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736:. Sassou Nguesso said that he wanted the amnesty bill to be presented to Parliament by the end of 2009. As Congo-Brazzaville prepared to celebrate the 50th anniversary of its independence from France in 2010, Sassou Nguesso noted that the country had far to go in fully realizing the dream of independence: "Our country will not be totally independent until our people are free of the yoke of poverty."
449:), composed of five members, including Sassou Nguesso, and headed by Marien Ngouabi. At the end of the extraordinary session, Marien Ngouabi asked Sassou Nguessou and five other members for a report on the economic and political situation. The paper became known as the "Declaration of 12 December 1975". It recommended the "radicalization" of the revolution.
1356:"République du Congo (Congo-Brazzaville) : information indiquant s'il existe des signes distinctifs visibles entre les membres de l'ethnie Mbochi et les autres ethnies en termes d'apparence, de pratiques et de styles de vie; information indiquant s'il est possible de déterminer par son nom l'appartenance d'une personne à l'ethnie Mbochi"
664:
body. Members were elected by the forum by mid-January. However, violence did not end. By April 1998, militias opposed to Sassou
Nguesso operated throughout southern Congo, coordinating their operations. In the beginning of 1999, violence had resumed in Brazzaville. Peace agreements were signed on 25 December under the auspices of President
902:, may have spent hundreds of thousands of dollars from the country's oil sales on shopping sprees in Paris and Dubai. The documents show that in August 2006, Denis Christel, who was the head of Cotrade – the marketing branch of Congo's state oil firm SNPC – spent $ 35,000 on purchases from designers such as
732:"peace, stability and security", and he called for an end to "thinking like ... freeloaders" in reference to international aid. At his inauguration Sassou Nguesso announced that he would support an amnesty bill to pardon Lissouba, who had gone into exile after his 1997 ouster and was convicted of crimes
655:
A government was announced on 2 November 1997; it consisted mainly of members and relatives of the FDU (Forces Démocratiques unifies, a coalition between the PCT and other parties supporting Sassou
Nguesso) as well as two members respectively of UPADS and MCDDI, who were not chosen by the presidents
599:
Civil war started in
November 1993, when the opposition parties (UDR and PCT) contested the results of the parliamentary elections (October 1993) giving victory to the coalition supporting President Lissouba (Tendance présidentielle). Armed militia supporting President Lissouba (Cocoyes, Zoulous and
591:
Lissouba became
President of the Republic on 31 August and a new Cabinet headed by Prime Minister Stephane Bongho-Nouarra of UPADS, was formed on 7 August. In the meantime, a new alliance of seven parties, including the MCDDI and the Rally for Democracy and Social Progress (RDPS) was constituted. It
560:
In
February 1991, a national conference began; the opposition gained control of the conference. The conference's declaration of its own sovereignty was not challenged by Sassou Nguesso. He was subjected to serious criticism and allegations during the Conference, including a claim from some delegates
537:
At the PCT's Fourth
Ordinary Congress on 26–31 July 1989, Sassou Nguesso was re-elected as President of the PCT Central Committee and President of the Republic, and the PCT won all of the seats of the People's National Assembly. With the collapse of the socialist states of Eastern Europe, as well as
691:
Presidential elections were held on 10 March 2002. 12 candidates entered the race, but only seven remained throughout the electoral process., Two candidates were disqualified by the
Supreme Court on 10 February 2002 while two (Martin Mberi and General Anselme Makoumbou) withdrew from the race, on 6
663:
The Forum for Unity and
National Reconciliation was held from 5 to 8 January 1998 with 1,420 delegates. It decided upon a transitional period of three years, to be followed by elections under a new Constitution. It also formed a 75-member National Transitional Council (NTC) to act as a legislative
545:
for political prisoners. Over the following year, he attempted to improve the failing economic situation and reduce the outrageous levels of corruption. Starting in
September 1990 political parties other than the PCT were allowed and Sassou Nguesso made a symbolic state visit to the United States,
517:
In May 1980 Sassou
Nguessou signed a twenty-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union and in the same year sent two delegations to China while a Chinese minister visited Brazzaville. However, the economic impact of these relationships remained marginal: France provided up to 50% of the country's
470:
Shortly after the Ngouabi assassination, Massamba-Debat and his former prime minister Pascal Lissouba were arrested and accused by a courts-martial of plotting the assassination. Massamba-Debat was executed on 25 March 1977. Sassou Nguesso was appointed provisional president on 8 February, before
383:
regiment. He was one of the first officers of the Airborne Group, the first paratroop battalion of the Congolese Army, which was created by Marien Ngouabi in 1965. He commanded the Airborne Group, the army and the Brazzaville Military Zone (ZAB), and then headed the Intelligence department of the
731:
Sassou Nguesso was re-elected as President of the Central Committee of the PCT at the party's Fifth Extraordinary Congress in December 2006. He was re-elected in the July 2009 presidential election with 78.61% of the vote amidst an opposition boycott. He said that his re-election meant continued
633:
At the beginning of the conflict, Kolelas' militia remained neutral, but on 8 September 1997, he joined the president's camp and became prime minister. On 18 September, Angolan troops and airforce entered the battle, providing significant support to Sassou Nguesso. By 14 October a final assault
659:
He also called for a National reconciliation forum. However, the idea was rejected by Lissouba's followers who continued to strike into the region between the country's economic capital, Pointe Noire and Brazzaville, having cut the railway between the coast and Brazzaville for three months. In
640:
He repealed the 1992 Constitution, and replaced it with a "Fundamental Act" that concentrated power in the President's hands. General Sassou Nguesso accumulated the functions of President of the Republic, Head of State, Head of Government, Minister of Defense and Supreme Chief of the Armies.
595:
On 31 October, the National Assembly approved a motion of no confidence against Bongho-Nouarra who resigned. On 17 November, President Lissouba dissolved Parliament, announcing elections to break the deadlock. In December, Claude Antoine Dacosta was appointed prime minister at the head of a
588:, Sassou Nguesso was eliminated in the first round, placing third with 17% of the vote. He fared poorly everywhere except the north. The second round was held between Lissouba (UPADS) and Kolelas (MCDDI); Sassou Nguesso backed Lissouba, who won in the second round with 61.32% of the vote.
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Although he was considered by French diplomats as representative of the radical wing of the PCT and as the Soviet Union and Cuba's man, Sassou Nguessou developed and maintained strong relationships with France on which he relied to support the staggering economy. The French oil company
455:
On 18 March 1977, president Marien Ngouabi was assassinated. Official media stated that the assassination was conducted by a commando group led by Capt. Barthelemey Kikadidi. Others claimed that the assassination was plotted by military officers within the close circle of power.
379:. In 1962, he returned to Congo and was reassigned to active duty with the rank of second lieutenant. A year later, he joined the Application School for Infantry, at Saint-Maixent-l'École, France whence he graduated with the rank of lieutenant. He returned to join Congo's elite
660:
December 1997 heavy fighting resumed in the capital's southern suburbs (the Pool area) where the Ninja militia clashed with Congolese and Angolan troops and Cobra militiamen. As many as 1,500 may have been killed in the fighting, and thousands more fled to escape the violence.
474:
On 8 July 1979, general elections were held and confirmed the PCT as the dominant political force: the Congolese Labor Party won all the seats in the People's National Assembly. A new constitution was adopted by referendum, confirming the socialist foundations of the country.
437:
In March 1970, following a failed coup attempted by Pierre Kinganga, a former lieutenant who was exiled in the neighboring Congo-Kinshasa, an extraordinary session of the PCT's congress was held, during which Sassou Nguesso integrated the political bureau of the PCT.
754:, which would allow him to run for a third consecutive term. The proposal was overwhelmingly approved by voters, with 92.96% in favor. Turnout was officially placed at 72.44%. However the opposition argued that due to low turnout, the results should be annulled.
529:
Sassou Nguesso was re-elected for a five-year term as President of the PCT Central Committee and President of the Republic at the party's Third Ordinary Congress on 27–31 July 1984, He announced the release of Yhombi-Opango. He served as Chairman of the
2726:[Decision No 003/dcc/el/pr/21 of 6 April 2021 concerning appeals aiming at cancelling and delaying the election of the President of the Republic, in the vote of 17 and 21 March 2021, and declaring the definitive results of this election]
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2724:"Décision No 003/dcc/el/pr/21 du 06 avril 2021 sur les recours aux fins d'annulation et de report de l'élection du Président de la Republique, scrutin des 17 et 21 mars 2021, et portant proclamation des résultats définitifs de ladite élection"
463:) composed of eleven officers and led by Major Sassou Nguesso immediately took power and repealed the 1973 constitution. Sassou Nguesso acted as interim head of state from 18 March to 6 April 1977, then he conceded his position to general
771:
For the first time in the history of the Republic, these elections were supervised by an independent commission (CNEI: Commission Nationale Electorale Indépendante). The opposition rejected the outcome, alleging fraud and calling for
850:, Sassou Nguesso stated, "The settlement of the Libyan crisis appears, more than ever, as an absolute urgency", especially because of the possible negative impact of terrorist groups in the south of Libya on neighboring states.
412:) established on 5 August 1968. Under the leadership of Marien Ngouabi, the group limited the president's powers, before the latter finally resigned on 3 September 1968. Ngouabi officially became head of state in January 1969.
692:
March, protesting a lack of transparency in the electoral process. On 10 March, two days before the election, Andre Milongo, seen as the main challenger, withdrew, also citing a lack of transparency and calling for a boycott.
358:
in northern Congo in 1943. His parents are Julien Nguesso and Émilienne Mouebara. Nguesso was the youngest child in the family. His father was a notable hunter chief in Edou. He received primary education in Fort Rousset, now
634:
covered by Angolan MiG aircraft was launched on the Presidential Palace and neighborhoods in south Brazzaville, then on Pointe Noire, against the President's militias (Zoulou, Cocoys, Aubervillois and Mambas) and the Ninjas.
444:
In 1975, amid an economic crisis, an extraordinary session of the PCT central committee was summoned. The eight members of the political bureau resigned and were replaced by a restricted "Revolutionary Special General Staff"
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Election Observation Mission, who reported that these acts did not impact the final result, and called for the sanction of those responsible in order to prevent the situation from happening again in the next elections.
2732:
311:(PCT) for 12 years. He introduced multiparty politics in 1990, but was stripped of executive powers by the 1991 National Conference, remaining in office as a ceremonial head of state. He stood as a candidate in the
2021:
553:
He introduced multiparty politics in 1990 and was then stripped of executive powers by the 1991 National Conference, remaining in office as a ceremonial head of state. He stood as a candidate in the
522:
618:, Yhombi-Opango's political stronghold, led to the outbreak of violence between his supporters and those of Yhombi-Opango. On 5 June 1997, government forces surrounded Sassou Nguesso's home in the
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being confirmed, during a special congress on 31 March 1979 as head of the central committee, President of the Republic, head of state and President of the council of ministers, for five years.
3123:"6e anniversaire du rappel à Dieu du Père de la Nation feu Gnassingbe Eyadema. Les présidents Denis Sassou N'Guesso et Faure Essozimna Gnassingbe aux cérémonies commémoratives dans la Kozah"
3085:
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1609:"Congo-Brazzaville : 31 juillet 1968 : Coup d'Etat militaire ou complot politique ? Démission du Président Massamba Débat et prise de pouvoir de Marien NGouabi (2e partie)"
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played an important role in the exploitation of Congolese oil fields that led to the doubling of oil production and in supporting Congolese government expenses via pre-financing loans.
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The elections passed peacefully and Sassou Nguesso won with 89.41% of the votes. Serious malfunctions and acts of manipulation in a few electoral commissions were reported by the
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626:, attempting to arrest Pierre Aboya and Engobo Bonaventure, who had been implicated in the violence. Fighting broke out between government forces and Cobras, which led to the
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295,000, with thousands of dollars spent on room service alone. Sassou Nguesso was criticized by the Republic of Congo's creditors, as he was in negotiations with the
600:
Mambas) clashed with Kolelas' Ninjas and Sassous Nguesso's Cobras. The conflict ended in December 1995, but left at least 2,000 dead and more than 100,000 displaced.
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In 1968, Sassou Nguesso took part in the military coup led by Commander Marien Ngouabi against Debat: He was a member of the Congolese National Revolution Council (
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He visited France in October 1979 and in July 1981 to seek economic support. In October 1980, high-ranking French political figures including former president
338:
in 2015 amidst calls for boycott then a dismissal of results by opposition leaders, enabled Sassou Nguesso to stand for another term. He was re-elected in the
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After this episode Sassou Nguesso spent seven months in Paris in 1996, returning on 26 January 1997 to contest the presidential election scheduled for July.
577:(UPADS) led by former prime minister Pascal Lissouba, was the largest party. But it could not obtain an absolute majority in the National Assembly, with the
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By October, Sassou Nguesso was in control, while Lissouba as well as Kolelas and Opango left the country. On 25 October 1997, Sassou Nguesso was sworn in.
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467:, who became president. Sassou Nguesso held the position of 1st vice president of the committee, while retaining his position of minister of defense.
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Assassinats politiques au Congo-Brazzaville: rapport de la commission ad'hoc de la Conférence nationale souveraine, 25 février-10 juin 1991
812:
800:, Sassou Nguessou, who faced six challengers for the presidency, came first once again, garnering 88.4% of the votes. His main challenger,
711:, the OAU's successor body, in January 2006. His election was the result of a compromise reached to prevent the chairmanship from going to
592:
was soon joined by the PCT, which was unhappy with the distribution of ministerial portfolios, thus ensuring a new parliamentary majority.
3058:"Visite du président congolais au Bénin et au Togo : Denis Sassou Nguesso honoré de la distinction de Grand-croix dans les deux pays"
2003:
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https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240628-en-visite-%C3%A0-moscou-sassou-nguesso-salue-la-russie-pour-son-courage-et-sa-r%C3%A9silience
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State Security Services. He became captain, then commander, and was promoted to colonel (1978) and later as army general (1989).
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The first round of elections took place on 24 June, and the second on 19 July. Senate elections took place on 26 July. In the
431:
doctrine. It was headed by Marien Ngouabi as president of the central committee, president of the republic and head of state.
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On 30 November 2020, Sassou Nguesso and four ministers issued a decree terminating a contract with Australian mining company
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https://www.adiac-congo.com/content/senegal-congo-decoration-denis-sassou-nguesso-eleve-la-dignite-de-grand-croix-de-lordre
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2862:"Crise libyenne : Le soutien de la communauté Ibadite à Denis Sassou N'Guesso pour son action dans le conflit libyen"
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On 18 May 1973, Sassou Nguesso, who had been corps commander of the airborne group, was made Director of State Security.
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in 1997. He served a previous term as president from 1979 to 1992. During his first period as president, he headed the
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John F. Clark (1997). John F. Clark; David E. Gardinier (eds.). "Congo: Transition and the Struggle to Consolidate".
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from 1986 to 1987. In late 1987 he faced down a serious military revolt in the north of the country with French aid.
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A new constitution was issued on 31 December 1969, which designated the country as the People's Republic of Congo.
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with Denis Sassou Nguesso at the ceremony for exchanging documents signed following Russia-Congo talks, May 2019.
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2394:"" Chacun aura sa part " : les fondements historiques de la (re)production de la " guerre " à Brazzaville"
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Opposition leader Guy-Brice Parfait Kolelas finished second with 15 percent of the vote while retired general
672:, ending the civil war, leaving 8,000–10,000 dead, around 800,000 displaced persons and a devastated country.
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He joined the army in 1960 just before the country was granted independence. He received military training in
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2835:"Libye : pourquoi Denis Sassou Nguesso a reçu le leader spirituel des ibadites ? – Jeune Afrique"
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2472:"Country Information and Policy Unit, Immigration and Nationality Directorate, Home Office, United Kingdom"
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2523:"Congolese Opposition Leader Withdraws From Presidential Race – 2002-03-09 | Voice of America – English"
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In September 2005, Sassou Nguesso and his entourage of more than fifty people stayed eight days at the
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In December 1969, Sassou Nguesso was elected as a member of the first central committee of the new
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Le 26 janvier 1997, après un séjour de 7 mois en France, Denis Sassou Nguesso est revenu au Congo.
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In December 1989 he announced the end of government control of the economy and declared a partial
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1319:"Référendum au Congo : victoire écrasante du oui, l'opposition dénonce une " tricherie ""
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2106:"Jun 1986 – Release of former President-Party and Cabinet changes-Economic problems-Census",
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Sassou Nguesso was an opposition leader for five years before returning to power during the
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2888:"La Libye au cœur d'une rencontre entre Denis Sassou N'Guesso et le Cheikh Farhat Jaâbiri"
2592:"Denis Sassou Nguesso reconduit à la tête du comité central du Parti congolais du travail"
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He was part of the 1968 military coup that overthrew president Massemba Debat and brought
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influence from the French, Sassou Nguesso began to bring the country towards capitalism.
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The second round of the civil war erupted a few weeks before the presidential election.
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1986:"Accession de Denis Sassou-Nguesso à la présidence de la République populaire du Congo"
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1901:"Accession de Denis Sassou-Nguesso à la présidence de la République populaire du Congo"
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He declared "this crisis remains, before any other consideration, an African problem."
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1558:"LISTE DES MEMBRES FONDATEURS DU CONSEIL NATIONAL DE LA RÉVOLUTION (21 décembre 1968)"
1510:"LISTE DES MEMBRES FONDATEURS DU CONSEIL NATIONAL DE LA RÉVOLUTION (21 décembre 1968)"
1389:"Congo-Brazzaville: Denis Sassou Nguesso, premier président de la Nouvelle République"
1128:
89:
7460:
7090:
6978:
6935:
6930:
6880:
6674:
6669:
6450:
6141:
6110:
6060:
5012:
4923:
3844:
3725:
3561:
3258:
2167:
2067:
1935:
1877:
1445:
765:
757:
On 20 March 2016, Sassou Nguesso ran for a third consecutive term of 5 years and was
6390:
5729:
3575:
1845:"[Congo-Brazzaville] Assassinat de Marien Ngouabi: l'énigme du 18 mars 1977"
1388:
521:
7409:
7277:
6910:
6815:
6762:
6684:
6619:
6500:
6350:
6176:
6136:
5940:
5777:
5715:
5230:
5202:
4523:
4101:
4087:
4059:
3915:
3886:
3815:
3758:
2924:
2405:
875:
723:
6045:
5673:
2762:
1734:
1674:
1587:
675:
148:
7475:
7465:
7324:
7232:
6553:
6528:
6505:
6231:
6216:
6161:
6055:
6015:
6000:
5409:
5121:
5107:
4914:
4900:
4696:
4609:
4553:
4480:
4230:
4145:
3901:
3801:
3660:
3433:
3202:
3192:
2956:
2598:
1871:
907:
862:
452:
In the same period, he was appointed Minister of Defense and Security at age 32.
323:
105:
6820:
5290:
4970:
3929:
3646:
2996:"Another win for President Nguesso ensures Congo's economic crisis will prolong"
1807:"Il y a 40 ans, la mort d'un président au marxisme 'bien tempéré' à Brazzaville"
1441:
The Statesman's Yearbook 2010: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World
1355:
7500:
7404:
6920:
6900:
6679:
6460:
6156:
6115:
6040:
6025:
5995:
5955:
5950:
5935:
5915:
5480:
5286:
5184:
5170:
4867:
4639:
4452:
4325:
4116:
3986:
3744:
3381:
3354:
3339:
3248:
2488:
2471:
895:
827:
808:
received 1.92%, and the other four candidates each received less than 1% each.
743:
712:
696:
680:
511:
507:
398:
85:
6201:
6196:
7541:
7505:
7495:
7490:
7374:
7242:
6925:
6905:
6885:
6865:
6840:
6797:
6739:
6729:
6558:
6278:
6191:
6090:
6070:
6050:
6010:
5925:
5796:
5768:
5701:
5687:
5631:
5617:
5545:
5508:
5423:
5253:
4723:
4581:
4538:
4409:
3872:
3825:
3547:
2171:
1939:
1616:
1133:
903:
789:
708:
496:
140:
2428:
32:
7369:
6988:
6915:
6870:
6604:
6495:
6470:
6326:
6080:
5970:
5810:
5645:
5575:
5437:
5367:
5307:
5282:
5274:
5259:
5142:
5027:
4780:
4738:
4648:
4624:
4437:
4381:
4353:
4140:
4096:
4044:
3972:
3858:
3787:
3570:
3349:
3043:
805:
768:, a former security adviser to Sassou Nguesso, came third with 14 percent.
606:
2566:"UA: Denis Sassou Nguesso au lieu d'Omar el-Béchir | DW | 24 January 2006"
2409:
2361:
2350:"Entre arbitraire et impunite: les droits de l'homme au Congo-Brazzaville"
6968:
6855:
6830:
6772:
6734:
6724:
6594:
6358:
6206:
6151:
6131:
6065:
6030:
5782:
5432:
5269:
5127:
4830:
4681:
4576:
4548:
4509:
4504:
4339:
4154:
4029:
4015:
3839:
3275:
3231:
2763:"Africa: Heads of Delegation for U.S–Africa Leaders Summit – White House"
2669:"Congo referendum should be annulled due to low turnout, opposition says"
2353:
1010:
869:, New York, for Sassou Nguesso to deliver a fifteen-minute speech to the
750:
On 27 March 2015 Sassou Nguesso announced that his government would hold
684:
623:
483:
As the newly elected president, Sassou Nguesso negotiated loans from the
330:, which involved low opposition participation. He was re-elected in the
7470:
7344:
6958:
6744:
6689:
6659:
6589:
6226:
5990:
5975:
5659:
5376:
5193:
5093:
5084:
4886:
4872:
4775:
4662:
4634:
4404:
4390:
4306:
4297:
4278:
4216:
4110:
4082:
3967:
3939:
3896:
3782:
3613:
1657:"Accession de Marien Ngouabi à la présidence de la République du Congo"
911:
884:
718:
665:
581:(MCDDI) led by former army General Bernard Kolelas in second position.
518:
foreign aid while the Soviet Union's contribution did not exceed 1.5%.
401:
to power. He was a founding member of the National Revolution Council (
355:
6403:
6282:
2364:
of seven months in France, Sassou Nguesso returned to the Congo.]
487:
and allowed foreign investors from France and the Americas to conduct
7510:
7304:
7023:
6963:
6845:
6455:
6085:
5724:
5589:
5570:
5550:
5503:
5446:
5298:
5051:
4590:
4562:
4334:
3953:
3604:
2767:
2306:"Congo-Brazzaville: Bulletin spécial d'IRIN sur les milices au Congo"
2262:"Congo Chambre parlementaire : Sénat | Élections tenues en 1992"
866:
816:
488:
424:
380:
59:
3026:"Republic of Congo cancels iron ore project with Sundance Resources"
1565:
1517:
564:
6860:
6835:
6792:
6626:
6609:
6533:
5980:
5763:
5696:
5668:
5626:
5475:
5404:
5362:
5239:
5225:
5151:
4825:
4717:
4518:
4461:
4447:
4253:
4183:
3753:
3697:
3599:
3556:
2699:"Congo's Sassou Nguesso wins re-election, opposition vows protests"
2429:"Congo Brazzaville, L'arbitraire de l'Etat, la terreur des milices"
1374:"Congo-Brazzaville : Denis Sassou Nguesso, le joueur de poker"
1338:"Congo's Sassou Nguesso wins re-election, opposition vows protests"
1038:
2644:"Congo Republic president says expects referendum over third term"
1222:"Congo-Brazzaville: l'ancien président Pascal Lissouba est décédé"
1073:
6787:
5847:
5710:
5640:
5584:
5337:
5165:
5079:
4979:
4965:
4937:
4895:
4881:
4839:
4789:
4761:
4747:
4733:
4676:
4475:
4432:
4211:
4126:
4068:
4010:
3981:
3867:
3739:
3655:
3585:
3514:
2446:"Bulletin special d'information sur le Congo-Brazzaville – Congo"
1961:"Le premier congrès extraordinaire du parti congolais du travail"
1717:"Le premier congrès extraordinaire du parti congolais du travail"
1427:(in French). Consulate General of Congo in Tunis. 17 August 2014.
1093:
835:
573:, the PCT won only 19 of 125 seats in the National Assembly; the
542:
376:
364:
284:
16:
President of the Republic of the Congo (1979–1992, 1997–present)
6714:
5654:
5598:
5517:
5489:
5323:
5211:
5179:
5137:
5037:
5021:
4951:
4909:
4853:
4618:
4376:
4239:
4225:
4024:
3910:
3810:
3528:
2656:"More than 90% vote to allow Congo leader's bid to extend rule"
1066:
615:
514:, were guests to the celebration of the Brazzaville centenary.
360:
351:
2716:
2619:"Congo leader in pardon for ex-president at start of new term"
1711:
1709:
1301:"Congo Republic opposition leader dismisses referendum result"
891:
to cancel Congolese debts, claiming inability to repay them.
5833:
5819:
5805:
5612:
5460:
5065:
5007:
4691:
4604:
4490:
4320:
4292:
4168:
3995:
3881:
3853:
3796:
3767:
3711:
3542:
1895:
1893:
982:
926:
847:
846:
As the Chairman of the African Union High Level Committee on
669:
2791:"Congo Republic leader urges end to Russia-Ukraine conflict"
2240:"Congo political conference gives Africa a democratic model"
2160:"Congo Political Conference Gives Africa a Democratic Model"
2093:"Nov 1984 – Re-election of President – Government changes",
1425:"Liste des présidents de la République du Congo Brazzaville"
5749:
5682:
5390:
4418:
4362:
4348:
4197:
3924:
3641:
3313:
1706:
1466:"Denis Sassou-Nguesso | president of Republic of the Congo"
1282:"Congo votes by landslide to allow third presidential term"
1121:
206:
2327:. UNHCR Centre for Documentation and Research. p. 17.
1890:
6511:
Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe
6490:
2063:
congo brazzaville traité d'amitié avec l'union soviétique
579:
Congolese Movement for Democracy and Integral Development
6277:
3153:
607:
1997–2008: Second Civil War and return to the presidency
3496:
1192:
de Beer, Hanlie; Cornwell, Richard (2 September 1999).
914:
unsuccessfully attempted to suppress this information.
2043:"Le pétrole congolais d'Elf, huile de la Françafrique"
1779:"Congo-Brazzaville: Denis Sassou-Nguesso en dix dates"
1735:"Journal officiel de la république populaire du congo"
1675:"Journal officiel de la république populaire du Congo"
1259:"Congo Republic poll losers challenge president's win"
1241:"Congo-Brazzaville: Denis Sassou-Nguesso en dix dates"
898:
published documents showing that the President's son,
841:
798:
presidential election that took place on 21 March 2021
478:
3044:"Presentation of the Avima, Badondo and Nabeba mines"
2387:
2385:
1696:"ÉCHEC D'UN NOUVEAU COUP D'ÉTAT AU CONGO-BRAZZAVILLE"
1742:
Journal officiel de la république populaire du congo
1682:
Journal officiel de la république populaire du Congo
1386:
719:
2009–2016: Re-election and constitutional referendum
334:. The introduction of a new constitution, passed by
7593:
Honorary Fellows of the African Academy of Sciences
3387:
Military Committee of the Congolese Party of Labour
1404:"Denis Sassou Nguesso " Lékufé ", notable à 10 ans"
826:in Saint Petersburg and met with Russian President
546:laying the grounds for a new series of conditional
459:
A Military Committee of the Congolese Labor Party (
2917:
2382:
727:Denis Sassou Nguesso with Obamas in September 2009
303:politician and former military officer who became
5896:Chairpersons of the Organisation of African Unity
2733:Constitutional Court of the Republic of the Congo
2059:
788:Sassou Nguesso with US Deputy Secretary of State
565:1992–1997: First Civil War and election campaigns
561:that he was involved in Ngouabi's assassination.
7539:
3239:Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity
1489:
1401:
6549:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union
2097:, volume 30, November 1984, Congo, page 33,201.
1191:
1149:List of presidents of the Republic of the Congo
7608:21st-century Republic of the Congo politicians
7603:20th-century Republic of the Congo politicians
7330:Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria
2563:
1639:"LE COMMANDANT NGOUABI DEVIENT CHEF DE L'ÉTAT"
1490:NOUAILLE-DEGORCE, Brigitte (19 January 1999).
815:in Washington, D.C. and met with US President
354:tribe, Sassou Nguesso was born in Edou in the
326:. Following a transitional period, he won the
6419:
6263:
5880:
3482:
3299:
2223:
2123:, volume 35, August 1989, Congo, page 36,842.
1869:
1194:"Congo-Brazzaville: The deep end of the Pool"
392:
322:, in which his rebel forces ousted President
7588:Vice presidents of the Republic of the Congo
2810:"Paix en Libye : Une rencontre inédite"
2548:"CONGO ELECTION PRESIDENTIELLE 10 MARS 2002"
2288:"Chambre parlementaire: Assemblée nationale"
1588:"Journal officiel de la république du Congo"
752:a referendum to change the 2002 constitution
2915:
2110:, volume 32, June 1986, Congo, page 34,406.
1870:Mayima-Mbemba, Jean-Claude (30 June 2004).
1376:(in French). Jeune Afrique. 30 August 2012.
6426:
6412:
6270:
6256:
5887:
5873:
3489:
3475:
3306:
3292:
2506:"ACCORD DU 29 DECEMBRE 1999 A BRAZZAVILLE"
1804:
1595:Journal officiel de la république du Congo
1298:
959:
614:In May 1997, a visit by Sassou Nguesso to
31:
2325:1997: les raisons d'une guerre 'incivile'
2134:"Government: Eight Detained In Coup Plot"
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
118:8 February 1979 – 31 August 1992
2692:
2690:
2658:, Agence France-Presse, 27 October 2015.
2631:"Congo celebrates 50 years independence"
2346:International Federation of Human Rights
2336:
2334:
2322:
2060:Bazenguissa-Ganga, Rémy (January 1997).
1279:
925:iron-ore deposit. Permits for the areas
830:. During the summit, Nguesso called for
813:United States–Africa Leaders Summit 2022
783:
738:
722:
674:
643:
571:parliamentary election of June–July 1992
520:
7583:Presidents of the Republic of the Congo
6954:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation
6433:
5839:Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II
3315:Presidents of the Republic of the Congo
3120:
2859:
1299:Mpoke Bigg, Matthew (27 October 2015).
1220:Louarn, Jean-Jacques (24 August 2020).
1167:
879:reported that the trip cost a total of
367:Normal College between 1956 and 1960.
7558:Communism in the Republic of the Congo
7540:
6637:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
6574:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
2993:
2916:Allen-Mills, Tony (12 February 2006).
2256:
2254:
2252:
2226:Political Reform in Francophone Africa
1791:
1776:
1437:
1387:Antoine Daniel Kongo (24 March 2016).
1238:
1219:
575:Pan-African Union for Social Democracy
320:Second Republic of the Congo Civil War
305:president of the Republic of the Congo
7563:Congolese Party of Labour politicians
6984:Initiative for Peace and Human Rights
6407:
6251:
5868:
3470:
3287:
2911:
2909:
2696:
2687:
2489:"Country Information and Policy Unit"
2423:
2421:
2419:
2391:
2331:
2217:
2157:
1876:(in French). Corbeil-Essonnes: ICES.
1335:
2919:"Congo leader's £169,000 hotel bill"
1926:"FORMER PRESIDENT EXECUTED IN CONGO"
1805:Arseneault, Michel (17 March 2017).
1760:"La déclaration du 12 décembre 1975"
1280:Bondenga, Philon (27 October 2015).
1187:
1185:
1183:
779:
342:with a majority in the first round.
3498:Current heads of state of republics
2860:Jacques, SIKA Jean (20 June 2021).
2376:les raisons d'une guerre 'incivile'
2249:
842:African Union and the Libyan crisis
479:1979–1991: three presidential terms
387:
13:
7578:People named in the Pandora Papers
3210:President of the Congo-Brazzaville
3183:President of the Congo-Brazzaville
2906:
2807:
2697:Elion, Christian (24 March 2016).
2416:
2342:Congolese Human Rights Observatory
2158:Noble, Kenneth B. (25 June 1991).
2004:"Congo-Brazzaville (1960–present)"
1777:Cessou, Sabine (23 October 2015).
1336:Elion, Christian (24 March 2016).
1239:Cessou, Sabine (23 October 2015).
968:
811:In December 2022, he attended the
447:Etat major spécial révolutionnaire
370:
14:
7619:
7553:Chairpersons of the African Union
6481:Eastern Bloc media and propaganda
6466:Criticism of communist party rule
5466:Transitional Presidential Council
3145:
2971:. The Law Gazette. Archived from
2743:from the original on 29 June 2022
2360:[On 26 January 1997, after a
1402:Germaine Mapanga (26 June 2017).
1180:
1023:National Order of the Ivory Coast
964:Grand Cross of the Order of Merit
586:August 1992 presidential election
410:Conseil National de la révolution
403:Conseil National de la revolution
7527:Human rights in the Soviet Union
6486:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc
5846:
5832:
5818:
5804:
5790:
5776:
5762:
5748:
5723:
5709:
5695:
5681:
5667:
5653:
5639:
5625:
5611:
5597:
5583:
5569:
5544:
5530:
5516:
5502:
5488:
5474:
5459:
5445:
5431:
5417:
5403:
5389:
5375:
5361:
5336:
5322:
5306:
5268:
5252:
5238:
5224:
5210:
5192:
5178:
5164:
5150:
5136:
5120:
5106:
5092:
5078:
5064:
5050:
5036:
5020:
5006:
4992:
4978:
4964:
4950:
4936:
4922:
4908:
4894:
4880:
4866:
4852:
4838:
4824:
4802:
4788:
4774:
4760:
4746:
4732:
4716:
4690:
4675:
4661:
4647:
4633:
4617:
4603:
4589:
4575:
4561:
4547:
4531:
4517:
4503:
4489:
4474:
4460:
4446:
4431:
4417:
4403:
4389:
4375:
4361:
4347:
4333:
4319:
4305:
4291:
4277:
4252:
4238:
4224:
4210:
4196:
4182:
4174:Transitional Sovereignty Council
4167:
4153:
4139:
4125:
4109:
4095:
4081:
4067:
4053:
4037:
4023:
4009:
3994:
3980:
3966:
3952:
3938:
3923:
3909:
3895:
3880:
3866:
3852:
3838:
3824:
3809:
3795:
3781:
3766:
3752:
3738:
3724:
3710:
3696:
3682:
3668:
3654:
3640:
3626:
3612:
3598:
3584:
3569:
3555:
3541:
3527:
3513:
3412:
3365:
3323:
3266:Chairperson of the African Union
2994:Mutesi, Maggie (25 March 2021).
2932:from the original on 7 June 2024
2121:Keesing's Record of World Events
2108:Keesing's Record of World Events
2095:Keesing's Record of World Events
1127:
1114:
1099:
1086:
1072:
1059:
1044:
1031:
1016:
1003:
988:
975:
910:. Reputation management company
856:
7435:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
7365:Fall of the inner German border
3114:
3103:
3092:
3077:
3050:
3036:
3018:
2987:
2961:
2944:
2880:
2853:
2827:
2801:
2783:
2755:
2661:
2649:
2636:
2624:
2612:
2584:
2557:
2540:
2515:
2498:
2481:
2464:
2438:
2368:
2316:
2298:
2280:
2232:
2185:
2151:
2126:
2113:
2100:
2087:
2053:
2035:
2014:
1996:
1978:
1953:
1918:
1863:
1837:
1819:
1770:
1752:
1727:
1688:
1667:
1649:
1631:
1601:
1580:
1550:
1532:
1502:
1483:
1458:
1431:
1395:
1380:
1366:
1348:
871:United Nations General Assembly
651:and Sassou Nguesso in June 2005
245:
7573:People from Cuvette Department
7425:Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact
6564:Terrorism and the Soviet Union
3454:
3373:People's Republic of the Congo
2866:Les Echos du Congo Brazzaville
2564:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche.
1329:
1311:
1292:
1273:
1265:. 23 July 2009. Archived from
1251:
1232:
1213:
1199:Institute for Security Studies
1168:McKenna, Amy (29 April 2024).
1161:
822:In July 2023, he attended the
804:, finished second with 7.96%,
1:
7445:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
7044:Inter-regional Deputies Group
7029:National League for Democracy
3731:Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo
3172:Jean-Pierre Thystère Tchicaya
1766:(in French). 10 January 2014.
1154:
900:Denis-Christel Sassou Nguesso
532:Organization of African Unity
525:Denis Sassou Nguesso in 1986.
506:, and former prime ministers
345:
299:(born 23 November 1943) is a
162:Jean-Pierre Thystère Tchicaya
7355:Alexanderplatz demonstration
7320:Polish Round Table Agreement
6994:People's Movement of Ukraine
1934:. 26 March 1977. p. 7.
1492:"NGOUABI MARIEN (1938–1977)"
759:reelected in the first round
51:of the Republic of the Congo
7:
7400:January Events in Lithuania
7335:Hungarian Round Table Talks
6974:Democratic Party of Albania
5495:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
5113:Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova
2736:(in French). 6 April 2021.
2603:Les Dépêches de Brazzaville
2398:Cahiers d'Études africaines
2352:(in French). Archived from
1965:particongolaisdutravail.org
1721:particongolaisdutravail.org
1544:particongolaisdutravail.org
1142:
953:
945:, a Hong Kong Corporation.
889:International Monetary Fund
703:Sassou Nguesso was elected
548:International Monetary Fund
485:International Monetary Fund
10:
7624:
7054:Hungarian Democratic Forum
7049:Alliance of Free Democrats
7039:Union of Democratic Forces
2029:perspective.usherbrooke.ca
1990:perspective.usherbrooke.ca
1905:perspective.usherbrooke.ca
1851:(in French). 20 March 2013
1661:perspective.usherbrooke.ca
1106:National Order of the Lion
948:
894:In July 2007, British NGO
555:1992 presidential election
421:Parti Congolais du travail
393:1963–1979: early positions
340:2016 presidential election
332:2009 presidential election
328:2002 presidential election
313:1992 presidential election
234:Antoinette Loemba Tchibota
7519:
7453:
7415:1991 protests in Belgrade
7295:
7220:
7129:
7071:
7062:
6944:
6806:
6753:
6650:
6582:
6519:
6441:
6289:
6124:
5906:
5739:
5604:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
5560:
5352:
5295:Élisabeth Baume-Schneider
4707:
4268:
3633:Faustin-Archange Touadéra
3504:
3447:
3410:
3363:
3321:
3272:
3263:
3255:
3245:
3236:
3228:
3223:
3216:
3207:
3199:
3189:
3180:
3168:
3163:
2841:(in French). 22 June 2021
2646:, Reuters, 27 March 2015.
2323:Pourtier, Roland (1998).
1444:. Springer. p. 352.
939:Sangha Mining Development
824:2023 Russia–Africa Summit
802:Guy Brice Parfait Kolélas
679:Denis Sassou Nguesso and
649:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
596:transitional government.
491:and mineral extraction.
309:Congolese Party of Labour
290:
280:
275:Armed Forces of the Congo
270:
260:
255:
227:
221:Congolese Party of Labour
216:
190:
185:
181:
171:
154:
122:
111:
99:
79:
67:
56:
46:
42:
30:
23:
7405:January Events in Latvia
7395:Reunification of Germany
7380:1990s post-Soviet aliyah
7310:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest
7034:National Salvation Front
7019:Belarusian Popular Front
7009:Popular Front of Estonia
6778:Polish underground press
6539:List of socialist states
4957:Katerina Sakellaropoulou
4767:Alexander Van der Bellen
2955:2 September 2010 at the
2378:. Afrique contemporaine.
1827:"Ngouabi Dies of Wounds"
937:were instead awarded to
504:Valery Giscard d'Estaing
211:French Equatorial Africa
137:Alphonse Poaty-Souchlaty
94:Anatole Collinet Makosso
7481:Economic liberalization
7420:1991 Belarusian strikes
7360:Fall of the Berlin Wall
7014:Public Against Violence
7004:Popular Front of Latvia
6783:Political demonstration
6632:Chinese economic reform
6544:People Power Revolution
6369:(Republic of the Congo)
5157:Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
4943:Frank-Walter Steinmeier
2892:Le Journal de l'Afrique
2392:Yengo, Patrice (1998).
1540:"L'historique du parti"
1470:Encyclopædia Britannica
1406:(in French). allAfrica.
1391:(in French). allAfrica.
995:National Order of Benin
550:loans later that year.
461:Comité militaire du PCT
6615:New political thinking
6385:(United Arab Emirates)
4568:Tharman Shanmugaratnam
3945:Mohamed Ould Ghazouani
3062:lasemaineafricaine.net
2814:Brazzaville Foundation
2633:, AFP, 15 August 2010.
2621:, AFP, 14 August 2009.
1438:Turner, Barry (2009).
1170:"Denis Sassou-Nguesso"
793:
761:with 60% of the vote.
747:
728:
688:
652:
526:
37:Sassou Nguesso in 2014
7486:Post-Soviet conflicts
7440:Tajikistani Civil War
7390:Revolution on Granite
7350:Monday Demonstrations
6876:Sanjaasürengiin Zorig
6710:Mengistu Haile Mariam
6476:Eastern Bloc politics
5382:Rodrigo Chaves Robles
5071:Myriam Spiteri Debono
4859:Nikos Christodoulides
4654:Serdar Berdimuhamedow
4467:Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh
4396:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
4132:Hassan Sheikh Mohamud
4074:Bassirou Diomaye Faye
4001:Abdourahamane Tchiani
3959:Prithvirajsing Roopun
3591:Évariste Ndayishimiye
3420:Republic of the Congo
3331:Republic of the Congo
2410:10.3406/cea.1998.1811
2356:on 14 November 2007.
2066:. KARTHALA Editions.
1269:on 27 September 2015.
1051:Order of Prince Henry
912:Schillings Solicitors
787:
742:
726:
678:
647:
524:
465:Joachim Yhombi-Opango
417:Congolese Labor Party
265:Republic of the Congo
6896:Vytautas Landsbergis
6891:Viacheslav Chornovil
6720:Denis Sassou Nguesso
5329:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
4929:Salome Zourabichvili
4795:Alexander Lukashenko
4596:Ranil Wickremesinghe
4284:Mohammed Shahabuddin
3831:Umaro Sissoco Embaló
3717:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
3689:Denis Sassou Nguesso
3520:Abdelmadjid Tebboune
2975:on 11 September 2007
2119:"Aug 1989 – Congo",
1049:Grand Collar of the
405:) in December 1968.
297:Denis Sassou Nguesso
133:Ange Édouard Poungui
25:Denis Sassou Nguesso
7340:Pan-European Picnic
7315:1988 Polish strikes
6695:Wojciech Jaruzelski
6435:Revolutions of 1989
6313:(Equatorial Guinea)
5853:Nikenike Vurobaravu
5825:Surangel Whipps Jr.
5343:Volodymyr Zelenskyy
5279:Karin Keller-Sutter
4753:Vahagn Khachaturyan
4424:Thongloun Sisoulith
4189:Samia Suluhu Hassan
4160:Salva Kiir Mayardit
3703:Ismaïl Omar Guelleh
3032:. 22 December 2020.
2605:, 30 December 2006
2597:8 July 2011 at the
2193:"CONGO-BRAZZAVILLE"
2022:"Perspective Monde"
1362:. 23 February 2007.
1132:Grand Cross of the
1104:Grand Cross of the
1021:Grand Cross of the
993:Grand Cross of the
6700:Slobodan Milošević
6569:Vatican Opposition
6283:OPEC member states
5755:Wiliame Katonivere
5537:Christine Kangaloo
5314:Vadim Krasnoselsky
4999:Michael D. Higgins
4668:Shavkat Mirziyoyev
4496:Ram Chandra Poudel
4368:Abdul Latif Rashid
4259:Emmerson Mnangagwa
4245:Hakainde Hichilema
3164:Political offices
2771:. 13 December 2022
2244:The New York Times
2238:Kenneth B. Noble,
2164:The New York Times
1931:The New York Times
1849:blogs.mediapart.fr
1831:The New York Times
1325:. 27 October 2015.
941:, a subsidiary of
919:Sundance Resources
794:
774:civil disobedience
748:
729:
689:
653:
557:but placed third.
527:
315:but placed third.
145:Louis Sylvain Goma
129:Louis Sylvain Goma
7535:
7534:
7461:Colour revolution
7291:
7290:
7258:Congo-Brazzaville
6979:Democratic Russia
6936:Pope John Paul II
6931:George H. W. Bush
6881:Vladimir Bukovsky
6670:Mikhail Gorbachev
6665:Nicolae Ceaușescu
6451:Era of Stagnation
6401:
6400:
6245:
6244:
5862:
5861:
5396:Miguel Díaz-Canel
5245:Nataša Pirc Musar
5013:Sergio Mattarella
4985:Halla Tómasdóttir
4813:Željka Cvijanović
3845:Alassane Ouattara
3562:Mokgweetsi Masisi
3464:
3463:
3282:
3281:
3273:Succeeded by
3259:Olusegun Obasanjo
3246:Succeeded by
3224:Diplomatic posts
3190:Succeeded by
3064:. 8 February 2011
2675:. 26 October 2015
2452:. 23 October 1997
2228:. pp. 68–69.
2205:on 14 August 2021
1883:978-2-910153-30-4
1645:. 2 January 1969.
1613:congo-liberty.com
1562:congo-liberty.com
1514:congo-liberty.com
1451:978-1-349-58632-5
780:2021: Re-election
766:Jean-Marie Mokoko
423:, PCT). It was a
294:
293:
7615:
7410:Transnistria War
7069:
7068:
6911:Aung San Suu Kyi
6826:Alexander Dubček
6763:Civil resistance
6620:Sinatra Doctrine
6600:Demokratizatsiya
6501:Shortage economy
6428:
6421:
6414:
6405:
6404:
6394:
6386:
6378:
6370:
6362:
6354:
6346:
6338:
6330:
6322:
6314:
6306:
6298:
6272:
6265:
6258:
6249:
6248:
5889:
5882:
5875:
5866:
5865:
5855:
5851:
5850:
5841:
5837:
5836:
5827:
5823:
5822:
5813:
5809:
5808:
5799:
5795:
5794:
5785:
5781:
5780:
5771:
5767:
5766:
5757:
5753:
5752:
5732:
5728:
5727:
5718:
5716:Luis Lacalle Pou
5714:
5713:
5704:
5700:
5699:
5690:
5686:
5685:
5676:
5672:
5671:
5662:
5658:
5657:
5648:
5644:
5643:
5634:
5630:
5629:
5620:
5616:
5615:
5606:
5602:
5601:
5592:
5588:
5587:
5578:
5574:
5573:
5553:
5549:
5548:
5539:
5535:
5534:
5525:
5523:José Raúl Mulino
5521:
5520:
5511:
5507:
5506:
5497:
5493:
5492:
5483:
5479:
5478:
5469:
5464:
5463:
5454:
5452:Bernardo Arévalo
5450:
5449:
5440:
5436:
5435:
5426:
5422:
5421:
5412:
5408:
5407:
5398:
5394:
5393:
5384:
5380:
5379:
5370:
5366:
5365:
5345:
5341:
5340:
5331:
5327:
5326:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5301:
5273:
5272:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5247:
5243:
5242:
5233:
5231:Peter Pellegrini
5229:
5228:
5219:
5217:Aleksandar Vučić
5215:
5214:
5205:
5203:Milena Gasperoni
5199:Alessandro Rossi
5197:
5196:
5187:
5183:
5182:
5173:
5169:
5168:
5159:
5155:
5154:
5145:
5141:
5140:
5131:
5125:
5124:
5115:
5111:
5110:
5101:
5097:
5096:
5087:
5083:
5082:
5073:
5069:
5068:
5059:
5055:
5054:
5045:
5043:Edgars Rinkēvičs
5041:
5040:
5031:
5025:
5024:
5015:
5011:
5010:
5001:
4997:
4996:
4987:
4983:
4982:
4973:
4969:
4968:
4959:
4955:
4954:
4945:
4941:
4940:
4931:
4927:
4926:
4917:
4913:
4912:
4903:
4899:
4898:
4889:
4885:
4884:
4875:
4871:
4870:
4861:
4857:
4856:
4847:
4843:
4842:
4833:
4829:
4828:
4819:
4807:
4806:
4797:
4793:
4792:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4755:
4751:
4750:
4741:
4737:
4736:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4700:
4695:
4694:
4685:
4680:
4679:
4670:
4666:
4665:
4656:
4652:
4651:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4584:
4580:
4579:
4570:
4566:
4565:
4556:
4552:
4551:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4526:
4524:Asif Ali Zardari
4522:
4521:
4512:
4508:
4507:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4484:
4479:
4478:
4469:
4465:
4464:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4441:
4436:
4435:
4426:
4422:
4421:
4412:
4408:
4407:
4398:
4394:
4393:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4370:
4366:
4365:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4314:
4312:José Ramos-Horta
4310:
4309:
4300:
4296:
4295:
4286:
4282:
4281:
4261:
4257:
4256:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4219:
4215:
4214:
4205:
4203:Faure Gnassingbé
4201:
4200:
4191:
4187:
4186:
4177:
4172:
4171:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4104:
4102:Julius Maada Bio
4100:
4099:
4090:
4088:Wavel Ramkalawan
4086:
4085:
4076:
4072:
4071:
4062:
4060:Carlos Vila Nova
4058:
4057:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4032:
4028:
4027:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4004:
3999:
3998:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3933:
3928:
3927:
3918:
3916:Lazarus Chakwera
3914:
3913:
3904:
3900:
3899:
3890:
3887:Mohamed al-Menfi
3885:
3884:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3861:
3857:
3856:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3819:
3816:Mamady Doumbouya
3814:
3813:
3804:
3800:
3799:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3776:
3771:
3770:
3761:
3759:Sahle-Work Zewde
3757:
3756:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3677:
3675:Félix Tshisekedi
3673:
3672:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3635:
3631:
3630:
3621:
3619:José Maria Neves
3617:
3616:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3579:
3574:
3573:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3468:
3467:
3458:
3455:
3451:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3285:
3284:
3256:Preceded by
3229:Preceded by
3200:Preceded by
3177:
3169:Preceded by
3161:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:Official website
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3118:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3096:
3090:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3006:on 28 March 2023
3002:. Archived from
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2965:
2959:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2925:The Sunday Times
2921:
2913:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2839:JeuneAfrique.com
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2742:
2729:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2694:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2425:
2414:
2413:
2404:(150): 471–503.
2389:
2380:
2379:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2338:
2329:
2328:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2266:archive.ipu.org/
2258:
2247:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2204:
2198:. Archived from
2197:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2130:
2124:
2117:
2111:
2104:
2098:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2049:. 10 April 2018.
2039:
2033:
2032:
2026:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1897:
1888:
1887:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1833:. 20 March 1977.
1823:
1817:
1816:
1802:
1789:
1788:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1739:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1713:
1704:
1703:
1702:. 24 March 1970.
1692:
1686:
1685:
1679:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1619:on 7 August 2021
1615:. Archived from
1605:
1599:
1598:
1592:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1568:on 7 August 2021
1564:. Archived from
1554:
1548:
1547:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1520:on 7 August 2021
1516:. Archived from
1506:
1500:
1499:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1421:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1189:
1178:
1177:
1165:
1131:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1103:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1076:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1048:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1020:
1009:
1007:
1006:
992:
981:
979:
978:
963:
943:Best Way Finance
876:The Sunday Times
628:second civil war
429:Marxist–Leninist
388:Political career
363:. He studied in
350:A member of the
256:Military service
249:
247:
204:
201:23 November 1943
200:
198:
186:Personal details
174:
167:
164:
157:
125:
116:
102:
82:
72:
47:5th and 7th
35:
21:
20:
7623:
7622:
7618:
7617:
7616:
7614:
7613:
7612:
7598:Former Marxists
7538:
7537:
7536:
7531:
7515:
7476:Democratization
7466:Decommunization
7449:
7385:Helsinki Summit
7325:April 9 tragedy
7297:
7287:
7216:
7125:
7073:
7064:
7058:
6946:
6940:
6808:
6802:
6755:
6749:
6705:Mathieu Kérékou
6652:
6646:
6578:
6554:Reagan Doctrine
6529:Active measures
6521:
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6506:Totalitarianism
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5907:Organisation of
5902:
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5119:
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5099:Jakov Milatović
5091:
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5057:Gitanas Nausėda
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4915:Emmanuel Macron
4907:
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4901:Alexander Stubb
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4845:Zoran Milanović
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4809:Denis Bećirović
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4697:Rashad al-Alimi
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4231:Yoweri Museveni
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3802:Nana Akufo-Addo
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3203:Pascal Lissouba
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2797:. 28 July 2023.
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2527:www.voanews.com
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2292:archive.ipu.org
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2246:, 25 June 1991.
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1764:adiac-congo.com
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1078:Order of Honour
1060:
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1032:
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1004:
1002:
976:
974:
971:
969:Foreign honours
956:
951:
921:to develop the
908:Roberto Cavalli
863:Waldorf Astoria
859:
844:
782:
721:
609:
567:
481:
395:
390:
373:
371:Military career
348:
324:Pascal Lissouba
251:
248: 1969)
243:
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217:Political party
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177:Pascal Lissouba
172:
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106:Pascal Lissouba
100:
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90:Clément Mouamba
88:
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75:25 October 1997
74:
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63:
50:
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26:
17:
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5:
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7501:Post-communism
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7098:
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7091:Czechoslovakia
7088:
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7074:Eastern Europe
7066:
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6921:Isaias Afwerki
6918:
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6901:Zianon Pazniak
6898:
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6680:Erich Honecker
6677:
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6508:
6503:
6498:
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6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6461:Anti-communism
6458:
6453:
6447:
6445:
6439:
6438:
6431:
6430:
6423:
6416:
6408:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6395:
6387:
6379:
6377:(Saudi Arabia)
6371:
6367:Sassou Nguesso
6363:
6355:
6347:
6339:
6331:
6323:
6315:
6307:
6299:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6279:Heads of state
6275:
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6267:
6260:
6252:
6243:
6242:
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6239:
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6229:
6224:
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5828:
5814:
5800:
5786:
5772:
5758:
5743:
5741:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5733:
5730:Nicolás Maduro
5719:
5705:
5691:
5677:
5663:
5649:
5635:
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5607:
5593:
5579:
5564:
5562:
5558:
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5555:
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5540:
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5498:
5484:
5481:Xiomara Castro
5470:
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5427:
5413:
5399:
5385:
5371:
5356:
5354:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5332:
5318:
5302:
5287:Ignazio Cassis
5264:
5248:
5234:
5220:
5206:
5188:
5185:Vladimir Putin
5174:
5171:Klaus Iohannis
5160:
5146:
5132:
5116:
5102:
5088:
5074:
5060:
5046:
5032:
5016:
5002:
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4728:
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4709:
4705:
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4702:
4701:
4686:
4671:
4657:
4643:
4640:Emomali Rahmon
4629:
4613:
4599:
4585:
4571:
4557:
4543:
4527:
4513:
4499:
4485:
4470:
4456:
4453:Mohamed Muizzu
4442:
4427:
4413:
4399:
4385:
4371:
4357:
4343:
4329:
4326:Droupadi Murmu
4315:
4301:
4287:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4248:
4234:
4220:
4206:
4192:
4178:
4163:
4149:
4135:
4121:
4117:Muse Bihi Abdi
4105:
4091:
4077:
4063:
4049:
4033:
4019:
4005:
3990:
3987:Nangolo Mbumba
3976:
3962:
3948:
3934:
3919:
3905:
3891:
3876:
3862:
3848:
3834:
3820:
3805:
3791:
3777:
3762:
3748:
3745:Isaias Afwerki
3734:
3720:
3706:
3692:
3678:
3664:
3650:
3636:
3622:
3608:
3594:
3580:
3576:Ibrahim Traoré
3565:
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3508:
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3494:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3471:
3462:
3461:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3439:Sassou Nguesso
3436:
3431:
3429:Sassou Nguesso
3425:
3423:
3422:(1992–present)
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3402:Sassou Nguesso
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3345:Massamba-Débat
3342:
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3303:
3296:
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3257:
3253:
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3249:Kenneth Kaunda
3247:
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3206:
3201:
3197:
3196:
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3170:
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3147:
3146:External links
3144:
3141:
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3102:
3091:
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3017:
2986:
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2894:. 20 June 2021
2879:
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2590:Willy Mbossa,
2583:
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2348:(April 1998).
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2166:. p. A8.
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1496:universalis.fr
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1174:britannica.com
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1028:
1027:
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1000:
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998:
970:
967:
966:
965:
955:
952:
950:
947:
896:Global Witness
858:
855:
843:
840:
828:Vladimir Putin
781:
778:
744:Vladimir Putin
720:
717:
713:Omar al-Bashir
697:European Union
681:George W. Bush
608:
605:
566:
563:
512:Pierre Messmer
508:Jacques Chirac
480:
477:
399:Marien Ngouabi
394:
391:
389:
386:
372:
369:
347:
344:
292:
291:
288:
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271:Branch/service
268:
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241:
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223:(1969–present)
218:
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192:
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187:
183:
182:
179:
178:
175:
169:
168:
158:
152:
151:
126:
124:Prime Minister
120:
119:
109:
108:
103:
97:
96:
86:Isidore Mvouba
83:
81:Prime Minister
77:
76:
70:Assumed office
65:
64:
57:
54:
53:
44:
43:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7620:
7609:
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7596:
7594:
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7568:Living people
7566:
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7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7545:
7543:
7528:
7525:
7524:
7522:
7518:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7506:Yugoslav Wars
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7496:Neo-Stalinism
7494:
7492:
7491:Neo-Sovietism
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
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7375:Black January
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6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
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6949:
6943:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6926:Ronald Reagan
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6906:Zhelyu Zhelev
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6886:Boris Yeltsin
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6866:Joachim Gauck
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
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6829:
6827:
6824:
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6817:
6814:
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6805:
6799:
6798:Strike action
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6752:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6740:Todor Zhivkov
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6730:Deng Xiaoping
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
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6588:
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6562:
6560:
6559:Soviet Empire
6557:
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6547:
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6532:
6530:
6527:
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6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6125:African Union
6123:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
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5934:
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5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
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5914:
5913:
5911:
5909:African Unity
5905:
5901:
5900:African Union
5897:
5890:
5885:
5883:
5878:
5876:
5871:
5870:
5867:
5854:
5849:
5843:
5840:
5835:
5829:
5826:
5821:
5815:
5812:
5807:
5801:
5798:
5797:Wesley Simina
5793:
5787:
5784:
5779:
5773:
5770:
5769:Taneti Maamau
5765:
5759:
5756:
5751:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5738:
5731:
5726:
5720:
5717:
5712:
5706:
5703:
5702:Chan Santokhi
5698:
5692:
5689:
5688:Dina Boluarte
5684:
5678:
5675:
5674:Santiago Peña
5670:
5664:
5661:
5656:
5650:
5647:
5642:
5636:
5633:
5632:Gustavo Petro
5628:
5622:
5619:
5618:Gabriel Boric
5614:
5608:
5605:
5600:
5594:
5591:
5586:
5580:
5577:
5572:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5561:South America
5559:
5552:
5547:
5541:
5538:
5533:
5527:
5524:
5519:
5513:
5510:
5509:Daniel Ortega
5505:
5499:
5496:
5491:
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5482:
5477:
5471:
5467:
5462:
5456:
5453:
5448:
5442:
5439:
5434:
5428:
5425:
5424:Luis Abinader
5420:
5414:
5411:
5406:
5400:
5397:
5392:
5386:
5383:
5378:
5372:
5369:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5353:North America
5351:
5344:
5339:
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5309:
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5296:
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4855:
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4818:
4817:Željko Komšić
4814:
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4791:
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4777:
4771:
4768:
4763:
4757:
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4749:
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4729:
4726:
4725:
4724:Aslan Bzhania
4719:
4713:
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4706:
4698:
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4687:
4683:
4678:
4672:
4669:
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4582:Yoon Suk Yeol
4578:
4572:
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4550:
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4541:
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4539:Mahmoud Abbas
4534:
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4410:Sadyr Japarov
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3873:Joseph Boakai
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3548:Patrice Talon
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3214:1997–present
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3121:Togo-Presse.
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2969:"Law reports"
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923:Mbalam-Nabeba
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905:
904:Louis Vuitton
901:
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890:
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882:
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868:
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857:Controversies
854:
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849:
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769:
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709:African Union
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149:André Milongo
146:
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141:Pierre Moussa
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7202:Turkmenistan
7130:Soviet Union
7116:Soviet Union
7096:East Germany
6916:Meles Zenawi
6871:Sali Berisha
6821:Václav Havel
6768:Human chains
6719:
6675:Károly Grósz
6605:Khozraschyot
6496:Nomenklatura
6471:Eastern Bloc
6366:
6146:
6035:
5811:David Adeang
5646:Daniel Noboa
5576:Javier Milei
5438:Nayib Bukele
5368:Sandra Mason
5312:
5291:Albert Rösti
5283:Guy Parmelin
5275:Viola Amherd
5260:Alan Gagloev
5258:
5143:Andrzej Duda
5126:
5028:Vjosa Osmani
5026:
4971:Tamás Sulyok
4781:Ilham Aliyev
4739:Bajram Begaj
4722:
4625:Lai Ching-te
4623:
4537:
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4382:Isaac Herzog
4354:Ali Khamenei
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4043:
3973:Filipe Nyusi
3930:Assimi Goïta
3859:William Ruto
3788:Adama Barrow
3773:Brice Oligui
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3647:Mahamat Déby
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1980:
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1964:
1955:
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1929:
1920:
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1821:
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1810:
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1360:refworld.org
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1267:the original
1262:
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374:
356:Oyo district
349:
317:
296:
295:
173:Succeeded by
113:
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7548:1943 births
7430:August Coup
7283:South Yemen
7228:Afghanistan
7072:Central and
7065:by location
6969:Civic Forum
6856:Feng Congde
6831:Ion Iliescu
6816:Lech Wałęsa
6773:Magnitizdat
6735:Zhao Ziyang
6725:Heng Samrin
6685:Miloš Jakeš
6595:Perestroika
6393:(Venezuela)
6182:Hailemariam
5783:Hilda Heine
5128:Ersin Tatar
4831:Rumen Radev
4510:Kim Jong Un
4340:Joko Widodo
4030:Paul Kagame
4016:Bola Tinubu
3375:(1969–1992)
3333:(1960–1969)
3276:John Kufuor
3232:Abdou Diouf
3000:Mansa Media
2979:27 December
2868:(in French)
2775:16 December
2607:(in French)
2572:(in French)
2268:(in French)
2047:Le Monde.fr
1700:Le Monde.fr
1643:Le Monde.fr
1342:reuters.com
1323:Le Monde.fr
1305:reuters.com
1286:reuters.com
1011:Ivory Coast
887:and the UN
796:During the
734:in absentia
685:Oval Office
624:Brazzaville
622:section of
156:Preceded by
101:Preceded by
7542:Categories
7471:Lustration
7345:Baltic Way
7296:Individual
7273:Mozambique
7212:Uzbekistan
7197:Tajikistan
7182:Kyrgyzstan
7177:Kazakhstan
7142:Azerbaijan
7121:Yugoslavia
6999:Solidarity
6959:Charter 77
6945:Opposition
6841:Wu'erkaixi
6807:Opposition
6754:Opposition
6745:Siad Barre
6690:Egon Krenz
6660:Ramiz Alia
6651:Government
6590:Uskoreniye
6522:background
6444:background
6222:Tshisekedi
6187:Abdel Aziz
6101:Bouteflika
5946:Boumédiène
5660:Irfaan Ali
5085:Maia Sandu
4887:Alar Karis
4873:Petr Pavel
4298:Xi Jinping
4217:Kais Saied
3270:2006–2007
3243:1986–1987
3187:1979–1992
3127:editogo.tg
3030:MINING.COM
2138:apnews.com
1155:References
885:World Bank
666:Omar Bongo
656:in exile.
346:Early life
336:referendum
261:Allegiance
197:1943-11-23
7511:Pink tide
7305:Jeltoqsan
7221:Elsewhere
7172:Lithuania
7024:Rastokhez
6964:New Forum
6947:movements
6846:Chai Ling
6456:Communism
6361:(Nigeria)
6297:(Algeria)
6237:Ghazouani
6232:Assoumani
6217:Ramaphosa
6167:Mutharika
6116:Mwanawasa
6061:Babangida
5986:Ramgoolam
5966:Hassan II
5590:Luis Arce
5551:Joe Biden
5299:Beat Jans
3605:Paul Biya
3218:Incumbent
2898:24 August
2872:24 August
2845:24 August
2819:24 August
2768:AllAfrica
2708:15 August
2576:14 August
2532:14 August
2456:14 August
2450:ReliefWeb
2209:14 August
2177:24 August
2172:0362-4331
1940:0362-4331
1205:14 August
867:Manhattan
817:Joe Biden
425:communist
381:paratroop
301:Congolese
114:In office
60:Incumbent
49:President
7268:Mongolia
7263:Ethiopia
7248:Cambodia
7152:Chechnya
7086:Bulgaria
6861:Tank Man
6851:Wang Dan
6836:Liu Gang
6793:Samizdat
6788:Protests
6627:Glasnost
6610:500 Days
6534:Cold War
6442:Internal
6351:al-Menfi
6345:(Kuwait)
6327:Khamenei
6305:(Angola)
6303:Lourenço
6295:Tebboune
6142:Obasanjo
6137:Chissano
6096:Compaoré
6056:Museveni
6021:Mengistu
5936:Selassie
5916:Selassie
5898:and the
3459:Military
3434:Lissouba
3397:Tchicaya
3010:14 March
2953:Archived
2930:Archived
2808:Maëlle.
2738:Archived
2595:Archived
2272:8 August
2143:8 August
2079:8 August
1970:8 August
1910:8 August
1855:8 August
1623:7 August
1572:7 August
1524:7 August
1475:29 March
1143:See also
1039:Portugal
954:National
705:Chairman
687:in 2006.
166:(acting)
7520:Related
7278:Somalia
7207:Ukraine
7187:Moldova
7162:Georgia
7157:Estonia
7147:Belarus
7137:Armenia
7111:Romania
7101:Hungary
7081:Albania
6989:Sąjūdis
6809:leaders
6756:methods
6653:leaders
6642:Đổi Mới
6583:Reforms
6383:Mohamed
6353:(Libya)
6321:(Gabon)
6162:Gaddafi
6157:Kikwete
6147:Nguesso
6111:Chiluba
6106:Eyadéma
6076:Ben Ali
6071:Mubarak
6051:Mubarak
6036:Nguesso
6026:Nyerere
6011:Stevens
6006:Senghor
6001:Tolbert
5996:Nimeiry
5926:Nkrumah
5740:Oceania
3382:Ngouabi
3355:Ngouabi
3132:5 April
3068:5 April
2795:Reuters
2747:31 July
2703:Reuters
2679:23 July
2673:Reuters
2362:sojourn
2008:uca.edu
1263:Reuters
1094:Senegal
949:Honours
935:Bandodo
836:Ukraine
792:in 2022
707:of the
683:in the
584:In the
543:amnesty
377:Algeria
365:Dolisie
285:General
250:
242:
238:
7298:events
7233:Angola
7192:Russia
7167:Latvia
7106:Poland
7063:Events
6715:Ne Win
6391:Maduro
6375:Salman
6359:Tinubu
6343:Mishal
6337:(Iraq)
6335:Rashid
6329:(Iran)
6319:Oligui
6311:Obiang
6207:Kagame
6192:Mugabe
6172:Obiang
6152:Kufuor
6091:Mugabe
6046:Traoré
6041:Kaunda
5961:Daddah
5956:Kaunda
5951:Ahidjo
5941:Mobutu
5931:Ankrah
5921:Nasser
5297:, and
4815:, and
4708:Europe
4682:Tô Lâm
3505:Africa
3452:Acting
3417:
3370:
3340:Youlou
3328:
3176:Acting
2936:7 June
2570:DW.COM
2170:
2070:
1945:7 June
1938:
1880:
1448:
1245:rfi.fr
1226:rfi.fr
1136:(2011)
1119:
1108:(2022)
1091:
1080:(2024)
1067:Russia
1064:
1053:(1984)
1036:
1025:(2023)
1008:
997:(2011)
980:
931:Nabeba
616:Owando
361:Owando
352:Mbochi
228:Spouse
7253:China
7243:Burma
7238:Benin
6202:Condé
6132:Mbeki
6081:Meles
6066:Diouf
6031:Diouf
5991:Bongo
5976:Barre
5971:Gowon
3350:Raoul
2741:(PDF)
2728:(PDF)
2551:(PDF)
2509:(PDF)
2492:(PDF)
2475:(PDF)
2432:(PDF)
2203:(PDF)
2196:(PDF)
2025:(PDF)
1748:: 48.
1738:(PDF)
1684:: 22.
1678:(PDF)
1597:: 22.
1591:(PDF)
983:Benin
927:Avima
848:Libya
832:peace
670:Gabon
620:Mpila
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240:
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6227:Sall
6212:Sisi
6197:Déby
6177:Boni
6086:Biya
5981:Amin
5201:and
4269:Asia
3134:2014
3070:2014
3012:2024
2981:2012
2938:2024
2900:2021
2874:2021
2847:2021
2821:2021
2777:2022
2749:2022
2710:2021
2681:2022
2578:2021
2534:2021
2458:2021
2274:2021
2211:2021
2179:2021
2168:ISSN
2145:2021
2081:2021
2068:ISBN
1972:2021
1947:2024
1936:ISSN
1912:2021
1878:ISBN
1857:2021
1625:2021
1574:2021
1526:2021
1477:2016
1446:ISBN
1207:2021
1122:Togo
933:and
906:and
881:US$
510:and
281:Rank
207:Edou
191:Born
6491:KGB
6281:of
6016:Moi
2406:doi
1812:RFI
1784:RFI
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