1332:, the Generals. There were four of these Generals, one for each direction. Nonetheless, during the war of liberation, it was the generals of the north and of the south who garnered the most space in the Spanish and British colonial press. The first General of the North was Cecilio Chi, who served from 1847 until his death in May 1849 and was victorious at Valladolid and Iz'amal. The second General of the North was Venancio Pec, who served from 1849 to 1852. The first General of the South was Jacinto Pat, who served from 1847 until his assassination in December 1849, and who was victorious at Peto, Tekax, and Tikul. The second General of the South was Florentino Chan, who served from 1849 to 1852. Other military ranks have included
1324:, the supreme commander of Maya military forces. This position was held by several different individuals. There is some evidence that the first, most effective, and longest serving General of the Plaza was Bernardino Cen. The last fully recognized General of the Plaza was General May, who signed the final peace treaties with the Mexican government in the 1930s and 1940s. Subsequent attempts to revive the generalship have failed to garner the support of the community as a whole, and the military survives primarily as an honor guard for the Maya Church. Under the
168:
768:, which ceded all of the independent Mayan state's lands to Mexico. At around the same era, the Creoles on the west side of the Yucatán peninsula began to acknowledge that their minority-ruled mini-state was not politically viable long-term. After the Creoles offered their country to any group who would be willing to defend their lives and property, Mexico accepted. With both legal pretext and a convenient staging area in the western side of the Yucatán peninsula, Chan Santa Cruz was occupied by the Mexican army in the early years of the 20th century.
496:
327:
341:
1106:(Little or Female Tree). In addition to the village patron cross and the household crosses, there are special lineage crosses for important lines, four guardian crosses at the entrances to town, and other crosses that guard sinkholes and wells. The Maya Cruzoob religion in the 21st century is quite mixed in practice: some followers devoted exclusively to the indigenous church and its ritual calendar, while other followers are exclusively or partially Roman Catholic, Protestant or Evangelical.
792:
230:
66:
521:
933:
25:
1877:
757:, originally the Mayan holy city of Bak Halal (meaning 'decanting water'). They killed many British citizens, along with the entire Yucatec Creole garrison. It is unclear why the commanding general ordered a wholesale slaughter of the garrison. Regardless of his motives, this action frightened the tiny British colonial establishment in neighboring British Honduras.
725:. Alongside associated buffer and splinter groups, this state was the core of a broader indigenous independence movement that controlled virtually all of the old Iz'a territories. These lands included the eastern, central, and southern portions of the Yucatán peninsula, extending from Cape Catoche down towards what is now northwestern
820:
arrived, leading the first of the
Franciscan Missions to the Maya in the second half of the 16th century, he began a Mayan encyclopedia project. He intended to collect the prayers, orations, commentaries, and descriptions of native life as aids to the Spanish overthrow of Maya culture in general and
778:
Various treaties with Mexico called the "Letters of
General May" were signed by the leaders of the indigenous state through the late 1930s and 1940s. Following General May's death, the remaining Maya officials initiated contact with the United States government through the archaeologist and American
1109:
The shrines of the "talking crosses" remain a vital part of local culture in former lands of Chan Santa Cruz in the 21st century. As recently as 2002, the
Mexican government finally lifted the stigma of witchcraft that indigenous priests had been subject to under Mexican civil and Roman church law.
745:
independent nation, even sponsoring treaty negotiations between the
Mexican Hispanic Yucateco state and the Maya Cruzoob state. These negotiations resulted in a signed international treaty which was never ratified by either party. The Maya state had extensive trade relations with the British colony
676:
by the
Mexicans, reached its high tide in 1848. It resulted in the independence of the old Itzá Maya state that would become Chan Santa Cruz. The former Xiu Maya state remained in the hands of the Yucateco Creoles. The descendants of this short-lived Maya free state and those who live like them are
654:
When the
Criollo class declared Yucatecan independence in the mid-19th century and began fighting over control of the resources of their infant state, the Maya leadership saw an opportunity to gain independence. Letters discovered in the 21st century show that they had been planning this action for
1144:
Most Maya
Cruzoob religious officials were — and are — unpaid, or are paid by donations from wealthy or devout members of the community. These officials are typically among the oldest and most impoverished of the community, having distributed most of their personal property to finance associated
1122:
in
Spanish). Appended to the Proclamation are the former state's constitution and by-laws. In addition to military service requirements — as the constitution was written in time of war — and support for the indigenous church, equal and fair treatment was promised to Maya people (and those of any
890:
is usually translated as a collection of medical texts. The first half of the book is comparable to the books of Chilam Balam of
Chumayel and Tizimin and contains Maya songs, advice, prayers and ritual speeches. These texts include ones concerning: the Maya Pontiff; the Chiuoh lineage; seers and
710:
The city was laid out in the pre-Columbian Maya style, with a central square containing the Balam Nah, the 'Patron Saint's House', surrounded by the school to the east, the
Pontiff's house to the west, the General's houses to the north, and the storehouses and market to the south.
891:
novice diviners; a midwife's prayer; and a renewal prayer for the divining seeds. The second half of this book is comparable to the second half of the Chilam Balam of Kauá and Maya herbals, and similarly contains mostly herbal or medical remedies for a wide variety of ailments.
750:, and its military was substantially larger than the garrison and militia in the British colony. In contrast to the Yucatecans and the Mexicans, the British found it both practical and profitable to maintain good relations with the Maya free state for some years.
828:
The Maya elders who participated in this project, including Juan Na Chi Kokom, former leader of the Itza' state in eastern Yucatan, were most likely willing volunteers who thought the project was a way to preserve Maya culture and religion. After the project was
807:
that reemerged when the Spanish colonists' civil war released the Maya from the Yucatán Hispanic population's religious repression. The indigenous priests had maintained their ancient religious texts and their spiritual knowledge, as they continue to do today.
899:
The emergence of Chan Santa Cruz in the 19th century meant that for the first time in centuries, the Maya were in charge of a state that supported their indigenous faith. The Roman Church had consistently refused to ordain native Maya even as
851:('Spokesman of the Patron') present evidence for distinct Xiu and Itza' versions. Usually translated as a collection of historical and mythological texts, this book contains a great deal of information on the ancient
1135:
state, sometimes sponsored by the British government in Honduras; the United Kingdom; Mexico; and Guatemala. Chan Santa Cruz officials also corresponded with members of the United States government in Washington.
659:
of Chichimilla, Antonio Manuel Ay, on August 26, 1847 (6 Kaban, 5 Xul). The letters were written at a sanctuary plaza at Saki', the sacred 'white' city of the north that was located near present-day
862:
include: daily reminders for diviners; natal charts for each day; rituals associated with each day; direction for the selection, training and initiation of Maya calendar priests; a Maya
1098:
Holy Crosses are physical crosses that must be guarded and fed several times a day according to Cruzoob tradition. Every householder has a small domestic cross clothed in a diminutive
1219:. In a disused context, it can refer to a diviner, or to one of a multitude who employs the Maya Sacred Calendar of 20 daily patrons and thirteen daily personalities/numbers.
837:, the former Maya collaborators collected and reconstructed as much as they could. They assembled the materials into a loose collection of texts, which is now known as the
915:
village and town housed the Holy Cross in a sanctuary. Maya churches are easily distinguished from Roman Catholic churches by the presence of a walled inner sanctum, the
1023:(Fathers) are also autonomous and can be similarly petitioned for good or ill through prayers before the appropriate lineage crosses. A family devotional cross is an
765:
606:
After the Spanish began to occupy nearby areas, the Xiu Maya state in the western half of the Yucatán Peninsula chose to ally with the newly-neighboring Empire. The
625:
The province of Uaan remained largely unknown to the Spanish, but its provincial capital of Chable (meaning 'anteater') was mentioned several times in the books of
558:. It was also the name of a shrine that served as the center of the Maya Cruzoob religious movement, and of the town that developed around the shrine, now known as
771:
Mexican occupation did not end resistance by the indigenous Maya, who continued to conduct guerrilla attacks against the Mexicans under the leadership of General
764:
to disentangle Her Majesty's Government from indigenous free states and from the Chan Santa Cruz state in particular. In 1893, the British Government signed the
1019:, (Grandmother Earth or Guadelupe) are autonomous and can be petitioned for good through prayers before their cross or image. Patrilineal ancestors such as the
721:
At its greatest extent, from the 1860s through the 1890s, the Chan Santa Cruz state encompassed all of the southern and central parts of the Mexican state of
1903:
883:
is a collection of songs, prayers and ritual speeches. This collection includes traditional girls' songs, prayers for seating images, and other traditions.
655:
some time. These letters were written orders sent through an established military chain of command, and were written in the wake of the death of the
1131:
Chan Santa Cruz made treaties and corresponded with several other recognized and partially-recognized governments. These include treaties with: the
591:
Before Spanish colonization, the people in the land that would become the Chan Santa Cruz state were predominantly indigenous descendants of the
1197:(Macaw), one of twenty Provincials or Bishops in the Maya Church, now a disused role. Only the Province of Uaan now survives, and therefore the
1011:. East is red, north is white, west is black, south is yellow, sky is blue, earth is green and the center is clear. Feminine spirits including
946:
these figures need to be described in ways that more closely resemble how they have been invoked in actual Maya texts and religious practices.
1913:
874:
and other self-sacrifices; pilgrimage places; the Maya years and cycles; advice to pregnant women; and descriptions of Maya family life.
1110:
They recognized the Church of the Talking Cross as a legitimate religion, and installed a plaque on a shrine in Carrillo Puerto.
636:
the western half of the Itzá state during the 18th century. The most famous of the Spanish campaigns was against the indigenous
1938:
1887:
130:
1067:
The Cruzoob movement has two great annual festivals, both descended from the two annual festivals of the pre-Columbian Maya.
250:
102:
559:
340:
1059:(Evil Spirits) are chaotic and must be both exorcized before any ritual can begin and appeased before any ritual can end.
1003:(Angels) are God's active force, who manifest his will on earth and can be petitioned for aid. There are 1, 4, 5, 6, or 7
1908:
701:) was first read to the people. The capital, Noh Kah Balam Nah Chan Santa Cruz, was founded in about 1850 near a sacred
667:(meaning 'loincloths'), rose up in a general revolt which nearly drove the Yucatecos entirely out of Chan Santa Cruz.
109:
908:(village lay assistants), who were sons of Maya priests, often acted as members of their fathers' profession as well.
1647:
1527:
1446:
1102:(woman's dress) and with a mirror hung around its neck. This little female cross was known in Pre-Columbian times as
1043:(Jaguars), the Twenty Patrons of the days of the 260-day Sacred Round; the four Yearbearers of the 365-day year; the
290:
272:
211:
189:
149:
52:
182:
1928:
1881:
1365:
707:, a natural well providing a year-round source of holy water. The talking cross continues to speak at this shrine.
83:
38:
640:(king) and his followers, which ended with the death of the Kanek and his closest followers on December 14, 1761.
949:
239:
116:
825:
contains much of the Spanish explanatory text of this encyclopedia without quoting any of the indigenous texts.
1743:. Ediciones del Gobierno del Estado de Yucatán: Coleccion páginas de nuestra Historia, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
1716:
1499:
87:
633:
1007:, one for each direction addressed in a particular ritual. The directions are color-coded according to their
610:
continued to train and educate indigenous Maya leaders in the sanctuaries of the southern province, such as
98:
326:
1760:
1031:(Jaguar) is a patron of a village, town, region, or state which acts as an agent and protector of the
1953:
176:
1607:
969:
Maya Cruzoob religious figures and concepts are referred to through a variety of names and terms.
1943:
1288:
at Chan Santa Cruz was Jose Maria Barrera, who held the position until his assassination in 1852.
76:
575:
1918:
243:
193:
879:
690:
660:
1948:
1933:
1923:
1118:
The Maya free state formally declared independence in the "Proclamation of Juan de la Cruz" (
834:
123:
1075:(The Feast of Our Grandmother, Guadelupe), is the ancient Maya New (360-day) Year Festival.
799:
One notable aspect of the Maya free state was the reappearance of Maya religion in a partly
689:
The State of the Cross was proclaimed in 1849 in Xocén, a south-eastern satellite of modern
1349:
671:
649:
615:
611:
44:
803:
form, sometimes called "The Cult of The Talking Cross". This was likely a continuation of
254:
8:
741:
From the late 1850s through 1893, the United Kingdom recognized the Maya free state as a
600:
501:
1159:(Lord Wisdom or He Rattle Snake), the Supreme Pontiff of the Maya church, now known as
607:
1078:
The Crusoob also celebrate a Mass and Novenas, which always include offerings of corn
1712:
1691:
1643:
1523:
1495:
1442:
1359:
817:
698:
1748:
The Indian Christ, The Indian King: the indigenous substrate of Maya myth and ritual
1492:
The archaeologist was a spy: Sylvanus G. Morley and the Office of Naval Intelligence
1354:
1304:(Earring, Novice, or Alderman), any entry-level civil official rank, including the
775:. In 1935, General May signed a formal peace treaty with the government of Mexico.
761:
747:
563:
1362:, a Japanese evolution of Catholicism after the interdiction of ordained priests.
1209:
was Manual Nahuat, who held the role from 1847 until his death on March 23, 1851.
780:
362:
1640:(Translated) The Ancient Future of the Itza: The book of Chilam Balam of Tizimin
1550:(Publication 438 ed.). Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institute of Washington.
1897:
1858:. Thesis in social anthropology. Mexico City: Universidad Iberoamericana1981.
1169:(Wise Star), one of four Cardinals who held forth from the four holy cities:
852:
830:
804:
772:
427:
1284:, a civil official at the level of provincial governor or higher. The first
1071:(The Day of The Cross) is the ancient Maya New (365-day) Year Festival and
1032:
871:
840:
722:
663:. Exactly three days after Ay's death, the eastern Maya, now identified as
626:
592:
567:
555:
551:
539:
1522:(1. pbk. print ed.). Berkeley, Cal: University of California Press.
1191:(Star), one of eight Archbishops in the Maya church, now a disused role.
619:
1415:
The Uprising of the Men in Loincloths / Guerra de las Castas en Yucatán
867:
791:
637:
800:
730:
1736:
Arzapalo Marín, Ramón, 1987, El Ritual de los Bacabes, UNAM, Mexico.
65:
1856:
Chan Santa Cruz: Historia de unacomunidad cimarrona de Quintana Roo
1711:(Rev., 2. print ed.). Albuquerque: Univ. of New Mexico Press.
1079:
979:
1201:
is now the Supreme Pontiff of the Maya church and is known as the
1627:. Cambridge: Peabody Museum of American Archeology and Ethnology.
1215:(Sun), one of eighty Priests, sometimes identified in Spanish as
754:
1876:
1771:
Ambivalent Conquest: Spaniard and Maya in the Yucatan peninsula
1520:
Unfinished conversations: Mayas and foreigners between two wars
1246:
1083:
901:
863:
726:
714:
The regional capitals in Bak Halal, Chun Pom, Vigia Chico, and
703:
562:. The town was historically the main center of what is now the
514:
1441:(Rev. ed.). Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
1578:
Ambivalent conquests: Maya and Spaniard in Yucatan, 1517-1570
1494:(1st ed.). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
1087:
715:
656:
1815:
Middle American Research Series, Publication 2, New Orleans.
1126:
753:
All this changed after the Maya laid siege to and conquered
1090:, pepper, chocolate, a dessert, and an alcoholic beverage.
596:
1804:
Proskouriakoff, Tatiana, 1961. "Lords of the Maya Realm".
1863:
The Machete and the Cross: Campesino Rebellion in Yucatan
1298:, the local civil official at the village level or lower.
1123:
race) who consented to the sovereignty of the new state.
821:
the Maya religion, specifically. Diego de Landa's famous
586:
1792:
Heaven Born Merida: The book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel
987:(True God). Epithets for God and His Angels can include
718:
were probably laid out on the same plan as the capital.
595:. Its northern reaches were likely part of the state of
1778:
Materials for a bibliography of the cast war in Yucatan
1479:. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington.
1580:(1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1239:(Medium), one with good relations in the spirit world.
369:
16:
Former indigenous Maya state on the Yucatán Peninsula
870:
prayer; details of sacrifices at the sacred well of
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1605:
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
973:(God) is one being, undepictable and incorporeal.
736:
1185:, now disused and called Champoton, in the south.
1055:(Spirits) can be petitioned for good or ill, but
1895:
1741:El General May: Último jefe de las tribus mayas
1656:
1606:Redfield, Robert; Villa Rojas, Alfonso (1962).
1560:
1689:
1417:(1 ed.). Mérida: Sastun. pp. 97–107.
1148:Religious officials include or have included:
622:, the Itzá island capital, on March 13, 1697.
1865:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1997.
1599:
1490:Harris, Charles H.; Sadler, Louis R. (2003).
1904:Former territorial entities in North America
1595:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
1489:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1177:, now the city of Valladolid, in the north;
1836:. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.
1829:. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.
1622:
1616:
1474:
1412:
1181:, now the city of Merida, in the west; and
942:needs attention from an expert in mythology
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1825:Redfield, Robert & Villa Rojas, 1962.
1575:
1513:
1511:
1273:Civil officials include or have included:
253:. Please do not remove this message until
1569:
1455:
1127:International treaties and correspondence
684:
291:Learn how and when to remove this message
273:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
1729:
1637:
1625:Landa's Relatión de las Cosas de Yucatán
1623:Landa, Diego de; Tozzer, Alfred (1941).
1541:
1539:
1517:
790:
249:Relevant discussion may be found on the
175:This article includes a list of general
1843:. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
1822:, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
1706:
1700:
1612:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1590:
1584:
1508:
345:Areas under the Mayas' control, c. 1870
1896:
1563:El Libro de los libros de Chilam Balam
1554:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
952:may be able to help recruit an expert.
587:Before and during Spanish colonization
1536:
1477:The Maya of east central Quintana Roo
1406:
847:Existing copies of portions of these
1794:. University of Texas Press, Austin.
1750:. University of Texas Press, Austin.
1593:The Lord's Prayer in three languages
1548:The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel
1545:
1436:
926:
922:
811:
760:The British Government assigned Sir
400:Ahau K'atun Kiuik' (supreme general)
223:
161:
88:adding citations to reliable sources
59:
18:
1753:Bricker, Victoria and Miram, 2001.
1690:Ciudad Real, Antonio de (c. 1577).
1421:
1113:
855:and the priests who maintained it.
795:Chan Santa Cruz Monument in Cozumel
550:was a late 19th-century indigenous
311:U Noh Kah Balam Nah Chan Santa Cruz
13:
1848:
1693:Diccionario de Motul, maya español
894:
181:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1965:
1869:
1739:Ávila Zapata, Felipe Nery, 1974,
1561:Barrera Vásquez, Alfredo (1948).
1093:
354:Noh Kah Balam Nah Chan Santa Cruz
34:This article has multiple issues.
1914:History of the Yucatán Peninsula
1875:
1834:Explorations in British Honduras
1799:Explorations in British Honduras
1755:The Book of Chilam Balam of Kaua
1565:. Mexico City: Ediciones Porrúa.
1366:Index of Mexico-related articles
931:
823:Relación de las cosas de Yucatán
574:capital for the Maya during the
519:
494:
339:
325:
228:
166:
64:
23:
1631:
1413:Martínez Huchim, Ana Patricia.
737:The fall of the Maya free state
695:Proclamation of Juan de la Cruz
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
1483:
1378:
1:
1939:1850 establishments in Mexico
1642:. University of Texas Press.
1591:Berendt, Karl Herman (1888).
1475:Villa Rojas, Alfonso (1945).
1399:
1047:of the 360-day year; and the
1813:The Ethnobotany of the Maya.
1316:Military forces were led by
1173:, now Bacalar, in the east;
1139:
1015:(Beautiful Grandmother) and
7:
1343:
944:. The specific problem is:
786:
643:
255:conditions to do so are met
10:
1970:
1909:Former countries of Mexico
1888:A visit to Chan Santa Cruz
1854:Careaga Viliesid, Lorena.
1709:Time and the Highland Maya
1062:
919:, inside the Maya church.
647:
581:
1841:Maya History and Religion
1707:Tedlock, Barbara (1993).
1576:Clendinnen, Inga (1987).
911:The Maya church in every
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473:
469:
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449:
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433:
421:
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322:
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305:
1839:Thompson, J.E.S., 1965.
1827:Chan Kom: a Maya Village
1820:The Ritual of the Bacabs
1790:Edmonson, Munroe, 1987.
1746:Bricker, Victoria, 1981
1638:Edmonson, Munro (2010).
1609:Chan Kom: a Maya village
1439:The Caste War of Yucatán
1437:Reed, Nelson A. (2001).
1371:
1929:History of Quintana Roo
1832:Thompson, J.E.S. 1933.
1769:Clendenin, Inga, 1978.
1761:Cogolludo, Tomas, Lopez
1518:Sullivan, Paul (1991).
1039:form additional units:
766:Spenser Mariscal Treaty
673:La Guerra de las Castas
413:• Longest serving
370:
333:Flag of Chan Santa Cruz
196:more precise citations.
1785:Art of the Maya Scribe
1340:(Private or Soldier).
796:
685:Independent Maya state
677:now commonly known as
670:This uprising, called
570:, and it acted as the
560:Felipe Carrillo Puerto
461:• Disestablished
1730:Additional references
1235:(Familiar Spirit) or
1145:community festivals.
999:(Father of the Sky).
950:WikiProject Mythology
860:Books of Chilam Balam
849:Books of Chilam Balam
794:
359:Common languages
1884:at Wikimedia Commons
1797:Gann, Thomas, 188x.
1783:Coe, Michael, 1998.
1546:Roys, Ralph (1933).
1350:Caste War of Yucatan
1282:Presidente Municipal
888:Ritual of the Bakabs
650:Caste War of Yucatan
576:Caste War of Yucatán
554:state in modern-day
84:improve this article
1818:Roys, Ralph, 1965.
1811:Roys, Ralph, 1931.
1765:Historia de Yucatan
1322:General de la Plaza
977:can also be called
880:Songs of Dzitbalché
618:invaded and sacked
502:Republic of Yucatan
451:• Established
242:of this article is
1776:Chamberlan, 19xx.
1308:(Teacher) and the
1082:and often feature
1035:in question. Many
904:. Previously, the
797:
391:Jose Maria Barrera
1890:, Colonial Mexico
1880:Media related to
1360:Kakure Kirishitan
1326:Ahau K'atun Kiuik
1318:Ahau K'atun Kiuik
1027:(Little Tree). A
967:
966:
923:Religious figures
906:maestros cantores
818:Jacobo de Testera
812:Maya sacred books
729:and northeastern
699:John of the Cross
629:as a cycle seat.
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387:• 1849-1852
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1696:. Motul, Mexico.
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1355:Folk Catholicism
1114:National records
983:(Unique God) or
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927:
858:Contents of the
762:Spenser St. John
748:British Honduras
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141:
135:
133:
92:
68:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1894:
1893:
1882:Chan Santa Cruz
1872:
1861:Dumond, Don E.
1851:
1849:Further reading
1846:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1719:
1705:
1701:
1688:
1657:
1650:
1636:
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1589:
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1559:
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1509:
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1488:
1484:
1473:
1456:
1449:
1435:
1422:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1346:
1163:(Great Father).
1142:
1129:
1116:
1096:
1086:, meat, fruit,
1065:
963:
957:
954:
948:
936:
932:
925:
897:
895:The Maya church
814:
789:
781:Sylvanus Morley
739:
687:
652:
646:
616:Martín de Ursúa
612:Lake Petén Itzá
589:
584:
548:Chan Santa Cruz
520:
495:
462:
452:
424:
414:
388:
363:Mayan languages
346:
334:
331:
330:
313:
308:
307:Chan Santa Cruz
297:
286:
285:
284:
279:
268:
262:
259:
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207:
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198:
188:Please help to
187:
171:
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156:
145:
139:
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93:
91:
81:
69:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1967:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1944:1850 in Mexico
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1871:
1870:External links
1868:
1867:
1866:
1859:
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1809:
1808:Magazine, 4.1.
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1357:
1352:
1345:
1342:
1336:(Captain) and
1320:, also called
1314:
1313:
1299:
1289:
1280:(Real Man) or
1271:
1270:
1269:, a herbalist.
1260:
1250:
1240:
1230:
1220:
1210:
1192:
1186:
1164:
1141:
1138:
1128:
1125:
1115:
1112:
1095:
1094:The Holy Cross
1092:
1064:
1061:
1057:K'asal Ik'oob'
1013:Kiichpam Kolel
965:
964:
939:
937:
930:
924:
921:
896:
893:
813:
810:
805:native beliefs
788:
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686:
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648:Main article:
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601:Classic Period
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417:Bernardino Cen
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72:
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63:
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32:
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29:
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9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1966:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1919:Modern Mexico
1917:
1915:
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1901:
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1649:9780292789319
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1619:
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1602:
1594:
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1542:
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1531:
1529:9780520072442
1525:
1521:
1514:
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1497:
1493:
1486:
1478:
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1469:
1467:
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1459:
1450:
1448:9780804740012
1444:
1440:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1416:
1409:
1405:
1391:
1387:
1384:Also spelled
1381:
1377:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
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1307:
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1300:
1297:
1294:(Hatchet) or
1293:
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1279:
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1268:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1254:
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1244:
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1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:(Spirit), an
1224:
1221:
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1214:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1199:Cho'opil Uaan
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1179:Ich Kan Si Ho
1176:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1154:
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1150:
1149:
1146:
1137:
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1034:
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1018:
1014:
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1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
981:
976:
972:
961:
951:
947:
943:
940:This section
938:
929:
928:
920:
918:
914:
909:
907:
903:
892:
889:
884:
882:
881:
875:
873:
869:
866:prayer and a
865:
861:
856:
854:
853:Maya Calendar
850:
845:
843:
842:
836:
832:
831:anathematized
826:
824:
819:
809:
806:
802:
793:
784:
782:
776:
774:
773:Francisco May
769:
767:
763:
758:
756:
751:
749:
744:
734:
732:
728:
724:
719:
717:
712:
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706:
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696:
692:
682:
680:
675:
674:
668:
666:
662:
658:
651:
641:
639:
635:
630:
628:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
564:Mexican state
561:
557:
553:
549:
541:
538:
536:Today part of
534:
518:
516:
513:
512:
509:
503:
500:
493:
492:
489:
488:
485:
482:
480:
477:
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472:
468:
464:
458:
454:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
429:
428:Francisco May
426:
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380:
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143:
140:February 2023
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101: –
100:
96:
95:Find sources:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
1949:Maya history
1934:Maya peoples
1924:Quintana Roo
1862:
1855:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1764:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1708:
1702:
1692:
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1633:
1624:
1618:
1608:
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1592:
1586:
1577:
1571:
1562:
1556:
1547:
1519:
1491:
1485:
1476:
1438:
1414:
1408:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1312:(Sacristan).
1309:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1291:
1286:Halach Uinik
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1266:
1262:
1259:, an orator.
1256:
1252:
1242:
1236:
1232:
1229:or blessing.
1226:
1222:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1205:. The first
1202:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1132:
1130:
1119:
1117:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1077:
1073:U K'in Kolel
1072:
1068:
1066:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
995:(Lord), and
992:
988:
984:
978:
974:
970:
968:
955:
945:
941:
916:
912:
910:
905:
898:
887:
885:
878:
876:
872:Chichen Itza
859:
857:
848:
846:
841:Chilam Balam
838:
835:Roman Church
827:
822:
815:
798:
777:
770:
759:
752:
742:
740:
723:Quintana Roo
720:
713:
709:
702:
694:
693:, where the
688:
678:
672:
669:
664:
653:
632:The Spanish
631:
627:Chilam Balam
624:
605:
590:
571:
568:Quintana Roo
556:Quintana Roo
547:
546:
540:Quintana Roo
484:Succeeded by
483:
478:
423:• Last
371:Halach Uinik
310:
287:
269:
260:
238:
208:
199:
180:
146:
137:
127:
120:
113:
106:
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
1330:Ahau K'atun
1278:Halac Uinik
1207:Nohoch Tata
1203:Nohoch Tata
1161:Nohoch Tata
1157:Ah Z'ab Kan
1120:El Proclamo
1069:U K'in Crus
1033:social unit
1017:U Kolel Cab
816:When Friar
599:during the
479:Preceded by
194:introducing
1898:Categories
1806:Expedition
1718:0826313582
1501:0826329373
1400:References
1265:(Leaf) or
1255:(Word) or
1245:(Fish), a
1183:Cham Putun
1021:Yumz'iloob
997:Yumil Kaan
868:divination
691:Valladolid
661:Valladolid
614:. General
608:Itzá state
374:(governor)
240:neutrality
177:references
110:newspapers
39:improve it
1334:Ah K'atun
1328:were the
1310:Kanan K'u
1267:Yerbatero
1227:exorcista
1217:sacerdote
1140:Officials
1080:tortillas
985:Hahal K'u
980:Hunab K'u
839:Books of
801:syncretic
731:Guatemala
634:conquered
318:1849–1935
251:talk page
45:talk page
1801: ?.
1763:(1688),
1344:See also
1306:Kambesah
1296:Delegado
1171:Bakhalal
1153:Ahau Kan
1133:Yucateco
1041:Balamoob
991:(Lord),
958:May 2024
787:Religion
743:de facto
644:Uprising
620:Nojpetén
572:de facto
263:May 2024
244:disputed
202:May 2024
1390:Crusoob
1257:Rezador
1167:Kan Ek'
1084:tamales
1063:Worship
1045:Ahauoob
1025:Ix Ceel
1009:chakoob
1005:chakoob
1001:Chakoob
913:Crusero
902:priests
833:by the
755:Bacalar
679:Cruzoob
665:Uiz'oob
582:History
438:History
351:Capital
190:improve
124:scholar
1715:
1646:
1526:
1498:
1445:
1386:Cruzob
1338:K'atun
1247:cantor
1237:Nagual
1195:Cho'op
1104:Ix Cel
1100:huipil
1053:Ik'oob
1049:K'atun
917:gloria
864:rosary
727:Belize
704:cenote
515:Mexico
441:
403:
377:
179:, but
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
1372:Notes
1302:Tupil
1292:Batab
1175:Sakil
1088:atole
1037:balam
1029:balam
989:Tepal
716:Tulum
657:Batab
638:Kanek
131:JSTOR
117:books
1713:ISBN
1644:ISBN
1524:ISBN
1496:ISBN
1443:ISBN
1253:T'an
1243:K'ay
1213:K'in
993:Ahau
886:The
877:The
779:spy
597:Coba
593:Maya
552:Maya
465:1935
455:1849
237:The
103:news
1388:or
1233:Uay
1223:Ik'
1189:Ek'
1155:or
975:K'u
971:K'u
746:of
566:of
86:by
1900::
1658:^
1538:^
1510:^
1457:^
1423:^
1263:Le
1051:.
844:.
783:.
733:.
681:.
603:.
578:.
48:.
1787:.
1780:.
1773:.
1757:.
1721:.
1652:.
1532:.
1504:.
1451:.
1392:.
1249:.
960:)
956:(
697:(
294:)
288:(
276:)
270:(
265:)
261:(
257:.
247:.
215:)
209:(
204:)
200:(
186:.
153:)
147:(
142:)
138:(
128:·
121:·
114:·
107:·
80:.
55:)
51:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
