 2043:The first years of the regime were marked by 1089: 449: 6946: 6085:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 5978: 5739: 5715: 5655: 5341: 5180:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press 1978. 5134:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 5126:. New York: Cambridge University Press 1967. 4859:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4732: 4707: 3039:Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo 2449:Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership 2252:was burnt alive in what became known as the 1775:(MAPU), and the Independent Popular Action. 1594:, which ended with the establishment of the 1325:Map showing changes of territory due to the 1049:Chilean and Argentinean troops going to the 910:) from 1609 until the end of colonial rule. 5934:Latin American Network Information Center. 5474: 5225:Crisis in Allende's Chile: New Perspectives 5155: 5110:. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1986. 4161: 4158:University of Chicago Press, 1991, S. xvii. 4061: 3440:"CIA, Cable Transmissions on Coup Plotting" 3219:"Chile – PARLIAMENTARY REPUBLIC, 1891–1925" 3063: 2081:as well as government welfare programs and 2065:The junta embarked on a radical program of 921: 530: 7429: 7415: 7352: 7338: 6939: 6925: 6119: 6105: 5971: 5957: 5500: 5460:Díaz, J.; Lüders. R. y Wagner, G. (2016). 5317: 5178:Socialism and Populism in Chile, 1932–1952 4542: 4154:Sebastián Edwards, Alejandra Cox Edwards: 3680: 3237: 2944: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2472:Chilean presidential election of 2009–2010 2289: 2021:had risen 600% under Allende's presidency. 1947:and to establish himself at the head of a 1759:of votes in a three-way contest. He was a 1332: 896:Valdivia became the first governor of the 556:rather rapid expansion long preceding the 456: 442: 5945:(book by Chilean historian Luis Galdames) 5130:Collier, Simon; William F. Sater (1994). 4409: 4407: 4245: 3732:Cardoso, Eliana A.; Helwege, Ann (1995). 2327:, among testimonies from 35,000 persons. 507:and the military dictatorship of General 5836: 5795:(1878). Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna (ed.). 5781:(1878). Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna (ed.). 5767:(1877). Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna (ed.). 5698:Diccionario Biográfico Colonial de Chile 5681:(1960). Fr. Bartolomé de Escobar (ed.). 5501:Eyzaguirre, José Ignacio Víctor (1850). 5250:Chile: The Legacy of Hispanic Capitalism 5199:. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 5050: 4526:More Quakes Shake Chile’s Infrastructure 4381:"Bachelet Sworn In As Chile's President" 3145: 3027: 2938: 2811:. US Department of State. Archived from 2392: 2277: 2169: 2006: 1901:organized and inserted secret operatives 1735: 1546: 1455: 1401: 1371:confirming Chilean sovereignty over the 1350: 1320: 1255: 1208: 1119: 1108: 1044: 1042:became a national symbol of resistance. 931: 835: 791: 626: 578: 493:, led to a political polarization under 7436: 6147: 5791: 5777: 5763: 5628: 5431: 5222: 5203: 4644: 4246:Christian, Shirley (16 December 1989). 4170: 3574: 3159:from the original on September 24, 2015 2857: 2244:, resigned in 1985 and was replaced by 1095:Constitutional organization (1818–1833) 686:The name Patagonia comes from the word 14: 7720: 5691: 5421:(1875). Miguel Luis Amunategui (ed.). 5407:(1875). Miguel Luis Amunategui (ed.). 5393:(1875). Miguel Luis Amunategui (ed.). 5377: 5299: 5283: 5267:. University of Notre Dame Press 1963. 4963: 4829: 4592:. Associated Press. 15 December 2013. 4404: 3972:from the original on 23 September 2015 3648: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3254:from the original on 23 September 2015 3225:from the original on 23 September 2015 2906: 2868: 2388: 2308:, which released in February 1991 the 2232:("slit throats case"), in which three 1847:. Many enterprises within the copper, 1717: 952:Spanish American independence movement 204:Colonization of the Strait of Magellan 7410: 7333: 6920: 6907: 6100: 5952: 5938:. USA: University of Texas at Austin. 5886: 5296:. Durham: Duke University Press 2006. 5270: 5260:. Durham: Duke University Press 2005. 5238: 5235:. Durham: Duke University Press 2014. 5194: 4945:from the original on 5 September 2022 4811:from the original on 20 December 2021 4751:from the original on 12 February 2021 4596:from the original on 16 December 2013 4503:. The Australia Times. Archived from 4481:from the original on 29 November 2022 3998:from the original on 25 February 2015 3510:from the original on January 23, 2023 3490: 3326:from the original on December 9, 2017 3174: 3008: 2833: 2330:In December 1993, Christian Democrat 521:deep market-oriented economic reforms 6908: 6373:Fjords, channels, sounds and straits 5822: 5560:Historia de la Independencia Chilena 5304:. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Gateway. 5138: 4915:from the original on 25 January 2022 4781:from the original on 2 November 2020 4689:from the original on 21 October 2019 4657:from the original on 20 October 2019 4566:from the original on 21 January 2017 4555:Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs 4378: 4351:"Chile elects first woman president" 3914:from the original on 9 December 2018 3752:from the original on 23 January 2023 3645:. Accessed online November 26, 2006. 3392: 3004: 3002: 2987:from the original on 21 January 2017 2900: 2827: 2784:Spanish colonization of the Americas 2315:This report counted 2,279 cases of " 2040:, took over control of the country. 1671:National Socialist Movement of Chile 1310:The last conservative president was 1249:The Portalian president was General 719:, as well as the eastern portion of 679:was composed of many tribes, mainly 5743:(1900). José Toribio Medina (ed.). 5719:(1900). José Toribio Medina (ed.). 5571:(1889). José Toribio Medina (ed.). 5553: 5539: 5525: 5511: 5486: 5324:Descubrimiento i conquista de Chile 5247: 4626:from the original on 16 August 2022 4136:from the original on August 5, 2011 3785: 3666:. UK: Basic Books. pp. 69–85. 3266: 1732:United States intervention in Chile 24: 6126: 5457:in the Spanish-language Knowledge. 5279:. New York: The Macmillan Company. 5275:The Revolutions in Spanish America 5025: 4885:from the original on 12 March 2022 4720:from the original on 17 March 2020 4645:Larsson, Naomi (20 October 2019). 4320:"Thousands march against Pinochet" 4297:. January 16, 2000. Archived from 4018:"Chile torture victims win payout" 3506:. London, UK. September 19, 2005. 3313: 3152:Carta a sus apoderados en la corte 3127:from the original on 5 August 2011 2809:"Covert Action in Chile 1963-1973" 2568:, resulting in Piñera declaring a 2508:live television around the world. 1483:1902 General Treaty of Arbitration 1280:defeated the Confederation in the 1183:, Freire's former vice president. 551:About 10,000 years ago, migrating 25: 7739: 5927: 5195:Drake, Paul; et al. (1994). 4739:Bill Chappell (26 October 2020). 4708:Sandra Cuffe (19 November 2019). 4559:United States Department of State 4475:"Billionaire wins Chile election" 3946:from the original on 29 July 2012 3773:El Último dia de Salvador Allende 3187:United States Department of State 3009:Jarpa, Francisco Fantini (2007). 2999: 2614:Gabriel Boric presidency (2022- ) 1993:Military dictatorship (1973–1990) 1728:Chilean nationalization of copper 1543:Presidential Republic (1925–1973) 1485:, though not without engaging in 1444:Argentine–Chilean naval arms race 523:. In 1990, Chile made a peaceful 7682: 7395: 7318: 7312: 6325: 5759:from the original on 2022-10-09. 5735:from the original on 2022-10-09. 5711:from the original on 2022-10-09. 5596:González Camus, Ignacio (1988). 5337:from the original on 2022-10-09. 5038: 3942:. Madrid, Spain. 12 April 2009. 3770: 3536:from the original on 13 May 2008 3401:from the original on 7 June 2006 3096:. March 23, 2021. Archived from 2669: 2655: 2334:, the son of previous president 1763:physician and member of Chile's 1375:, but conceding all of oriental 1191:caused a public uproar with his 624:, meaning "people of the land." 421: 407: 53: 5227:. New York: Praeger Publishers. 5003: 4989: 4978:from the original on 2022-09-23 4957: 4927: 4897: 4867: 4842:from the original on 2021-12-24 4823: 4793: 4763: 4701: 4669: 4638: 4608: 4578: 4519: 4501:"US ready to help Chile: Obama" 4493: 4467: 4456:from the original on 2022-11-29 4438: 4393:from the original on 2017-07-01 4372: 4361:from the original on 2013-11-09 4343: 4332:from the original on 2004-05-26 4312: 4283: 4272:from the original on 2008-05-26 4258: 4239: 4218: 4197: 4148: 4098: 4055: 4028: 4010: 3984: 3958: 3926: 3910:. London, UK. 10 January 2001. 3894: 3869: 3850: 3839:from the original on 2009-05-08 3825: 3814:from the original on 2008-02-26 3794: 3779: 3764: 3725: 3708: 3618: 3548: 3522: 3477:from the original on 2022-10-09 3452:from the original on 2022-10-09 3427:from the original on 2022-10-09 3386: 3374:from the original on 2022-10-09 3349: 3338: 3307: 3296: 3285:from the original on 2015-03-02 3195:from the original on 2017-01-21 3139: 3113: 3104: 3082: 2958:from the original on 2019-11-16 2927:from the original on 2023-01-23 2889:from the original on 2023-01-23 2846:from the original on 2011-06-10 2756:Constitutional history of Chile 2629:, which was put forward by the 2397:Five presidents of Chile since 2274:Chilean transition to democracy 2268:Transition to democracy (1990–) 2193:In 1982–1983 Chile witnessed a 1773:Popular Unitary Action Movement 1448:South American dreadnought race 746:and the Archaeological site of 503:. This in turn resulted in the 138:Destruction of the Seven Cities 4379:Reel, Monte (March 12, 2006). 3057: 2969: 2801: 1635:in March 1925 followed by the 13: 1: 5656:Karamessines, Thomas (1970). 5468:; Data can be obtained from: 5447:Historia de Chile (1492–1717) 5419:Carvallo y Goyeneche, Vicente 5405:Carvallo y Goyeneche, Vicente 5391:Carvallo y Goyeneche, Vicente 5310: 5156:Cruz Farias, Eduardo (2002). 5132:A History of Chile: 1808–1994 5030: 4328:. London, UK. March 4, 2000. 3902:"Finding Chile's disappeared" 3802:"Flashback: Caravan of Death" 3050:) or the Spanish of his men ( 2875:(in Spanish). Lom Ediciones. 2794: 2560:and Constitutional Referendum 2474:, defeating former President 2401:(1990–2022), celebrating the 1981:launched a campaign known as 1587:and the exile of Alessandri. 1432:Parliamentary era (1891–1925) 758:, including the west side of 6555:Comptroller General of Chile 5909:(in Spanish). Archived from 5623:History of Chile (1425–1655) 5583:Góngora Marmolejo, Alonso de 5442:Córdoba y Figueroa, Pedro de 4964:Montes, Rocío (2022-08-31). 3316:"The KGB in the Third World" 1928:Chamber of Deputies of Chile 1537:Presidential era (1925–1973) 1487:an expensive naval arms race 1229:Chilean Constitution of 1833 1199:Conservative Era (1830–1861) 1105:Chilean Constitution of 1833 537:Prehispanic history of Chile 7: 6780:Water supply and sanitation 5832:(in Spanish). Eswikisource. 5637:. New York: Alfred A Knopf. 5598:El dia en que murio Allende 5496:(in Spanish). Eswikisource. 3788:Chile: La memoria prohibida 3011:Patagonia chilena: historia 2726:Timeline of Chilean history 2716:Occupation of the Araucanía 2706:List of presidents of Chile 2648: 2591:, won Chile's presidential 2564:In October 2019 there were 2497:rescue of 33 trapped miners 2236:members were assassinated, 2208:After the economic crisis, 1926:", on August 22, 1973, the 1681:and place Ibáñez in power. 1365:Occupation of the Araucanía 1274:Peru–Bolivian Confederation 1084:declaration of independence 1053:(February 12, 1817) led by 928:Chilean War of Independence 10: 7744: 7361:Supreme Directors of Chile 5633:A History of Latin America 5606:González de Nájera, Alonso 5432:Castedo, Leopoldo (1954). 5185:Latin America in the 1940s 5097:Latin America in the 1940s 4536:November 14, 2014, at the 4173:The Road from Mont Pèlerin 4076:10.1177/089692059001700203 3641:November 28, 2006, at the 2834:Hogan, C. Michael (2008). 2731:U.S. intervention in Chile 2696:COVID-19 pandemic in Chile 2371:State Immunity Act of 1978 2271: 1996: 1749:1970 presidential election 1721: 1697:1964 presidential election 1692:succeeded Ibáñez in 1958. 1540: 1531:Partido Comunista de Chile 1441: 1435: 1336: 1219:Although never president, 1202: 1098: 1090:Republican era (1818–1891) 968:Captaincy General of Chile 925: 898:Captaincy General of Chile 784:Captaincy General of Chile 773: 618:slash-and-burn agriculture 540: 534: 7691: 7680: 7444: 7393: 7367: 7310: 6954: 6914: 6865: 6793: 6723: 6714: 6639: 6630: 6593: 6563: 6496: 6453: 6449: 6440: 6343: 6334: 6323: 6271: 6156: 6138: 6059: 5986: 5870:Vicuña Mackenna, Benjamín 5852:Vicuña Mackenna, Benjamín 5643:Jufré del Águila, Melchor 5569:Gómez de Vidaurre, Felipe 5476:Encina, Francisco Antonio 5360:Historia Jeneral de Chile 5288:. US: Palgrave Macmillan. 5143:The Epic of Latin America 4181:10.4159/9780674054264-010 3694:. NYU Press. p. 87. 3556:"CIA Activities in Chile" 3066:Versiones de la Patagonia 2701:Economic history of Chile 2631:constitutional convention 2627:constitutional referendum 2530:, and definitely end the 2201:to prevent an even worse 1833:expansive monetary policy 1515:Partido Obrero Socialista 1367:. In 1881, it signed the 1305:Chilean Civil War of 1851 1101:Chilean Civil War of 1829 1006:, 1810–1814), was led by 515:was responsible for many 6948:Royal Governors of Chile 5980:History of South America 5907:"WWW-VL: History: Chile" 5808:"Background Note: Chile" 5629:Herring, Hubert (1968). 5239:Korth, Eugene E (1968). 4550:"Background Note: Chile" 3992:"Under the Dictatorship" 3358:"Covert Action in Chile" 3182:"Background Note: Chile" 2981:U.S. Department of State 2907:Minnis, Natalie (2002). 2789:History of Easter Island 2779:History of South America 2774:History of Latin America 2736:War of the Confederation 2597:Chilean Republican Party 1999:1973 Chilean coup d'état 1979:Intelligence Directorate 1935:to avoid capture as the 1933:shot himself in the head 1753:Salvador Allende Gossens 1655:Gustavo Ross Santa María 1523:Communist Party of Chile 1507:Socialist Workers' Party 1272:Peru and Bolivia in the 1261:Fiestas Patrias of Chile 922:Independence (1810–1818) 833:, on February 12, 1541. 648:fought against the Sapa 583:"Tulor" settlement near 531:Early history (pre-1540) 481:controlled by an elite. 181:War of the Confederation 7144:Henríquez de Villalobos 5679:Mariño de Lobera, Pedro 5319:Amunátegui, Miguel Luis 5284:Rector, John L (2005). 5204:Faundez, Julio (1988). 5066:(See pp. 153–160.) 5061:Encyclopædia Britannica 3735:Latin America's Economy 2769:History of the Americas 2399:Transition to democracy 2332:Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle 2290:Aylwin, Frei, and Lagos 2045:human rights violations 2038:Augusto Pinochet Ugarte 1679:Arturo Alessandri Palma 1667:Carlos Ibáñez del Campo 1600:Carlos Ibáñez del Campo 1592:another coup in January 1559:Arturo Alessandri Palma 1552:Arturo Alessandri Palma 1475:Puna de Atacama Lawsuit 1333:Liberal era (1861–1891) 1181:Francisco Antonio Pinto 867:. Valdivia died at the 525:transition to democracy 517:human rights violations 474:independence from Spain 319:Transition to democracy 214:Occupation of Araucanía 5383:La Guerra del Pacífico 5300:Whelan, James (1989). 5271:Prago, Albert (1970). 5197:Chile: A Country Study 5106:Bergquist, Charles W. 4415:"Cronograma Electoral" 4207:. Hoover Press, 1984, 4108:. Hoover Press, 1984, 4037:Radical History Review 3046:'s native Portuguese ( 2405: 2367:universal jurisdiction 2286: 2256:("Burnt Alive case"). 2250:Carmen Gloria Quintana 2195:severe economic crisis 2179: 2014: 1744: 1651:Seguro Obrero Massacre 1554: 1530: 1519:Luis Emilio Recabarren 1514: 1461: 1426:1891 Chilean Civil War 1409: 1356: 1329: 1301:University of Santiago 1289:the Strait of Magellan 1264: 1236:manipulating elections 1216: 1132: 1117: 1115:Johann Moritz Rugendas 1057: 939: 849: 799: 636: 592: 547:Incas in Central Chile 242:Parliamentary Republic 237:1891 Chilean Civil War 7284:Rodríguez Ballesteros 7179:Sánchez de la Barreda 6581:Investigations Police 6244:Presidential Republic 6220:Conservative Republic 6212:Republic Organization 5824:Vega, Garcilaso de la 5806:US State Department. 5223:Kaufman, Edy (1988). 5139:Crow, John A (1992). 4175:. pp. 305–346 . 3420:. November 18, 1970. 2946:De la Vega, Garcilaso 2869:Bengoa, Jose (2000). 2545:On 17 December 2017, 2403:Bicentennial of Chile 2396: 2336:Eduardo Frei Montalva 2281: 2173: 2091:University of Chicago 2010: 1997:Further information: 1739: 1722:Further information: 1704:Eduardo Frei Montalva 1684:During the period of 1550: 1459: 1414:José Manuel Balmaceda 1407:José Manuel Balmaceda 1405: 1354: 1346:Roman Catholic Church 1324: 1259: 1212: 1205:Conservative Republic 1123: 1113:Chilean patriots, by 1112: 1048: 935: 839: 795: 774:Further information: 671:located south of the 630: 582: 543:Origin of the Mapuche 301:Military dictatorship 268:Presidential Republic 199:Conservative Republic 176:Civil war (1829–1830) 90:Origin of the Mapuche 7619:Alessandri Rodriguez 7084:Fernández de Córdoba 6550:Constitutional Court 6428:World Heritage Sites 6260:Democracy Transition 5693:Medina, José Toribio 5286:The History of Chile 4941:. 5 September 2022. 4807:. 20 December 2021. 4622:. 17 December 2017. 4562:. 16 December 2011. 3594:on October 14, 2012. 3470:. October 16, 1970. 3445:. October 18, 1970. 3149:(October 15, 1550). 2815:on 11 September 2009 2677:Latin America portal 2528:same sex civil union 2433:free trade agreement 2034:Palacio de La Moneda 2003:Chile under Pinochet 1615:classical liberalism 1269:Andrés de Santa Cruz 738:in Lake Llanquihue, 725:Province of La Pampa 585:San Pedro de Atacama 387:Chilean coups d'état 231:Parliamentary period 7534:Errázuriz Echaurren 7438:Presidents of Chile 6618:Ministry of Defence 5913:on 29 February 2008 5455:Cronología de Chile 5355:Barros Arana, Diego 5343:Barros Arana, Diego 5263:Pike, Frederick B. 5256:Mallon, Florencia. 5081:. UK: Basic Books. 5071:Andrew, Christopher 5017:. 17 December 2023. 4911:. 21 January 2022. 4777:. 26 October 2020. 4685:. 20 October 2019. 4477:. 17 January 2010. 4386:The Washington Post 4357:. 12 January 2006. 4024:. 29 November 2004. 3721:. January 15, 2006. 3718:The Washington Post 3656:Andrew, Christopher 3562:on October 20, 2009 3013:. Patagonia Media. 2691:Chincha Islands War 2574:national referendum 2389:Bachelet and Piñera 1937:Presidential Palace 1881:economic depression 1811:Chilean land reform 1724:Chile under Allende 1718:Popular Unity years 1663:Pedro Aguirre Cerda 1521:, also founded the 1066:Battle of Chacabuco 1051:Battle of Chacabuco 1008:José Miguel Carrera 891:Viceroyalty of Peru 840:Picture "The young 654:Battle of the Maule 650:Tupac Inca Yupanqui 511:, whose subsequent 357:Agriculture history 273:Radical governments 257:Presidential period 161:War of Independence 7244:Álvarez de Acevedo 7234:Álvarez de Acevedo 7044:Merlo de la Fuente 6969:Hurtado de Mendoza 6692:Telecommunications 5888:Vivar, Jerónimo de 5838:Valdivia, Pedro de 5829:Comentarios reales 5741:Pérez García, José 5717:Pérez García, José 5488:Ercilla, Alonso de 4252:The New York Times 4233:2010-07-07 at the 4203:Robert G. Wesson: 4104:Robert G. Wesson: 4064:Critical Sociology 3862:2010-09-13 at the 3786:Ahumada, Eugenio. 3630:2007-09-12 at the 3611:2006-11-28 at the 3147:Valdivia, Pedro de 3100:on April 14, 2010. 2951:Comentarios reales 2741:War of the Pacific 2570:state of emergency 2551:Alejandro Guillier 2406: 2352:Alliance for Chile 2287: 2180: 2015: 1971:Christopher Andrew 1767:, who headed the " 1745: 1701:Christian Democrat 1637:La Coruña massacre 1555: 1462: 1410: 1381:War of the Pacific 1373:Strait of Magellan 1357: 1330: 1327:War of the Pacific 1316:Jose Joaquin Perez 1265: 1217: 1133: 1118: 1062:José de San Martín 1058: 1055:José de San Martín 1020:Battle of Rancagua 1012:Bernardo O'Higgins 940: 937:Bernardo O'Higgins 875:, a young Mapuche 850: 846:Pedro Subercaseaux 808:Strait of Magellan 806:, who crossed the 804:Ferdinand Magellan 800: 776:Discovery of Chile 637: 609:Patagonian culture 603:and the island of 597:pre-Incan cultures 593: 587:, a Pre-Columbian 428:History portal 392:Political scandals 278:Allende and UP era 219:War of the Pacific 7715: 7714: 7709: 7708: 7509:Errázuriz Zañartu 7404: 7403: 7327: 7326: 6901: 6900: 6861: 6860: 6710: 6709: 6626: 6625: 6589: 6588: 6478:Political parties 6468:Foreign relations 6458:National Congress 6436: 6435: 6321: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6236:Parliamentary Era 6180:Spanish Discovery 6094: 6093: 6066:other territories 5793:Rosales, Diego de 5779:Rosales, Diego de 5765:Rosales, Diego de 5231:Klubock, Thomas. 4881:. 11 March 2022. 4530:Contract Magazine 4190:978-0-674-05426-4 4045:Project MUSE 3810:. July 25, 2000. 3393:Kornbluh, Peter. 3034:Antonio Pigafetta 3020:978-956-310-774-6 2840:Megalithic Portal 2721:Politics of Chile 2600:José Antonio Kast 2578:COVID-19 pandemic 2414:Michelle Bachelet 2375:UK Home Secretary 2248:. The next year, 2168: 2167: 1965:According to the 1945:seize total power 1816:In addition, the 1708:absolute majority 1533:– PCCh) in 1922. 1467:Ramón Barros Luco 1295:. The Venezuelan 1240:southern frontier 1171:and conservative 869:Battle of Tucapel 831:Santiago de Chile 827:Pedro de Valdivia 816:Francisco Pizarro 797:Pedro de Valdivia 780:Conquest of Chile 673:Calle-Calle River 566:Cueva del Milodon 489:, as part of the 468:The territory of 466: 465: 339:Politics of Chile 193:Republican period 128:Captaincy General 16:(Redirected from 7735: 7728:History of Chile 7686: 7614:Ibáñez del Campo 7589:Alessandri Palma 7574:Ibáñez del Campo 7564:Alessandri Palma 7431: 7424: 7417: 7408: 7407: 7399: 7354: 7347: 7340: 7331: 7330: 7322: 7316: 7189:Manso de Velasco 7139:González Montero 7119:González Montero 6989:Bravo de Saravia 6941: 6934: 6927: 6918: 6917: 6909:History of Chile 6905: 6904: 6881: 6874: 6721: 6720: 6677: 6637: 6636: 6451: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6341: 6340: 6329: 6264: 6256: 6248: 6240: 6232: 6228:Liberal Republic 6224: 6216: 6208: 6200: 6192: 6188:Spanish Conquest 6184: 6176: 6154: 6153: 6145: 6144: 6121: 6114: 6107: 6098: 6097: 6086: 6074:Falkland Islands 5988:Sovereign states 5973: 5966: 5959: 5950: 5949: 5943:History of Chile 5939: 5936:"Chile: History" 5922: 5920: 5918: 5901: 5883: 5865: 5857:Diego de Almagro 5847: 5833: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5802: 5788: 5774: 5760: 5758: 5751: 5736: 5734: 5727: 5712: 5710: 5703: 5688: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5652: 5638: 5636: 5625: 5620: 5619: 5601: 5592: 5578: 5564: 5550: 5536: 5522: 5508: 5497: 5483: 5466:more information 5451: 5437: 5428: 5414: 5400: 5386: 5374: 5350: 5338: 5336: 5329: 5305: 5292:Stern, Steve J. 5289: 5280: 5278: 5253: 5248:Lovemen, Brian. 5244: 5228: 5209: 5200: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5160:. 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5068: 5063: 5062: 5057: 5053: 5048: 5047:public domain 5036: 5035: 5016: 5012: 5006: 4999:. 8 May 2023. 4998: 4992: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4967: 4960: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4930: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4900: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4870: 4862: 4856: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4796: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4766: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4735: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4704: 4688: 4684: 4683: 4678: 4672: 4656: 4652: 4651:The Telegraph 4648: 4641: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4611: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4581: 4565: 4561: 4560: 4556: 4551: 4545: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4480: 4476: 4470: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4441: 4427:on 2011-06-17 4423: 4416: 4410: 4408: 4392: 4388: 4387: 4382: 4375: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4346: 4331: 4327: 4326: 4321: 4315: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4286: 4271: 4267: 4261: 4253: 4249: 4242: 4236: 4232: 4229: 4221: 4214: 4213:0-8179-8062-8 4210: 4206: 4200: 4192: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4167: 4165: 4157: 4151: 4135: 4131: 4125: 4123: 4115: 4114:0-8179-8062-8 4111: 4107: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 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MIT Press. 3737: 3736: 3728: 3720: 3719: 3711: 3703: 3701:0-8147-5710-3 3697: 3693: 3686: 3684: 3675: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3644: 3640: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3626: 3621: 3614: 3610: 3607: 3601: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3583: 3577: 3561: 3557: 3551: 3535: 3531: 3525: 3509: 3505: 3504: 3499: 3493: 3473: 3466: 3462: 3448: 3441: 3437: 3423: 3416: 3412: 3411: 3400: 3396: 3389: 3370: 3366: 3359: 3352: 3341: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3304: 3299: 3284: 3280: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3253: 3249: 3243: 3241: 3224: 3220: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3194: 3190: 3188: 3183: 3177: 3170: 3158: 3154: 3153: 3148: 3142: 3126: 3122: 3116: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3085: 3077: 3071: 3067: 3060: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3022: 3016: 3012: 3005: 3003: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2972: 2957: 2953: 2952: 2947: 2941: 2926: 2922: 2916: 2912: 2911: 2903: 2888: 2884: 2878: 2874: 2873: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2830: 2814: 2810: 2804: 2800: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2766: 2765: 2764: 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