465:, Lissouba ordered the Cocoye militia to detain Sassou and forcibly disarm the Cobra militia, thus initiating a second civil war. Fighting soon engulfed the whole city, with the Cobra, Cocoye and Ninja militias each controlling areas within the capital. The government recruited Ukrainian mercenaries to fly attack helicopters, later mobilizing them in a bombing campaign of Cobra-controlled areas. Both sides actively shelled densely populated areas, causing a high civilian death toll. Combatants engaged in numerous instances of extortion and harassment of the civilian population, selecting their targets on the basis of ethnicity.
245:
151:
441:, the Ninja and Cobra militia launched a civil war against the Cocoye. The conflict ended in December 1994, leaving 2,000 people dead and many more displaced. Despite remaining in power, Lissouba failed to fully implement the peace accords signed at the end of the war, as the country's militias retained their weapons. High unemployment rates, an atmosphere of political uncertainty, and the steady flow of firearms coming from regional conflicts contributed to the rise of the militia movement within the country. Violent disputes continued with each faction preparing for the upcoming 1997 elections.
59:
180:
714:
232:
221:
164:
122:
728:
256:
189:
267:
201:
450:
702:
assumed power, Sassou-Nguesso sent invoices to Exotek stating that all contracts and payments remained in force. However, the 28 Puma helicopters remained undelivered, as Exotek and
Armscor blamed each other for the failure. In 2002 the Congolese government sued Armscor in a South African court, demanding the repayment of $ 7.7 million; the case was later settled out of court.
521:
On 29 September 1997, shells have fallen in several districts of
Kinshasa left twenty-one dead. For forty-eight hours, the army of Kinshasa responded by firing at Brazzaville "more than a hundred shells", according to residents of the Congolese capital. They indicated that Kabila's artillery fired
662:
as well as the Pool department, aiming to counter increased rebel activity. On 16 December 1998 a band of 300 Ninja militants infiltrated the
Bacongo and Makelekele neighborhoods of Brazzaville, starting clashes that lasted four days. The areas were targeted by heavy mortar and artillery shelling
701:
On 27 June 1997 a $ 1-million payment was received by
Lissouba's South African partner, who in turn delivered two Mil Mi-17 helicopters to Lissoba's troops. On 11 July 1997 the Congolese government paid a total of $ 7.7 million for the 28 helicopters. In October 1997, having ousted Lissouba and
591:
assumed power on the following day, declaring himself president. He effectively incorporated the Cobra militia into the national army, without fully disbanding them. After capturing the capital, Cobra militiamen spread out over the city, detaining and executing dozens of enemy combatants and
522:
both on the North, under the control of
General Sassou N'Guesso, and on the South, in the hands of supporters of President Lissouba. "They even bombarded the presidential palace" said a source, who confirmed that "this is where several shots came from on Monday."
861:
Angola came to his aid with 2,500 troops in August 1997. Sassou also received help from Chad, Gabon, France, and Elf-Congo ... as well as
Serbian mercenaries, the former Rwandan government forces, Rwandan Interahamwe militia and elements of Mobutu's Zairian
663:
which caused widespread destruction, internally displacing 200,000 civilians. Widespread looting and summary executions were carried out by government forces following the conclusion of the engagement, which left at least 1000 people dead.
404:'s (PCT) Sassou Nguesso running third. Kolelas and Sassou Nguesso were dissatisfied with the outcome of the elections, and created an alliance against Lissouba. Tensions continued to rise as Kolelas, Lissouba and Sassou formed the
666:
On 29 December 1999, amidst continuous government offensives, a total of 2,000 Ninja and Cocoye rebels surrendered to the authorities after signing a peace agreement with the government, officially ending the conflict.
637:
The last quarter of 1998 marked an escalation in the conflict, as Ninja and
Nsiloulou militia seized control of several areas in the south of the country. On 14 November 1998 Ninja militants launched an attack on
561:
refugees who fled the DRC (formerly Zaire) in May 1997 after the fall of Mobutu, took part in the conflict—approximately 600 Rwandans Hutus joined militias formed by Sassou, with others fighting against him.
1032:
650:
of government officials and ethnic
Mbochis; government forces regained control of the town three days later. Elements of the Chadian and Angolan armies were deployed to the areas of
634:
in 1998, with the ethnic Lari forming the backbone of the group. It allied itself with the Ninja militia, launching attacks against government troops and their civilian supporters.
2695:
623:. On 26 September 1998 Ninja rebels assassinated the deputy prefect of Goma Tse Tse. On 9 October 1998 Ninja rebels set fire to the police station and prefecture offices of
694:-based Exotek Management Services, which in turn acted as a middleman of Armscor, the owner of the equipment. Several weeks after the start of the war Lissouba ordered two
587:. On 16 October 1997 Cobra militia supported by tanks and a force of 1,000 Angolan troops cemented their control of Brazzaville, having ousted Lissouba two days earlier.
619:, killing several employees and cutting off the electric supply to Pointe-Noire for several weeks. On 29 August 1998 Ninja guerrillas killed the police commissioner of
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17:
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2004:
1729:
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assuming presidency in 1979. In 1990, the country made its first steps towards a multiparty political system, eventually leading to the
2769:
2764:
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2009:
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1691:
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642:, killing 41 civilians, including six members of a local mediation committee. On 18 December 1998 Cocoye rebels captured the town of
507:, attempting to gain the support of their leaders. He publicly accused the Cobra of employing supporters of former Zairian president
168:
126:
976:
1624:
1418:
1360:
1299:
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and becoming a single-party People's
Republic. Two regime changes took place as the country faced a rise in ethnic tensions, with
2608:
1519:
1479:
1377:
361:(Congo-Brazzaville) gained its independence from France in 1960, and soon entered a period of political turbulence. Following a
2323:
1828:
1514:
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1345:
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1539:
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also supported the Cobra militia by offering armaments, aiming to secure its interests in the country's oil industry.
2658:
2530:
2223:
2194:
1565:
1222:
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the position of Prime
Minister, as the Ninja militia officially entered the conflict on the side of the government.
341:
and involved militias representing three political candidates. The conflict ended following the intervention of the
2621:
2393:
1884:
1879:
1734:
1719:
1033:"Kabila veut remettre de l'ordre à Brazzaville. Des troupes de l'ex-Zaïre envoyées aux côtés du président Lissouba"
512:
156:
2400:
2372:
1674:
1180:
1086:
2794:
2484:
2473:
2383:
1600:
1423:
542:
seized the opportunity to destroy UNITA's last supply line by entering the conflict on Sassou-Nguesso's side.
2701:
2122:
1835:
1822:
698:
helicopters, four transport aircraft and 290 trucks, while initiating payments through a Paris bank account.
599:
Forced out of Brazzaville, Cocoye and Ninja fighters regrouped, initiating clashes in the northern cities of
2819:
2234:
1605:
733:
643:
580:
416:
militia respectively. The militia drew members from their leaders' ethnic and political backgrounds: the
2433:
2228:
1846:
1651:
488:
troops present in the capital conducted a joint operation, evacuating 6,000 foreign citizens through the
679:
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2779:
2774:
2680:
2663:
2512:
2468:
2421:
2339:
2317:
2016:
1060:
485:
572:
In September 1997, following Sassou's refusal to accept five ministerial portfolios, Lissouba granted
260:
2500:
2416:
2344:
1942:
1852:
675:
On 1 June 1997, in preparation for the upcoming war, President Lissouba approved the purchase of 28
2603:
2478:
1968:
1937:
1680:
1201:
786:"Republic of Congo (Brazzaville): Information on the human rights situation and the Ninja militia"
569:
on the side of the Cobras have been made, with others accusing UNITA of aiding the Ninja militia.
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2334:
2135:
1986:
1963:
1889:
1752:
1724:
1214:
676:
362:
2311:
2129:
1918:
946:
691:
427:
2263:
1840:
1139:
690:
accounts of three other South African businessmen. The offshore accounts were managed by the
484:, France and a number of African countries. On 17 June 1997, French soldiers and a number of
401:
358:
337:
which lasted from 5 June 1997 to 29 December 1999. The war served as the continuation of the
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84:
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1992:
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fighter jets conducted a number of air strikes on Cocoye positions within the capital
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standing in front of the presidential palace as a memorial of the 5 June 1997 events.
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political opponents and looting their property. A parallel Angolan offensive on
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met with little resistance, as the majority of government troops surrendered.
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977:"Offshore Documents Solve Mystery of Pre-Civil War Helicopter Deal in Congo"
1659:
1193:
683:
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1093:. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, University of Notre Dame
468:
On 16 June 1997, Lissouba and Sassou-Nguesso unsuccessfully held talks in
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2728:
2278:
2052:
1807:
584:
2349:
469:
611:
as well as Pointe-Noire. In April 1998 Cocoye insurgents captured the
695:
330:
886:"Subject: Congo-Brazzaville: Background on militia groups 1999.2.17"
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The outbreak of the Congolese civil war coincided with the ongoing
30:
For the 1998–2003 war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, see
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as warring parties agreed to a three-day ceasefire in the area.
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Over 200,000 internally displaced and 6,000 foreign refugees.
566:
266:
206:
1087:"Agreement on Ending Hostilities in the Republic of Congo"
549:
The conflict was also influenced by the aftermaths of the
825:"Rebels, Backed by Angola, Take Brazzaville and Oil Port"
394:
Congolese Movement for Democracy and Integral Development
682:
helicopters. All transactions were conducted through a
534:, Congo provided active support to the anti-government
538:
guerrillas, who in turn supplied Congo with diamonds.
519:, to send several hundred soldiers to Lissouba's aid.
1646:
27:
Ethno-political conflict in the Republic of the Congo
709:
1138:
686:-based businessman, with funds being sent to the
2751:
2800:Political history of the Republic of the Congo
434:sided with Lissouba and Kolelas respectively.
75:(2 years, 6 months and 24 days)
1632:
1124:
1030:
495:At the same time Lissouba personally visited
859:. University of Georgia Press. p. 61.
742:Republic of the Congo Civil War (1993–1994)
1639:
1625:
1131:
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461:On 5 June 1997, anticipating a Sassou-led
57:
850:
848:
846:
630:The Ntsiloulou militia was formed in the
565:Allegations regarding the involvement of
169:Armed Forces of the Republic of the Congo
127:Armed Forces of the Republic of the Congo
18:Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997-99)
1788:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
1006:"Escalation of Congo civil war forecast"
448:
365:, the Congo fell under the influence of
2790:Civil wars in the Republic of the Congo
2330:Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)
2005:2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis
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324:Second Brazzaville-Congolese Civil War
320:Second Republic of the Congo Civil War
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345:, which reinstated former president
2609:Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict
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2076:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
1061:"Angola aids Congo to corral Unita"
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1860:Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria
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437:Citing electoral fraud during the
369:, establishing relations with the
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2765:1998 in the Republic of the Congo
2760:1997 in the Republic of the Congo
2554:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
2258:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
511:, prompting the president of the
2815:Aftermath of the First Congo War
2384:2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention
1031:Stephen Smith (3 October 1997).
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2401:Piracy off the coast of Somalia
1181:Colonization of the Congo Basin
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392:winning the presidential race,
1265:2015 constitutional referendum
1252:2002 constitutional referendum
1223:People's Republic of the Congo
613:Moukoukoulou Hydroelectric Dam
73:5 June 1997 – 29 December 1999
45:Part of the aftermaths of the
13:
1:
2702:2014 Lesotho political crisis
2659:RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)
1823:Communal conflicts in Nigeria
947:"Republic of Congo Civil War"
752:
384:The elections concluded with
352:
2696:SADC intervention in Lesotho
2299:OLA insurgency, 2018–present
2253:Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon)
2010:ECOWAS military intervention
1730:2011–2014 factional violence
734:Republic of the Congo portal
579:Between 11–12 October 1997,
439:1993 parliamentary elections
7:
2373:Puntland–Somaliland dispute
2229:Insurgency in Northern Chad
790:Resource Information Center
705:
530:. During the presidency of
528:internal conflict in Angola
444:
310:13,929–25,050 total deaths.
10:
2836:
2805:Ethnicity-based civil wars
2664:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado
2485:Abyei conflict (2022–2023)
2340:Benishangul-Gumuz conflict
2206:Djotodia period, 2013–2014
2017:Western Togoland Rebellion
890:University of Pennsylvania
420:supported Sassou, and the
363:three-day uprising in 1963
29:
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2604:2008 invasion of Anjouan
2201:Civil War (2012–present)
2170:Pool Department conflict
1202:French Equatorial Africa
680:Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma
326:, was the second of two
300:600 Rwandan Hutu Militia
2599:Hanish Islands conflict
2136:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion
1987:Guinea-Bissau Civil War
1829:Herder–farmer conflicts
1753:Western Sahara conflict
677:South African Air Force
261:José Eduardo dos Santos
2422:Somali–Kenyan conflict
2318:Eritrean–Ethiopian War
2312:Second Afar insurgency
1919:Sierra Leone Civil War
855:Cook, Alethia (2017).
458:
455:Eland Mk7 armoured car
379:1992 general elections
339:civil war of 1993–1994
213:Commanders and leaders
2795:Wars involving Angola
2681:Bophuthatswana crisis
2345:Oromia–Somali clashes
2264:Boko Haram insurgency
2224:Civil War (2005–2010)
1841:Boko Haram insurgency
1764:Clashes, 2020–present
1140:Republic of the Congo
452:
402:Congolese Labor Party
359:Republic of the Congo
335:Republic of the Congo
305:Casualties and losses
184:Rwandan Hutu Militia
85:Republic of the Congo
2653:Mozambican Civil War
2613:Burundian conflicts
2593:Djiboutian Civil War
2306:Insurgency in Ogaden
1934:Liberian Civil Wars
1847:Niger Delta conflict
1189:Atlantic slave trade
1091:Peace Accords Matrix
589:Denis Sassou Nguesso
557:. A large number of
375:Denis Sassou Nguesso
367:scientific socialism
347:Denis Sassou Nguesso
322:, also known as the
297:Angolan Armed Forces
285:16,000 Ninja Militia
283:3,000 Cocoye Militia
250:Denis Sassou Nguesso
101:Denis Sassou Nguesso
2820:Wars involving Chad
2692:Lesothan conflicts
2617:1993–2005 Civil War
2335:Afar–Somali clashes
2123:2022–2024 offensive
2118:2012–2013 rebellion
1960:Ivorian Civil Wars
1793:Tunisian revolution
1735:2014–2020 civil war
1715:2008 Kufra conflict
1652:conflicts in Africa
490:Brazzaville Airport
400:coming second, and
293:8,000 Cobra Militia
171:(from October 1997)
2739:Colour revolutions
2537:Sudanese civil war
2389:2009–present phase
2130:Batwa–Luba clashes
1999:Casamance conflict
1876:Tuareg rebellions
1836:Religious violence
1782:Algerian Civil War
1698:Terrorism in Egypt
1439:Telecommunications
892:. 17 February 1999
792:. 14 November 2000
648:summary executions
617:Bouenza department
459:
388:(UPADS) candidate
2785:Conflicts in 1999
2780:Conflicts in 1998
2775:Conflicts in 1997
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2583:Rwandan Civil War
2531:Blue Nile clashes
2513:Nomadic conflicts
2469:Nomadic conflicts
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2112:March 23 Movement
2047:Angolan Civil War
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1454:List of companies
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1351:Foreign relations
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1165:Kingdom of Loango
1067:. 17 October 1997
919:UCDP Encyclopedia
857:Conflict Dynamics
831:. 16 October 1997
747:Angolan Civil War
671:Helicopter affair
581:Angolan air force
316:
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140:Nsiloulou Militia
129:(to October 1997)
109:
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16:(Redirected from
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2687:Caprivi conflict
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2622:2015–2018 unrest
2428:Likoni massacres
2417:Ethnic conflicts
2379:Somali Civil War
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343:Angolan military
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2474:Ethnic violence
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2446:Baragoi clashes
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2231:(2016–present)
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2070:First Congo War
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1975:
1949:
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1914:Ndogboyosoi War
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1849:(2003–present)
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632:Pool department
615:located in the
574:Bernard Kolelas
551:First Congo War
532:Pascal Lissouba
486:US Marine Corps
447:
398:Bernard Kolelas
390:Pascal Lissouba
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331:civil conflicts
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2108:(2009–present)
2106:Ituri conflict
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2097:
2096:(2004–present)
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2088:Ituri conflict
2085:
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2078:(1996–present)
2073:
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2055:(1975–present)
2050:
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2019:(2020–present)
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2013:
2012:
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2001:(1982–present)
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1725:2011 civil war
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1210:Fulbert Youlou
1207:
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1012:. 17 June 1997
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983:. 5 April 2013
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2525:Heglig Crisis
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2507:War in Darfur
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136:Ninja Militia
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2585: /
2162:
2148:of the Congo
1907:Sierra Leone
1660:North Africa
1561:Coat of arms
1490:Demographics
1444:Trade unions
1424:Central Bank
1356:Human rights
1243:
1194:French Congo
1095:. Retrieved
1090:
1081:
1069:. Retrieved
1064:
1040:. Retrieved
1036:
1026:
1014:. Retrieved
1009:
985:. Retrieved
980:
954:. Retrieved
950:
922:. Retrieved
918:
894:. Retrieved
889:
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833:. Retrieved
828:
794:. Retrieved
789:
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684:Johannesburg
674:
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629:
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594:Pointe-Noire
578:
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467:
460:
436:
383:
371:Eastern Bloc
356:
323:
319:
317:
144:
114:Belligerents
95:
2734:Arab Winter
2729:Arab Spring
2698:(1998–1999)
2689:(1994–1999)
2655:(1977–1992)
2595:(1991–1994)
2589:(1990–1994)
2533:(2022–2023)
2521:(2011–2020)
2509:(2003–2020)
2503:(1983–2005)
2481:(2013–2020)
2456:South Sudan
2442:(2012–2013)
2436:(2007–2008)
2326:(2000–2018)
2320:(1998–2000)
2314:(1995–2018)
2308:(1994–2018)
2279:East Africa
2197:(2004–2007)
2178:(2016–2017)
2172:(2002–2003)
2154:Civil wars
2138:(2016–2019)
2132:(2013–2018)
2090:(1999–2007)
2084:(1998–2003)
2072:(1996–1997)
2053:Cabinda War
2049:(1975–2002)
1989:(1998–1999)
1808:West Africa
1795:(2010–2011)
1784:(1991–2002)
1694:(2013–2014)
1677:(2011–2014)
1419:Agriculture
1361:LGBT rights
1300:Departments
1273:(2016–2017)
1260:(2002–2003)
1247:(1997–1999)
1239:(1993–1994)
1226:(1970–1992)
1205:(1910–1958)
1197:(1882–1910)
1184:(1876–1885)
1176:(1665–1709)
1168:(1550–1883)
1160:(1390–1914)
585:Brazzaville
553:and of the
396:'s (MCDDI)
272:Idriss Déby
2810:Proxy wars
2754:Categories
2646:Mozambique
2350:Tigray War
1378:Parliament
1310:Ecoregions
1037:Liberation
753:References
470:Libreville
353:Background
349:to power.
2479:Civil War
2163:1997–1999
2158:1993–1994
2114:conflict
1969:2010–2011
1964:2002–2007
1943:1999–2003
1938:1989–1996
1885:2007–2009
1880:1990–1995
1515:Languages
1495:Education
1449:Transport
1388:President
1346:Elections
1305:Districts
1283:Geography
696:Mil Mi-17
2587:genocide
2287:Ethiopia
2195:Bush War
2188:Republic
2176:Pool War
2146:Republic
2063:DR Congo
1897:Mali War
1649:Cold War
1601:Category
1540:Religion
1530:Polygamy
1505:Football
1373:Military
1334:Politics
1320:Wildlife
1270:Pool War
1097:15 April
1071:26 April
1016:26 April
987:29 April
896:26 April
796:26 April
706:See also
688:offshore
660:Lekoumou
640:Mindouli
621:Mindouli
601:Impfondo
445:Conflict
430:and the
287:200–300
278:Strength
80:Location
2366:Somalia
1928:Liberia
1816:Nigeria
1585:Outline
1549:Symbols
1485:Cuisine
1468:Culture
1407:Economy
1149:History
1042:24 June
915:"Congo"
652:Bouenza
625:Kinkala
559:Rwandan
515:(DRC),
505:Namibia
333:in the
2683:(1994)
2674:Others
2576:Others
2568:(2016)
2547:Uganda
2527:(2012)
2465:(2012)
2448:(2012)
2430:(1997)
2394:AMISOM
2246:Others
2102:(2009)
2040:Angola
1995:(2013)
1980:Others
1775:Others
1606:Portal
1556:Anthem
1429:Mining
1315:Rivers
1295:Cities
1218:(1963)
609:Owando
605:Ouesso
544:France
540:Angola
501:Uganda
497:Rwanda
480:, the
418:Mbochi
412:, and
410:Cocoye
295:2,500
204:
195:Angola
192:
154:
92:Result
2494:Sudan
2410:Kenya
1708:Libya
1668:Egypt
1647:Post–
1592:Index
1525:Music
1520:Media
1500:Films
956:4 May
924:6 May
835:6 May
656:Niari
644:Nkayi
536:UNITA
474:Gabon
414:Cobra
406:Ninja
289:FARDC
2217:Chad
1890:2012
1870:Mali
1566:Flag
1099:2018
1073:2015
1044:2020
1018:2015
989:2015
981:ICIJ
958:2015
926:2015
898:2015
862:army
837:2015
798:2015
658:and
607:and
567:Cuba
503:and
463:coup
432:Lari
357:The
318:The
207:Chad
70:Date
49:and
1434:Oil
1010:CNN
692:BVI
453:An
428:lek
2756::
1089:.
1063:.
1052:^
1035:.
1008:.
997:^
979:.
966:^
949:.
934:^
917:.
906:^
888:.
869:^
845:^
827:.
806:^
788:.
761:^
654:,
627:.
603:,
499:,
472:,
425:bo
422:Ni
408:,
381:.
1640:e
1633:t
1626:v
1132:e
1125:t
1118:v
1101:.
1075:.
1046:.
1020:.
991:.
960:.
928:.
900:.
839:.
800:.
34:.
20:)
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