Repressed memory - Knowledge

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the creation of false or pseudo memories. Such therapy-created memories can be quite compelling for those who develop them, and can include details that make them seem credible to others. In a now classic experiment by Loftus (widely known as the "Lost in the Mall" study), participants were given a booklet containing three accounts of real childhood events written by family members and a fourth account of a wholly fictitious event of being lost in a shopping mall. A quarter of the subjects reported remembering the fictitious event, and elaborated on it with extensive circumstantial detail. This experiment inspired many others, and in one of these, Porter et al. convinced about half of the participants that they had survived a vicious animal attack in childhood.

482:, lead to more consolidated memories. Evidence shows that stress enhances memory for aspects and details directly related to the stressful event. Furthermore, behavioural and cognitive memory-enhancing responses, such as rehearsing or revisiting a memory in one's mind are also more likely when memories are highly emotional. When compared to positive events, memory for negative, traumatic experiences are more accurate, coherent, vivid, and detailed, and this trend persists over time. This sample of what is a vast body of evidence calls into question how it is possible that traumatic memories, which are typically remembered exceptionally well, might also be associated with patterns of extreme forgetting. 223:

suggestive therapy at the time that Doe was six. Loftus and Guyer also found evidence that, following her initial "recall" of the abuse during therapy at age six, Doe had talked about the abuse during the eleven years in between the sessions of therapy, indicating that even if abuse had really occurred, memory for the abuse had not been repressed. More generally, in addition to the problem of false memories, this case highlights the critical dependence of repression-claims cases on the ability of individuals to recall whether or not they had previously been able to recall a traumatic event; as McNally has noted, people are notoriously poor at making that kind of judgment.

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21 years after the event(s) ended found that the severity of posttraumatic stress disorder was positively correlated with the degree of memory accuracy. Further, all persons who identified the child sexual abuse as the most traumatic event of their life, displayed highly accurate memory for the event. Similarly, in a study of World War II survivors, researchers found that participants who scored higher on posttraumatic stress reactions had war memories that were more coherent, personally consequential, and more rehearsed. The researchers concluded that highly distressing events can lead to subjectively clearer memories that are highly accessible.

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neural networks than is the case with memories for non-stressful experiences, and that memories for the stressful experiences may then be inaccessible until the organism's brain is in a neurological state similar to the one that occurred when the stressful experience first occurred. At present, however, there is no evidence that what Radulovic found with rats occurs in the memory systems of humans, and it is not clear that human memories for traumatic experiences are typically "recovered" by placing the individual back in the mental state that was experienced during the original trauma.

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active remembering of other related experiences (or less traumatic elements of the traumatic experience) may make memories for the traumatic experience itself less accessible to conscious awareness. However, two problems with this viewpoint have been raised: (1) the evidence for the basic phenomenon itself has not consistently replicated, and (2) the phenomenon does not meet all criteria that must be met to support memory repression theory, particularly the lack of evidence that this form of forgetting is particularly likely to occur in the case of traumatic experiences.

155:, a district court judge overturned the conviction in 1995 based on several trial errors including the unreliability of hypnosis that was used. Eileen Franklin would further accuse her father of raping and murdering 18-year-old Veronica Cascio and 17-year-old Paula Baxter. George Franklin was released in July 1996 after prosecutors announced they would not retry him, and in 2018, the DNA evidence linked Rodney Lynn Halbower to the Cascio and Baxter murders. He was convicted of both murders and sentenced to life in prison. In 1991, 528:. (312 F3d. 423, see also 884 FSupp 1435, N.D. Calif.), that repressed memory is not admissible as evidence in a legal action because of its unreliability, inconsistency, unscientific nature, tendency to be therapeutically induced evidence, and subject to influence by hearsay and suggestibility. The court overturned the conviction of a man accused of murdering a nine-year-old girl purely based upon the evidence of a 21-year-old repressed memory by a lone witness, who also held a complex personal grudge against the defendant. 462:

those of nontraumatic events, perhaps because of alterations in attentional focusing or the fact that extreme emotional arousal interferes with memory. van der Kolk and Fisler's hypothesis is that under extreme stress, the memory categorization system based in the hippocampus fails, with these memories kept as emotional and sensory states. When these traces are remembered and put into a personal narrative, they are subject to being condensed, contaminated and embellished upon.

440:; this makes it difficult for subjects to construct an accurate account of their present and past history. "The combination of lack of autobiographical memory, continued dissociation and of meaning schemes that include victimization, helplessness and betrayal, is likely to make these individuals vulnerable to suggestion and to the construction of explanations for their trauma-related affects that may bear little relationship to the actual realities of their lives" 421:", proposes that memories for childhood abuse are the most likely to be repressed because of the intense emotional trauma produced by being abused by someone the child is dependent on for emotional and physical support; in such situations, according to this theory, dissociative amnesia is an adaptive response because it permits a relationship with the powerful abuser (whom the child is dependent upon) to continue in some form. 366:

certain words while forgetting others. Later, when tested on their memory for all of the words, recall and recognition is typically worse for the deliberately forgotten words. A problem for viewing motivated forgetting as a mechanism of memory repression is that there is no evidence that the intentionally forgotten information becomes, first, inaccessible and then, later, retrievable (as required by memory repression theory).

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those in this range are vulnerable to suggestion of pseudomemories for peripheral details, which can rise to 80% with a combination of other social influence factors. They conclude that the rates of memory errors run 0–5% in adult studies, 3–5% in children's studies and that the rates of false allegations of child abuse allegations run 4–8% in the general population.

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memories could be recovered, however, rather than promoting the recovery of a real repressed memory, such attempts could result in the creation of entirely false memories. Subsequent accusations based on such "recovered memories" led to substantial harm of individuals implicated as perpetrators, sometimes resulting in false convictions and years of incarceration.

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evidence" in this case is the post-conviction consensus within the social science community that suggestive memory recovery tactics can create false memories" (pg 27 FRIEDMAN v. REHAL Docket No. 08-0297). The ruling goes on to order all previous convictions and plea bargains relying in repressed memories using common memory recovered techniques be reviewed.

3473:"The Validity of Recovered Memory: Decision of a US District Court" Judge Edward F. Harrington, Presentation by Jim Hopper Ph.D. The legal documentation citation is: 923 Federal Supplement 286 (D. Mass. 1996), United States District Court – District of Massachusetts Ann Shahzade, plaintiff Civil Action No.: V. 92-12139-EFH George Gregory, Defendant. 151:. Starting in the 1980s, repressed memory legal cases increased rapidly. In 1989, a landmark legal case developed when George Franklin was charged and convicted in 1990 for the rape and murder of 8-year-old Susan Kay Nason on September 22, 1969, based on the account of his daughter, Eileen Franklin's recovered memories. Originally sentenced to 311:

the recovery of memory, it is now widely (but not universally) accepted that the memories have a high likelihood of being false, i.e. "memories" of incidents that had not actually occurred. It is thus recognised by professional organizations that a risk of implanting false memories is associated with some similar types of therapy. The

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neurological condition, and (f) is "always potentially reversible". McNally and others have noted that this definition is essentially the same as the defining characteristics of memory repression, and that all of the reasons for questioning the reality of memory repression apply equally well to claims regarding dissociative amnesia.

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A significant problem for trauma theories of memory repression is the lack of evidence with humans that failures of recall of traumatic experiences result from anything other than normal processes of memory that apply equally well to memories for traumatic and non-traumatic events. In addition, it is

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While the concept of repressed memories persisted through much of the 1990s, insufficient support exists to conclude that memories can become inconspicuously hidden in a way that is distinct from forgetting. Historically, some psychoanalysts provided therapy based on the belief that alleged repressed

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refers to the evidence that memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed. Based upon her research with rats, Radulovic has argued that memories for highly stressful traumatic experiences may be stored in different

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Due to a lack of evidence for the concept of repressed and recovered memories, mainstream clinical psychologists have stopped using these terms. Clinical psychologist Richard McNally stated: "The notion that traumatic events can be repressed and later recovered is the most pernicious bit of folklore

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The high quality remembering for traumatic events is not just a lab-based finding but has also been observed in real-life experiences, such as among survivors of child sexual abuse and war-related atrocities. For example, researchers who studied memory accuracy in child sexual abuse survivors 12 to

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Traumatic amnesia; this involves the loss of memories of traumatic experiences. The younger the subject and the longer the traumatic event is, the greater the chance of significant amnesia. He stated that subsequent retrieval of memories after traumatic amnesia is well documented in the literature,

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phenomenon, which is also sometimes referred to as intentional or directed forgetting, refers to forgetting which is initiated by a conscious goal to forget particular information. In the classic intentional forgetting paradigm, participants are shown a list of words, but are instructed to remember

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Evidence from psychological research suggests that most traumatic memories are well remembered over long periods of time. Autobiographical memories appraised as highly negative are remembered with a high degree of accuracy and detail. This observation is in line with psychological understanding of

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Critics of these experimental studies have questioned whether their findings generalize to memories for real-world trauma or to what occurs in psychotherapeutic contexts. However, when memories are "recovered" after long periods of amnesia, particularly when extraordinary means were used to secure

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has noted that some of the techniques that some therapists use in order to supposedly help the patients recover memories of early trauma (including such techniques as age regression, guided visualization, trance writing, dream work, body work, and hypnosis) are particularly likely to contribute to

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According to van der Kolk, memories of highly significant events are usually accurate and stable over time; aspects of traumatic experiences appear to get stuck in the mind, unaltered by time passing or experiences that may follow. The imprints of traumatic experiences appear to be different from

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and pseudomemories and appear to be less reliable than nonhypnotic recall. Brown et al. estimate that 3 to 5% of laboratory subjects are vulnerable to post-event misinformation suggestions. They state that 5–8% of the general population is the range of high-hypnotizability. Twenty-five percent of

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Not all therapists agree that false memories are a major risk of psychotherapy and they argue that this idea overstates the data and is untested. Several studies have reported high percentages of the corroboration of recovered memories, and some authors have claimed that among skeptics of idea of

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even of relatively recent dramatic events is notoriously unreliable. Memories of events are a mix of fact overlaid with emotions, mingled with interpretation and "filled in" with imaginings. Skepticism regarding the validity of a memory as factual detail is warranted. For example, one study where

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has been shown, and recovered memories of traumatic childhood abuse have been corroborated; however, forgetting trauma does not necessarily imply that the trauma was repressed. One situation in which the seeming forgetting, and later recovery, of a "traumatic" experience is particularly likely to

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as the "inability to recall autobiographical information" that is (a) "traumatic or stressful in nature", (b) "inconsistent with ordinary forgetting", (c) "successfully stored", (d) involves a period of time when the patient is unable to recall the experience, (e) is not caused by a substance or

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refers to a memory phenomenon where remembering some information causes forgetting of other information. Anderson and Green have argued that for a linkage between this phenomenon and memory repression; according to this view, the simple decision to not think about a traumatic event, coupled with

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for child abuse cases has been extended to accommodate the phenomena of repressed memories as well as other factors. The repressed memory concept came into wider public awareness in the 1980s and 1990s followed by a reduction of public attention after a series of scandals, lawsuits, and license

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wrote that "on critical examination, the scientific evidence for repression crumbles." He continued, "asking individuals if they 'remember whether they forgot' is of dubious validity. Furthermore, in most retrospective studies corroboration of the traumatic event was either absent or fell below

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An argument that has been made against the validity of the phenomenon of repressed memories is that there is little (if any) discussion in the historical literature prior to the 19th century of phenomena that would qualify as examples of memory repression or dissociative amnesia. In response to

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On August 16, 2010, the United States Second Circuit Court of Appeals in a case reversed the conviction that relied on claimed victim memories of childhood abuse stating that "The record here suggests a "reasonable likelihood" that Jesse Friedman was wrongfully convicted. The "new and material

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advises: "...most leaders in the field agree that although it is a rare occurrence, a memory of early childhood abuse that has been forgotten can be remembered later; however, these leaders also agree that it is possible to construct convincing pseudomemories for events that never occurred."

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and Melvin Guyer, however, raised serious questions about many of the central details of the case as reported by Corwin, including whether or not Jane Doe was abused by her mother at all, suggesting that this may be a case of false memory for childhood abuse with the memory "created" during

218:) who, according to Corwin, had been seriously abused by her mother, had recalled the abuse at age six during therapy with Corwin, then eleven years later was unable to recall the abuse before memories of the abuse returned to her mind again during therapy. An investigation of the case by 247:, in which the heroine, having forgotten that she saw her lover apparently killed in a duel, waits for him daily. Pope claims that even this single fictional description does not clearly meet all criteria for evidence of memory repression, as opposed to other phenomena of normal memory. 416:

The essence of the theory of memory repression is that it is memories for traumatic experiences that are particularly likely to become unavailable to conscious awareness, even while continuing to exist at an unconscious level. A prominent more specific theory of memory repression,

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and his wife/former patient Michelle Smith about Smith's fabricated experiences with repressed memories of childhood Satantic rituals and abuse, gained widespread popularity that persisted after debunking, influenced subsequent claims, and received promotion from media including

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and Daniel Brown in 1996 found 25 previous studies of the subject of amnesia of childhood sexual abuse. All 25 "demonstrated amnesia in a subpopulation", including more recent studies with random sampling and prospective designs. On the other hand, in a 1998 editorial in the

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The apparent willingness of courts to credit the recovered memories of complainants but not the absence of memories by defendants has been commented on: "It seems apparent that the courts need better guidelines around the issue of dissociative amnesia in both populations."

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human memory, which explains that highly salient and distinctive events—common characteristics of negative traumatic experiences—are remembered well. When experiencing highly emotional, stressful events, physiological and neurological responses, such as those involving the

498:, arises typically within therapy, when people report the "recovery" of childhood memories of previously unknown abuse. The influence of practitioners' beliefs and practices in the eliciting of false "memories" and of false complaints has come under particular criticism. 466:

clear that, rather than being pushed out of consciousness, the difficulty with traumatic memories for most people is their inability to forget the traumatic event and the tendency for memories of the traumatic experience to intrude upon consciousness in problematic ways.

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is partial or complete loss of memory that goes beyond mere forgetting. Often it is temporary and involves only part of a person's experience. Amnesia is often caused by an injury to the brain, for instance after a blow to the head, and sometimes by psychological trauma.

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Those who argue in favor of the validity of the phenomenon of repressed memory have identified three mechanisms of normal memory that may explain how memory repression may occur: retrieval inhibition, motivated forgetting, and state-dependent remembering.

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and contributed to continued evaluation of the phenomenon. Skepticism and criticism of repressed memory continued to mount through the 1990s, 2000s, and beyond, emphasizing unreliability, false claims, and lack of examples in historical records.

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Diagnostic symptoms of PTSD include reexperience such as flashbacks and nightmares, difficulty falling or staying asleep, feelings of panic or fear, depression, headache, and physiological symptoms including irregular heartbeat and diarrhoea.

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Pope H, Poliakoff M, Parker M, Boynes M, Hudson J (2009). "Response to R. E. Goldsmith, R. E. Cheit, & M. E. Wood, "Evidence of Dissociative Amnesia in Science and Literature: Culture-Bound Approaches to Trauma in Pope et al. (2007)".

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with documented examples following natural disasters and accidents, in combat soldiers, in victims of kidnapping, torture and concentration camp experiences, in victims of physical and sexual abuse, and in people who have committed murder.

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There was no scientific evidence of any sort adduced to explain the phenomenon of "flashbacks" and/or "retrieved memory", nor was the applicant in any position to meet such a case in the absence of prior notification

535:'s case of suddenly remembered sexual abuse is one of the most well-documented cases available for the public to see. Cheit prevailed in two lawsuits, located five additional victims and tape-recorded a confession. 1355: 250:

Despite the claims by proponents of the reality of memory repression that any evidence of the forgetting of a seemingly traumatic event qualifies as evidence of repression, research indicates that memories of

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A U.S. District Court accepted repressed memories as admissible evidence in a specific case. Dalenberg argues that the evidence shows that recovered memory cases should be allowed to be prosecuted in court.

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experiences with childhood abuse and repressed memory. Van Derbur's oldest sister Gwen verified her account, though Barr would later moderate her claims. Such cases and reactions led to the definition of

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Controversies regarding adult recollections should not be allowed to obscure the fact that child sexual abuse is a complex and pervasive problem in America that has historically gone unacknowledged;

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ever to infect psychology and psychiatry. It has provided the theoretical basis for 'recovered memory therapy'—the worst catastrophe to befall the mental health field since the lobotomy era."

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Dalenberg C (October 2006). "Recovered memory and the Daubert criteria: recovered memory as professionally tested, peer reviewed, and accepted in the relevant scientific community".

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Porter S, Yuille JC, Lehman DR (October 1999). "The nature of real, implanted, and fabricated memories for emotional childhood events: implications for the recovered memory debate".

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Serious issues arise when recovered but false memories result in public allegations; false complaints carry serious consequences for the accused. A special type of false allegation,

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A difficult issue for the field is that there is no evidence that reliable discriminations can be made between true and false memories. Some believe that memories "recovered" under

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nor is recovered memory therapy recommended by mainstream ethical and professional mental health associations. Critics of recovered memory therapy note that the therapy can create

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Alexander KW, Quas JA, Goodman GS, Ghetti S, Edelstein RS, Redlich AD, et al. (January 2005). "Traumatic impact predicts long-term memory for documented child sexual abuse".

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Corwin D, Olafson E (1997). "Videotaped Discovery of a Reportedly Unrecallable Memory of Child Sexual Abuse: Comparison with a Childhood Interview Videotaped 11 Years Before".

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are particularly likely to be false. According to The Council on Scientific Affairs for the American Medical Association, recollections obtained during hypnosis can involve

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Pope HG, Poliakoff MB, Parker MP, Boynes M, Hudson JI (February 2007). "Is dissociative amnesia a culture-bound syndrome? Findings from a survey of historical literature".

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through its use of powerful suggestion techniques. It has also been found that patients who retract their claims—after deciding their recovered memories are false—may have

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methods that involve guiding the patient's attempts to recall memories of abuse that had previously been forgotten. The term "recovered memory therapy" is not listed in

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Some criminal cases have been based on a witness's testimony of recovered repressed memories, often of alleged childhood sexual abuse. In some jurisdictions, the

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occur is when the experience was not interpreted as traumatic when it first occurred, but then, later in life, was reinterpreted as an instance of early trauma.

2071: 184:, its chief of psychiatry Richard Rose, and therapist Marche Isabella, for implanting false memories of child abuse while treating his daughter Holly for 54:

that excludes painful experiences and unacceptable impulses from consciousness. Repressed memory is presently considered largely unsupported by research.

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Porter S, Birt AR, Yuille JC, Hervé HF (2001). "Memory for murder. A psychological perspective on dissociative amnesia in legal contexts".

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Alan Baddeley, Michael W. Eysenck & Michael C. Anderson., 2009. Memory. Motivated Forgetting (pp. 217-244). New York: Psychology Press

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Brandon S, Boakes J, Glaser D, Green R (April 1998). "Recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse. Implications for clinical practice".

3120:"Tunnel memories for autobiographical events: central details are remembered more frequently from shocking than from happy experiences" 590:

The Working Group on Investigation of Memories of Child Abuse of the American Psychological Association reached five key conclusions:

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and other traumatic incidents may sometimes be forgotten through normal mechanisms of memory. Evidence of the spontaneous recovery of

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Peace KA, Porter S (2004). "A longitudinal investigation of the reliability of memories for trauma and other emotional experiences".

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In a 1996 ruling, a U.S. District Court allowed repressed memories entered into evidence in court cases. Jennifer Freyd writes that

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On December 16, 2005, the Irish Court of Criminal Appeal issued a certificate confirming a Miscarriage of Justice to a former nun,

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victims of documented child abuse were reinterviewed many years later as adults, 38% of the women denied any memory of the abuse.

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Thomsen DK, Berntsen D (2009). "The long-term impact of emotionally stressful events on memory characteristics and life story".

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in 1994 was another landmark case, where father Gary Ramona successfully sued for malpractice against Western Medical Center in

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Otgaar, Henry; Howe, Mark; Patihis, Lawrence; Merckelbach, Harald; Lynn, Stephen; Lilienfeld, Scott; Loftus, Elizabeth (2019).

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Duggal S, Sroufe LA (April 1998). "Recovered memory of childhood sexual trauma: a documented case from a longitudinal study".

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Chu JA, Frey LM, Ganzel BL, Matthews JA (May 1999). "Memories of childhood abuse: dissociation, amnesia, and corroboration".

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has claimed that one of his cases provides evidence for the reality of repressed memories. This case involved a patient (the

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could be repressed, while unconsciously influencing present behavior and emotional responding; he later revised this belief.

2532:"The confirmation and disconfirmation of memories of abuse in Dissociative Identity Disorder patients: A naturalistic study" 302:

Various manipulations are considered to be able to implant false memories (sometimes called "pseudomemories"). Psychologist

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Williams LM (December 1994). "Recall of childhood trauma: a prospective study of women's memories of child sexual abuse".

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There are gaps in our knowledge about the processes that lead to accurate and inaccurate recollections of childhood abuse.

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Pope KS (September 1996). "Memory, abuse, and science. Questioning claims about the false memory syndrome epidemic".

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Anderson MC, Bjork RA, Bjork EL (1994). "Remembering can cause forgetting: Retrieval dynamics in long-term memory".

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is a controversial, and largely scientifically discredited, psychiatric phenomenon which involves an inability to

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whose 1999 conviction for child rape was partly based on repressed-memory evidence. The judgement stated that:

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923 Federal Supplement 286 (D. Mass. 1996); Civil Action No. 92-12139-EFH Memorandum and Order; May 8, 1996

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Boakes J (April 1999). "False complaints of sexual assault: recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse".

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recovered memory there is a "tendency to conceal or omit evidence of corroboration" of recovered memories.

1301:"Truth or invention: exploring the repressed memory syndrome; excerpt from 'The Myth of Repressed Memory'" 3888: 3554: 1881:

Alan W. Sheflin, Daniel Brown (1996). "Repressed memory or dissociative amnesia: what the science says".

1386: 1337: 619: 148: 47: 28: 20: 4577: 4502: 4335: 3772: 2761:"Scientific status of refreshing recollection by the use of hypnosis. Council on Scientific Affairs". 4893: 1356:"Roseanne Barr Walks Back Story About Incest Claims, Tells Sean Hannity Abuse Was Only Psychological" 443: 82: 3001: 2942: 2810: 2582: 1968:

Gonsalves B, Paller KA (October 2002). "Mistaken memories: remembering events that never happened".

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Christianson SA (September 1992). "Emotional stress and eyewitness memory: a critical review".

2937: 2805: 2577: 2563:"Dissociation and the fragmentary nature of traumatic memories: overview and exploratory study" 1977: 604:

It is also possible to construct convincing pseudo-memories for events that never occurred; and

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It is possible for memories of abuse that have been forgotten for a long time to be remembered;

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Most people who were sexually abused as children remember all or part of what happened to them;

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Girden E, Culler E (April 1937). "Conditioned responses in curarized striate muscle in dogs".

4724: 4439: 4325: 4297: 4282: 4277: 4115: 952:"The return of the repressed: The persistent and problematic claims of long-forgotten trauma" 495: 169: 3086: 2223: 4608: 4592: 4471: 4229: 4182: 4172: 3960: 3908: 2850: 2717: 2235: 2072:"Recall of childhood trauma: a prospective study of women's memories of child sexual abuse" 1300: 1278:"A Claim for Third Party Standing in Malpractice Cases Involving Repressed Memory Syndrome" 644: 400: 362: 295: 3634: 3452: 1220: 1178: 8: 4739: 4639: 4330: 4214: 4162: 4130: 4110: 2841:

Anderson MC, Green C (March 2001). "Suppressing unwanted memories by executive control".

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

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Stocks JT (September 1998). "Recovered memory therapy: a dubious practice technique".

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McNally RJ, Geraerts E (March 2009). "A New Solution to the Recovered Memory Debate".

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MacLeod CM (1975). "Long-term recognition and recall following directed forgetting".

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organization. Not being able to integrate traumatic memories seems to be linked to

303: 244: 236: 219: 59: 3734: 3437: 85:. One of the studies published in his essay involved a young woman referred to as 4749: 4729: 4704: 4694: 4649: 4644: 4398: 4370: 4105: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 3948: 3901: 3869: 2458: 1598: 1240:"How Canada tricked the world into believing murderous Satanists were everywhere" 1132: 437: 240: 189: 131: 117: 3324: 3230: 2914: 2819: 2090: 1715: 1476: 1110: 4816: 4780: 4674: 4272: 4219: 4045: 4015: 3995: 3982: 3661: 3421: 3082: 3036: 2364: 2188: 2171: 2140: 1894: 1194: 1001: 858: 841: 395:

is a failure to remember new experiences that occur after damage to the brain;

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McNally RJ (2004). "Is traumatic amnesia nothing but psychiatric folklore?".

575: 567: 532: 471: 274: 232: 228: 215: 192:. It was also notable for being brought by a third party not involved in the 164: 136: 121: 78: 55: 3791: 3479: 1991: 1155:"Conviction of Things Not Seen: The Uniquely American Myth of Satanic Cults" 742: 679:

The Myth of Repressed Memory: False Memories and Allegations of Sexual Abuse

4826: 4790: 4744: 4654: 4497: 4312: 4267: 4254: 4244: 4204: 3924: 3522: 3429: 3297: 3248: 3191: 3145: 3054: 2870: 2729: 2591: 2508: 2337: 2290: 2197: 2056: 1999: 1761: 1680: 1575: 985: 925: 867: 818: 783: 399:

is the loss of memories of events that occurred before a trauma or injury.

211: 90: 3332: 2827: 2782: 2747: 2690: 2682: 2599: 2407: 2399: 2372: 2255: 2148: 2098: 1954: 1804: 1753: 1723: 1202: 4684: 4555: 4509: 3650:"Patients Versus Therapists: Legal Actions Over Recovered Memory Therapy" 629: 479: 704: 42:, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature. The concept originated in 4719: 4582: 4149: 3279: 3136: 3119: 729:

McNally, R.J. (2004). "The Science and Folklore of Traumatic Amnesia".

3165: 3163: 916: 899: 774: 757: 3955: 3453:"The Social and Cultural Context of Satanic Ritual Abuse Allegations" 3394: 3359: 2986: 2901:

Johnson HM (1994). "Processes of successful intentional forgetting".

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Return of the Furies: An Investigation into Recovered Memory Therapy

1531:"Who Abused Jane Doe? The Hazards of the Single Case History Part 2" 1503:"Who Abused Jane Doe? The Hazards of the Single Case History Part 1" 566:

The term "recovered memory therapy" refers to the use of a range of

4444: 3773:"Planting false childhood memories: The role of event plausibility" 3476:"The Validity of Recovered Memory: Decision of a US District Court" 3160: 2798:

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition

475: 428:

divided the effects of traumas on memory functions into four sets:

324: 96:

The concept received renewed interest in the 1970s in relation to

4157: 3613:"D.P.P.-v- Nora Wall [2005] IECCA 140 (16 December 2005)" 3089:

Try to remember: Psychiatry's clash over meaning, memory and mind

387: 124:, and spawned a myriad of legal cases, controversies, and media. 86: 3635:"FRIEDMAN v. REHAL [Docket No. 08-0297(16 August 2010)]" 3537:

https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=3066228776991890480

2628:

Cheit RE (1998). "Consider this, skeptics of recovered memory".

1854:

Cheit RE (1998). "Consider This, Skeptics of Recovered Memory".

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Shields GS, Sazma MA, McCullough AM, Yonelinas AP (June 2017).

3261: 101: 2314:""Lost in a shopping mall" -- a breach of professional ethics" 2930:

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory

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Loftus EF (May 1993). "The reality of repressed memories".

900:"Dispelling confusion about traumatic dissociative amnesia" 758:"Dispelling confusion about traumatic dissociative amnesia" 3169: 2172:"Traumatic memories are not necessarily accurate memories" 1831:

Betrayal Trauma – The Logic of Forgetting Childhood Abuse

1615: 1553: 1006: (Supreme Court of California February 21, 2006). 3021:"Neurobiological mechanisms of state-dependent learning" 2385: 1599:"Brown Professor Continues Debate Over Recovered Memory" 1025:"The Forgotten Lessons of the Recovered Memory Movement" 16:

Theory that memory may be stored in the unconscious mind

3018: 2655:

Questions and Answers about Memories of Childhood Abuse

1288:(1): 338–340 – via William & Mary Law School. 89:, who had been treated by Freud's friend and colleague 2430:"Memories of Childhood Abuse: What is the bottom line" 517:

In 1995, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled, in

3500: 1739: 1406:"Father Who Fought 'Memory Therapy' Wins Damage Suit" 1221:"The Recovered Memory Movement: A Female Perspective" 2456: 1299:

Loftus, Elizabeth; Ketcham, Katherine (April 1995).

130:(1980), a discredited book by Canadian psychiatrist 3682: 3541: 3019:Radulovic J, Jovasevic V, Meyer MA (August 2017). 2795: 2560: 2268: 676: 3804: 4885: 3889:Provides help for retrieving repressed memories 3380: 1967: 1658: 670: 668: 666: 3710: 1921:"Recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse" 1695: 893: 891: 889: 887: 885: 675:Loftus, Elizabeth; Ketchum, Katherine (1994). 411: 369: 81:discussed repressed memory in his 1896 essay, 3909: 3825: 2840: 2079:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1915: 1704:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1460: 1298: 728: 674: 58:initially claimed the memories of historical 3805:Lambert K, Lilienfeld SO (October 1, 2007). 3310: 2972: 2482: 2480: 2014: 1782: 1050:. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance 663: 4040:The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two 3770: 3676: 3596: 3503:International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 3345: 2169: 1833:. 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See 3212: 3117: 2069: 2020: 1847: 1824: 1822: 1701: 1645: 1442:Pettus, Ashley (January–February 2008). 945: 943: 941: 939: 937: 935: 833: 582:due to the trauma of illusory memories. 3798: 3569:"Victims of the State: George Franklin" 3547: 3450: 3444: 2999: 2927: 2921: 2900: 2549: 2447: 2379: 1404:Ayres Jr., B. Drummond (May 14, 1994). 1275: 1256: 1218: 1071:Die Verfassung des Freistaates Preussen 1022: 897: 805:(2): 97–101, discussion 102–4, 109–11. 356: 344: 4886: 3771:Pezdek K, Hodge D (July–August 1999). 3704: 3407: 3081: 2966: 2668: 2218: 2126: 2023:"Constructive memory: past and future" 1735: 1733: 1590: 1441: 1353: 1335: 1237: 1176: 1152: 1131:Maran, Meredith (September 20, 2010). 1018: 1016: 1014: 1012: 243:, a 1786 opera by the French composer 3897: 3809:. Scientific American. Archived from 3070:Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 2627: 2529: 2460:Memory, trauma treatment, and the law 2305: 1853: 1828: 1819: 1661:Perspectives on Psychological Science 1609: 1323:The National Registry of Exonerations 1238:Hopper, Tristin (September 5, 2017). 1225:Institute for Psychological Therapies 1214: 1212: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1148: 1146: 1130: 1126: 1124: 1062: 1023:Watters, Ethan (September 27, 2022). 992: 956:Perspectives on Psychological Science 932: 3647: 3641: 3072:. The Royal College of Psychiatrists 2350: 2344: 2170:Laney C, Loftus EF (November 2005). 1619:Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 1596: 1425:"'Recovered memory' tide is turning" 1108: 1083: 1068: 2885: 1730: 1385:L. La Ganga, Maria (May 14, 1994). 1338:"Did Daddy Really Do It? :..." 1257:Goodwin, Megan (February 4, 2020). 1179:"The Reality of Repressed Memories" 1133:"The lie that tore my family apart" 1041: 1009: 683:. 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New York: W.W. Norton. 2353:The American Psychologist 2330:10.1207/s15327019eb0901_3 2224:"Creating false memories" 2129:The American Psychologist 1868:10.1207/s15327019eb0802_4 1631:10.1080/15299730902956754 1568:10.1017/S0033291706009500 1183:The American Psychologist 811:10.1080/16506070410021683 200: 172:and establishment of the 83:The Aetiology of Hysteria 4616:The Seven Sins of Memory 4561:Intermediate-term memory 4366:Indirect tests of memory 4343:Recovered-memory therapy 4293:Misattribution of memory 3875:templates for discussion 3571:. Victimsofthestate.org. 3002:"State-Dependent Memory" 2775:10.1001/jama.253.13.1918 2501:10.1177/1524838006294572 1937:10.1136/bmj.316.7130.488 1305:University of Washington 1088:. London: Karnac Books. 968:10.1177/1745691619862306 562:Recovered memory therapy 556:Recovered memory therapy 178:Ramona false memory case 104:. Coming to be labelled 29:Freud's seduction theory 25:Recovered-memory therapy 4303:Source-monitoring error 3792:10.1111/1467-8624.00064 3093:. Dana Press. pp. 2283:10.1023/A:1022344128649 1992:10.1177/107385802236964 1797:10.1023/A:1024403220769 1597:Baum D (July 7, 2009). 1219:Tyroler, Paula (1996). 998:Amicus Curiae brief in 904:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 523:Franklin v. Fox, Murray 294:accurate. For example, 271:British Medical Journal 4710:George Armitage Miller 4670:Patricia Goldman-Rakic 3714:, Pickrell JE (1995). 3313:Psychological Bulletin 3268:Psychological Bulletin 3219:Psychological Bulletin 3124:Memory & Cognition 2903:Psychological Bulletin 2730:10.1098/rstb.1997.0155 2592:10.1002/jts.2490080402 2271:Law and Human Behavior 1556:Psychological Medicine 610: 549: 503:statute of limitations 444:Dissociative processes 419:Betrayal Trauma Theory 4873:Philosophy portal 4861:Psychology portal 4725:Henry L. Roediger III 4326:False memory syndrome 4298:Misinformation effect 4278:Imagination inflation 3172:Psychological Science 2630:Ethics & Behavior 2400:10.1192/bjp.172.4.296 2318:Ethics & Behavior 2108:on September 24, 2015 1856:Ethics & Behavior 1754:10.1176/ajp.156.5.749 1603:Brown University News 1429:University of Alberta 1109:Bell, Robert (2012). 743:10.1093/clipsy/bph056 592: 544: 496:false memory syndrome 170:false memory syndrome 44:psychoanalytic theory 4230:Motivated forgetting 3880:Memory controversies 3840:(4): 933–940. 1998. 3660:(11). Archived from 645:Satanic ritual abuse 449:Traumatic memories' 401:Dissociative amnesia 363:motivated forgetting 357:Motivated forgetting 350:Retrieval inhibition 345:Retrieval inhibition 296:eyewitness testimony 239:, cited the case of 4904:Freudian psychology 4740:Arthur P. Shimamura 4640:Richard C. Atkinson 4457:Effects of exercise 4331:Memory implantation 4215:Interference theory 4131:Selective retention 4111:Meaningful learning 3813:on October 25, 2007 3752:on December 3, 2008 3664:on January 13, 2008 3451:Robbins SP (1998). 2855:2001Natur.410..366A 2722:1997RSPTB.352.1727K 2683:10.1093/sw/43.5.423 2240:1997SciAm.277c..70L 2228:Scientific American 1529:, Guyer MJ (2002). 1501:, Guyer MJ (2002). 1086:Freudian Repression 1048:Religious Tolerance 840:McNally RJ (2005). 756:McNally RJ (2007). 635:Interference theory 474:, specifically the 426:Bessel van der Kolk 393:Anterograde amnesia 145:Sally Jesse Raphael 50:is understood as a 4837:Andriy Slyusarchuk 4660:Hermann Ebbinghaus 4566:Involuntary memory 4467:Memory improvement 4452:Effects of alcohol 4414:Transactive memory 4392:Politics of memory 4361:Exceptional memory 3723:Psychiatric Annals 3280:10.1037/bul0000100 3137:10.3758/BF03194319 3000:Russell D (2007). 1970:The Neuroscientist 1536:Skeptical Inquirer 1508:Skeptical Inquirer 1464:Child Maltreatment 1444:"Repressed Memory" 1410:The New York Times 1042:McNally, Richard. 1029:The New York Times 519:Franklin v. Duncan 403:is defined in the 397:retrograde amnesia 257:traumatic memories 253:child sexual abuse 161:Marilyn Van Derbur 127:Michelle Remembers 98:child sexual abuse 4881: 4880: 4845: 4844: 4832:Cosmos Rossellius 4680:Marcia K. Johnson 4551:Exosomatic memory 4536:Context-dependent 4526:Absent-mindedness 4409:Memory conformity 4387:Collective memory 4288:Memory conformity 4225:Memory inhibition 4144: 4143: 4136:Tip of the tongue 3780:Child Development 3697:978-0-8126-9271-6 3654:Psychiatric Times 3592:on June 25, 2012. 3586:Los Angeles Times 3482:on March 19, 2012 3104:978-1-932594-39-3 2716:(1362): 1727–32. 2530:Kluft RP (1995). 2470:978-0-393-70254-5 1919:(February 1998). 1840:978-0-674-06805-6 1829:Freyd JJ (1996). 1391:Los Angeles Times 1366:on April 24, 2023 1341:Los Angeles Times 1319:"George Franklin" 917:10.4065/82.9.1083 775:10.4065/82.9.1083 650:Spectral evidence 640:Memory inhibition 438:memory impairment 153:life imprisonment 52:defense mechanism 4911: 4894:Memory disorders 4871: 4870: 4869: 4859: 4858: 4857: 4812:Jonathan Hancock 4765:Robert Stickgold 4735:Richard Shiffrin 4690:Elizabeth Loftus 4630: 4629: 4546:Childhood memory 4353:Research methods 4235:Repressed memory 4210:Forgetting curve 4198:transient global 4069:Autobiographical 3979: 3978: 3918: 3911: 3904: 3895: 3894: 3850: 3849: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3777: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3751: 3745:. 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Bjork 4621: 4540:state-dependent 4514: 4486: 4418: 4399:Cultural memory 4375: 4371:Memory disorder 4347: 4307: 4249: 4140: 4050: 4025: 3970: 3927: 3922: 3878: 3859: 3854: 3853: 3831: 3830: 3826: 3816: 3814: 3803: 3799: 3775: 3769: 3765: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3729:(12): 720–725. 3718: 3709: 3705: 3698: 3681: 3677: 3667: 3665: 3646: 3642: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3618: 3616: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3567: 3563: 3546: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3499: 3495: 3485: 3483: 3474: 3472: 3468: 3449: 3445: 3406: 3402: 3379: 3375: 3344: 3340: 3309: 3305: 3260: 3256: 3211: 3207: 3168: 3161: 3116: 3112: 3105: 3080: 3076: 3066: 3062: 3017: 3013: 2998: 2994: 2971: 2967: 2943:10.1.1.383.9175 2926: 2922: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2886: 2849:(6826): 366–9. 2839: 2835: 2811:10.1.1.119.3933 2794: 2790: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2702: 2698: 2667: 2663: 2653: 2649: 2626: 2622: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2583:10.1.1.487.1607 2565: 2559: 2550: 2534: 2528: 2524: 2485: 2478: 2471: 2455: 2448: 2438: 2436: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2384: 2380: 2349: 2345: 2310: 2306: 2267: 2263: 2217: 2213: 2168: 2164: 2125: 2121: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2074: 2068: 2064: 2019: 2015: 1966: 1962: 1931:(7130): 488–9. 1914: 1910: 1879: 1875: 1852: 1848: 1841: 1827: 1820: 1781: 1777: 1738: 1731: 1700: 1696: 1657: 1646: 1614: 1610: 1595: 1591: 1552: 1548: 1524: 1520: 1496: 1492: 1459: 1455: 1440: 1436: 1421: 1417: 1402: 1398: 1383: 1379: 1369: 1367: 1352: 1348: 1334: 1330: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1297: 1293: 1274: 1270: 1255: 1251: 1236: 1232: 1217: 1210: 1175: 1166: 1151: 1144: 1129: 1122: 1107: 1103: 1096: 1084:Boag S (2012). 1082: 1078: 1069:Hinz P (1920). 1067: 1063: 1053: 1051: 1040: 1036: 1021: 1010: 999: 997: 993: 948: 933: 896: 883: 838: 834: 799:Cogn Behav Ther 795: 791: 762:Mayo Clin. Proc 754: 750: 727: 723: 713: 711: 703: 702: 698: 691: 673: 664: 659: 654: 615: 588: 564: 558: 492: 414: 385: 372: 359: 347: 338: 284: 208: 203: 165:Roseanne Barr's 157:People magazine 132:Lawrence Pazder 76: 31: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4917: 4907: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4875: 4863: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4817:Paul R. McHugh 4814: 4808: 4806: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4777: 4775: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4675:Ivan Izquierdo 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4636: 4634: 4627: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4619: 4612: 4602: 4601: 4600: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4574: 4573: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4533: 4528: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4512: 4507: 4506: 4505: 4494: 4492: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4448: 4447: 4442: 4432: 4426: 4424: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4395: 4394: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4357: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4345: 4340: 4339: 4338: 4328: 4323: 4317: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4273:Hindsight bias 4270: 4265: 4259: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4220:Memory erasure 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4201: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4178:post-traumatic 4175: 4170: 4165: 4154: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4116:Personal-event 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4092: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4071: 4066: 4060: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4048: 4046:Working memory 4043: 4035: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4023: 4018: 4016:Motor learning 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3987: 3985: 3976: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3935: 3933: 3932:Basic concepts 3929: 3928: 3921: 3920: 3913: 3906: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3886: 3858: 3857:External links 3855: 3852: 3851: 3824: 3807:"Brain Stains" 3797: 3786:(4): 887–895. 3763: 3703: 3696: 3675: 3640: 3626: 3604: 3595: 3573: 3561: 3540: 3528: 3493: 3466: 3443: 3400: 3389:(4): 579–598. 3373: 3338: 3319:(2): 284–309. 3303: 3274:(6): 636–675. 3254: 3205: 3159: 3130:(7): 1010–20. 3110: 3103: 3074: 3060: 3011: 2992: 2981:(2): 261–274. 2965: 2936:(3): 271–279. 2920: 2909:(2): 274–292. 2893: 2884: 2833: 2788: 2753: 2696: 2661: 2647: 2620: 2548: 2522: 2495:(4): 274–310. 2476: 2469: 2446: 2421: 2394:(4): 296–307. 2378: 2343: 2304: 2261: 2211: 2162: 2119: 2085:(6): 1167–76. 2062: 2013: 1983:10.1.1.24.8545 1960: 1908: 1883:J Psychiat Law 1873: 1862:(2): 141–160. 1846: 1839: 1818: 1775: 1729: 1710:(6): 1167–76. 1694: 1644: 1625:(3): 254–207. 1608: 1589: 1546: 1518: 1490: 1453: 1434: 1415: 1396: 1377: 1346: 1328: 1310: 1291: 1268: 1249: 1230: 1208: 1189:(5): 518–537. 1164: 1142: 1120: 1101: 1094: 1076: 1061: 1034: 1008: 1002:Taus v. Loftus 991: 931: 910:(9): 1083–90. 881: 852:(13): 817–22. 832: 789: 768:(9): 1083–90. 748: 721: 696: 689: 661: 660: 658: 655: 653: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 616: 614: 611: 609: 608: 605: 602: 599: 596: 587: 584: 576:false memories 560:Main article: 557: 554: 491: 488: 459: 458: 447: 441: 434: 413: 410: 384: 381: 371: 368: 358: 355: 346: 343: 337: 334: 329:confabulations 283: 280: 207: 204: 202: 199: 141:Geraldo Rivera 114:The Memory War 75: 72: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4916: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4874: 4864: 4862: 4852: 4851: 4848: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4803: 4797: 4796:Clive Wearing 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4772: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4760:Endel Tulving 4758: 4756: 4755:Anne Treisman 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4715:Brenda Milner 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4700:James McGaugh 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4665:Sigmund Freud 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4631: 4628: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4613: 4610: 4609:retrospective 4606: 4603: 4599: 4596: 4595: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4588:Muscle memory 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4489: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4436: 4435:Art of memory 4433: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4421: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4393: 4390: 4389: 4388: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4378: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4350: 4344: 4341: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4283:Memory biases 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4263:Confabulation 4261: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4255:Memory errors 4252: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4173:post-hypnotic 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4160: 4159: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4147: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4126:Rote learning 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4101:Hyperthymesia 4099: 4097: 4094: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4076: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4064:Active recall 4062: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4053: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3980: 3977: 3973: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3961:Consolidation 3959: 3957: 3954: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3919: 3914: 3912: 3907: 3905: 3900: 3899: 3896: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3860: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3828: 3812: 3808: 3801: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3767: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3717: 3713: 3707: 3699: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3679: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3644: 3636: 3630: 3614: 3608: 3599: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3577: 3570: 3565: 3557: 3556: 3551: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3497: 3481: 3477: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3416:(2): 112–20. 3415: 3411: 3404: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3377: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3342: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3307: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3258: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3225:(5): 761–79. 3224: 3220: 3216: 3209: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3166: 3164: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3114: 3106: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3071: 3064: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3007: 3003: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2969: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2897: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2837: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2792: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2757: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2700: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2677:(5): 423–36. 2676: 2672: 2665: 2659: 2656: 2651: 2643: 2639: 2636:(2): 141–60. 2635: 2631: 2624: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2576:(4): 505–25. 2575: 2571: 2564: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2544: 2540: 2533: 2526: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2483: 2481: 2472: 2466: 2462: 2461: 2453: 2451: 2435: 2431: 2425: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2382: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2359:(9): 957–74. 2358: 2354: 2347: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2308: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2277:(5): 517–37. 2276: 2272: 2265: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2182:(13): 823–8. 2181: 2177: 2173: 2166: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2135:(5): 518–37. 2134: 2130: 2123: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2073: 2066: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2017: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1964: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1917:Harrison Pope 1912: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1889:(2): 143–88. 1888: 1884: 1877: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1850: 1842: 1836: 1832: 1825: 1823: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1791:(2): 301–21. 1790: 1786: 1779: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1748:(5): 749–55. 1747: 1743: 1736: 1734: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1698: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1667:(2): 126–34. 1666: 1662: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1612: 1604: 1600: 1593: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1562:(2): 225–33. 1561: 1557: 1550: 1542: 1538: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1522: 1514: 1510: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1494: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1471:(2): 91–112. 1470: 1466: 1465: 1457: 1449: 1445: 1438: 1430: 1426: 1419: 1411: 1407: 1400: 1392: 1388: 1381: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1350: 1342: 1339: 1332: 1324: 1320: 1314: 1306: 1302: 1295: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1272: 1264: 1260: 1253: 1245: 1244:National Post 1241: 1234: 1226: 1222: 1215: 1213: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1160: 1156: 1149: 1147: 1138: 1134: 1127: 1125: 1116: 1112: 1105: 1097: 1095:9781855757387 1091: 1087: 1080: 1072: 1065: 1049: 1045: 1038: 1030: 1026: 1019: 1017: 1015: 1013: 1004: 1003: 995: 987: 983: 978: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 946: 944: 942: 940: 938: 936: 927: 923: 918: 913: 909: 905: 901: 894: 892: 890: 888: 886: 877: 873: 869: 865: 860: 855: 851: 847: 843: 836: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 793: 785: 781: 776: 771: 767: 763: 759: 752: 744: 740: 736: 732: 725: 710: 706: 700: 692: 686: 681: 680: 671: 669: 667: 662: 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Cheit 529: 527: 524: 520: 515: 511: 507: 506:revocations. 504: 499: 497: 487: 483: 481: 477: 473: 472:limbic system 467: 463: 456: 452: 448: 445: 442: 439: 435: 431: 430: 429: 427: 424:Psychiatrist 422: 420: 409: 406: 402: 398: 394: 389: 380: 377: 367: 364: 354: 351: 342: 333: 330: 326: 321: 317: 314: 308: 305: 300: 297: 293: 289: 279: 276: 275:Harrison Pope 273: 272: 266: 261: 258: 254: 248: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 229:Harrison Pope 224: 221: 217: 216:Jane Doe case 213: 210:Psychiatrist 198: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 176:in 1992. The 175: 171: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 133: 129: 128: 123: 122:Satanic panic 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 94: 92: 88: 84: 80: 79:Sigmund Freud 71: 67: 63: 61: 57: 56:Sigmund Freud 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 30: 26: 22: 4827:Ben Pridmore 4745:Larry Squire 4655:Susan Clancy 4614: 4498:Memory sport 4423:Other topics 4313:False memory 4268:Cryptomnesia 4245:Weapon focus 4234: 4205:Decay theory 3966:Neuroanatomy 3925:Human memory 3868: 3837: 3833: 3827: 3815:. Retrieved 3811:the original 3800: 3783: 3779: 3766: 3754:. Retrieved 3747:the original 3726: 3722: 3706: 3687: 3684:Underwager R 3678: 3668:December 27, 3666:. Retrieved 3662:the original 3657: 3653: 3643: 3629: 3619:November 10, 3617:. Retrieved 3615:. Bailii.org 3607: 3598: 3590:the original 3585: 3576: 3564: 3553: 3543: 3531: 3509:(1): 23–42. 3506: 3502: 3496: 3484:. 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Retrieved 708: 705:"repression" 699: 678: 589: 565: 550: 545: 537: 530: 525: 522: 518: 516: 512: 508: 500: 493: 490:Legal status 484: 468: 464: 460: 451:sensorimotor 423: 415: 386: 373: 360: 348: 339: 322: 318: 312: 309: 301: 291: 287: 285: 282:Authenticity 269: 265:Alan Sheflin 263:A review by 262: 249: 225: 212:David Corwin 209: 206:Case studies 125: 113: 109: 105: 95: 91:Josef Breuer 77: 68: 64: 35: 34: 32: 4685:Eric Kandel 4633:Researchers 4605:Prospective 4556:Free recall 4510:Shas Pollak 4163:anterograde 4079:Declarative 3863:‹ The 3817:January 25, 2671:Social Work 2033:(1): 7–18. 714:December 7, 630:Gaslighting 480:hippocampus 118:pop culture 110:Memory Wars 4888:Categories 4720:Lynn Nadel 4598:intertrial 4583:Metamemory 4571:flashbacks 4491:In society 4188:retrograde 4150:Forgetting 4121:Procedural 4031:Short-term 4001:Eyewitness 690:0312114540 657:References 336:Mechanisms 233:Ross Cheit 186:depression 48:repression 19:See also: 4472:Nutrition 4380:In groups 4193:selective 4168:childhood 4096:Flashbulb 4056:Long-term 3956:Attention 3756:April 12, 3712:Loftus EF 3368:0888-4080 3083:McHugh PR 3031:: 92–98. 3006:Psych Web 2938:CiteSeerX 2806:CiteSeerX 2578:CiteSeerX 2439:March 23, 1978:CiteSeerX 1903:149648250 1639:144668245 1527:Loftus EF 1499:Loftus EF 1485:143444117 1370:April 24, 1360:ET Canada 1054:March 23, 540:Nora Wall 374:The term 286:Memories 159:featured 4774:Patients 4445:mnemonic 4440:chunking 4106:Implicit 4089:Semantic 4084:Episodic 4074:Explicit 3939:Encoding 3865:template 3743:59286093 3523:11346990 3486:June 21, 3430:10332158 3298:28368148 3249:17723029 3192:15660849 3154:20459653 3146:12507366 3085:(2008). 3055:28558266 2871:11268212 2613:June 21, 2545:: 253–8. 2509:17065548 2416:41360156 2338:11657487 2299:19385416 2291:10487147 2222:(1997). 2220:Loftus E 2206:27653977 2198:16483115 2112:June 21, 2057:22577300 2000:12374423 1813:38808998 1770:24262943 1762:10327909 1689:16462600 1681:26158939 1584:27520532 1576:17156503 986:31584864 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