148:") fuel separation fractions are fed into an induction heated furnace with fragmented glass. The resulting glass contains the waste products which are bonded to the glass matrix. The fission products, which make up around 4% of the spent fuel mass, are the ones that are vitrified in this glass, as they cannot be used for any other purpose, and are generally highly radioactive. In practice, because of limits to separation of the three categories, a small amount of transuranic isotopes will be present in this material.
157:
251:
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31:
209:
COGEMA having succeeded at performing the process without serious spills that have been frequent at other such facilities around the world. In the past, the antinuclear movement argued that COGEMA would not succeed with reprocessing. Eric Blanc, deputy director of the processing plant, says that although the plant does intentionally release radioactive material, the
182:
It was understood that the facility would be used to reprocess the uranium sold to Taiwan in the 1980s and a number of politicians and experts from Taiwan listed the La Hague site in the course of securing the deal. France later reneged on the agreement and the nuclear material sold to Taiwan remains
135:
process, which separates the plutonium and other transuranics from the remainder of the spent fuel. The uranium and plutonium are separated in turn in a series of complex chemical operations. The uranium becomes uranyl nitrate and the plutonium will be converted into plutonium oxide. The latter is
208:
Greenpeace have protested by creating roadblocks and chaining themselves to vehicles transporting materials to and from the site. However the leader of
Greenpeace France, Yannick Rousselet, has since stated that they have ceased attempting to criticize the reprocessing plant on technical grounds,
91:
It has treated spent nuclear fuel from France, Japan, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, Spain and the
Netherlands. It processed 1100 tonnes in 2005. The non-recyclable part of the radioactive waste is eventually sent back to the user nation. Prior to 2015, more than 32,000 tonnes of spent
104:
Around 3-4% of the material consists of fission products. These are mostly composed of highly radioactive isotopes, as the fission of uranium has endowed these with too many neutrons to be stable. As with all highly radioactive material, this level of radioactivity decreases relatively rapidly,
100:
Spent nuclear fuel roughly consists of three categories. The largest fraction by far is uranium that was present in the fuel from the start and was not affected by the nuclear reactions. Most of this uranium consists of uranium-238, which has a low radioactivity.
168:, having had a sufficient supply of plutonium for weapons, had no further use of the reprocessing centre. The factory directed its efforts toward civil operations, and with the reduction of 350 people from the plant's workforce, its military connections ended.
139:
Long-term storage of radioactive waste requires the stabilization of the waste into a form that will neither react nor degrade for extended periods. Decades of research efforts have shown that a viable way to do this is through
123:
Spent fuel treatment plants seek to separate these three categories into fractions that are as pure as possible. In nuclear reprocessing plants about 96% of spent nuclear fuel is recycled back into uranium-based and mixed-oxide
136:
used to produce fresh fuel called MOX – mixed oxides of uranium and plutonium, which can be used as fuel in nuclear reactors. The uranium fraction is very low in radioactivity and can be stored in specialized warehouses.
1304:
1172:
396:
700:
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1177:
388:
205:
per day" into the ocean; "the equivalent of 50 nuclear waste barrels", claiming the radiation affects local beaches, although official figures are to the contrary.
1198:
642:
326:
364:
1141:
529:
190:
occurred at La Hague. A sub-contractor working at the plant suffered skin contamination while rinsing equipment in the plutonium purification workshop.
1101:
758:
478:
225:, and therefore within regulation. The AREVA NC website emphasizes that they are committed to keeping the dose below 30 microsieverts per year.
958:
17:
1358:
76:
spent nuclear fuel reprocessing capacity. It has been in operation since 1976, and has a capacity of about 1,700 tonnes per year. It extracts
963:
595:
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425:
455:
558:
187:
1330:
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617:
1249:
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968:
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751:
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500:
164:
The La Hague site was built after the
Marcoule site originally for producing plutonium for military purposes. In 1969 the
1397:
1239:
530:"Greenpeace installs webcam at the end of France's nuclear reprocessing discharge pipe 'to open the eyes of Governments'"
650:
1422:
334:
1417:
926:
868:
643:"Greenpeace blocks top secret transport of plutonium in France, revealing global proliferation threat is not in Iraq"
309:
356:
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843:
744:
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has been campaigning since 1997 for the shutdown of the site, which they claim dumps "one million litres of liquid
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nuclear fuel has been reprocessed, with 70% of that from France, 17% from
Germany and 9% from Japan.
767:
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55:
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8:
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113:
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consists of plutonium isotopes, although other species are also present, such as
1279:
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910:
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109:
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105:
although storage and shielding is required for at least hundreds of years.
736:
679:
156:
1220:
1187:
59:
1305:
Groupement des scientifiques pour l'information sur l'énergie nucléaire
1289:
278:
198:
1126:
1209:
1069:
117:
77:
1021:
1048:
1016:
501:"Nuclear Safety: Worker Contaminated in Incident at La Hague Plant"
145:
85:
81:
47:
1136:
250:
559:"Areva NC discharge pipe – Collection of related press releases"
471:"Notes from central Taiwan: Taiwan's spent nuclear fuel problem"
193:
131:
One of the main method for the separation of spent fuel is the
1215:
1182:
132:
108:
Third, atom species are present which have a larger mass and
63:
30:
1037:
210:
1109:(Bollène, Lapalud, Pierrelatte, Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux)
448:"Vitrification: The Workhorse of Nuclear Waste Management"
1102:
Meuse/Haute Marne
Underground Research Laboratory (Andra)
125:
183:
unreprocessed and is stored in temporary cooling ponds.
213:
dose in the vicinity of the facility is less than 20
232:
112:
than uranium itself. The majority of this so-called
383:
381:
27:
Nuclear fuel reprocessing plant at La Hague, France
327:"Crisis for Areva's plant as clients shun nuclear"
1389:
618:"US Bomb-Grade Plutonium Convoy to Cross France"
378:
389:"Treatment and Conditioning of Nuclear Wastes"
324:
752:
217:per year, which is equivalent to the dose of
194:Controversy surrounding radioactive releases
67:
766:
72:), La Hague has nearly half of the world's
759:
745:
669:
667:
281:, a similar facility in the United Kingdom
171:This shift to civil uses was supported by
69:Compagnie générale des matières atomiques
615:
155:
29:
673:
664:
445:
14:
1390:
1250:1999 Blayais Nuclear Power Plant flood
468:
740:
297:
24:
1408:Buildings and structures in Manche
1347:List of nuclear reactors in France
676:"IEEE Spectrum: Nuclear Wasteland"
588:"La Hague – France Nuclear Forces"
25:
1434:
720:
1331:Nuclear power stations in France
674:Fairley, Peter (February 2007).
458:from the original on 2024-02-21.
263:
249:
235:
1245:Anti-nuclear movement in France
732:Processing of Used Nuclear Fuel
693:
635:
609:
598:from the original on 2023-10-15
580:
551:
481:from the original on 2023-10-14
428:from the original on 2024-02-20
399:from the original on 2024-05-12
367:from the original on 2024-03-04
44:nuclear fuel reprocessing plant
1223:(formerly COGEMA and Areva NC)
616:Naegelen, Jacky (2004-10-07).
522:
493:
469:Turton, Michael (2021-03-15).
462:
446:Grayson, Krista (2019-06-18).
439:
410:
349:
318:
291:
18:Reprocessing plant at La Hague
13:
1:
325:Emmanuel Jarry (6 May 2015).
285:
144:. High temperature treated ("
95:
58:bordering on it. Operated by
54:in northern France, with the
1413:Nuclear technology in France
1336:Nuclear technology in France
649:. 2003-02-19. Archived from
536:. 2000-06-26. Archived from
507:. 2002-12-13. Archived from
301:Nuclear Engineering Handbook
80:which is then recycled into
66:, and prior to that COGEMA (
7:
876:(Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux)
228:
160:La Hague in its early years
10:
1439:
1398:Nuclear reprocessing sites
563:Greenpeace website archive
534:Greenpeace website archive
304:. CRC Press. p. 332.
151:
1423:Water pollution in France
1344:
1318:
1230:
1165:
1116:
1062:
983:
946:
939:
883:
781:
774:
620:. Reuters. Archived from
393:World Nuclear Association
333:. Reuters. Archived from
271:Nuclear technology portal
221:received during a single
1418:Nuclear energy in France
1255:Death of SĂ©bastien Briat
727:La Hague Plant home page
701:"Zero impact commitment"
647:Greenpeace International
298:Kok, Kenneth D. (2010).
175:and strengthened by the
173:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
1326:Nuclear power in France
1240:Accidents and incidents
1093:(Marcoule, Pierrelatte)
984:Research, experimental,
768:Nuclear power in France
1107:Tricastin Nuclear Site
1085:Institut Laue–Langevin
1075:CEA Fontenay-aux-Roses
186:On 5 October 2002, an
161:
68:
35:
1204:Électricité de France
927:Saint-Laurent (A1/A2)
188:INES Level 1 incident
159:
56:Manche storage centre
33:
1374:49.67833°N 1.87944°W
1040:(under construction)
1034:(under construction)
976:(under construction)
947:Power plant reactors
223:transatlantic flight
1370: /
1310:Sortir du nucléaire
1212:(formerly Areva NP)
361:ch302.cm.utexas.edu
357:"Band of Stability"
74:light water reactor
1379:49.67833; -1.87944
1319:Related categories
1063:Research locations
986:prototype reactors
959:CP0, CP1, CP2, CPY
911:Creys-Malville SPX
592:GlobalSecurity.org
505:Europe Environment
162:
52:Cotentin Peninsula
36:
1403:Radioactive waste
1353:
1352:
1058:
1057:
935:
934:
901:Chinon (A1/A2/A3)
203:radioactive waste
114:transuranic waste
16:(Redirected from
1430:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1285:Dominique Voynet
1231:Public discourse
1012:EL-4 (Brennilis)
1001:CEA Paris-Saclay
944:
943:
779:
778:
761:
754:
747:
738:
737:
715:
714:
712:
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697:
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678:. Archived from
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565:. Archived from
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418:"Orano la Hague"
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34:La Hague in 2005
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1340:
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1275:Mycle Schneider
1270:Stéphane Lhomme
1260:André Larivière
1232:
1226:
1190:(formerly DCNS)
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1112:
1054:
987:
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166:French military
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1265:Corinne Lepage
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721:External links
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594:. 2011-07-24.
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913:(Superphénix)
912:
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907:
904:
902:
899:
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875:
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869:Saint-Laurent
867:
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696:
682:on 2007-02-16
681:
677:
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653:on 2007-12-02
652:
648:
644:
638:
624:on 2007-08-03
623:
619:
612:
597:
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589:
583:
569:on 2007-08-28
568:
564:
560:
554:
540:on 2007-06-14
539:
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511:on 2016-05-06
510:
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311:9781420053913
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261:
258:
257:Energy portal
252:
247:
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243:France portal
233:
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215:microsieverts
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149:
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142:vitrification
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110:atomic number
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61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
40:La Hague site
32:
19:
1355:
1280:Monique Sené
1151:
1091:CEA Marcoule
1080:CEA Grenoble
999:EL-2, EL-3 (
988:and concepts
775:Power plants
708:. Retrieved
704:
695:
684:. Retrieved
680:the original
655:. Retrieved
651:the original
646:
637:
626:. Retrieved
622:the original
611:
600:. Retrieved
591:
582:
571:. Retrieved
567:the original
562:
553:
542:. Retrieved
538:the original
533:
524:
513:. Retrieved
509:the original
504:
495:
483:. Retrieved
475:Taipei Times
474:
464:
451:
441:
430:. Retrieved
421:
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401:. Retrieved
392:
369:. Retrieved
360:
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339:. Retrieved
335:the original
330:
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207:
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185:
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163:
138:
130:
122:
107:
103:
99:
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39:
37:
1377: /
1221:Orano Cycle
1188:Naval Group
1027:Superphénix
864:Saint-Alban
834:Flamanville
62:, formerly
1392:Categories
1362:49°40′42″N
1118:Fuel cycle
1097:CEA Saclay
1087:(Grenoble)
995:EL-1 (Zoé)
917:Fessenheim
844:Gravelines
789:Belleville
710:2007-08-26
686:2007-08-26
657:2007-08-26
628:2007-08-26
602:2007-08-26
573:2007-08-26
544:2007-08-26
515:2015-05-02
432:2023-06-24
403:2023-06-24
371:2023-06-24
286:References
279:Sellafield
199:Greenpeace
96:Operations
1365:1°52′46″W
1210:Framatome
1132:Tricastin
1120:locations
1051:(concept)
891:Brennilis
874:Tricastin
829:Dampierre
118:americium
78:plutonium
1152:La Hague
1049:Flexblue
1017:Rapsodie
922:Marcoule
804:Cattenom
705:AREVA NC
596:Archived
485:14 March
479:Archived
456:Archived
426:Archived
397:Archived
365:Archived
331:Moneyweb
229:See also
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