2660:, 'covenant of fate', the desire and willingness to be part of a people chosen by God to live a sacred mission in the world, and the fact that all those who live in this covenant share the same fate of persecution and oppression, even if they do not live by halakha. Soloveitchik held that non-Orthodox Jews were in violation of the covenant of destiny; yet, they are still bound together with Orthodox Jews in the covenant of fate. This approach permitted cooperation in matters effecting the covenant of fate, while recognizing differences, and limits, based on the covenant of destiny.
2856:; it believes that most Jewish denominations (including Orthodoxy and the Conservative movement) are valid expressions of Judaism. Historically, however, the Reform view of Orthodox Judaism had been negative. Early battles between Reform and Orthodox groups in Germany for control of communal leadership were fierce. Reform viewed Orthodoxy as overly focused on tradition and a literal interpretation of scripture that conflicted with modern science. Relations with the Conservative movement are much more cordial (although the two split due to such affairs as the
76:
2841:, the Chancellor of the Jewish Theological Seminary, claimed that Orthodox organizations in Israel politically discriminate against non-Orthodox Jews, and called on Reform and Conservative Jews, as well as the Jewish Federations throughout the United States, to stop funding Orthodox organizations and institutions that disagree with the Conservative view of pluralism. Several weeks later, at the movement's annual Rabbinical Assembly conference in Boston, he called for the disintegration of Israel's chief rabbinate and its network of courts.
2740:
non-Orthodox movements?" Rabbi Marc D. Angel replied that "we should be frightened by the possibility. With all our theological differences, yet we part of one Jewish people and work together in so many ways for the benefit of the Jewish community... It is not a happy prospect that the overwhelming majority of
American Jews will lose their Jewishness. It is also unlikely that the vast numbers of the non-Orthodox community will move into Orthodoxy in the relatively near future."
138:
4944:
2745:
Orthodoxy. No such development appears imminent in statistically significant numbers." The message of other rabbis rings a similar note; no rabbis profiled in the symposium believed that most non-Orthodox Jews would ever convert to
Orthodoxy. Thus Orthodoxy should work together on some issues with non-Orthodox Judaism, and it is far better for Jews to be members of non-Orthodox Judaism than to assimilate and not be religious Jews at all.
4958:
35:
2667:. However, the relationship between Modern Orthodoxy and the non-Orthodox movements has worsened over the last few decades. The movements have seen a polarization of views. Haredi Judaism has seen a great resurgence in its popularity, and many formerly Modern Orthodox rabbis have been swayed to some degree by their views. As well, non-Orthodox movements have progressively moved to the "left".
2771:. Edah's mission statement stated: "The Vision of Edah is an Orthodox Jewish community in which we, as members, leaders, and institutions ... reach out to and interact with Jews of all the movements as well as non-affiliated Jews as an expression of the wholeness of, and in an effort to strengthen, the entire Jewish people."
2918:
calendar, instead of beginning each month with the sighting of the New Moon from the horizon of Israel, and starting the year during the month when the barley reaches the stage of Aviv in the land of Israel. However, despite
Rabbinic Judaism deviating from the plain meaning of the Torah, Karaite Jews
2820:
Reform has asserted the right of interpretation but it rejected the authority of legal tradition. Orthodoxy has clung fast to the principle of authority, but has in our own and recent generations rejected the right to any but minor interpretations. The
Conservative view is that both are necessary for
2739:
published a symposium on the state of
Orthodox Judaism, with contributions by many leading Orthodox rabbis. The first question the editor asked the rabbis was: "Do you believe that recent developments warrant the triumphalism exhibited by segments of Orthodoxy which predict the total disappearance of
2795:
as conferring
Jewishness). Despite this disagreement, Conservative Judaism respects the right of Reform and Reconstructionist Jews to interpret Judaism in their own way(s). Thus, the Conservative movement recognizes the right of Jews to form denominations and recognizes Reform and Reconstructionist
2683:), this was seen as splitting the Jewish people into two mutually incompatible groups. The confluence of these two phenomena helped drive most of Modern Orthodoxy further to the right, and effectively ended all official cooperation between Modern Orthodoxy and all of the non-Orthodox denominations.
2627:
as heretical, less observant Jewish movements. As such, Orthodox authorities have strongly fought attempts by the Reform and
Conservative movements to gain official recognition and denominational legitimacy in Israel. Haredi groups and authorities will not work with non-Orthodox religious movements
2594:
as a construct of the liberal movements, and does not see their ideology as rooted in historic Jewish norms. While not recognizing Reform and
Conservative as valid expressions of Judaism, it recognizes most who are affiliated with these movements as full-fledged Jews, aside from those whose Judaism
2702:
leaders of Jewish religious communities, and it is both fatuous and self-defeating not to acknowledge this openly and draw the necessary consequences - for example, establishing friendly and harmonious and respectful relationships and working together, all of us, towards those Jewish communal and
2744:
replied, "I confess that I would not look forward to such a disappearance.... The Jewish loyalties and observances of non-Orthodox Jews are decidedly better than nothing.... The only weakening of
Conservatism and Reform for which Orthodoxy can legitimately hope would come through conversion to
2782:
holds that
Orthodox Judaism is a valid and legitimate form of normative rabbinic Judaism and respects the validity of its rabbis. Conservative Judaism holds that both Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism have made major and unjustifiable breaks with historic Judaism by their rejection of the
2690:...Reform, Conservative, and Reconstructionist communities are not only more numerous in their official memberships than the Orthodox community, but they are also vital, powerful, and dynamic; they are committed to Jewish survival, each according to its own lights; they are a part of
2800:
passed their 1983 resolution to recognize patrilineal descent, the Conservative movement has not accepted Reform converts to Judaism. Conservative denominational leadership has since agreed to recognize Reform converts who complete necessary rituals (i.e., appearing before a
2894:, which Karaite Judaism maintains, must not deviate from the plain meaning of the Hebrew Bible. Rabbinic laws which either allow Jews something the Torah forbids, or release Jews from a commandment the Torah requires, are seen as a break with the Torah, and transgression of
2611:, literally, "captured children", in a category analogous to Jewish children captured by non-Jews who were never taught Judaism, meaning that they do not act out of wrong intent or motives, but out of ignorance and poor upbringing (Iggeroth Moshe).
2906:. This is regarded as a violation of the Torah, which requires that tzitzit be made with tekhelet. The tzitzit worn by some in the rabbinic community, which does have tekhelet, is also seen as a violation of the Torah, because according to the
2614:
However, when dealing with the movement/philosophy, they perceive the generation of other denominations to have historically been engendered by heretical intent and the 1800s widespread denigration of religion. They view
2707:. If they are sincere, if they believe in God, if they are motivated by principle, and not by convenience or trendiness, if they endeavor to carry out the consequences of their faith in a consistent manner—then they are
2821:
a living Judaism. Accordingly, Conservative Judaism holds itself bound by the Jewish legal tradition, but asserts the right of its rabbinical body, acting as a whole, to interpret and to apply Jewish law.
2686:
Some within the Orthodox world advocate that while non-Orthodox forms of Judaism are incorrect, they nonetheless have functional validity and spiritual dignity. Rabbi Norman Lamm writes:
2871:
views other forms of Judaism as valid from a traditional point of view, but itself emphasizes Jewish culture and history – rather than belief in God – as the sources of Jewish identity.
2980:
48:
3053:
2628:
in any way, as they view this as lending legitimacy to those movements. The members of those movements who have been born of a Jewish mother are, however, still regarded as Jews.
2960:
2837:
The Conservative movement, however, has clashed with Orthodoxy over its refusal to recognize the Conservative and Reform movements as legitimate, and in February 1997, Rabbi
1219:
2652:
was to approach the issue in subsequent decades. Soloveitchik developed the idea that Jews have historically been linked together by two distinct covenants. One is the
2812:
The Conservative movement, while respecting the validity of Orthodox rabbis, believes that Orthodoxy has deviated from historical Judaism through an insistence on the
2914:. Karaite Jews also maintain that Rabbinic Jews are not observing Jewish holy days on their correct date, because the dates are fixed according to the pre-calculated
2576:
is the view that Conservative and Reform Judaism made major and unjustifiable breaks with historic Judaism - both by their skepticism of the verbal revelation of the
2816:
principle of binding legal precedent, in particular with respect to relatively recent codifications of Jewish law. A prominent Conservative spokesman has written:
17:
4989:
1797:
1452:
1147:
160:
54:
1339:
3160:
Although focused on a modern Orthodox synagogue, this study examines inter-denominational issues, e. g., "Relations with Other Jewish Sects" pp. 12–24.
2547:
311:
2886:
as a divine authority, maintaining that the Written Torah, and the subsequent prophets which God sent to Israel, whose writings are recorded in the
3213:
1334:
4838:
1582:
3249:
2998:
148:
3521:
2984:
1836:
2919:
recognize Rabbinic Jews who have unbroken matrilineal Jewish descent, as Jewish, and eligible to join Karaite Judaism without a conversion.
4798:
821:
784:
3061:
3316:
3080:
Reproach, recognition and respect: Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik and Orthodoxy's mid-century attitude toward non-Orthodox denominations
2656:, 'covenant of destiny', which is the covenant by which Jews are bound together through their adherence to halakha. The second is the
2748:
A small number of modern Orthodox rabbis cooperate with non-Orthodox rabbis on a regular basis through smaller organizations such as
1760:
3345:
2957:
2809:) and a full "introduction to Judaism" course without inquiring regarding the status of the sponsoring rabbi or deciding beth din.
2641:
1783:
4844:
1133:
2703:
global goals that we share and that unite us inextricably and indissolubly.... ...non-Orthodox rabbis and laypeople may possess
3944:
3398:
2540:
1710:
1645:
1527:
3261:
3939:
3139:
This book examines Jewish denominationalism, especially Orthodox tolerance toward non-Orthodox Jews as exemplified by Rabbis
2797:
831:
2663:
Following this lead, until the 1970s, the Modern Orthodox and the non-Orthodox movements worked together in the now-defunct
1269:
3848:
156:
4984:
3959:
3954:
3378:
1537:
1354:
1344:
584:
3275:, November 19, 1954. Letter by Rabbi Joseph Soloveitchik warning Jews not to attend services in non-Orthodox synagogues.
3174:: Orthodox Insularity and Community Boundaries" on integration, intergroup friendship, permeability of group boundaries.
4771:
3648:
1933:
1883:
1848:
1542:
1407:
1274:
3799:
3653:
2533:
1625:
1587:
1562:
1482:
1467:
1314:
1254:
1209:
200:
182:
119:
97:
62:
90:
3708:
3616:
1918:
1900:
1806:
1700:
1552:
1547:
1472:
1437:
1304:
3170:
A sociological study that compares non-Orthodox with nominal, centrist and traditional Orthodox. See esp. ch. 4, "
3119:"From Fluidity to Rigidity: The Religious Worlds of Conservative and Orthodox Jews in Twentieth Century America",
4873:
4067:
3023:
2436:
2335:
1890:
1873:
1826:
1725:
1635:
1572:
1522:
1502:
1497:
1417:
1391:
1366:
1244:
1234:
1224:
1204:
1199:
3749:
3309:
1909:
1895:
1863:
1843:
1811:
1755:
1730:
1705:
1685:
1675:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1630:
1620:
1615:
1592:
1507:
1492:
1412:
1371:
1324:
1319:
1239:
1184:
4850:
4171:
3234:
2768:
2330:
1868:
1853:
1816:
1778:
1750:
1740:
1735:
1720:
1715:
1695:
1680:
1665:
1640:
1606:
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1264:
1189:
1175:
4913:
4781:
4776:
3964:
3949:
3713:
3668:
3413:
2664:
2564:
are complex and include a range of trends from the conciliatory and welcoming to hostile and antagonistic.
1938:
1858:
1821:
1745:
1690:
1557:
1532:
1457:
1432:
1422:
1361:
1284:
1279:
1259:
1249:
1229:
1214:
1107:
811:
575:
570:
4878:
4863:
3744:
3604:
3291:, November 23, 1999. IDF suspense officer who compared the conservative and reform movements to the Nazis
1928:
1923:
1878:
1831:
1517:
1487:
1447:
1442:
1299:
605:
4832:
4726:
4377:
4271:
3979:
3912:
3473:
3363:
3237:, Prof. Shapiro discusses the complex relationships between Orthodox rabbis and a leading Talmudist at
2928:
2402:
2247:
1955:
1349:
545:
535:
271:
4948:
4888:
4786:
4766:
4636:
4561:
4421:
4288:
3974:
3934:
3302:
2620:
2516:
2209:
2060:
2001:
892:
3002:
4868:
4699:
3998:
3873:
3222:
Study includes a socio-historical overview and the shifting of adherents between the denominations.
2757:
2741:
2735:
A number of modern Orthodox rabbis advocate good relations with their non-Orthodox peers. In 1982,
2219:
2199:
1309:
789:
330:
164:
84:
4821:
4810:
4404:
4325:
4030:
3929:
3868:
3754:
3727:
2649:
2360:
2350:
2315:
2194:
2184:
1967:
1138:
1080:
914:
593:
550:
265:
3186:
One People, Two Worlds: A Reform Rabbi and an Orthodox Rabbi Explore the Issues That Divide Them
3126:
Gurock, Jeffrey S. "Twentieth-Century American Orthodoxy's Era of Non-Observance, 1900–1960" in
4857:
4827:
3890:
2910:, a tekhelet string must be made of wool, and the white strings from linen, making the tzitzit
2796:
ordinations, but, in general, does not accept their decisions as valid. For example, since the
2645:
2479:
2214:
2128:
1194:
746:
365:
335:
101:
3091:
Exclusion and Hierarchy: Orthodoxy, Nonobservance, and the Emergence of Modern Jewish Identity
4883:
4804:
4586:
4293:
4176:
3917:
3907:
3900:
3885:
3771:
3268:
on the public disclosure of the relationship between these major Orthodox and Reform figures.
3245:
3100:
2679:
that had linked Reform and non-Reform movements. For practically all Orthodox Jews (and many
2600:
2370:
2365:
2310:
2098:
1013:
741:
728:
623:
340:
4918:
4908:
4411:
3383:
3238:
2779:
2680:
2624:
2441:
2393:
2133:
1991:
804:
669:
658:
616:
8:
4566:
4534:
4460:
4369:
4315:
3922:
3722:
3456:
3421:
2853:
2672:
2591:
2494:
2189:
867:
734:
637:
630:
560:
448:
323:
4898:
4893:
4704:
4426:
4303:
4298:
4283:
4253:
4206:
4129:
4035:
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3468:
3373:
3340:
3107:
2868:
2345:
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2237:
2151:
2021:
1289:
1118:
877:
797:
651:
217:
4181:
4057:
4682:
4613:
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4480:
4263:
4134:
4099:
3388:
3116:
2676:
2489:
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2411:
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1788:
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887:
758:
688:
565:
478:
345:
4748:
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4677:
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4631:
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4382:
4191:
4124:
4077:
4025:
3993:
3984:
3969:
3843:
3818:
3794:
3678:
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3526:
3393:
3259:
3209:
2763:
Some American Modern Orthodox rabbis created a new modern Orthodox advocacy group,
2573:
2459:
2340:
2300:
2264:
1962:
1512:
1023:
779:
683:
598:
488:
280:
3196:
A House Divided: Orthodoxy and Schism in Nineteenth-Century Central European Jewry
2860:), and Conservative and Reform leaders cooperate on many areas of mutual concern.
4658:
4653:
4465:
4392:
4225:
4196:
4119:
4109:
4072:
4047:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3838:
3833:
3823:
3808:
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3483:
3441:
3431:
3278:
3265:
3144:
3096:
2964:
2879:
2826:
2788:
2727:, strong. It is a factual, descriptive term. "Legitimacy" derives from the Latin
2604:
2421:
2380:
2375:
2355:
2277:
2271:
2204:
2156:
1996:
1977:
1128:
857:
769:
752:
296:
4962:
4937:
4758:
4665:
4623:
4603:
4591:
4571:
4485:
4475:
4443:
4436:
4416:
4387:
4359:
4354:
4320:
4230:
4154:
4144:
4082:
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3828:
3739:
3734:
3496:
3491:
3426:
3355:
3228:
3151:
2938:
2933:
2849:
2838:
2792:
2668:
2616:
2596:
2521:
2320:
2175:
2055:
2034:
2011:
2006:
1984:
1972:
1567:
1048:
982:
947:
925:
862:
700:
678:
540:
519:
495:
261:
243:
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4731:
4576:
4503:
4310:
4244:
4217:
4166:
4114:
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3813:
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3658:
3631:
3577:
3506:
3451:
3182:
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1123:
972:
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388:
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301:
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4020:
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3703:
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3626:
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3461:
3436:
3205:, Hill and Wang, 1993. Written from an Israeli modern Orthodox perspective.
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2325:
2166:
2161:
2119:
2072:
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1033:
1018:
977:
942:
555:
397:
2607:
is famously quoted as characterizing all current-day non-Orthodox Jews as
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4236:
4161:
4139:
4042:
3636:
3565:
3560:
3548:
3538:
3140:
2968:
2603:
under Conservative or Reform auspices. When dealing with the individual,
2484:
2426:
2091:
997:
992:
987:
957:
4815:
4522:
4104:
3698:
3446:
3368:
3191:
2895:
2142:
1156:
1085:
1043:
872:
852:
411:
318:
238:
3031:
4736:
4201:
4092:
4003:
3621:
3555:
2915:
2637:
2305:
2290:
1380:
1328:
1090:
1038:
1028:
709:
705:
695:
610:
370:
3572:
1058:
4455:
4397:
4342:
4337:
4008:
3294:
2903:
2883:
2813:
2802:
2474:
2084:
2016:
847:
355:
306:
4670:
4554:
4549:
4539:
4527:
4347:
4332:
4276:
4211:
4186:
4149:
4013:
3688:
3587:
3511:
3403:
3329:
3054:"Conservative leader says 'gap' in observance is getting smaller"
2911:
2899:
2891:
2784:
2586:
2561:
2450:
2416:
2285:
2079:
1068:
1063:
935:
826:
721:
717:
713:
462:
457:
434:
416:
291:
286:
276:
254:
229:
2590:(Jewish law) as binding (although to varying degrees). It views
4741:
4608:
4544:
3166:
Cosmopolitans & Parochials: Modern Orthodox Jews in America
2907:
2887:
2806:
2110:
2105:
2065:
2050:
1161:
1053:
473:
439:
425:
360:
3233:. University of Scranton, 2006. "Based on his lecture for the
4692:
4687:
4641:
4596:
4517:
4512:
3776:
3531:
3501:
2831:
Tradition and Change: The Development of Conservative Judaism
2581:
2577:
1073:
502:
406:
375:
4791:
3325:
3258:
See also "Facing the Truths of History" by Jacob Schachter
225:
3111:
Jew vs. Jew: The Struggle for the Soul of American Jewry
2694:; and they consider their rabbis their leaders. From a
2560:
The relationships between the various denominations of
2754:
The National Jewish Center for Learning and Leadership
3203:
Piety & Power: The World of Jewish Fundamentalism
2089:
2070:
493:
2648:developed the intellectual foundations for the way
2698:point of view, therefore, non-Orthodox rabbis are
3283:A People Divided: Judaism in Contemporary America
3218:Jewish Choices: American Jewish Denominationalism
3121:David W. Belin Lecture in American Jewish Affairs
2671:rejected the traditional definition of a Jew via
4976:
3095:Note: Focus on attitudes of Rabbis Hatam Sofer,
3156:Synagogue Life: A Study in Symbolic Interaction
2737:Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought
3244:Shapiro, Mark D. "Scholars and Friends: Rabbi
4990:Relationships between religious denominations
3310:
2890:, are the only suitable sources for deriving
2731:, law. It is a normative and evaluative term.
2541:
145:The examples and perspective in this article
4799:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
785:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
63:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3317:
3303:
2548:
2534:
201:Learn how and when to remove this message
183:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3346:Index of Jewish history-related articles
2951:
2631:
83:This article includes a list of general
18:Relationship between segments of Judaism
4845:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
3482:
14:
4977:
2902:donned by Rabbinic Jews, which has no
3298:
3164:Heilman, Samuel and Steven M. Cohen.
2798:Central Conference of American Rabbis
2774:
3324:
3208:Lazerwitz, Bernard, J. Alan Winter,
3113:New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000
2723:. "Validity" derives from the Latin
131:
69:
28:
2863:
2642:relations with non-Orthodox Judaism
2567:
24:
4792:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
4772:American Jewish Historical Society
3072:
2675:, effectively severing the united
89:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
5001:
3060:. January 8, 1999. Archived from
576:Historical population comparisons
44:This article has multiple issues.
4956:
4943:
4942:
3168:, Univ. of Chicago Press, 1989.
3158:. Univ. of Chicago Press, 1973.
2874:
2767:, which included members of the
1220:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1134:Historical population by country
136:
74:
33:
3123:, University of Michigan, 2000.
2844:
52:or discuss these issues on the
4864:Relations with other religions
3289:Israel Religious Action Center
3093:, Univ. of Penn. Press, 2005.
3046:
3016:
2991:
2973:
13:
1:
4851:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
3235:Union for Traditional Judaism
2944:
2898:. An example being the white
2769:Rabbinical Council of America
791:Christianity and Judaism
4782:Leo Baeck Institute New York
4777:American Sephardi Federation
3001:. 2012-01-30. Archived from
2711:.... But neither functional
2665:Synagogue Council of America
2584:, and by their rejection of
7:
3605:Constantinopolitan Karaites
3086:, June 2001 v89 i2 p193(23)
2922:
2090:
2071:
1798:Latin America and Caribbean
494:
159:, discuss the issue on the
10:
5006:
4985:Jewish religious movements
4833:National Library of Israel
3474:Zionism, race and genetics
3103:, and Seligmann Bamberger.
2929:Jewish religious movements
2719:are identical with Jewish
2572:The essential position of
2403:Jewish political movements
2100:Conversion to Judaism
4931:
4787:Yeshiva University Museum
4767:Center for Jewish History
4757:
4622:
4494:
4368:
4262:
3793:
3412:
3354:
3336:
3254:The Torah u-Madda Journal
3135:The Boundaries of Judaism
2791:(e.g., the acceptance of
2621:Reconstructionist Judaism
806:Hinduism and Judaism
3379:Ancient Israel and Judah
2958:"Amen to Ahavat Yisrael"
2758:New York Board of Rabbis
632:Temple in Jerusalem
325:Bar and bat mitzvah
3755:North African Sephardim
3728:Jewish tribes of Arabia
3084:American Jewish History
2882:does not recognize the
2852:espouses the notion of
2650:Modern Orthodox Judaism
594:Twelve Tribes of Israel
104:more precise citations.
4858:Holocaust Encyclopedia
4828:Jewish Virtual Library
2835:
2733:
2646:Joseph B. Soloveitchik
4805:Encyclopaedia Judaica
4587:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
3772:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
3522:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
3273:Di Tog Morgen Journal
3246:Jehiel Jacob Weinberg
3128:Torah u-Madda Journal
3101:Samson Raphael Hirsch
2818:
2688:
2632:Modern Orthodox views
1340:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1335:Republic of the Congo
729:Second Temple Judaism
600:Kingdom of Judah
571:Modern historiography
3384:Second Temple period
3256:v. 7 (1997):105–21.
3239:Conservative Judaism
3194:'s works, including
2787:and redefinition of
2780:Conservative Judaism
2625:Conservative Judaism
2442:World Agudath Israel
1583:United Arab Emirates
670:Second Temple period
660:Babylonian captivity
165:create a new article
157:improve this article
147:may not represent a
4822:Jewish Encyclopedia
4567:Hekhalot literature
4378:Religious movements
3913:Judeo-Tripolitanian
3285:, Basic Books, 1993
3137:, Continuum, 2007.
3133:Hartman, Donielle.
3034:on 18 November 2005
2854:religious pluralism
2805:and immersing in a
2793:patrilineal descent
2673:matrilineal descent
2597:patrilineal descent
2592:religious pluralism
735:Hellenistic Judaism
313:Land of Israel
272:Principles of faith
4963:Judaism portal
4899:Jews and Halloween
4894:Jews and Christmas
4284:Rabbinic authority
4036:Judaeo-Piedmontese
3469:Xueta Christianity
3374:Origins of Judaism
3341:Outline of Judaism
3264:2007-09-28 at the
3117:Gurock, Jeffrey S.
3108:Samuel G. Freedman
3089:Ferziger, Adam S.
2963:2012-02-05 at the
2869:Humanistic Judaism
2775:Conservative views
2742:Rabbi David Berger
2296:Jewish Koine Greek
1838:Dominican Republic
1119:Judaism by country
798:Jews and Christmas
653:Assyrian captivity
4972:
4971:
4938:extinct languages
4839:YIVO Encyclopedia
4614:Hebrew literature
4582:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
4422:Reconstructionist
4100:Judaeo-Portuguese
3789:
3788:
3745:Eastern Sephardim
3389:Synagogal Judaism
3226:Shapiro, Mark D.
2705:spiritual dignity
2681:Conservative Jews
2609:Tinokot Shenishbu
2558:
2557:
2507:
2506:
2255:
2254:
2002:Reconstructionist
1946:
1945:
1098:
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742:Jewish–Roman wars
690:Hasmonean dynasty
606:Kingdom of Israel
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16:(Redirected from
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4959:
4946:
4945:
4078:Judeo-Golpaygani
3679:Palestinian Jews
3654:Alexandrian Jews
3610:Crimean Karaites
3527:Unterlander Jews
3480:
3479:
3394:Rabbinic Judaism
3319:
3312:
3305:
3296:
3295:
3231:and the Orthodox
3210:Arnold Dashefsky
3066:
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3041:
3039:
3030:. Archived from
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2989:
2988:
2983:. Archived from
2977:
2971:
2955:
2864:Humanistic views
2709:religious people
2574:Orthodox Judaism
2568:Orthodox Judaism
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3994:Judeo-Aragonese
3965:Lishanid Noshan
3797:
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3517:Oberlander Jews
3478:
3408:
3350:
3332:
3323:
3279:Jack Wertheimer
3266:Wayback Machine
3152:Heilman, Samuel
3145:Moshe Feinstein
3097:Jacob Ettlinger
3075:
3073:Further reading
3070:
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3024:"SEVENTY FACES"
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2981:"Confrontation"
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2965:Wayback Machine
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2880:Karaite Judaism
2877:
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2827:Mordecai Waxman
2783:normativity of
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3248:and Professor
3242:
3229:Saul Lieberman
3224:
3220:. SUNY, 1998.
3214:Ephraim Tabory
3206:
3201:David Landau.
3199:
3189:
3188:Schocken, 2003
3176:
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3149:
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3124:
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3105:
3087:
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3064:on 2007-09-30.
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2987:on 2013-04-23.
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2839:Ismar Schorsch
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173:September 2016
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149:worldwide view
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4872:
4871:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4750:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4664:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4577:Sefer HaBahir
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4504:Sifrei Kodesh
4502:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4361:
4360:Who is a Jew?
4358:
4356:
4353:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4289:Chosen people
4287:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4255:
4252:
4246:
4245:Scots-Yiddish
4243:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4218:Klezmer-loshn
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4088:Judeo-Shirazi
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4063:Judeo-Persian
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4053:Judeo-Marathi
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4031:Judeo-Italian
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3886:Judeo-Amazigh
3884:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3709:Hadhrami Jews
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3674:Mountain Jews
3672:
3670:
3669:Egyptian Jews
3667:
3665:
3664:Bukharan Jews
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3452:Lists of Jews
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3315:
3313:
3308:
3306:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3241:'s seminary."
3240:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3183:Yosef Reinman
3180:
3179:Ammiel Hirsch
3177:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3078:Seth Farber,
3077:
3076:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3005:on 2012-01-30
3004:
3000:
2994:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2939:Who is a Jew?
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2875:Karaite views
2872:
2870:
2861:
2859:
2858:Trefa Banquet
2855:
2851:
2842:
2840:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2815:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2580:and the Oral
2579:
2575:
2565:
2563:
2551:
2546:
2544:
2539:
2537:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2361:Judeo-Aramaic
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2351:Judeo-Italian
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2331:GhardaĂŻa Sign
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2261:
2260:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2030:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1956:Denominations
1952:
1951:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1784:United States
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1270:Guinea-Bissau
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1124:Lists of Jews
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1004:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
937:
934:
932:
929:
928:
927:
924:
923:
922:
921:
916:
911:
910:
899:
891:
889:
886:
884:
883:The Holocaust
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
845:
844:
843:
839:
838:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
810:
808:
803:
799:
793:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
777:
776:
775:
771:
768:
767:
760:
754:
748:
743:
740:
736:
730:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
676:
675:
674:
671:
668:
667:
662:
657:
655:
650:
646:
642:
639:
634:
629:
625:
621:
618:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
597:
595:
592:
591:
590:
589:
586:
583:
582:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
533:
532:
531:
527:
526:
521:
516:
515:
504:
501:
498:
497:
492:
490:
487:
485:
484:Mishneh Torah
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
470:
469:
464:
461:
459:
456:
455:
454:
453:
450:
447:
446:
441:
438:
436:
433:
432:
431:
430:
427:
424:
423:
418:
415:
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245:
244:Who is a Jew?
242:
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4954:
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4933:
4856:
4849:
4837:
4820:
4803:
4637:perspectives
4471:Samaritanism
4448:
4432:Neo-Hasidism
4412:Conservative
4326:Names of God
4235:
4216:
4026:Judaeo-Greek
4021:Judeo-Gascon
3960:Lishán Didán
3955:Lishana Deni
3923:Judeo-Yemeni
3891:Judeo-Arabic
3765:Meshuchrarim
3684:Persian Jews
3617:Kurdish Jews
3595:Kaifeng Jews
3544:Beta Abraham
3507:Galitzianers
3462:Antisemitism
3437:Israeli Jews
3422:Assimilation
3288:
3282:
3272:
3257:
3253:
3250:Samuel Atlas
3227:
3221:
3217:
3202:
3195:
3185:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3155:
3138:
3134:
3130:, v. 9, 2000
3127:
3120:
3110:
3094:
3090:
3083:
3079:
3062:the original
3058:jewishsf.com
3057:
3048:
3036:. Retrieved
3032:the original
3027:
3018:
3007:. Retrieved
3003:the original
2993:
2985:the original
2975:
2953:
2878:
2867:
2848:
2845:Reform views
2836:
2830:
2819:
2811:
2778:
2764:
2762:
2753:
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2747:
2736:
2734:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
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2708:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2692:Klal Yisrael
2691:
2689:
2685:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2636:In his 1964
2635:
2613:
2608:
2599:or who were
2585:
2571:
2559:
2500:Post-Zionism
2371:Judeo-Berber
2366:Judeo-Arabic
2326:Judeo-Gascon
2073:Pidyon haben
1992:Conservative
1538:Saudi Arabia
1356:South Africa
1345:Sierra Leone
1167:Israeli Jews
1081:Mosaic Arabs
1034:Kaifeng Jews
895:Arab–Israeli
868:Emancipation
747:Great Revolt
556:Anti-Judaism
551:Antisemitism
546:Name "Judea"
341:Baal teshuva
197:
179:
170:
146:
116:
110:October 2011
107:
88:
60:
53:
47:
46:Please help
43:
26:
4879:Catholicism
4461:Hellenistic
4299:Eschatology
4237:Lachoudisch
4162:Lotegorisch
4140:Lachoudisch
4130:Koiné Greek
4043:Judeo-Latin
3980:Palestinian
3874:Palestinian
3723:MustaĘżravim
3649:Afghan Jews
3637:Berber Jews
3561:Bene Israel
3549:Falash Mura
3539:Beta Israel
3457:Persecution
3399:Middle Ages
3141:Hatam Sofer
2969:Avi Shafran
2495:Revisionist
2485:Neo-Zionism
2092:Zeved habat
1885:Puerto Rico
1711:Netherlands
1543:South Korea
1528:Philippines
1408:Afghanistan
1275:Ivory Coast
1049:Crypto-Jews
1014:Bnei Anusim
993:Bene Israel
958:Beta Israel
915:Communities
822:Middle Ages
561:Persecution
336:Bereavement
102:introducing
4979:Categories
4874:Anabaptism
4816:Jew (word)
4683:Leadership
4496:Literature
4481:Secularism
4427:Humanistic
4294:Conversion
4264:Philosophy
4105:Judeo-Urdu
3869:Babylonian
3714:Saada Jews
3699:Adeni Jews
3492:Ashkenazim
3447:Samaritans
3414:Population
3369:Israelites
3192:Jacob Katz
3038:12 January
3028:www.yu.edu
3009:2021-08-24
2945:References
2896:Divine Law
2789:Jewishness
2756:) and the
2721:legitimacy
2696:functional
2677:peoplehood
2658:brit goral
2654:brit yi'ud
2480:Maximalism
2432:Secularism
2412:Autonomism
2229:Literature
2022:Humanistic
1626:Azerbaijan
1588:Uzbekistan
1563:Tajikistan
1483:Kyrgyzstan
1468:Kazakhstan
1315:Mozambique
1290:Madagascar
1210:Cape Verde
1162:New Yishuv
1157:Old Yishuv
1108:Population
1086:Subbotniks
1044:Samaritans
983:Romanyotim
926:Ashkenazim
873:Old Yishuv
853:Sabbateans
840:Modern era
832:Golden Age
759:Bar Kokhba
479:Beit Yosef
346:Philosophy
85:references
49:improve it
4936:indicate
4884:Mormonism
4869:Christian
4749:Symbolism
4737:Synagogue
4717:Mythology
4678:Education
4649:Astronomy
4632:Astrology
4449:relations
4254:Zarphatic
4202:Galitzish
4004:Yeshivish
3881:Catalanic
3844:Samaritan
3819:Ashkenazi
3800:Diasporic
3795:Languages
3740:Sephardim
3735:Romaniote
3622:Krymchaks
3556:Desi Jews
3432:Buddhists
2967:by Rabbi
2916:Hillel II
2638:responsum
2601:converted
2490:Religious
2346:Zarphatic
2336:Bukharian
2306:Judeo-Tat
2291:Yeshivish
2265:Languages
2220:Sephardic
2210:Israelite
2200:Ethiopian
2190:Ashkenazi
2129:Religious
1919:Australia
1901:Venezuela
1807:Argentina
1789:Greenland
1701:Lithuania
1553:Sri Lanka
1548:Singapore
1473:Kurdistan
1438:Indonesia
1428:Hong Kong
1381:Abayudaya
1305:Mauritius
1039:Igbo Jews
1029:Krymchaks
948:Sephardim
816:relations
710:Sadducees
706:Pharisees
696:Sanhedrin
611:Jerusalem
371:Synagogue
239:Etymology
161:talk page
55:talk page
4949:Category
4919:Hinduism
4909:Buddhism
4811:Genetics
4727:Politics
4700:Marriage
4659:Holidays
4654:Calendar
4535:Rabbinic
4511:/Hebrew
4456:Haymanot
4383:Orthodox
4370:Branches
4343:Kabbalah
4338:Haskalah
4316:Holiness
4192:dialects
4172:Shassagh
4135:Krymchak
4115:Kayliñña
4009:Yinglish
3985:Galilean
3975:Talmudic
3970:Biblical
3945:Betanure
3864:Biblical
3859:Mishnaic
3854:Medieval
3839:Tiberian
3834:Yemenite
3824:Sephardi
3760:Paradesi
3704:Ḥabbanim
3694:Teimanim
3659:Baghdadi
3632:Maghrebi
3600:Karaites
3578:GruzĂnim
3566:Kochinim
3484:Diaspora
3442:Karaites
3427:Atheists
3364:Timeline
3262:Archived
3172:Kehillah
2961:Archived
2923:See also
2904:tekhelet
2884:Oral Law
2814:halachic
2803:beth din
2713:validity
2517:Category
2475:Kahanism
2422:Feminism
2394:Politics
2278:Biblical
2248:American
2195:Bukharan
2185:American
2085:Shidduch
2061:Clothing
2017:Haymanot
1963:Orthodox
1891:Suriname
1874:Paraguay
1827:Colombia
1726:Portugal
1636:Bulgaria
1573:Thailand
1523:Pakistan
1503:Mongolia
1498:Malaysia
1418:Cambodia
1392:Zimbabwe
1367:Tanzania
1245:Eswatini
1235:Ethiopia
1225:Djibouti
1205:Cameroon
1200:Botswana
1129:Diaspora
1091:Noahides
1064:Marranos
988:Cochinim
973:Bukharim
963:Gruzinim
953:Teimanim
943:Mizrahim
931:Galician
897:conflict
858:Hasidism
848:Haskalah
753:Diaspora
624:timeline
536:Timeline
449:Rabbinic
356:Kabbalah
331:Marriage
307:Tzedakah
297:Holidays
255:Religion
218:a series
216:Part of
155:You may
4934:Italics
4759:Studies
4705:Divorce
4671:Kashrut
4666:Cuisine
4624:Culture
4555:Midrash
4550:Tosefta
4540:Mishnah
4528:Ketuvim
4523:Nevi'im
4486:Schisms
4476:Science
4466:Karaite
4437:Renewal
4398:Litvaks
4393:Hasidic
4348:Sefirot
4333:Halakha
4304:Messiah
4277:Mitzvah
4272:Beliefs
4226:Western
4212:Poylish
4207:Litvish
4197:Eastern
4187:Yiddish
4182:Shuadit
4167:Qwareña
4155:Tetuani
4150:Haketia
4125:Knaanic
4120:Kivruli
4068:Bukhori
4014:Heblish
3950:Hulaulá
3940:Barzani
3896:Yahudic
3829:Mizrahi
3689:Urfalim
3644:Mizrahi
3588:Neofiti
3583:Italkim
3512:Lita'im
3404:Zionism
3356:History
3330:Judaism
2912:shatnez
2900:tzitzit
2892:halakha
2785:Halakha
2725:validus
2717:dignity
2587:halakha
2578:Written
2562:Judaism
2460:General
2451:Zionism
2427:Leftism
2417:Bundism
2341:Knaanic
2301:Yevanic
2286:Yiddish
2243:Yiddish
2238:Israeli
2215:Mizrahi
2205:Israeli
2176:Cuisine
2152:Ancient
2134:Secular
2080:Kashrut
2056:Wedding
2043:Customs
2035:Culture
2012:Science
2007:Renewal
1997:Karaite
1978:Hasidic
1910:Oceania
1896:Uruguay
1864:Jamaica
1844:Ecuador
1812:Bolivia
1756:Ukraine
1731:Romania
1706:Moldova
1686:Hungary
1676:Germany
1671:Georgia
1661:Finland
1656:Estonia
1651:Denmark
1646:Czechia
1631:Belarus
1621:Austria
1616:Armenia
1593:Vietnam
1508:Myanmar
1493:Lebanon
1413:Bahrain
1372:Tunisia
1350:Somalia
1325:Nigeria
1320:Namibia
1310:Morocco
1240:Eritrea
1185:Algeria
1069:Neofiti
978:Italkim
968:Juhurim
878:Zionism
827:Khazars
722:Sicarii
718:Zealots
714:Essenes
701:Schisms
566:Leaders
528:General
520:History
463:Tosefta
458:Midrash
435:Mishnah
417:Ketuvim
412:Nevi'im
361:Customs
292:Shabbat
287:Halakha
279: (
277:Mitzvot
264: (
230:Judaism
98:improve
4742:Hazzan
4732:Prayer
4609:Siddur
4545:Talmud
4509:Tanakh
4444:Neolog
4417:Reform
4405:Modern
4388:Haredi
4311:Ethics
4177:Shassi
4145:Ladino
4110:Karaim
4093:Juhuri
3935:Targum
3849:Signed
3814:Modern
3809:Hebrew
3777:Xuetes
3573:Dönmeh
3532:Yekkes
3252:", in
3198:(1998)
2908:Talmud
2888:Tanakh
2807:mikveh
2623:, and
2595:is of
2522:Portal
2381:Domari
2311:Shassi
2272:Hebrew
2167:Humour
2111:Hiloni
2106:Aliyah
2066:Niddah
2051:Minyan
1986:Reform
1973:Haredi
1968:Modern
1869:Mexico
1854:Guyana
1817:Brazil
1779:Canada
1751:Sweden
1741:Serbia
1736:Russia
1721:Poland
1716:Norway
1696:Latvia
1681:Greece
1666:France
1641:Cyprus
1607:Europe
1578:Turkey
1568:Taiwan
1478:Kuwait
1463:Jordan
1453:Israel
1387:Zambia
1377:Uganda
1295:Malawi
1265:Guinea
1255:Gambia
1190:Angola
1176:Africa
1059:Dönmeh
1054:Anusim
998:Berber
936:Litvak
888:Israel
794:
731:
645:Second
613:
474:Targum
440:Gemara
426:Talmud
398:Tanakh
351:Ethics
302:Prayer
87:, but
4914:Islam
4722:Names
4712:Music
4693:Rebbe
4688:Rabbi
4642:Monen
4597:Zohar
4518:Torah
4513:Bible
3627:Lemba
3502:Chuts
2700:valid
2582:Torah
2470:Labor
2465:Green
2162:Dance
2120:Music
1939:Palau
1859:Haiti
1822:Chile
1746:Spain
1691:Italy
1598:Yemen
1558:Syria
1533:Qatar
1513:Nepal
1458:Japan
1433:India
1423:China
1362:Sudan
1285:Libya
1280:Kenya
1260:Ghana
1250:Gabon
1230:Egypt
1215:Benin
1074:Xueta
1019:Lemba
638:First
503:Zohar
407:Torah
389:Texts
376:Rabbi
366:Rites
266:names
163:, or
3328:and
3326:Jews
3212:and
3181:and
3143:and
3040:2022
2765:Edah
2750:CLAL
1929:Guam
1924:Fiji
1879:Peru
1832:Cuba
1518:Oman
1488:Laos
1448:Iraq
1443:Iran
1400:Asia
1329:Igbo
1300:Mali
319:Brit
228:and
226:Jews
4321:God
2729:lex
2640:on
2143:Art
489:Tur
281:613
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