320:
481:
83:
275:
250:
68:
952:
54:
909:
1158:, but none responded to his pleas, although the British did sell the Yucatecans arms and supplies through their colony in Belize. In addition to this, the British also received thousands of Yucatecan and Mayan refugees in Belize who were trying to escape the war. Finally, and as mentioned above, the Yucatecan delegation in Washington made a formal offer for the annexation of Yucatán to the United States, an argument that appealed to some of the radical expansionists and the
880:
1084:
821:
871:
for the five departments into which Yucatán was divided by a decree of
November 30, 1840, namely: Mérida, Izamal, Valladolid, Campeche, and Tekax." The colors of the flag of the Yucatán are identical to those of the Mexican flag, in contrast to the flag of the other republic to declare independence from Mexico, the Republic of Texas, which used the colors of the flag of the United States.
932:, a native of Mérida, to negotiate with the Yucatecan authorities and Congress about rejoining Mexico. Quintana Roo's commission succeeded and the treaties of 28 and 29 November 1841 were signed. In them, Yucatán retained its own customs and tariff laws, and the free entry of goods to ports of the Republic was allowed to continue, among other benefits to Yucatán.
855:(future governor of Yucatán) broke into the room calling for the independence of Yucatán. Some members of this group lowered the Mexican flag, without considering the consequences, raising in its place a flag called the Yucatecan. Officially a few days after the Mexican flag was removed from boats and buildings in favor of the Yucatecan flag.
1187:
save. For all the current administration should not be remembered past misfortunes, but as a harsh lesson that we all have a duty to repair indicates both misfortune. The
President sees no more than one in Yucatán and very interesting part of the Union, or its citizens more than our brothers handed over to the relentless fury of the wild.
2197:, México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/Centro Penínsular en Humanidades y en Ciencias Sociales (CEPHCIS)/Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán/Red de Investigación Interdisciplinaria sobre Identidades, Racismo y Xenofobia en América Latina (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología). pp. 107–125.
569:
was declared, Agustín de
Iturbide was designated President of the Regency; because of his great popularity and prestige, the Interim Board gave him full authority. Elections for the Constituent Congress took place in December 1821 and in January 1822. There is no accurate record of how many deputies
1053:
In 1846, the
Mexican government returned to the 1824 Constitution, restoring Mexican federalism. The Mérida-Barbachano faction received the news enthusiastically and agreed to rejoin Mexico on November 2, 1846. On the other side, the Campeche-Méndez faction claimed that any reunion with Mexico would
768:
Yucatán swears that recognizes and responds to the government of Mexico, only if it is liberal and representative; and with the condition that: The union of Yucatán is that of a
Federated Republic, and not otherwise, and therefore entitled to form their particular Constitution and establish the laws
1175:
Méndez decided to return the government of Yucatán to Miguel
Barbachano, who took office in April 1848. The first thing Barbachano did as governor was inform the government of Mexico, who resided in the city of Querétaro, the distressing situation of the war of castes and seek economic and military
1054:
involve Yucatán in war with the United States. In
October 1846, the US Navy took Ciudad del Carmen, and blockaded Yucatán. On January 21, 1847, Santiago Méndez moved the Yucatán capital to Campeche which, within a few months, was also cut off by the US Navy from trade with Texas, Mérida and Mexico.
970:
Control of this island gave the
Mexican military a strategic base between the Mexican mainland and the Yucatecan peninsula. Water travel provided the fastest route between Yucatán and Mexico. There were no land routes through the jungles, and the sharp curve of the peninsula meant that the shortest
870:
on March 16, 1841, in protest at Santa Anna's centralization of Mexico. "The flag of Yucatán is divided into two fields: on the left, a field of green; and on the right, another divided in turn into three, red top and bottom, and white in the middle. The field of green features five stars standing
1186:
Mr. Governor, will be useless after exposure to me the wishes of the nation, the feelings of the representatives, and the conduct of the
Government of Yucatán if I don't extended for the purpose of convincing the intensity of interest in the fate of the excited state and the government decision to
779:
among the three branches of state: executive, legislative, and judicial. The
Centralists centered all authority on President of the Republic. Federalists ruled in Mexico from the birth of the Republic until 1835, and this corresponds with calm, peaceful relations between Mexico and the Yucatán. In
2244:
Arroyo Vázquez, María de la Luz; Gómez, Begoña; Hidalgo Plaza, Urbano; Jiménez Díaz, María Begoña; Oseira, Ruth L.; Muñoz Blanco, José Miguel; Peludo Gómez, Rosario; Ruíz Díaz, Luis (30 November 1993). Pérez Herrero, Pedro; Varela Torrecilla, Carmén; Bonor, Juan Luis; Fernández Marquínez, Yolanda
891:
Important rights included individual rights as the fundamental rights of all citizens of the state either at home or abroad; the declaration of freedom of religion, in article 79: "none to be molested for his religious views, and those who come to settle in the country, as their descendants, have
1179:
Mexican President José Joaquín Herrera, was welcomed to Barbachano, and July 14 of 1848 gave 150,000 pesos to Yucatán (of 3 million that the U.S. gave to Mexico as payment for territory acquired in the Mexican–American War) and sent arms and ammunition to Yucatán. The Mexican Government sent the
1025:
Despite the withdrawal, Santa Anna refused to recognize the independence of Yucatán and banned the entry of ships under flag of Yucatán to Mexican territory. He also prohibited the transit of Mexican ships to Yucatán. This overturned all Yucatecan trade with the mainland of Mexico, causing deep
1166:
was pleased with the idea and the "Yucatán Bill" passed the U.S. House of Representatives, but was discarded by the Senate. The war with Mexico had become more complicated than anticipated, and the Congress of the United States did not want a second war with the natives of Yucatán. In the end,
1057:
But meanwhile, widespread resentment and discontent had developed among the Mayan population. They paid high taxes, provided most manual and unskilled labor, and formed most of the rank and file of the military, while subject to discrimination and institutional racism by the wealthy whites and
1029:
Yucatán proposed several conditions to the central government. Santa Anna agreed to several conditions giving full autonomy to the Yucatán on December 5, 1843. Yucatán resumed trade with Mexico and the Republic retained its sovereignty. However, the situation would be short-lived. The Mexican
1167:
although the United States did not formally intervene in the war of the castes or to secure the independence of Yucatan, dozens of American citizens fought for the Republic of Yucatan as mercenaries, most of them being veterans of the Mexican-American war which had recently concluded.
887:
The innovative 1841 Constitution of Yucatán was based on the Constitution of the State of Yucatán in 1825 but also contained a reform package drafted by the liberal lawyer Manuel Crescencio García Rejón. It was promulgated on March 31, 1841 and entered into force on May 16.
1469:
1030:
government on February 21, 1844 ruled that unique rights and autonomy awarded to Yucatán were unconstitutional. In late 1845, the Mexican Congress revoked the Conventions of December 1843 and the Assembly of Yucatán to declare its independence on January 1, 1846.
3106:
1107:
sent in 1848 did offer the annexation of the entire peninsula to the United States, a project that was strongly supported by Sierra O'Reilly, as documented by the 1938 publication of his diary of this trip and the discussions he held with American politicians.
1094:
Between the American blockade and the Mayan uprising, the Méndez government faced a critical problem of internal security and protection of trade. Méndez sent a delegation, led by Judge José Rovira, to Washington D.C. to argue that Yucatán's neutrality in the
3452:
Julián Pastor (director), Eduardo Luján (screenwriter), José Ortiz Ramos (cinematography), Joaquín Gutiérrez Heras (music), Ignacio López Tarso (actor), Ana Luisa Peluffo (actress), Pedro Armendáriz Jr. (actor), Jorge Martínez de Hoyos (actor) (1977).
780:
1835 the Centralists took power in Mexico and appointed the governor of Yucatán. As the Yucatán lost more and more off its autonomy, its people considered more seriously the possibility of their own independence and the formation of a second republic.
800:. Mexican centralization conflicted with the ideas of the Anglo-Texans, who decided to seek US volunteers for their own independence. With that support, Texas attained independence and emerged as a republic. The first vice-president of the
1473:
892:
secured him the public and private exercise of their respective religions"; Article 69 established trial by a jury of peers. Article 73 abolished required civil or military service. Section I of Article 62 re-established the
636:, had limited the influence of the viceroy on Yucatecan governance, so did it limit the military effects of Mexico's war of independence. Among the enlightened Yucatecan, the war encouraged a liberated spirit. The Yucatecan
3506:
Ferrer Muñoz, Manuel (1 January 2002). Salzar Ugarte, Pedro; Marván Laborde, María; Márquez Romero, Raúl; Trujillo Sandoval, Mariana; Caballero Rueda, Alejandra Paola; Vega Gómez, Juan; Hernández Pacheco, Federico (eds.).
1197:
Another of the consequences of the war of the castes was that it altered the international geopolitical divisions of the region between Guatemala and Mexico: since 1823 the biggest and northernmost province of Guatemala,
3158:
1193:
The rebellion of the indigenous Maya was put down in August 1848 and August 17 of that year, Barbachano ordered the resumption of a confederation of Mexico and the restoration of the 1825 Constitution of Yucatán.
1064:
who controlled the regional government (including both the Campeche and Merida factions). additionally, the Mayan people had historically always lived in extreme poverty, They had endured these conditions since
1139:, with the help of troops from Mexico. Marcelo Pat's death, the son of Jacinto, forced him to abandon the struggle. Eventually, the Caste War overwhelmed Yucatán efforts at security and internal stability.
1202:, attempted to annex itself to the state of Yucatán; however, the annexation project was put off several times and finally shelved around 1856 as the war worsened and the Mayans scored several victories.
742:
was forced to abdicate and left the country. In May 1823, following Iturbide's resignation, Victoria became the first president of Mexico and Santa Anna became governor of Yucatán. Yucatán joined as the
959:
Failing in the attempt to subdue Yucatán with words, Santa Anna sent armed forces to the peninsula to hunt for the federalists. In August 1842, a Mexican naval squadron formed off Carmen Island (now
967:), including four warships and commanded by Captain Thomas Marin. Marin demanded that Yucatán return to Mexico. A few days later his soldiers took the island without encountering armed resistance.
666:
abolished the Constitution of Cádiz, and those who gathered in the church of San Juan were persecuted. Some of them arrested and imprisoned, including Lorenzo de Zavala, José Francisco Bates, and
844:(the Yucatán capital city) under the command of Anastasio Torrens, and many supporters, Captain Santiago Imán proclaimed the independence of the Yucatecan territory. On June 6, 1840, the city of
3006:
1099:
should protect it from hostile blockade. They highlighted the Yucatán independence from Mexico based on the injustices committed by the Mexican central government and that their trade with the
497:
836:
and on February 12, 1840 issued a report, which stated that federalism should be restored as a form of government to combat poverty in the country. The act required the reestablishment of the
788:
An important case set a precedent for the independence of the Yucatán and the formation of a new republic. As Mexico had won its independence from Spain, several provinces on the periphery of
3009:. In Derby, Lauren; Elsey, Brenda; Palacios, Guillermo; Prado, Fabrício; Soto Laveaga, Gabriela; Mor, Jessica Stites; Wakild, Emily; Walker, Charles; Webre, Stephen; Wood, Stephanie (eds.).
3425:, México: Centro de Estudios Superiores de México y Centroamérica (CESMECA) de la Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas (UNICACH): 149–164.
2588:
Rugeley, Terry (20 June 2012). Sánchez Flores, Diana Luz; de Nogueira Iriarte, Benigno; Solano Aguirre, Iván; Medina, David; Rodríguez, Leonardo; Reyes Ramírez, Ana Elizabeth (eds.).
683:, formed the Patriotic Confederation. A schism developed within the Confederation that resulted in two opposing groups. One included the supporters of the Spanish government and the
1706:
452:. Its geographical position gave it some autonomy. During the Spanish Viceroyalty, the province and captaincy of Yucatán covered the current territories of Campeche, Quintana Roo,
1349:
Torres Martínez, Rubén (15 January 2018). Ponce, Néstor; Fabriol, Anaïs; Ferlampin-Archer, Christine; Lesage, Claire; Bouvet-Levêque, Laurence; Brégeault-Krembser, Nelly (eds.).
738:, a pact through which they sought to abolish the monarchy and transform Mexico into a republic. Initially a supporter of Iturbide, Santa Anna had adopted the republican cause.
719:
Echeverri, who succeeded Carrillo Albornoz in 1821, proclaimed the independence of the peninsula and sent two representatives to negotiate the incorporation of Yucatán into the
1843:
Zuleta Miranda, María Cecilia (10 January 1995). Serna Rodríguez, Ana María; Pardo Hernández, Claudia Patricia; López Martínez, Jesús; Marín Martínez, Francisco Rafael (eds.).
935:
But the central government in Mexico City ignored these treaties. Instead, the central government demanded that Yucatán rejoin Mexico without conditions and fully accept the
1535:
Flores Escalante, Justo Miguel (10 May 2005). Serna Rodríguez, Ana María; Pardo Hernández, Claudia Patricia; López Martínez, Jesús; Marín Martínez, Francisco Rafael (eds.).
692:
2804:
Ayala Anguiano, Armando (1 April 2006). Ayala Anguiano, Armando; Anaya, Guillermo; Rubén Cuevas, Luis (eds.). "Cómo se ofreció a Estados Unidos la península yucateca".
289:
3258:
Ayala Anguiano, Armando (1 May 2006). Ayala Anguiano, Armando; Anaya, Guillermo; Rubén Cuevas, Luis (eds.). "Cómo se ofreció a Estados Unidos la península yucateca".
1594:
Iturriaga Acevedo, Eugenia (1 March 2019). Giménez Montiel, Gilberto; Suárez, Hugo José; Peimbert Frías, Guillermo Aníbal; Vázquez Domínguez, Bárbara Desirée (eds.).
792:
had been subsumed into the new Mexican empire and its successor state, the Republic of Mexico, or the United States of Mexico. One of its northernmost territories,
2145:
2099:
Bolio Ortíz, Juan Pablo (1 January 2012). Aparicio Barrera, Capitán Juan; Libreros Morales, Juan Alberto; Arce Fernández, Ramón; Guillén Lasierra, Francesc (eds.).
667:
658:
grew in number, including Vicente María Velázquez (Chaplain of the church of San Juan), Manuel Jiménez Solís, Lorenzo de Zavala and José Matías Quintana, father of
1778:; Duch Colell, Juan; Antochiw Kolpa, Michel; et al. (Illustrations and graphics by Miguel Ángel Martínez de la Fuente) (1998). Casares G. Cantón, Raúl (ed.).
2161:
3702:
2219:
3311:, United States of America: United States Department of the Interior/University of Texas at Brownsville/Texas Southmost College. pp. 110–118 – via
939:, and that Yucatán territory should be subject to all laws of Congress established by Santa Anna. It also required that Yucatán break all relations with the
612:, objected, claiming that the Iturbide's supporters included the old viceroyalty leadership: the clergy, the nobility, and the army (including such men as
700:
530:
or to a member of the Spanish royal family that he would designate. After the refusal of the Spanish monarchy to recognize the independence of Mexico, the
3402:
Caso Barrera, Laura (2011). Basail Rodríguez, Alain; Rodríguez Ramos, María Isabel; Medina Villafuerte, Irma Cecilia; Moguel Mandujano, Guillermo (eds.).
1005:
The Mexican army arrived at Pacabtún's farm near Mérida, where they learned that Yucatán had already prepared the defense of Mérida, reinforced by 11,000
3737:
3697:
3662:
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as Mexico's religion and equality for all social and ethnic groups in the new empire. These goals were summarized as "Religion, Independence and Unity" (
3672:
3040:
3235:
1455:"Decreto de la regencia que declaró que la provincia de Chiapas queda separada del gobierno español y de la capital de Guatemala y agregada a México"
1212:
434:
caused the Republic of Yucatán to request military aid from Mexico. This was given on the condition that the Republic rejoin the Mexican Federation.
1046:. This rivalry was so pointed that by early 1847 Yucatán had a government in both camps. To this should also be added a third group, the indigenous
982:, a city that was protected by thick walls, built during the colonial era to defend the city from pirate attacks. The Mexican army took the city of
3732:
1400:
1026:
economic problems. Barbachano, knowing that Santa Anna was defeated in the military by Yucatán, decided to negotiate with the central government.
139:
1454:
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on December 23, 1823, less than seven months later. The second Republic of Yucatán began in 1841, with its declaration of independence from the
1844:
646:
3208:
3727:
1142:
In desperation, President Santiago Méndez offered Yucatecan sovereignty in exchange for military assistance to the governor of the island of
943:, because Mexico was at war with the Texans. Attempts were made through several diplomatic channels to resolve the problems, but all failed.
679:
1318:
3717:
3553:
1710:
1038:
Yucatán had additional conflicts besides the one with Mexico. Political Yucatecans were divided between the partisans of Mérida, led by
1103:
was crucial. Rovira apparently considered suggesting the annexation of the Yucatán by the United States. A second delegation headed by
858:
On October 1, 1841, the local Chamber of Deputies adopted the Act of Independence of the Yucatán Peninsula. The first article stated:
589:
1911:
862:
The people of Yucatán, in the full exercise of its sovereignty is becoming free and independent republic of the Mexican nation....
2937:, México: Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social/Instituto Nacional Indigenista. pp. 17–22.
1009:
indigenous soldiers. On April 24, 1843, Mexican General Peña y Barragán surrendered and agreed to withdraw his troops by sea to
3707:
2458:
848:
surrendered to the Yucatecan Federalists after a military siege. The central government of Mexico declared war on the Yucatán.
600:
presented a proposal signed by a minority of 42 deputies to proclaim Iturbide as Emperor, citing his extraordinary services as
2717:
986:, and after several failed attempts to take Campeche decided to go on to the capital, Mérida. The army landed at the port of
373:
state during two periods of the nineteenth century. The first Republic of Yucatán, founded May 29, 1823, willingly joined the
3034:
2737:
2202:
1440:
82:
2630:
Joseph, Gilbert M. (1 February 1985). Few, Martha; Morgan, Zachary; Restall, Matthew; Solari, Amara; Mannion, Sean (eds.).
2304:
3712:
2398:"Maya of the Past, Present, and Future: Heritage, Anthropological Archaeology, and the Study of the Caste War of Yucatan"
704:
2254:. IV Mesa Redonda Internacional, Sociedad Española de Estudios Mayas: Religión y sociedad en el área maya (in Spanish).
3126:
2101:"Vulneración a los derechos fundamentales de los indígenas en Yucatán 1848–1860. En el contexto de Guerra de la Castas"
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2220:"Capítulo II. Regiones Históricas. 3.- Separatismo y autonomía en el siglo XIX. "Imaginar un país, hacer una nación""
2022:
1976:
1824:
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Mongey, Vanessa (17 March 2021). Rao, Gautham; Fernandez, Angela; Kroncke, Jedidiah; Kamali, Elizabeth Papp (eds.).
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that culminated in a Mexican victory over the viceroy's armies. In 1821 the Mexicans offered the crown of the new
3301:
Careaga Viliesid, Lorena (12 February 1994). Joseph, Harriett Denise; Knopp, Anthony; Murphy, Douglas A. (eds.).
1262:
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319:
67:
917:
896:, the process of legal protection which is based on the idea of limiting the power of government authorities.
727:
613:
3722:
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2396:
Morgan, Kasey Diserens; Leventhal, Richard M. (23 June 2020). Zhang, Ginny; Kang, Jisuk; Aloe, Carla (eds.).
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2233:, México: Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social (CIESAS). pp. 144–171.
1537:"El primer experimento centralista en Yucatán: El proyecto de gobierno de José Segundo Carvajal (1829–1831)"
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539:
480:
3663:
17 de agosto de 1848. – Yucatán se anexa nuevamente a la República Mexicana. (redescolar.ilce.edu.mx:2000)
775:
In the Mexican government, two policies competed for primacy at that time. The Federalists argued for the
640:
met regularly to discuss the war for independence in central Mexico at the Church of San Juan, located in
323:
Separatist movements generated in response to the shift from a Federal Republic to a Centralist Republic.
53:
2535:"Chapter 13: Maya Collapse or Resilience? Lessons from the Spanish Conquest and the Caste War of Yucatan"
1882:
1647:
1241:
837:
755:
519:
489:
3527:, México: Instituto de Invstigaciones Jurídicas de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México: 101–127.
3502:, Mérida, 17 de abril de 1848. Archivo General de la Nación, Gobernación, sin sección, vol. 356, exp. 5.
2258:, Spain: Sociedad Española de Estudios Mayas/Instituto de Cooperación Iberoamericana. pp. 277–282.
1536:
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1236:
621:
344:
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Henequen, the Caste War and economy of Yucatan, 1846–1883: The roots of dependence in a Mexican region
808:, a Mexican born in Yucatán and Minister of Finance in the government of the second Mexican president
3571:
2773:
2368:
1111:
The Méndez government succeeded in recovering part of Yucatán territory lost to the Maya: the cities
505:
2631:
1819:, Spain: Editorial Dykinson S.L./Instituto Bartolomé de las Casas/Universidad Carlos III de Madrid.
3220:
3179:
2443:"Cárdenas and the Caste War that Wasn't: State Power and Indigenismo in Post-Revolutionary Yucatán"
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1365:, France: Centre d'Études des Langues et Littératures Anciennes et Modernes (Université Rennes 2).
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Diario de nuestro viaje a los Estados Unidos y al Canadá (la pretendida anexión de Yucatán)
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93:
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632:
Just as Yucatán's geographical remoteness from the center of New Spain, specifically from
8:
3336:. Biblioteca Era (in Spanish). Vol. 10. Translated by Félix Blanco (22nd ed.).
2972:. Biblioteca Era (in Spanish). Vol. 10. Translated by Félix Blanco (22nd ed.).
2883:. Biblioteca Era (in Spanish). Vol. 10. Translated by Félix Blanco (22nd ed.).
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2930:
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2884:
2855:
2705:
2061:
1927:
1856:
1662:
1610:
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1199:
3640:
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2743:
2492:
2484:
2077:
1919:
1688:
1382:
979:
731:
3076:: Dalhousie University/National Library of Canada (Bibliothèque nationale du Canada).
1910:
Mathews, Jim (2004). Veit, Chuck; Tucker, Bruce; McLean, Geoff; Tucker, Bruce (eds.).
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59:
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2328:
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2259:
2198:
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2018:
2014:
1972:
1874:
1820:
1791:
1742:
1680:
1628:
1569:
1386:
1374:
1322:
1305:. Centro de Estudios Históricos. Translated by Mario A. Zamudio Vega (2nd ed.).
1231:
1039:
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805:
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674:
605:
555:
417:
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335:
170:
3570:, México: Grupo Megamedia/Compañía Tipográfica Yucateca, S.A. de C.V. Archived from
3508:
1351:"Defendiendo la periferia. Texas y Yucatán. Independencias triunfantes y frustradas"
995:
928:. Santa Anna radicalized the centralist position of his government. He commissioned
921:
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2248:Élites y relaciones de poder en el Yucatán contemporáneo: Situación historiográfica
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103:
34:
3371:
De provincia a estado de la República Mexicana: La península de Yucatán, 1786–1835
3207:
Urioste, José E. (2 August 2019). Alonzo Ruiz, Antonio; Carmon, Stephanie (eds.).
2632:"From Caste War to Class War: The Historiography of Modern Yucatán (c. 1750–1940)"
974:
Marin's small force was reinforced by Santa Anna's army of 4,000 men brought from
829:
412:
The Republic of Yucatán was governed by the Constitution of 1841 which guaranteed
3588:
3552:
Durán Esquivel, José Susano (14 September 2000). Menéndez Losa, Carlos R. (ed.).
3331:
3245:
3173:
3107:"Protecting Foreigners: The Refugee Crisis on the Belize–Yucatán Border, 1847–71"
2967:
2921:
2878:
2696:"Capítulo 21. Yucatán y la guerra con Estados Unidos ¿Una neutralidad anunciada?"
2540:
The Ancient Maya of Mexico: Reinterpreting the Past of the Northern Maya Lowlands
2538:
2358:
2008:
1954:
1869:
1728:
1564:
1350:
1300:
1163:
282:
955:
Pacabtún farm. It is currently within the City of Mérida and is privately owned.
3598:
1155:
1100:
991:
987:
908:
637:
551:
390:
122:
3636:
3267:
3138:
2813:
2789:, United States of America: University of California, Los Angeles – via
2695:
2656:
1675:
851:
On March 16, 1841 at the first City Council meeting in Mérida, a crowd led by
496:
457:
3686:
3532:
3482:, Héctor Campillo Cuautli, Fernández Editores, México, 1988. (pp. 18–19)
3438:
3430:
3330:. In Rojo, Vicente; Azorín, José; Espresate, Jordi; Espresate, Quico (eds.).
3287:
3279:
3146:
2966:. In Rojo, Vicente; Azorín, José; Espresate, Jordi; Espresate, Quico (eds.).
2877:. In Rojo, Vicente; Azorín, José; Espresate, Jordi; Espresate, Quico (eds.).
2833:
2825:
2665:
2616:
2480:
2364:
2332:
2324:
2316:
2127:
2073:
1878:
1775:
1684:
1632:
1573:
1378:
866:
The Yucatán flag was hoisted first in the government building of the town of
797:
663:
3677:
3540:
3465:, México: CONACINE/Directores Asociados S.A. Event occurs at 1–110 minutes.
3091:
2426:
2397:
2273:
2243:
570:
were elected, but it has been estimated at about 126, plus 52 given to
3655:
3544:
3355:
3312:
3193:
2991:
2948:
2902:
2747:
2699:
2673:
2574:
2382:
2028:
1989:
1752:
1332:
1047:
1006:
893:
596:, proposed the right of Agustín de Iturbide to be emperor. On May 19, 1822
422:
402:
3610:
2560:
1648:"El país como ningún otro: Un análisis empírico del regionalismo yucateco"
1470:"21 de julio de 1822. Agustín de Iturbide es coronado emperador de México"
1370:
739:
3175:
Beneath the United States: A History of U. S. Policy Toward Latin America
3122:
2782:
2413:
1964:
633:
2729:
2590:"Violencia y verdades: Cinco mitos sobre la guerra de castas en Yucatán"
2081:
2046:
1863:, México: Instituto de Investigaciones Dr. José María Luis Mora: 23–50.
1692:
1623:
1558:, México: Instituto de Investigaciones Dr. José María Luis Mora: 46–76.
1426:
1050:, who formed the bulk of the Yucatecan military and manual labor force.
616:). Regardless, Iturbide's coronation took place on July 21, 1822 in the
2786:
2488:
1014:
879:
609:
515:
385:. It remained independent for seven years, after which it rejoined the
3567:
3404:"¿Unión y libertad? El intento de unión de El Petén a Yucatán en 1823"
3378:
2512:
Origins of the Caste War: A social history of rural Yucatan, 1800–1847
2045:
Berzunza Pinto, Ramón (1 October 1962). Cosío Villegas, Daniel (ed.).
1787:
1128:
268:
3594:
3500:
Miguel Barbachano al Exmo. Sr. Ministro de Relaciones de la República
2920:. In García, Venus; Rojas Rabiela, Teresa; Pimentel, Socorro (eds.).
2548:
1422:
1257:
1077:
789:
579:
571:
449:
431:
370:
2471:
2442:
2115:
2017:, US: University of Nebraska Press/University of Oregon Foundation.
1116:
2790:
2608:
2187:
Las élites de la Ciudad Blanca: Discursos racistas sobre la Otredad
2119:
1923:
1596:"El regionalismo yucateco frente al discurso nacionalista mexicano"
1132:
1083:
1060:
999:
975:
964:
845:
820:
575:
398:
132:
107:
3628:
3593:. Cambridge Latin American Studies. Vol. 116 (1st ed.).
1845:"El federalismo en Yucatán: Política y militarización (1840–1846)"
899:
3422:
2515:
2138:
1815:. Cuadernos "Bartolomé de las Casas" (in Spanish). Vol. 37.
1738:
1509:
1441:"Decreto de 17 de Noviembre de 1821. Sobre convocatoria á Cortes"
1226:
1147:
1010:
867:
583:
453:
3065:
The British participation in the Caste War of Yucatán, 1847–1901
2227:Élites y desigualdad regional: Los casos de Yucatán y Nuevo León
1401:"Razón de la jurisdicción y territorio del Reino de la Nueva..."
456:, and Yucatán, plus, nominally, the northern territories of the
3073:
3069:
3014:
2604:
2544:
2287:
Gabbert, Wolfgang (1 March 2004). Castañeda, Quetzil E. (ed.).
2255:
1816:
1774:
1362:
1112:
1073:
840:. Six days later, in the presence of troops of the garrison of
708:
461:
311:
307:
3509:"Cuarto de siglo de constitucionalismo en Yucatán (1825–1850)"
3219:, México: The Yucatan Times Newsblog Editorial. Archived from
687:. The other, led by Zavala, sought complete independence from
586:, former captaincies which also agreed to the Plan of Iguala.
2850:
Sierra O'Reilly, Justo (1938). Pérez Martínez, Héctor (ed.).
2758:
2597:
La Palabra y el Hombre. Revista de la Universidad Veracruzana
2519:
2409:
2289:"Of friends and foes: the Caste War and ethnicity in Yucatan"
2085:
1151:
1124:
1120:
971:
distance between Valladolid, and Mexico City was over water.
793:
688:
2704:. Sección de Obras de Historia (in Spanish) (2nd ed.).
2701:
México al tiempo de su guerra con Estados Unidos (1846–1848)
2543:. Approaches to anthropological archaeology (2nd ed.).
1020:
604:(The Liberator). The masses also supported the appointment.
448:
In 1617, Yucatán was administered as a Captaincy General of
2923:
Los pies de la República: Los mayas peninsulares, 1550–1750
2417:
2357:. In Devens, Robert; Durante, Dawn; Gilg, Adrienne (eds.).
1143:
437:
220:
3587:
Gabbert, Wolfgang (22 August 2019). Greve, Sunniva (ed.).
2862:, México: Antigua Librería Robredo de José Porrúa e hijos.
1953:. In Elliott, Billy; Becher, Bill; Steinbach, Joe (eds.).
1512:"Instalación del Primer Congreso Constituyente de Yucatán"
550:, cut all political and economic dependence on Spain. The
2441:
Fallaw, Ben W. (1 April 1997). Schwaller, John F. (ed.).
2360:
Yucatán's Maya Peasantry and the Origins of the Caste War
2010:
The Machete and the Cross: Campesino Rebellion in Yucatan
1813:
El control constitucional de la reforma a la Constitución
1417:
Ancona, Eligio (1889) . Heredia Argüellez, Manuel (ed.).
756:
Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1824
1727:
Yates Sosa, Rafael (29 March 2012). Elliot, Bill (ed.).
1429:, España: Imprenta de Jaime Jesús Roviralta. p. 42.
2156:
4. Misery and Everyday Violence: Lower-Class Rural Life
747:
on December 23, 1823. Both were founding states of the
464:. In 1786, the Spanish Crown implemented the system of
3554:"Las estrellas y la vigencia de la bandera de Yucatán"
3182:, United States of America: Harvard University Press.
3011:
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History
1497:
De la crisis monárquica a la independencia (1808–1821)
1467:
1419:
Yucatán, desde la època más remota hasta nuestros dias
389:. The area of the former republic includes the modern
3673:"Todas las desgracias anteriores no deben recordarse"
2418:
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
723:. This incorporation took place on November 2, 1821.
2293:
Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology
514:(in effect a call for independence) in Dolores near
3328:"8. Fin de la Guerra de Castas [1852–1855]"
2849:
1216:, a Mexican film about Yucatán during independence.
409:usually refers to the second republic (1841–1848).
2522:, United States of America: University of Houston.
1849:Secuencia. Revista de historia y ciencias sociales
1730:El Fin Del Mundo Maya Y La Ex-República De Yucatán
1544:Secuencia. Revista de historia y ciencias sociales
1302:La diputación provincial y el federalismo mexicano
946:
828:The federal army of Yucatán, commanded by Captain
695:, then governor, forced Zavala and another former
1956:Fought Like Devils: The Confederate Gunboat Mcrae
1593:
1076:, the Mayans revolted, launching what became the
874:
796:, had been populated mostly by settlers from the
758:fully satisfied the ideals of the Yucatecan. The
707:(legislative assembly of Spain) and sent them to
644:. From this church they received their name, the
627:
3684:
3300:
2172:13. The Social Composition of the Rebel Movement
1534:
2395:
2218:Sauri Riancho, Dulce María (2 September 2016).
1810:
1645:
1494:
1348:
1090:. Oil on canvas, anonymous, painted circa 1850.
3551:
3480:Diccionario Quintana Roo Enciclopedia Regional
3257:
2803:
2693:
2044:
1842:
1033:
815:
475:
16:Country in southeastern Mexico (1823, 1841–48)
3703:States and territories disestablished in 1848
3368:
2217:
1655:Estudios Sociologícos de el Colegio de México
783:
532:
518:. An army of insurgents began an eleven-year
26:
3505:
3401:
3307:. Second Palo Alto Conference (in Spanish).
2718:Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores (México)
1344:
1342:
711:; he ordered the other liberals imprisoned.
328: Territory that proclaimed independence
3381:, México: Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán.
3344:, México: Ediciones Era. pp. 149–160.
3246:3. Struggling over Slavery in the Caribbean
2098:
2040:
2038:
1912:"The Texas Navy & the French ironclads"
714:
3738:Spanish-speaking countries and territories
3698:States and territories established in 1841
3274:, México: Editorial Contenido S.A de C.V.
2980:, México: Ediciones Era. pp. 82–103.
2820:, México: Editorial Contenido S.A de C.V.
2611:, Mexico: Universidad Veracruzana: 27–32.
1838:
1836:
1790:, México: Inversiones Cares, S.A. de C.V.
1726:
1530:
1528:
1421:(in Spanish). Vol. 3 (4th ed.).
883:The Republic was divided into 5 districts.
420:and what was then a new legal form called
343: Territory claimed by the separatist
334: Territory claimed by the separatist
3411:LiminaR: Estudios Sociales y Humanísticos
3304:Papers of the Second Palo Alto Conference
2891:, México: Ediciones Era. pp. 61–81.
2845:
2843:
2655:
2532:
2470:
2425:
2355:"One: A Rural Society in the New Century"
2183:
2068:, México: El Colegio de México: 274–295.
1948:
1905:
1903:
1868:
1674:
1669:, México: El Colegio de México: 511–550.
1622:
1563:
1355:Amerika: Mémoires, identités, territoires
1339:
1170:
1021:Rapprochement: temporary return to Mexico
769:that it deems necessary to its happiness.
3513:Anuario Mexicano de Historia del Derecho
3241:
3171:
3061:
3004:
2035:
1722:
1720:
1412:
1410:
1294:
1292:
1283:"La Historia de la República de Yucatán"
1082:
1042:, and the partisans of Campeche, led by
950:
907:
878:
819:
495:
479:
438:Colonial era and independence from Spain
318:
3733:1848 disestablishments in North America
3586:
3206:
2915:
2771:
2694:Zuleta Miranda, María Cecilia (1998) .
2687:
2587:
2509:
2352:
2286:
2167:
2151:
2122:: Policía Nacional de Colombia: 89–96.
2108:Revista Logos, Ciencia & Tecnología
1909:
1833:
1525:
1510:Archivo General del Estado de Yucatán.
1319:Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
472:, which included the same territories.
3685:
3668:La Historia de la República de Yucatán
3251:
3104:
3027:10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.386
2840:
2797:
2698:. In Zoraida Vázquez, Josefina (ed.).
2629:
2459:Academy of American Franciscan History
2440:
2002:
1900:
1765:Rodolfo Menéndez de la Peña, historian
1741:, United States of America: Palibrio.
1416:
1298:
762:reflects the agreement in principles:
468:and the territory changed its name to
3590:Violence and The Caste War of Yucatán
2503:
1717:
1407:
1289:
703:, to accept posts as deputies of the
3728:1841 establishments in North America
3369:Campos García, Melchor José (2004).
3325:
2961:
2872:
2305:American Anthropological Association
460:and the territory that is currently
2636:Hispanic American Historical Review
1949:Chatelain, Neil P. (12 June 2014).
1603:Cultura y Representaciones Sociales
13:
3473:
3127:American Society for Legal History
3005:Stephens, Michele McArdle (2017).
2537:. In Braswell, Geoffrey E. (ed.).
2047:"El constitucionalismo en Yucatán"
1495:Zoraida Vazquez, Josefina (1997).
618:Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral
14:
3749:
2875:"3. Rebelión [1847–1848]"
2781:. UCLA History Department (PhD).
1811:Rodríguez Gaona, Roberto (2006).
1180:following message to Barbachano:
590:José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi
3718:History of the Yucatán Peninsula
2772:Remmers, Lawrence James (1981).
2722:Fondo de Cultura Económica (FCE)
2461:(Franciscan School of Theology)/
650:. After the promulgation of the
287:
273:
248:
81:
66:
52:
3487:Historia y Geografía de Yucatán
3457:(Motion picture) (in Spanish).
3445:
3395:
3362:
3319:
3294:
3200:
3165:
3098:
3055:
2998:
2955:
2909:
2866:
2765:
2623:
2581:
2526:
2434:
2389:
2346:
2280:
2237:
2211:
2177:
2092:
1996:
1942:
1804:
1768:
1759:
1699:
1639:
1587:
1503:
1263:Territorial evolution of Mexico
947:Armed invasion of the Peninsula
760:Constitution of Yucatán of 1825
691:. To eliminate the opposition,
560:Religión, Independencia y Unión
3333:La guerra de castas de Yucatán
3062:Paetzold, Christopher (1995).
2969:La guerra de castas de Yucatán
2880:La guerra de castas de Yucatán
1951:"Chapter One: Mexican Flagged"
1488:
1461:
1447:
1433:
1393:
1275:
978:, and moved to his next goal:
875:Yucatecan Constitution of 1841
628:Impact of Mexican independence
1:
3708:Former unrecognized countries
3485:Cordourier, Alfonso y otros,
3373:(in Spanish) (1st ed.).
2964:"4. La crisis [1848]"
2854:(in Spanish) (1st ed.).
2644:University Park, Pennsylvania
2193:(in Spanish) (2nd ed.).
1268:
1205:
904:and the Mexican rapprochement
745:Federated Republic of Yucatán
565:Once the independence of the
383:Centralist Republic of Mexico
379:Federated Republic of Yucatán
3125:, United States of America:
2646:, United States of America:
2533:Alexander, Rani T. (2014) .
2457:, United States of America:
2367:, United States of America:
2303:, United States of America:
1870:10.18234/secuencia.v0i31.491
1709:(in Spanish). Archived from
1565:10.18234/secuencia.v0i62.913
1468:Gobierno Federal de Mexico.
1299:Benson, Nettie Lee (1994) .
838:Mexican Constitution of 1824
540:Army of the Three Guarantees
500:Captaincy General of Yucatán
7:
1242:Revolt of 1837 (New Mexico)
1220:
1034:Second period of separation
918:Antonio López de Santa Anna
816:Declaration of independence
728:Antonio López de Santa Anna
614:Antonio López de Santa Anna
476:War of Mexican Independence
10:
3754:
3713:Former countries of Mexico
3603:Cambridge University Press
3419:San Cristóbal de las Casas
3209:"The Caste War of Yucatan"
3131:Cambridge University Press
2463:Cambridge University Press
1237:Republic of the Rio Grande
1088:A scene from the Caste War
784:Second Republic of Yucatán
441:
345:Republic of the Rio Grande
3139:10.1017/S0738248020000322
2657:10.1215/00182168-65.1.111
2369:University of Texas Press
1780:Yucatán en el tiempo: F-L
1676:10.24201/ES.2013V31N92.69
1246:California Revolt led by
853:Miguel Barbachano Terrazo
693:Mariano Carrillo Albornoz
506:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
427:
303:
227:
216:
212:
202:
192:
188:
180:
176:
164:
154:• 1840–1841 (first)
152:
148:
138:
128:
118:
99:
89:
80:
48:
43:
21:
3431:10.29043/liminar.v9i2.93
3180:Cambridge, Massachusetts
2916:Quezada, Sergio (1997).
2353:Rugeley, Terry (2000) .
2317:10.1525/jlca.2004.9.1.90
715:Federal pact with Mexico
444:Viceroyalty of New Spain
166:• 1847–1848 (last)
3678:Yucatán en el siglo XIX
3172:Schoultz, Lara (1998).
3019:Oxford University Press
3007:"Caste Wars in Yucatán"
2510:Rugeley, Terry (1992).
2427:10.3390/heritage3020030
2003:Dumond, Don E. (1997).
1150:, and the ministers of
3326:Reed, Nelson (2007) .
3111:Law and History Review
2962:Reed, Nelson (2007) .
2873:Reed, Nelson (2007) .
2007:. In Ross, Dan (ed.).
1248:Juan Bautista Alvarado
1189:
1171:Final return to Mexico
1160:Young America movement
1091:
956:
920:became president in a
913:
884:
864:
825:
824:Map of México in 1847.
771:
533:
501:
493:
366:
354:
204:• Disestablished
27:
3611:10.1017/9781108666930
2648:Duke University Press
2561:10.4324/9781315728667
2555:). pp. 325–348.
2455:Oceanside, California
1371:10.4000/amerika.10090
1184:
1105:Justo Sierra O'Reilly
1086:
1072:On July 30, 1847, at
954:
911:
882:
860:
823:
766:
749:United Mexican States
685:Constitution of Cádiz
652:Constitution of Cádiz
598:Valentín Gómez Farías
499:
486:United Mexican States
483:
470:Intendency of Yucatán
387:United Mexican States
322:
100:Common languages
3723:Separatism in Mexico
3559:El Diario de Yucatán
3489:, EPSA, México 1997
2918:"1. Laja y más laja"
2724:. pp. 578–615.
2714:El Colegio de México
2553:Taylor & Francis
2229:(PhD) (in Spanish).
2005:"5. Year of Turmoil"
1961:Bloomington, Indiana
1315:El Colegio de México
1253:Mexican–American War
1097:Mexican–American War
1067:the Spanish conquest
990:and took one by one
926:Anastasio Bustamante
668:José Matias Quintana
504:In 1810, the priest
490:Constitution of 1824
367:República de Yucatán
194:• Independence
28:República de Yucatán
3693:Republic of Yucatán
3574:on 25 February 2010
3043:on 30 December 2018
2730:10.2307/j.ctv3f8npp
2301:Arlington, Virginia
2170:, p. 149-151,
1930:on 17 December 2005
1707:"Lorenzo de Zavala"
1624:10.28965/2019-26-02
930:Andrés Quintana Roo
912:Andrés Quintana Roo
832:, took the city of
660:Andrés Quintana Roo
608:, a republican and
594:The Mexican Thinker
544:Agustín de Iturbide
534:ejército Trigarante
520:war of independence
407:Republic of Yucatán
359:Republic of Yucatán
23:Republic of Yucatán
3068:(Master of Arts).
3017:, United Kingdom:
2547:, United Kingdom:
1476:on October 6, 2010
1092:
957:
914:
885:
826:
732:Guadalupe Victoria
701:Manuel Garcia Sosa
502:
494:
375:Mexican federation
355:
3260:¡Extra! Contenido
3244:, p. 39-58,
3213:The Yucatan Times
3161:on 19 March 2021.
3036:978-0-19-936643-9
2806:¡Extra! Contenido
2739:978-607-628-826-9
2371:. pp. 1–32.
2204:978-607-02-8762-6
2154:, p. 38-47,
2054:Historia Mexicana
2015:Lincoln, Nebraska
1971:). pp. 1–7.
1232:Republic of Texas
1146:, the admiral of
1040:Miguel Barbachano
961:Ciudad del Carmen
941:Republic of Texas
916:In October 1841,
806:Lorenzo de Zavala
802:Republic of Texas
736:Plan de Casa Mata
726:In December 1822
675:Lorenzo de Zavala
622:emperor of Mexico
606:Lorenzo de Zavala
556:Roman Catholicism
418:religious freedom
414:individual rights
336:Republic of Texas
317:
316:
299:
298:
295:
294:
261:
260:
171:Miguel Barbachano
3745:
3659:
3653:
3651:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3548:
3525:Distrito Federal
3521:Ciudad de México
3467:
3466:
3463:Distrito Federal
3459:Ciudad de México
3449:
3443:
3442:
3408:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3342:Distrito Federal
3338:Ciudad de México
3323:
3317:
3316:
3309:Palo Alto, Texas
3298:
3292:
3291:
3272:Distrito Federal
3255:
3249:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3223:on 3 August 2019
3204:
3198:
3197:
3178:(1st ed.).
3169:
3163:
3162:
3157:. Archived from
3102:
3096:
3095:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3039:. Archived from
3002:
2996:
2995:
2978:Distrito Federal
2974:Ciudad de México
2959:
2953:
2952:
2935:Distrito Federal
2931:Ciudad de México
2928:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2889:Distrito Federal
2885:Ciudad de México
2870:
2864:
2863:
2860:Distrito Federal
2856:Ciudad de México
2847:
2838:
2837:
2818:Distrito Federal
2801:
2795:
2794:
2780:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2756:
2754:
2710:Distrito Federal
2706:Ciudad de México
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2659:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2594:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2474:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2363:(2nd ed.).
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2253:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2224:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2192:
2181:
2175:
2165:
2159:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2105:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2066:Distrito Federal
2062:Ciudad de México
2051:
2042:
2033:
2032:
2013:(1st ed.).
2000:
1994:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1969:Author Solutions
1946:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1907:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1887:
1881:. Archived from
1872:
1861:Distrito Federal
1857:Ciudad de México
1840:
1831:
1830:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1724:
1715:
1714:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1678:
1667:Distrito Federal
1663:Ciudad de México
1652:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1626:
1615:Distrito Federal
1611:Ciudad de México
1600:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1567:
1556:Distrito Federal
1552:Ciudad de México
1541:
1532:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1472:. Archived from
1465:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1414:
1405:
1404:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1346:
1337:
1336:
1311:Distrito Federal
1307:Ciudad de México
1296:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1013:in the state of
937:Plan of Tacubaya
810:Vicente Guerrero
777:balance of power
620:, and he became
548:Vicente Guerrero
536:
511:Grito de Dolores
429:
352: Rebellions
351:
342:
333:
327:
291:
290:
277:
276:
265:
264:
252:
251:
245:
244:
229:
228:
85:
70:
56:
38:
30:
19:
18:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3683:
3682:
3649:
3647:
3621:
3577:
3575:
3476:
3474:Further reading
3471:
3470:
3455:La casta divina
3451:
3450:
3446:
3406:
3400:
3396:
3389:
3367:
3363:
3352:
3324:
3320:
3299:
3295:
3256:
3252:
3240:
3236:
3226:
3224:
3217:Mérida, Yucatán
3205:
3201:
3190:
3170:
3166:
3103:
3099:
3084:
3060:
3056:
3046:
3044:
3037:
3003:
2999:
2988:
2960:
2956:
2945:
2926:
2914:
2910:
2899:
2871:
2867:
2848:
2841:
2802:
2798:
2778:
2770:
2766:
2752:
2750:
2740:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2676:
2628:
2624:
2592:
2586:
2582:
2571:
2531:
2527:
2508:
2504:
2472:10.2307/1008148
2439:
2435:
2394:
2390:
2379:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2335:
2285:
2281:
2266:
2251:
2242:
2238:
2231:Mérida, Yucatán
2222:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2195:Mérida, Yucatán
2190:
2182:
2178:
2166:
2162:
2150:
2146:
2132:
2130:
2103:
2097:
2093:
2049:
2043:
2036:
2025:
2001:
1997:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1908:
1901:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1749:
1725:
1718:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1650:
1644:
1640:
1598:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1539:
1533:
1526:
1516:
1514:
1508:
1504:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1466:
1462:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1415:
1408:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1347:
1340:
1329:
1297:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1223:
1213:La Casta Divina
1208:
1173:
1164:James Knox Polk
1044:Santiago Méndez
1036:
1023:
949:
906:
877:
818:
786:
717:
662:. In 1814 King
642:Mérida, Yucatán
630:
478:
446:
440:
353:
349:
347:
340:
338:
331:
329:
325:
310:
288:
283:Chan Santa Cruz
274:
256:Yucatán (state)
249:
205:
195:
167:
159:Santiago Méndez
155:
111:
76:
75:
74:
71:
63:
62:
57:
39:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3751:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3619:
3599:United Kingdom
3584:
3562:(in Spanish).
3549:
3515:(in Spanish).
3503:
3497:
3483:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3444:
3413:(in Spanish).
3394:
3387:
3361:
3350:
3318:
3293:
3262:(in Spanish).
3250:
3234:
3199:
3188:
3164:
3097:
3082:
3054:
3035:
2997:
2986:
2954:
2943:
2908:
2897:
2865:
2839:
2808:(in Spanish).
2796:
2764:
2738:
2686:
2622:
2599:(in Spanish).
2580:
2569:
2525:
2502:
2433:
2388:
2377:
2345:
2279:
2264:
2236:
2210:
2203:
2176:
2160:
2144:
2110:(in Spanish).
2091:
2056:(in Spanish).
2034:
2023:
1995:
1977:
1941:
1899:
1888:on 2 June 2018
1851:(in Spanish).
1832:
1825:
1803:
1796:
1776:Zavala, Silvio
1767:
1758:
1747:
1733:(in Spanish).
1716:
1713:on 2012-03-31.
1698:
1657:(in Spanish).
1638:
1605:(in Spanish).
1586:
1546:(in Spanish).
1524:
1502:
1487:
1460:
1446:
1432:
1406:
1392:
1357:(in Spanish).
1338:
1327:
1288:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1207:
1204:
1191:
1190:
1172:
1169:
1156:United Kingdom
1101:Gulf of Mexico
1035:
1032:
1022:
1019:
992:Telchac Pueblo
988:Telchac Puerto
948:
945:
905:
898:
876:
873:
817:
814:
785:
782:
773:
772:
721:Mexican Empire
716:
713:
638:intelligentsia
629:
626:
624:as Agustin I.
567:Mexican Empire
552:Plan of Iguala
524:Mexican Empire
477:
474:
442:Main article:
439:
436:
391:Mexican states
348:
339:
330:
324:
315:
314:
305:
301:
300:
297:
296:
293:
292:
285:
279:
278:
271:
262:
259:
258:
253:
241:
240:
235:
225:
224:
218:
214:
213:
210:
209:
206:
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
185:
182:
178:
177:
174:
173:
168:
165:
162:
161:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
145:
142:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
123:Roman Catholic
120:
116:
115:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
78:
77:
72:
65:
64:
58:
51:
50:
49:
46:
45:
41:
40:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3750:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3620:9781108491747
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3585:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3495:968-417-347-4
3492:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3448:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3390:
3388:9789686843897
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3357:
3353:
3351:9789684111929
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3322:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3243:
3242:Schoultz 1998
3238:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3203:
3195:
3191:
3189:9780674043282
3185:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3168:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3083:9780315989184
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3058:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2993:
2989:
2987:9789684111929
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2958:
2950:
2946:
2944:9789684962590
2940:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2912:
2904:
2900:
2898:9789684111929
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2869:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2844:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2776:
2768:
2760:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2690:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2576:
2572:
2570:9781315728667
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2384:
2380:
2378:9780292774704
2374:
2370:
2366:
2365:Austin, Texas
2362:
2361:
2356:
2349:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2265:9788460532262
2261:
2257:
2250:
2249:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2206:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2188:
2180:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2140:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2039:
2030:
2026:
2024:9780803217065
2020:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2006:
1999:
1991:
1980:
1978:9781496915306
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1945:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1904:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1837:
1828:
1826:9788497728690
1822:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1799:
1797:9789709071030
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1748:9781463320393
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1723:
1721:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1529:
1513:
1506:
1498:
1491:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1457:(in Spanish).
1456:
1450:
1443:(in Spanish).
1442:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1411:
1403:(in Spanish).
1402:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1343:
1334:
1330:
1328:9789681205867
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1295:
1293:
1285:(in Spanish).
1284:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1203:
1201:
1195:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1031:
1027:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
972:
968:
966:
962:
953:
944:
942:
938:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
910:
903:
900:Santa Anna's
897:
895:
889:
881:
872:
869:
863:
859:
856:
854:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
830:Santiago Imán
822:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
798:United States
795:
791:
781:
778:
770:
765:
764:
763:
761:
757:
752:
750:
746:
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
722:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
681:
676:
671:
669:
665:
664:Ferdinand VII
661:
657:
653:
649:
648:
643:
639:
635:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
602:El Libertador
599:
595:
591:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
568:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
535:
529:
528:Ferdinand VII
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:
507:
498:
491:
487:
482:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
445:
435:
433:
425:
424:
419:
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
346:
337:
321:
313:
309:
306:
304:Today part of
302:
286:
284:
281:
280:
272:
270:
267:
266:
263:
257:
254:
247:
246:
243:
242:
239:
236:
234:
231:
230:
226:
222:
219:
215:
211:
207:
201:
198:March 16 1841
197:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
172:
169:
163:
160:
157:
151:
147:
143:
141:
137:
134:
131:
127:
124:
121:
117:
114:
109:
105:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
84:
79:
69:
61:
55:
47:
42:
36:
29:
20:
3656:Google Books
3654:– via
3648:. Retrieved
3589:
3576:. Retrieved
3572:the original
3557:
3545:ResearchGate
3543:– via
3516:
3512:
3499:
3486:
3479:
3454:
3447:
3414:
3410:
3397:
3370:
3364:
3356:Google Books
3354:– via
3332:
3321:
3313:Google Books
3303:
3296:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3237:
3225:. Retrieved
3221:the original
3212:
3202:
3194:Google Books
3192:– via
3174:
3167:
3159:the original
3114:
3110:
3100:
3064:
3057:
3045:. Retrieved
3041:the original
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