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abused in early childhood; rather, Freud used the analytic interpretation of symptoms and patients' associations, and the exerting of pressure on the patient, in an attempt to induce the "reproduction" of the deeply repressed memories he posited. Though he reported he had succeeded in achieving this aim, he also acknowledged that the patients generally remained unconvinced that what they had experienced indicated that they had actually been sexually abused in infancy. Freud's reports of the seduction theory episode went through a series of changes over the years, culminating in the traditional story based on his last account, in
823:
evidence that the data he reportedly acquired were accurate (that he had discovered genuine abuse). He thought that the community could not yet handle the clinical case stories about sexual abuse. He did not want to present these stories before the seduction theory had become more accepted. Freud made several arguments to support the position that the memories he had uncovered were genuine. One of them was, according to Freud, that the patients were not simply remembering the events as they would normally forgotten material; rather they were essentially reliving the events, with all the accompanying painful sensory experiences.
51:
918:, met at Mount Sinai Hospital to reconsider the Seduction Theory, during which they discussed what any therapist can really know about their patients' true histories and whether that lack of certainty about the truth matters for treatment. Shengold called the meeting, "a Woodstock of epistemology." And the analyst Robert Michaels, defending psychoanalysts' lack of historical truth about their patients said, "We are experts not in helping patients learn facts but in helping them construct useful myths. We are fantasy doctors, not reality doctors."
20:
774:". Using a sample of 18 patients—male and female—from his practice, he concluded that all of them had been the victims of sexual assaults by various caretakers. The cause of the patient's distress lay in a trauma inflicted by an actor in the child's social environment. The source of internal psychic pain lay in an act inflicted upon the child from outside. This led to his well-known "seduction theory".
781:, published weekly in Vienna, on May 14, 1896, three papers were reported from the April 21 meeting (p. 420). Two of the papers were reported in the usual manner. Invariably, the practice was to give the title of a paper, a brief summary of its contents, and an account of the ensuing discussion. But in the citation of the last paper, there was a break with tradition. The report reads as follows:
640:
861:, the unconscious memory does not break through , so the secret of the childhood experiences is not disclosed even in the most confused delirium." (In the same letter Freud wrote that his loss of faith in his theory would remain known only to himself and Fliess, and in fact he did not make known his abandonment of the theory publicly until 1906.)
827:
use of suggestion and the exerting of pressure to induce his patients to "reproduce" the deeply repressed memories he posited, has led several Freud scholars and historians of psychology to cast doubt on the validity of his findings, whether of actual infantile abuse, or, as he later decided, unconscious fantasies.
826:
On two occasions Freud wrote that he would be presenting the clinical evidence for his claims, but he never did so, which some critics have contended means that they have had to be taken largely on trust. Freud's clinical methodology at the time, involving the symbolic interpretation of symptoms, the
813:
memories and feelings incompatible with the central mass of thoughts and feelings that constitute his or her experience. Psychic disorders are a direct consequence of experiences that cannot be assimilated. Unconscious memories of infantile sexual abuse was a necessary condition for the development
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On the other hand, Freud had no trouble publishing three papers on the subject in a matter of months. Doubt has been cast on the notion that the occurrence of child sexual abuse was not acknowledged by most of Freud's colleagues. It has been pointed out that they were skeptical about Freud's claims
822:
Freud had a lot of data as evidence for the seduction theory, but rather than presenting the actual data on which he based his conclusions (his clinical cases and what he had learned from them) or the methods he used to acquire the data (his psychoanalytic technique), he instead addressed only the
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memories of sexual abuse in infancy. In the three seduction theory papers published in 1896, Freud stated that with all his current patients he had been able to uncover such abuse, mostly below the age of four. These papers indicate that the patients did not relate stories of having been sexually
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There were some serious negative consequences of this shift. The most obvious negative consequence was that a limited interpretation of Freud's theory of infantile sexuality would cause some therapists and others to deny reported sexual abuse as fantasy; a situation that has given rise to much
804:: the shaping of the mind by experience. This theory held that hysteria and obsessional neurosis are caused by repressed memories of infantile sexual abuse. Infantile sexual abuse, the root of all neurosis, is premature introduction of sexuality into the experience of the child.
808:
creates affects and thoughts that simply cannot be integrated. The adult who had a normal, non-traumatic childhood is able to contain and assimilate sexual feelings into a continuous sense of self. Freud proposed that adults who experienced sexual abuse as a child suffer from
850:, not excluding my own, had to be accused of being perverse" if he were to be able to maintain the theory; and the "realization of the unexpected frequency of hysteria... whereas surely such widespread perversions against children are not very probable."
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Third, Freud referred to indications that, he argued, the unconscious is unable to distinguish fact from fiction. In the unconscious there is no sign of reality, so one cannot differentiate between the truth and the fiction invested with
1045:, xxxv: 937-65; Israëls, H. and Schatzman, M. (1993). The Seduction Theory. History of Psychiatry, iv: 23-59; McCullough, M. L. (2001). Freud's seduction theory and its rehabilitation: A saga of one mistake after another.
869:. The impulses, fantasies and conflicts that Freud claimed to have uncovered beneath the neurotic symptoms of his patients derived not from external contamination, he now believed, but from the mind of the child itself.
1058:
Masson (1984), pp. 276, 281; Garcia (1987); Schimek (1987); Israëls and
Schatzman (1993); Salyard, A. (1994), On Not Knowing What You Know: Object-coercive Doubting and Freud's Announcement of the Seduction Theory,
2051:
1440:
Esterson, Allen (2001). The
Mythologizing of Psychoanalytic History: deception and self-deception in Freud's accounts of the seduction theory episode. History of Psychiatry, Vol. 12 (3),
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or a molestation experience was the essential precondition for hysterical or obsessional symptoms, with the addition of an active sexual experience up to the age of eight for the latter.
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In the traditional account of development of seduction theory, Freud initially thought that his patients were relating more or less factual stories of sexual mistreatment, and that the
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An alternative account that has come to the fore in recent
Freudian scholarship emphasizes that the theory, as posited by Freud, was that hysteria and obsessional neurosis result from
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of one hundred percent confirmation of his theory, and would have been aware of criticisms that his suggestive clinical procedures were liable to produce findings of doubtful
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Gleaves, D. H., Hernandez, E. (1999). Recent reformulations of Freud's development and abandonment of his seduction theory. History of psychology, 2 (4), 324-354.
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Freud did not publish the reasons that led to his abandoning the seduction theory in 1897–1898. For these we have to turn to a letter he wrote to his confidant
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1434:
Esterson, Allen (1998). Jeffrey Masson and Freud's
Seduction Theory: a new fable based on old myths. History of the Human Sciences, 11 (1), pp. 1–21.
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First, he referred to his inability to "bring a single analysis to a real conclusion" and "the absence of complete successes" on which he had counted.
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785:(Sigmund Freud, lecturer: On the Aetiology of Hysteria.) There was no summary and no discussion. Freud published it a few weeks later in the
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Masson (1984), p. 273; Paul, R. A. (1985). Freud and the
Seduction Theory: A Critical Examination of Masson's "The Assault on "Truth",
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of certain disorders, hysteria in particular. But another condition had to be met: There had to be an unconscious memory of the abuse.
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On the evening of April 21, 1896, Sigmund Freud presented a paper before his colleagues at the
Society for Psychiatry and Neurology in
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Joyce, P. A. (1995). Psychoanalytic theory, child sexual abuse and clinical social work. Clinical social work journal, 23 (2), 199-214
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1041:, Vol. 42. Yale University Press, pp. 443-468; Schimek, J. G. (1987). Fact and Fantasy in the Seduction Theory: a Historical Review.
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670:
551:
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Esterson, Allen (2002). "The myth of Freud's ostracism by the medical community in 1896-1905: Jeffrey Masson's assault on truth".
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Cioffi (1998 ), pp. 199-204; Schimek (1987); Salyard (1994); Esterson (1998); Eissler (2001), pp. 107-117; Allen, B. P. (1997).
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problems. Within a few years Freud abandoned his theory, concluding that the memories of sexual abuse were in fact imaginary
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In 1998, a century after Freud abandoned the
Seduction Theory, a group of analysts and psychologists, including
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426:
1076:, Routledge, pp. 9-10; Toews, J. E. (1991). Historicizing Psychoanalysis: Freud in His Time and for Our Time,
883:). However, without the rejection of the seduction theory, concepts such as the unconscious, repressions, the
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Smith, (1991), pp. 11-14; Triplett, H. (2005). "The
Misnomer of Freud's 'Seduction Theory'",
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490:
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Masson (ed.) (1985), pp. 264-266; Masson (1984), pp. 108-110; Israëls and
Schatzman, (1993).
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945:, French medical doctor and one of the first to examine and report sexual abuse in children
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The collapse of the seduction theory led in 1897 to the emergence of Freud's new theory of
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8:
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Schimek, J. G. (1987). "Fact and
Fantasy in the Seduction Theory: A Historical Review."
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Schimek, (1987); Israëls and Schatzman (1993); Salyard, A. (1994); Esterson, A. (2001).
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930:, psychoanalyst and theorist who took up Freud's abandoned theory and developed his
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1097:, vol. 8, pp. 161-187; Garcia (1987); Schimek, (1987); Eissler, (2001), pp. 114-116.
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Masson (ed.) (1985), pp. 141, 144; Garcia, E. E. (1987). Freud's Seduction Theory.
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The medical journals of that time did not report Freud's lecture. In the
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that he believed provided the solution to the problem of the origins of
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1986:
1981:
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Masson (ed.) 1985, pp. 141, 144; Schimek (1987); Smith (1991), pp. 7-8.
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Freud, S. (1896b). Further remarks on the neuro-psychoses of defence.
1283:, Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks.Cole, pp. 484-485; McNally, R. J. (2003),
1015:. London: Hogarth Press, p. 28; Clark (1980), p. 156; Gay, P. (1988).
1954:
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ed. and trans. J. M. Masson. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
1155:. University of California Press, p. 114-115; Borch-Jacobsen (1996),
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Hidden Conversations: An Introduction to Communicative Psychoanalysis
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stages of childhood would never have been added to human knowledge.
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Postcards From the End of the World: Child Abuse in Freud's Vienna
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Child Abuse in Freud's Vienna: Postcards From the End of the World
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The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess 1887-1904.
1279:, Boston: Allyn & Bacon, pp. 43-45; Hergenhahn, B. R. (1997),
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1890:
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The Assault on Truth: Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory
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998:. Volume 1. London: Hogarth Press, p. 289; Clark, R. W. (1980).
1944:
1483:
Freud, S. (1896a). Heredity and the aetiology of the neuroses.
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116:
1575:"Interview with Larry Wolff on Freud and the Seduction Theory"
1080:, vol. 63 (pp. 504-545), p. 510, n.12; McNally, R. J. (2003),
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Freud and Beyond: A History of Modern Psychoanalytic Thought
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Freud's seduction theory emphasizes the causative impact of
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Fourth, Freud wrote of his belief that in "deep-reaching
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Second, he wrote of his "surprise that in all cases, the
1287:, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 159-169.
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Personality Theories: Development, Growth and Diversity
1163:, 76, Spring 1996, MIT, pp. 15-43; Esterson, A. (2002).
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Some Character-Types Met with in Psycho-Analytic Work
1419:
Freud and the Seduction Theory: A Brief Love Affair
1305:
Masson (ed.) (1985), p. 265; Masson (1984), p. 109.
1198:, 1896a, pp. 151-152; 1896b, p. 166, 1896c, p. 211.
783:
Docent Sigm. Freud: Über die Ätiologie der Hysterie
1530:Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
1421:, New York: International Universities Press, 2001
1314:Israëls and Schatzman (1993); Esterson, A. (2001).
1043:Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
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994:Masson (ed.) (1985), p. 187; Jones, E. (1953).
437:The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis
1497:Freud, S. (1896c). The aetiology of hysteria.
1595:
1244:Robinson, P. (1993), p. 107; Esterson (2001).
1215:: Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory
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1787:Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood
1697:Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego
1281:An Introduction to the History of Psychology
1266:Schimek (1987); Eissler (2001), pp. 114-116.
1665:Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious
1504:Israëls, Han and Schatzman, Morton (1993).
756:New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis
1803:The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement
1689:The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement
1602:
1588:
1181:Mitchell, S. A., and Black, M. J. (1995).
732:was responsible for many of his patients'
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579:International Psychoanalytical Association
1570:"Freud and Seduction Theory Reconsidered"
1257:, 2005, University of Pennsylvania Press.
1157:Neurotica: Freud and the Seduction Theory
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1431:: Volume III Psychoanalytic Series, 1973
1409:Freud and the Question of Pseudoscience.
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1084:, Harvard University Press, pp. 159-169.
1028:Jahoda (1977), p. 28; Gay (1988), p. 96.
18:
16:Abandoned 1890s psychological hypothesis
1817:Thoughts for the Times on War and Death
1763:Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality
1539:. New York: New York University Press.
1368:"Analysts Get Together for a Synthesis"
1335:"Analysts Get Together for a Synthesis"
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1771:Delusion and Dream in Jensen's Gradiva
1518:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
1411:Chicago: Open Court, pp. 199–204.
1217:, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York.
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1095:Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology
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1332:
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1072:Schimek (1987); Smith, D. L. (1991).
1657:The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
1521:Masson, Jeffrey M. (editor) (1985).
1039:The Psychological Study of the Child
1013:Freud and the Dilemmas of Psychology
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573:Psychoanalytic Training and Research
363:The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
932:théorie de la séduction généralisée
584:World Association of Psychoanalysis
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1547:. Originally published in 1988 as
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891:and resistance, and the unfolding
72:Psychosocial development (Erikson)
14:
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1779:Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming
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1436:http://human-nature.com/esterson/
589:List of schools of psychoanalysis
1729:Civilization and Its Discontents
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565:British Psychoanalytical Society
417:Civilization and Its Discontents
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1255:Journal of the History of Ideas
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1681:Introduction to Psychoanalysis
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779:Wiener klinische Wochenschrift
571:Columbia University Center for
560:British Psychoanalytic Council
457:The Sublime Object of Ideology
427:The Mass Psychology of Fascism
1:
1833:Beyond the Pleasure Principle
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713:. According to the theory, a
397:Beyond the Pleasure Principle
387:Psychology of the Unconscious
1713:The Question of Lay Analysis
1642:The Interpretation of Dreams
1047:Review of General Psychology
1000:Freud: The Man and the Cause
996:Sigmund Freud: Life and Work
698:posited in the mid-1890s by
353:The Interpretation of Dreams
26:, founder of Psychoanalysis.
7:
1514:Masson, Jeffrey M. (1984).
1429:Symbol, Dream and Psychosis
1366:Boxer, Sarah (1998-03-14).
1333:Boxer, Sarah (1998-03-14).
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10:
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1121:Freud: A Life for Our Time
1017:Freud: A Life for Our Time
839:dated 21 September 1897.
787:Wiener klinische Rundschau
374:Three Essays on the Theory
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2130:Freud: The Secret Passion
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1756:The Aetiology of Hysteria
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1721:The Future of an Illusion
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1469:10.1037/1093-4510.5.2.115
1078:Journal of Modern History
955:Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson
772:The Aetiology of Hysteria
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552:Boston Graduate School of
2205:Clement Freud (grandson)
1977:Psychosexual development
1847:Dostoevsky and Parricide
1825:Mourning and Melancholia
1124:. New York: W. W. Norton
1002:. Jonathan Cape, p. 156.
943:Auguste Ambroise Tardieu
684:Freud's seduction theory
67:Psychosexual development
2215:Walter Freud (grandson)
2210:Lucian Freud (grandson)
1185:. Basic Books, New York
2230:Edward Bernay (nephew)
2106:Views on homosexuality
2069:London home and museum
2064:Vienna home and museum
1551:. New York: Atheneum.
1506:"The Seduction Theory"
1049:, vol. 5, no. 1: 3-22.
691:
27:
2261:History of psychology
2220:Amalia Freud (mother)
2195:Anna Freud (daughter)
2190:Martha Bernays (wife)
1535:Wolff, Larry (1995).
1509:History of Psychiatry
1457:History of Psychology
1153:Freud and his Critics
1151:Robinson, P. (1993).
1142:Masson (1984), p. 11.
1063:, 81(4), pp. 659-676.
1061:Psychoanalytic Review
972:In the Freud Archives
885:repetition compulsion
645:Psychology portal
624:Psychoanalytic theory
22:
2225:Jacob Freud (father)
2200:Ernst L. Freud (son)
2170:Freud's Last Session
1940:Id, ego and superego
1917:Daniel Paul Schreber
1737:Moses and Monotheism
1235:Esterson, A. (2001).
1213:The Assault on Truth
1133:Masson (1984), p. 6.
1019:, Norton, pp. 92-94.
961:The Freudian Coverup
950:The Assault on Truth
876:The Freudian Coverup
609:Child psychoanalysis
97:Id, ego and superego
35:a series of articles
2266:Freudian psychology
2146:Mahler on the Couch
1634:Studies on Hysteria
1406:"Was Freud a Liar?"
1011:Jahoda, M. (1977).
867:infantile sexuality
132:Countertransference
2276:Child sexual abuse
2256:1896 introductions
2154:A Dangerous Method
2021:Deferred obedience
1705:The Ego and the Id
1501:, Vol. 3, 191–221.
1447:2008-08-28 at the
1372:The New York Times
1339:The New York Times
1285:Remembering Trauma
1082:Remembering Trauma
719:child sexual abuse
692:Verführungstheorie
474:Schools of thought
407:The Ego and the Id
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2026:Reality principle
1909:Sergei Pankejeff
1897:Bertha Pappenheim
879:by social worker
818:Reported evidence
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92:Psychic apparatus
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2165:(2020 TV series)
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1967:Free association
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1492:Standard Edition
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1532:, xxxv: 937–65.
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2096:Inner circle
2047:Bibliography
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1972:Transference
1950:Preconscious
1858:Case studies
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447:Anti-Oedipus
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415:
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385:
376:of Sexuality
372:
361:
351:
217:Freud (Anna)
127:Transference
112:Introjection
102:Ego defenses
82:Preconscious
2173:(2023 film)
2157:(2011 film)
2149:(2010 film)
2141:(1993 play)
2138:The Visitor
2133:(1962 film)
2074:1971 statue
1911:("Wolfman")
1867:(Ida Bauer)
1645:(including
1442:pp. 329-352
912:Jacob Arlow
831:Abandonment
811:unconscious
750:unconscious
708:obsessional
77:Unconscious
2281:Hypotheses
2250:Categories
2235:Jofi (dog)
2122:depictions
1987:Anal stage
1982:Oral stage
1960:censorship
1626:On Aphasia
1545:0814792871
1385:2023-09-11
1352:2023-09-11
983:References
736:and other
696:hypothesis
526:Relational
137:Resistance
107:Projection
2081:Interment
1955:Ego ideal
1904:"Rat Man"
1891:"Anna O."
1684:(1916–17)
1647:On Dreams
1380:0362-4331
1347:0362-4331
859:psychosis
742:fantasies
327:Winnicott
307:Spielrein
287:Laplanche
207:Fairbairn
147:Dreamwork
2271:Hysteria
2120:Cultural
2059:Archives
1928:concepts
1926:Original
1758:" (1896)
1477:12096757
1445:Archived
1404:(1998 .
1118:(1988).
922:See also
854:feeling.
795:validity
734:neuroses
711:neurosis
704:hysteria
694:) was a
602:See also
544:Training
521:Reichian
496:Lacanian
481:Adlerian
322:Sullivan
317:Strachey
272:Kristeva
247:Jacobson
242:Irigaray
232:Guattari
212:Ferenczi
197:Chodorow
152:Cathexis
60:Concepts
33:Part of
2040:Related
1865:"Dora"
1194:Freud,
1161:October
1116:Gay, P.
934:in 1987
802:nurture
511:Marxist
491:Jungian
202:Erikson
172:Abraham
2182:Family
1945:Libido
1893:
1850:(1928)
1842:(1922)
1836:(1920)
1828:(1918)
1820:(1916)
1812:(1915)
1806:(1914)
1798:(1914)
1790:(1910)
1782:(1908)
1774:(1907)
1766:(1905)
1748:Essays
1740:(1939)
1732:(1930)
1724:(1927)
1716:(1926)
1708:(1923)
1700:(1921)
1692:(1917)
1676:(1913)
1668:(1905)
1660:(1901)
1652:(1899)
1637:(1895)
1629:(1891)
1555:
1543:
1475:
1378:
1345:
1208:Masson
1196:S.E. 3
914:, and
848:father
806:Trauma
768:Vienna
762:Theory
688:German
461:(1989)
451:(1972)
441:(1964)
431:(1933)
421:(1930)
411:(1923)
401:(1920)
391:(1912)
380:(1905)
367:(1901)
357:(1899)
312:Stekel
292:Mahler
237:Horney
192:Breuer
182:Balint
142:Denial
117:Libido
2162:Freud
2091:Humor
1618:Books
332:Žižek
302:Reich
282:Laing
277:Lacan
267:Klein
262:Kohut
252:Jones
227:Fromm
177:Adler
122:Drive
1553:ISBN
1541:ISBN
1473:PMID
1376:ISSN
1343:ISSN
706:and
297:Rank
257:Jung
187:Bion
1465:doi
975:by
964:by
953:by
721:in
717:of
2252::
1471:.
1459:.
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1417:,
1374:.
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1341:.
1337:.
1159:,
910:,
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744:.
690::
37:on
1899:)
1895:(
1754:"
1649:)
1603:e
1596:t
1589:v
1559:.
1479:.
1467::
1461:5
1451:.
1388:.
1355:.
686:(
672:e
665:t
658:v
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