255:, he introduces the notion of warrant as an alternative to justification and discusses topics like self-knowledge, memories, perception, and probability. Plantinga's "proper function" account argues that as a necessary condition of having warrant, one's "belief-forming and belief-maintaining apparatus of powers" are functioning properly—"working the way it ought to work". Plantinga explains his argument for proper function with reference to a "design plan", as well as an environment in which one's cognitive equipment is optimal for use. Plantinga asserts that the design plan does not require a designer: "it is perhaps possible that evolution (undirected by God or anyone else) has somehow furnished us with our design plans", but the paradigm case of a design plan is like a technological product designed by a human being (like a radio or a wheel). Ultimately, Plantinga argues that epistemological
178:(1967). In that work Plantinga argued that if our belief in other minds is rational without propositional or physical evidence, then belief in God is also rational. In his 1993 works, Plantinga argued that according to classical foundationalism most of us are irrational for having many beliefs we cannot justify, but which foundationalism does not accept as properly basic. Plantinga's second argument against classical foundationalism is that it is self-referentially incoherent. It fails the test of its own rules, which require that it be either self-evident, incorrigible, or evident to the senses.
416:(self-evidence, incorrigibility, and sense-perception) are the only possible criteria for properly basic beliefs. It is as if the Great Pumpkin objector feels that if properly basic beliefs cannot be arrived at by way of one of these criteria, then it follows that just 'any' belief could then be properly basic, precisely because there are no other criteria. But Plantinga says it simply doesn't follow from the rejection of classical foundationalist criteria that all possibility for criteria has been exhausted and this is exactly what the Great Pumpkin objection assumes.
274:(1) the cognitive faculties involved in the production of B are functioning properly...; (2) your cognitive environment is sufficiently similar to the one for which your cognitive faculties are designed; (3) ... the design plan governing the production of the belief in question involves, as purpose or function, the production of true beliefs...; and (4) the design plan is a good one: that is, there is a high statistical or objective probability that a belief produced in accordance with the relevant segment of the design plan in that sort of environment is true.
403:
every
Halloween? Could I properly take that as basic? Suppose I believe that if I flap my arms with sufficient vigor, I can take off and fly about the room; could I defend myself against the charge of irrationality by claiming this belief is basic? If we say that belief in God is properly basic, will we not be committed to holding that just anything, or nearly anything, can properly be taken as basic, thus throwing wide the gates to irrationalism and superstition? (p. 74)
3044:
31:
4075:
3034:
345:, is firstly to make a form of argument against religion impossible—namely, the argument that whether or not Christianity is true, it is irrational—so "the skeptic would have to shoulder the formidable task of demonstrating the falsity of Christian belief" rather than simply dismiss it as irrational. In addition, Plantinga is attempting to provide a philosophical explanation of how Christians should think about their own Christian belief.
441:
197:
of theism and its positive epistemic status suggests to some that the goal of showing theistic belief to be externally warranted requires reasons for supposing that theism is true (Sudduth, 2000). This point is answered by many theistic arguments which purport to provide sufficient propositional and
428:
Other common criticisms of
Plantinga's Reformed epistemology are that belief in God – like other sorts of widely debated and high-stakes beliefs – is "evidence-essential" rather than properly basic; that plausible naturalistic explanations can be given for humans' supposedly "natural" knowledge of
419:
Plantinga takes his counter-argument further, asking how the Great
Pumpkin objector "knows" that such criteria are the only criteria. The objector certainly seems to hold it as 'basic' that the classical foundationalist criteria are all that is available. Yet, such a claim is neither self-evident,
402:
It is tempting to raise the following sort of question. If belief in God can be properly basic, why cannot just any belief be properly basic? Could we not say the same for any bizarre aberration we can think of? What about voodoo or astrology? What about the belief that the Great
Pumpkin returns
181:
In
Plantinga's view, warrant is defined as the property of beliefs that makes them knowledge. Plantinga argues that a properly basic belief in God is warranted when produced by a sound mind, in an environment supportive of proper thought in accord with a design plan successfully aimed at truth.
306:, was published. In this volume, Plantinga's warrant theory is the basis for his theological end: providing a philosophical basis for Christian belief, an argument for why Christian theistic belief can enjoy warrant. In the book, he develops two models for such beliefs, the "A/C" (
248:(Plantinga draws out a difference: justification is a matter of fulfilling one's epistemic duties, whereas warrant is what transforms true belief into knowledge)—put forth by these epistemologists have failed to capture in full what is required for knowledge.
420:
incorrigible, nor evident to the senses. This rebuts the Great
Pumpkin objection by demonstrating the classical foundationalist position to be internally incoherent, propounding an epistemic position which it itself does not follow.
429:
God; and that it is arbitrary and arrogant for
Christians to claim that their faith-beliefs are warranted and true (because vouched for by the Holy Spirit) while denying the validity of non-Christians' religious experiences.
278:
Plantinga seeks to defend this view of proper function against alternative views of proper function proposed by other philosophers which he groups together as "naturalistic", including the "functional generalization" view of
314:) model, and the "Extended A/C" model. The former attempts to show that a belief in God can be justified, warranted and rational, while the Extended model tries to show that core Christian theological beliefs, including the
206:
According to
Reformed epistemology, belief in God can be rational and justified even without arguments or evidence for the existence of God. More specifically, Plantinga argues that belief in God is
70:
describes
Reformed epistemology as "One of the most significant developments in contemporary religious epistemology ... which directly assaults the evidentialist construal of rationality."
58:, which argues that while non-evidential belief may be beneficial, it violates some epistemic duty. Central to Reformed epistemology is the proposition that belief in God may be "
186:
is properly basic and designed to form true belief in God, belief in God is probably warranted if theism is true. Plantinga does not argue that this model is true, but only that
54:) as it applies to religious beliefs. The central proposition of Reformed epistemology is that beliefs can be justified by more than evidence alone, contrary to the positions of
101:
Although
Plantinga's Reformed epistemology developed over three decades, it was not fully articulated until 1993 with the publication of two books in an eventual trilogy:
190:
it is true, theistic belief is also likely true, because then theistic belief would result from our belief-forming faculties functioning as they were designed.
214:
epistemology, he claims belief in God could be justified independently of evidence. His externalist epistemology, called "Proper functionalism", is a form of
1178:
by Keith DeRose. (A critical examination of Alvin Plantinga's provocative claim that Christian beliefs can be justified even without any evidence for them.)
627:
Plantinga, Alvin; Wolterstorff, Nicolas (1983). "'Reason and Belief in God' in Faith and Rationality". Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press: 16–93.
768:
1960:
1608:
1471:
740:
1141:
4049:
1163:
1296:
263:
that holds that warrant is dependent on natural faculties – is best supported by supernaturalist metaphysics – in this case the belief in a
224:
Plantinga discusses his view of Reformed epistemology and proper functionalism in a three-volume series. In the first book of the trilogy,
941:
4097:
412:
Plantinga's answer to this line of thinking is that the objection simply assumes that the criteria for "proper basicality" propounded by
1439:
1412:
3007:
378:
Although Reformed epistemology has been defended by several theistic philosophers, it has both Christian and non-Christian critics.
3018:
17:
1181:
1230:
1340:
2001:
1542:
228:, Plantinga introduces, analyzes, and criticizes 20th-century developments in analytic epistemology, particularly the works of
925:
722:
3482:
3457:
1601:
330:, salvation, etc. can be warranted. Under this model, Christians are warranted in their beliefs because of the work of the
3777:
1200:
87:, an innate divine awareness of God's presence. More recent influences on Reformed epistemology are found in philosopher
3733:
3080:
1893:
1876:
1313:
1291:
697:
267:
or in some designer who has laid out a design plan that includes cognitive faculties conducive to attaining knowledge.
4112:
4107:
3645:
2420:
1169:
668:
606:
564:
170:
is the best-known defender of reformed epistemology. Reformed epistemology includes two arguments against classical
3973:
1537:
3703:
3047:
2705:
2618:
1594:
1175:
3297:
1817:
1402:
4041:
129:
551:
4102:
3838:
3833:
3572:
2997:
2830:
2623:
2482:
2333:
1497:
1031:
Plantinga, Alvin. (1983). "Reason and Belief in God". In Plantinga & Wolterstorff (1983), pp. 16–93.
958:, 2d ed., edited by William Rowe and William Wainwright. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich (1989): 426-437.
737:
3772:
2972:
413:
3956:
2384:
2341:
1871:
1861:
1286:
1276:
1223:
1135:
211:
103:
4021:
3292:
2346:
2011:
1976:
1772:
1555:
1487:
1077:
354:
916:
Beilby, James (2007). "Plantinga's Model of Warranted Christian Belief". In Baker, Deane-Peter (ed.).
3923:
2565:
2026:
1570:
327:
645:
4054:
4003:
3848:
3487:
2683:
2613:
2434:
2199:
2128:
2123:
1822:
464:
1150:
by Keith DeRose. (A critical assessment of Plantinga's response to the "Great Pumpkin Objection.")
3988:
3933:
3792:
3689:
3208:
2880:
2595:
2535:
2527:
2224:
2219:
2006:
1991:
1856:
1550:
1517:
1259:
1208:
256:
245:
1147:
1131:
3738:
3073:
2477:
2296:
1913:
1908:
1617:
1417:
1360:
1355:
1216:
74:
39:
3878:
3782:
3552:
3515:
3467:
3355:
3012:
2967:
2905:
2895:
2234:
2098:
1943:
1918:
1866:
1512:
1444:
1375:
1281:
1269:
954:
Wykstra, Stephen. "Toward a Sensible Evidentialism: on the Notion of ‘Needing Evidence’." In
632:
244:. Plantinga argues that the theories of what he calls "warrant"—what many others have called
88:
1560:
73:
Reformed epistemology was so named because it represents a continuation of the 16th-century
3898:
3547:
3002:
2447:
2379:
2322:
2306:
2291:
2271:
2229:
2103:
1948:
1938:
1923:
1888:
1883:
1851:
1454:
1429:
1392:
1370:
1308:
1303:
1254:
1153:
493:
140:
2645:
1365:
8:
3993:
3624:
3562:
3472:
3409:
3319:
3307:
2987:
2688:
2560:
2439:
2108:
2031:
2021:
1898:
1782:
1777:
1575:
1565:
1532:
1407:
1350:
1323:
522:
454:
47:
3978:
3941:
3908:
3903:
3868:
3825:
3713:
3684:
3604:
3567:
3102:
2977:
2935:
2845:
2810:
2585:
2550:
2452:
2394:
2356:
2351:
2187:
2177:
1981:
1953:
1903:
1694:
1654:
1507:
1492:
1466:
1459:
1345:
1328:
1264:
898:
686:
595:
117:
83:
67:
2740:
2693:
1083:
Wolterstorff, Nicholas. "How Calvin Fathered a Renaissance in Christian Philosophy".
4074:
4031:
3664:
3609:
3599:
3591:
3557:
3442:
3391:
3213:
3066:
3037:
3033:
2915:
2900:
2570:
2517:
2497:
2399:
2389:
2316:
2145:
2135:
1928:
1716:
1636:
1424:
1380:
1333:
921:
902:
718:
693:
664:
602:
560:
446:
387:
229:
2540:
3883:
3743:
3695:
3614:
3432:
2940:
2803:
2773:
2763:
2758:
2655:
2640:
2286:
2182:
2016:
1836:
1807:
1746:
1684:
1449:
1387:
1240:
890:
233:
144:
4078:
3983:
3913:
3669:
3619:
3437:
3324:
2947:
2930:
2885:
2875:
2820:
2793:
2730:
2725:
2710:
2635:
2371:
2361:
1996:
1986:
1787:
1664:
1527:
1522:
1502:
1188:
1076:
Sudduth, Michael. (2000). "Reformed Epistemology and Christian Apologetics". <
1007:, Jordan & Howard-Snyder (eds.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
744:
391:
280:
215:
171:
167:
152:
95:
1189:
Esther Meek, "Knowing, Knowing, Knowing God: Contours of Covenant Epistemology."
3843:
3510:
3334:
3329:
3302:
3171:
2920:
2910:
2850:
2798:
2735:
2630:
2555:
2512:
2492:
2281:
2157:
2118:
1812:
1802:
1797:
1721:
307:
237:
207:
125:
121:
116:
published in 2000. Other prominent defenders of Reformed epistemology include
4091:
3753:
3654:
3246:
3151:
2890:
2815:
2698:
2678:
2590:
2545:
1756:
1318:
459:
284:
241:
55:
198:
physical evidence to warrant that belief, apart from reformed epistemology.
3968:
3873:
3863:
3763:
3728:
3708:
3649:
3577:
3462:
3365:
3312:
2835:
2825:
2788:
2778:
2768:
2660:
2575:
2507:
2404:
2068:
1792:
1741:
1026:
God and Other Minds: A Study of the Rational Justification of Belief in God
359:
358:. However, Plantinga does add brief sections on the latest developments in
323:
288:
260:
156:
59:
51:
3946:
3858:
3787:
3723:
3679:
3497:
3452:
3405:
3339:
3183:
3146:
2855:
2840:
2720:
2715:
2261:
2194:
2113:
2078:
2058:
1726:
1586:
1084:
1003:
Alston, William P. (1996). "Belief, Acceptance, and Religious Faith". In
363:
331:
319:
311:
264:
218:
194:
78:
1647:
1055:
Plantinga, Alvin. (2000b). "Arguments for the Existence of God". In the
881:
Fales, E. (1996). "Plantinga's Case against Naturalistic Epistemology".
4011:
3918:
3893:
3853:
3447:
3218:
3203:
3198:
3166:
3141:
2783:
2580:
2502:
2487:
2276:
2246:
2209:
2167:
2162:
2093:
1731:
1397:
30:
3674:
3505:
3396:
3193:
3178:
3161:
3156:
3136:
2925:
2650:
2472:
2301:
2266:
2251:
2214:
1631:
474:
1078:
http://academics.smcvt.edu/philosophy/faculty/Sudduth/3_frameset.htm
182:
Because there is an epistemically possible model according to which
4026:
3659:
3241:
3188:
3089:
2992:
2982:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2409:
2256:
2172:
2140:
2053:
2045:
1736:
1711:
1679:
1674:
894:
1238:
1195:
4016:
3718:
3629:
3477:
3424:
3360:
3254:
2241:
2152:
2073:
2063:
1706:
1659:
469:
315:
148:
1121:
1111:
3964:
3527:
3114:
2311:
2204:
2083:
1062:
Plantinga, Alvin. (2000c). "Religion and Epistemology". In the
183:
362:
and how they relate to his work. He is especially critical of
34:
Sixteenth-century portrait of John Calvin by an unknown artist
3520:
3370:
3261:
3236:
3131:
2088:
1641:
1005:
Faith, Freedom, and Rationality: Philosophy of Religion Today
292:
63:
3748:
3531:
3401:
3058:
1669:
920:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 125–165.
3888:
3375:
3275:
1751:
998:
Perceiving God: The Epistemology of Religious Experience
337:
James Beilby has argued that the purpose of Plantinga's
162:
1144:
by Michael Sudduth. Saint Michael's College. April 2000
270:
According to Plantinga, a belief, B, is warranted if:
1154:
Why Alston's Mystical Doxastic Practice Is Subjective
626:
436:
201:
46:
is a school of philosophical thought concerning the
1172:
Duncan Pritchard. University of Stirling, Scotland.
1132:
The Epistemology of Religion: Reformed Epistemology
1017:Plantinga, A. & Wolterstorff, N., eds. (1983).
291:and Robert Pargetter. Plantinga also discusses his
283:, the evolutionary/etiological account provided by
1164:Reformed Epistemology Bibliography & time line
685:
594:
159:, and so no basis for belief in God is necessary.
980:Feldman, Richard. “Plantinga on Exclusivism”. In
334:in bringing those beliefs about in the believer.
4089:
692:. Vol. 3. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
559:. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
174:. The first grew out of his earlier argument in
1142:Reformed Epistemology and Christian Apologetics
1019:Faith and Rationality: Reason and Belief in God
717:. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. pp. 19–20.
98:"Reason and Belief in God", published in 1983.
352:, which is intended as a shortened version of
3074:
1602:
1224:
1021:. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
1166:compiled and categorized by Michael Sudduth.
592:
601:. Eerdmans, William B. Publishing Company.
3540:
3081:
3067:
1616:
1609:
1595:
1231:
1217:
822:, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
796:, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
381:
3008:Relationship between religion and science
1156:by Richard Gale, originally published in
1099:Thomas Reid and the Story of Epistemology
683:
658:
549:
62:" and not need to be inferred from other
3824:
1158:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
663:. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press.
293:evolutionary argument against naturalism
155:argued that belief in God is a properly
29:
1101:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
14:
4090:
3101:
1934:Proper basis and Reformed epistemology
1435:Proper basis and Reformed epistemology
915:
521:Craig, William Lane (2 January 2007).
3813:
3100:
3062:
1590:
1212:
1176:Are Christian Beliefs Properly Basic?
1170:Reforming Reformed Epistemology (PDF)
880:
712:
520:
163:Concepts, definitions, and background
92:Reason within the Bounds of Religion,
1092:Reason within the Bounds of Religion
1064:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1057:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
622:
620:
618:
597:Reason within the bounds of religion
581:Institutes of the Christian Religion
545:
543:
516:
514:
1201:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1126:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1116:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
498:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
423:
370:objections to the Christian faith.
287:, and a dispositional view held by
24:
4098:Arguments for the existence of God
1182:Articles on Christian Epistemology
302:In 2000 Plantinga's third volume,
25:
4124:
3646:Attributes of God in Christianity
1160:, Vol. LIV, No. 4, December 1994.
1105:
758:, New York: Oxford UP, 1993, viii
677:
615:
540:
511:
341:trilogy, and specifically of his
202:Plantinga's Reformed epistemology
4073:
3043:
3042:
3032:
1124:by Anthony Bolos and Kyle Scott
1097:Wolterstorff, Nicholas. (2001).
1090:Wolterstorff, Nicholas. (1976).
969:Why Would Anyone Believe in God?
942:"Knowledge and Christian Belief"
439:
3704:Great Architect of the Universe
1071:Knowledge and Christian Belief.
990:
974:
961:
948:
934:
909:
874:
865:
852:
843:
834:
825:
812:
799:
786:
761:
749:
731:
593:Wolterstorff, Nicholas (1976).
27:School of philosophical thought
1239:Arguments for and against the
706:
652:
586:
573:
494:"The Epistemology of Religion"
486:
386:A common objection, known as "
350:Knowledge and Christian Belief
112:. The third in the series was
13:
1:
3483:Trinity of the Church Fathers
480:
398:(1983) describes as follows:
373:
348:In 2016, Plantinga published
3814:
3088:
2973:Desacralization of knowledge
1191:Henry Center lecture (2008).
1114:by Kelly James Clark in the
193:This connection between the
137:argument from a proper basis
66:to be rationally warranted.
7:
3734:Phenomenological definition
2385:Best of all possible worlds
2342:Eschatological verification
1899:Fine-tuning of the universe
1073:Eerdmans: Grand Rapids, MI.
1048:Plantinga, Alvin. (2000a).
1043:Warrant and Proper Function
1041:Plantinga, Alvin. (1993b).
1036:Warrant: the Current Debate
1034:Plantinga, Alvin. (1993a).
1028:. Cornell University Press.
1010:Clark, Kelly James. (1990)
1000:. Cornell University Press.
996:Alston, William P. (1991).
860:Warrant and Proper Function
820:Warrant and Proper Function
807:Warrant: The Current Debate
794:Warrant: The Current Debate
756:Warrant and Proper Function
661:Warrant and Proper Function
553:Warrant: The Current Debate
432:
407:
366:owing to their reliance on
297:Warrant and Proper Function
253:Warrant and Proper Function
226:Warrant: The Current Debate
114:Warranted Christian Belief,
110:Warrant and Proper Function
104:Warrant: The Current Debate
10:
4129:
1052:. Oxford University Press.
1050:Warranted Christian Belief
1045:. Oxford University Press.
1038:. Oxford University Press.
1024:Plantinga, Alvin. (1967).
967:Barrett, Justin L., 2004,
688:Warranted Christian Belief
355:Warranted Christian Belief
343:Warranted Christian Belief
304:Warranted Christian Belief
4071:
4040:
4002:
3955:
3932:
3820:
3809:
3762:
3638:
3590:
3496:
3423:
3384:
3348:
3285:
3274:
3227:
3122:
3113:
3109:
3096:
3028:
2960:
2864:
2749:
2669:
2604:
2526:
2433:
2418:
2370:
2332:
2044:
1969:
1844:
1835:
1765:
1702:
1693:
1624:
1480:
1247:
1094:. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.
1069:Plantinga, Alvin (2015).
1014:. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.
771:L'epistemologia riformata
715:Five Views on Apologetics
684:Plantinga, Alvin (2000).
659:Plantinga, Alvin (1993).
550:Plantinga, Alvin (1993).
414:classical foundationalism
295:in the later chapters of
210:, and due to a religious
4113:Epistemology of religion
4108:Epistemological theories
3488:Trinitarian universalism
2614:Friedrich Schleiermacher
2200:Theories about religions
2002:Inconsistent revelations
1543:Inconsistent revelations
523:"Religious Epistemology"
465:Christian existentialism
18:Reformed epistemologists
3690:Godhead in Christianity
1538:Incompatible properties
382:Great Pumpkin objection
94:published in 1976, and
89:Nicholas Wolterstorff's
2478:Gaunilo of Marmoutiers
1618:Philosophy of religion
1196:"Proper Functionalism"
1184:- from solagratia.org.
1112:Religious Epistemology
1066:. New York: Routledge.
1059:. New York: Routledge.
956:Philosophy of Religion
713:Cowan, Steven (2000).
640:Cite journal requires
405:
322:, the resurrection of
276:
40:philosophy of religion
35:
3516:Fate of the unlearned
3468:Shield of the Trinity
3013:Faith and rationality
2968:Criticism of religion
2906:Robert Merrihew Adams
2896:Nicholas Wolterstorff
2099:Divine command theory
1513:Fate of the unlearned
1122:Reformed Epistemology
883:Philosophy of Science
777:Philosophia Reformata
400:
272:
44:Reformed epistemology
33:
4103:Christian philosophy
3003:Religious philosophy
2483:Pico della Mirandola
2448:Anselm of Canterbury
2380:Augustinian theodicy
2292:Religious skepticism
1625:Concepts in religion
982:Faith and Philosophy
251:In the second book,
141:ontological argument
4050:Slavic Native Faith
3473:Trinitarian formula
3410:Father of Greatness
3293:Abrahamic religions
2988:History of religion
2689:Friedrich Nietzsche
2566:Gottfried W Leibniz
2561:Nicolas Malebranche
2493:King James VI and I
1773:Abrahamic religions
1324:Fine-tuned universe
1148:Voodoo Epistemology
971:, Lanham: AltaMira.
783:Accessed 3 May 2016
455:Presuppositionalism
176:God and Other Minds
81:, who postulated a
48:nature of knowledge
4012:Abrahamic prophecy
3942:Ayyavazhi theology
3714:Apophatic theology
3103:Conceptions of God
2998:Religious language
2978:Ethics in religion
2936:William Lane Craig
2811:Charles Hartshorne
2551:Desiderius Erasmus
2453:Augustine of Hippo
2395:Inconsistent triad
2357:Apophatic theology
2352:Logical positivism
2334:Religious language
1954:Watchmaker analogy
1919:Necessary existent
1695:Conceptions of God
1655:Intelligent design
1376:Necessary existent
1329:Intelligent Design
1319:Existential choice
1287:Kalam cosmological
1087:at Calvin College.
743:2005-12-25 at the
390:objection", which
118:William Lane Craig
84:sensus divinitatis
68:William Lane Craig
36:
4085:
4084:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4062:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3696:Latter Day Saints
3665:Divine simplicity
3586:
3585:
3443:Consubstantiality
3419:
3418:
3270:
3269:
3214:Theistic finitism
3056:
3055:
2956:
2955:
2916:Peter van Inwagen
2901:Richard Swinburne
2846:George I Mavrodes
2706:Vladimir Solovyov
2646:Søren Kierkegaard
2571:William Wollaston
2518:William of Ockham
2498:Marcion of Sinope
2400:Irenaean theodicy
2390:Euthyphro dilemma
2317:Transcendentalism
2146:Womanist theology
2136:Feminist theology
2040:
2039:
1831:
1830:
1717:Divine simplicity
1637:Euthyphro dilemma
1584:
1583:
1547:No limits fallacy
1440:Responses to evil
1366:Mystical idealism
1334:Ontogenetic depth
984:20 (2003): 85-90.
927:978-0-521-67143-9
818:Alvin Plantinga,
792:Alvin Plantinga,
724:978-0-310-22476-1
583:Bk. I, Chap. III.
447:Philosophy portal
388:The Great Pumpkin
230:Roderick Chisholm
96:Alvin Plantinga's
16:(Redirected from
4120:
4077:
3822:
3821:
3811:
3810:
3698:
3538:
3537:
3433:Athanasian Creed
3283:
3282:
3120:
3119:
3111:
3110:
3098:
3097:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3060:
3059:
3046:
3045:
3036:
2941:Ali Akbar Rashad
2804:Reinhold Niebuhr
2764:Bertrand Russell
2759:George Santayana
2656:Albrecht Ritschl
2641:Ludwig Feuerbach
2431:
2430:
2427:(by date active)
2287:Process theology
2032:Russell's teapot
1842:
1841:
1837:Existence of God
1747:Process theology
1700:
1699:
1685:Theological veto
1648:religious belief
1611:
1604:
1597:
1588:
1587:
1576:Russell's teapot
1533:Hitchens's razor
1388:Nyayakusumanjali
1241:existence of God
1233:
1226:
1219:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1012:Return to Reason
985:
978:
972:
965:
959:
952:
946:
945:
938:
932:
931:
913:
907:
906:
878:
872:
871:WPF, p. 199-211.
869:
863:
856:
850:
847:
841:
838:
832:
829:
823:
816:
810:
803:
797:
790:
784:
782:
765:
759:
753:
747:
735:
729:
728:
710:
704:
703:
691:
681:
675:
674:
656:
650:
649:
643:
638:
636:
628:
624:
613:
612:
600:
590:
584:
577:
571:
570:
558:
547:
538:
537:
535:
533:
518:
509:
508:
506:
504:
490:
449:
444:
443:
442:
424:Other objections
234:Laurence BonJour
145:existence of God
130:Michael Bergmann
21:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4079:Religion portal
4059:
4036:
3998:
3979:Holy Scriptures
3951:
3928:
3816:
3797:
3758:
3694:
3670:Divine presence
3634:
3582:
3536:
3492:
3438:Comma Johanneum
3415:
3380:
3344:
3278:
3266:
3223:
3105:
3092:
3087:
3057:
3052:
3024:
2952:
2948:Alexander Pruss
2931:Jean-Luc Marion
2886:Alvin Plantinga
2881:Dewi Z Phillips
2868:
2866:
2860:
2831:Walter Kaufmann
2821:Frithjof Schuon
2794:Rudolf Bultmann
2751:
2745:
2741:Joseph Maréchal
2731:Pavel Florensky
2726:Sergei Bulgakov
2711:Ernst Troeltsch
2694:Harald Høffding
2671:
2665:
2636:William Whewell
2624:Georg W F Hegel
2619:Karl C F Krause
2606:
2600:
2596:Johann G Herder
2586:Baron d'Holbach
2536:Augustin Calmet
2522:
2438:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2414:
2372:Problem of evil
2366:
2362:Verificationism
2328:
2036:
1982:Atheist's Wager
1965:
1827:
1761:
1689:
1665:Problem of evil
1620:
1615:
1585:
1580:
1523:God of the gaps
1493:Atheist's Wager
1476:
1243:
1237:
1194:
1138:, Jul 10, 2006.
1108:
993:
988:
979:
975:
966:
962:
953:
949:
940:
939:
935:
928:
918:Alvin Plantinga
914:
910:
879:
875:
870:
866:
857:
853:
848:
844:
839:
835:
830:
826:
817:
813:
804:
800:
791:
787:
780:
766:
762:
754:
750:
745:Wayback Machine
736:
732:
725:
711:
707:
700:
682:
678:
671:
657:
653:
641:
639:
630:
629:
625:
616:
609:
591:
587:
578:
574:
567:
556:
548:
541:
531:
529:
519:
512:
502:
500:
492:
491:
487:
483:
445:
440:
438:
435:
426:
410:
392:Alvin Plantinga
384:
376:
216:epistemological
204:
184:theistic belief
172:foundationalism
168:Alvin Plantinga
165:
153:Alvin Plantinga
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4126:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4083:
4082:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4046:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4008:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3989:Predestination
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3961:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3938:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3844:Biblical canon
3841:
3836:
3830:
3828:
3818:
3817:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3769:
3767:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3642:
3640:
3639:Other concepts
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3596:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3544:
3542:
3535:
3534:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3513:
3511:Apocalypticism
3508:
3502:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3425:Trinitarianism
3421:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3399:
3394:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3340:Zoroastrianism
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3289:
3287:
3280:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3172:Urmonotheismus
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3117:
3107:
3106:
3094:
3093:
3086:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3063:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3040:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2961:Related topics
2958:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2921:Daniel Dennett
2918:
2913:
2911:Ravi Zacharias
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2876:William L Rowe
2872:
2870:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2851:William Alston
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2799:Gabriel Marcel
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2736:Ernst Cassirer
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2675:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2631:Thomas Carlyle
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2556:Baruch Spinoza
2553:
2548:
2543:
2541:René Descartes
2538:
2532:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2513:Thomas Aquinas
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2428:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2282:Possibilianism
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2158:Fundamentalism
2155:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2119:Existentialism
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2012:Noncognitivism
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1961:Transcendental
1958:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1929:Pascal's wager
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1864:
1859:
1857:Christological
1854:
1848:
1846:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1639:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1556:Noncognitivism
1553:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1498:Creator of God
1495:
1490:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1472:Transcendental
1469:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1425:Pascal's wager
1422:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1260:Christological
1257:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1236:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1192:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1129:
1119:
1107:
1106:External links
1104:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1001:
992:
989:
987:
986:
973:
960:
947:
933:
926:
908:
895:10.1086/289920
889:(3): 432–451.
873:
864:
851:
842:
833:
824:
811:
798:
785:
760:
748:
730:
723:
705:
699:978-0195131925
698:
676:
669:
651:
642:|journal=
614:
607:
585:
572:
565:
539:
510:
484:
482:
479:
478:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
451:
450:
434:
431:
425:
422:
409:
406:
383:
380:
375:
372:
238:William Alston
208:properly basic
203:
200:
164:
161:
126:Michael C. Rea
122:William Alston
60:properly basic
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4125:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4080:
4076:
4070:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4022:Denominations
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3995:
3994:Last Judgment
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3812:
3808:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3755:
3754:Unmoved mover
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3655:Binitarianism
3653:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3376:Supreme Being
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3247:Gender of God
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3152:Kathenotheism
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3084:
3079:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3049:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2891:Anthony Kenny
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2816:Mircea Eliade
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2699:William James
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2679:Ernst Haeckel
2677:
2676:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2591:Immanuel Kant
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2546:Blaise Pascal
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2424:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2347:Language game
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2017:Occam's razor
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1862:Consciousness
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1757:Unmoved mover
1755:
1753:
1752:Supreme Being
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1561:Occam's Razor
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1277:Consciousness
1275:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1136:Peter Forrest
1133:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1002:
999:
995:
994:
983:
977:
970:
964:
957:
951:
943:
937:
929:
923:
919:
912:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
877:
868:
861:
855:
846:
837:
828:
821:
815:
808:
802:
795:
789:
778:
775:, article on
774:
772:
764:
757:
752:
746:
742:
739:
734:
726:
720:
716:
709:
701:
695:
690:
689:
680:
672:
670:9780195078640
666:
662:
655:
647:
634:
623:
621:
619:
610:
608:9780802816436
604:
599:
598:
589:
582:
579:See Calvin's
576:
568:
566:9780195078619
562:
555:
554:
546:
544:
528:
524:
517:
515:
499:
495:
489:
485:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
460:Neo-orthodoxy
458:
456:
453:
452:
448:
437:
430:
421:
417:
415:
404:
399:
397:
393:
389:
379:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
356:
351:
346:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
285:Ruth Millikan
282:
275:
271:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
249:
247:
246:justification
243:
242:Alvin Goldman
239:
235:
231:
227:
222:
220:
217:
213:
209:
199:
196:
191:
189:
185:
179:
177:
173:
169:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
105:
99:
97:
93:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
56:evidentialism
53:
49:
45:
41:
32:
19:
3889:Hamartiology
3874:Ecclesiology
3864:Pneumatology
3773:Christianity
3764:Names of God
3739:Philo's view
3729:Personal god
3709:Great Spirit
3648: /
3605:Christianity
3463:Perichoresis
3366:Emanationism
3308:Christianity
3298:Baháʼí Faith
3276:Singular god
3249:
3209:Spiritualism
3017:
2836:Martin Lings
2789:Emil Brunner
2779:Paul Tillich
2769:Martin Buber
2684:W K Clifford
2661:Afrikan Spir
2576:Thomas Chubb
2528:Early modern
2508:Adi Shankara
2421:Philosophers
2405:Natural evil
2321:
2297:Spiritualism
2272:Perennialism
2225:Metaphysical
2069:Antireligion
1944:Teleological
1933:
1867:Cosmological
1818:Baháʼí Faith
1783:Christianity
1742:Personal god
1445:Teleological
1434:
1297:Metaphysical
1282:Cosmological
1270:Resurrection
1199:
1157:
1125:
1115:
1098:
1091:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1004:
997:
991:Bibliography
981:
976:
968:
963:
955:
950:
936:
917:
911:
886:
882:
876:
867:
862:, 1993. 194.
859:
854:
845:
836:
827:
819:
814:
806:
801:
793:
788:
781:(in Italian)
776:
773:(Plantinga)"
770:
763:
755:
751:
733:
714:
708:
687:
679:
660:
654:
633:cite journal
596:
588:
580:
575:
552:
530:. Retrieved
526:
501:. Retrieved
497:
488:
427:
418:
411:
401:
395:
385:
377:
367:
360:epistemology
353:
349:
347:
342:
338:
336:
303:
301:
296:
289:John Bigelow
281:John Pollock
277:
273:
269:
261:epistemology
252:
250:
225:
223:
205:
192:
187:
180:
175:
166:
157:basic belief
136:
134:
113:
109:
102:
100:
91:
82:
77:theology of
72:
52:epistemology
43:
37:
3947:Krishnology
3924:Soteriology
3879:Eschatology
3859:Christology
3724:Open theism
3680:Exotheology
3578:Zoroastrian
3541:By religion
3498:Eschatology
3453:Homoiousian
3406:Ahura Mazda
3184:Panentheism
3147:Hermeticism
2856:Antony Flew
2841:Peter Geach
2774:René Guénon
2721:Lev Shestov
2716:Rudolf Otto
2423:of religion
2262:Panentheism
2195:Inclusivism
2114:Exclusivism
2109:Esotericism
2079:Creationism
2059:Agnosticism
2027:Poor design
2022:Omnipotence
1949:Natural law
1924:Ontological
1877:Contingency
1727:Holy Spirit
1571:Poor design
1566:Omnipotence
1455:Natural law
1418:Mulla Sudra
1393:Ontological
1371:Natural-law
1351:Mathematics
1292:Contingency
858:Plantinga,
805:Plantinga,
738:Origins.org
364:New Atheism
332:Holy Spirit
320:Incarnation
265:creator God
219:reliabilism
212:externalist
195:truth value
147:related to
79:John Calvin
4092:Categories
4032:Philosophy
3919:Sophiology
3899:Philosophy
3894:Messianism
3854:Paterology
3458:Hypostasis
3448:Homoousian
3279:theologies
3219:Theopanism
3204:Polytheism
3167:Monotheism
3142:Henotheism
2826:J L Mackie
2784:Karl Barth
2581:David Hume
2503:Maimonides
2488:Heraclitus
2277:Polytheism
2247:Nondualism
2235:Humanistic
2220:Naturalism
2210:Monotheism
2168:Henotheism
2163:Gnosticism
2094:Demonology
1977:747 gambit
1894:Experience
1732:Misotheism
1488:747 gambit
1460:Watchmaker
1408:Meinongian
1314:Experience
840:WPF, p. 21
809:, 1993. 3.
527:BeThinking
481:References
374:Criticisms
257:naturalism
3909:Practical
3904:Political
3869:Cosmology
3826:Christian
3685:Holocaust
3675:Egotheism
3630:Goddesses
3625:Mormonism
3553:Christian
3506:Afterlife
3392:Sustainer
3199:Polydeism
3194:Pantheism
3179:Mysticism
3162:Monolatry
3157:Nontheism
3137:Dystheism
2926:Loyal Rue
2651:Karl Marx
2473:Gaudapada
2302:Shamanism
2267:Pantheism
2252:Nontheism
2230:Religious
2215:Mysticism
2188:Christian
2178:Religious
2129:Atheistic
2124:Christian
2007:Nonbelief
1992:Free will
1808:Mormonism
1632:Afterlife
1551:Nonbelief
1518:Free will
1467:Trademark
1341:Knowledge
903:170510977
849:WPF, 237.
831:WPF, p. 4
532:1 October
503:1 October
475:Calvinism
328:atonement
4027:Kabbalah
3974:Prophets
3849:Glossary
3815:By faith
3778:Hinduism
3660:Demiurge
3650:in Islam
3610:Hinduism
3600:Buddhism
3592:Feminist
3548:Buddhist
3356:Absolute
3349:Concepts
3325:Hinduism
3320:Buddhism
3286:By faith
3250:and gods
3242:Divinity
3228:Concepts
3189:Pandeism
3090:Theology
3048:Category
2993:Religion
2983:Exegesis
2468:Boethius
2463:Averroes
2458:Avicenna
2440:medieval
2410:Theodicy
2257:Pandeism
2173:Humanism
2141:Thealogy
2084:Dharmism
2054:Acosmism
2046:Theology
1914:Morality
1909:Miracles
1788:Hinduism
1778:Buddhism
1737:Pandeism
1712:Demiurge
1680:Theodicy
1508:Evil God
1450:Junkyard
1381:Seddiqin
1361:Morality
1356:Miracles
1265:Trilemma
767:Compare
741:Archived
433:See also
408:Rebuttal
143:for the
75:Reformed
4017:Aggadah
3965:Oneness
3957:Islamic
3839:Outline
3834:History
3793:Judaism
3788:Jainism
3744:Process
3719:Olelbis
3620:Judaism
3563:Islamic
3478:Trinity
3361:Brahman
3335:Sikhism
3330:Jainism
3303:Judaism
3255:Goddess
3019:more...
2752:postwar
2435:Ancient
2323:more...
2242:New Age
2183:Secular
2153:Fideism
2104:Dualism
2074:Atheism
2064:Animism
1970:Against
1813:Sikhism
1803:Judaism
1798:Jainism
1707:Brahman
1660:Miracle
1481:Against
1187:VIDEO:
1085:Lecture
470:Fideism
396:Warrant
368:de jure
339:Warrant
316:Trinity
308:Aquinas
259:– i.e.
149:fideism
38:In the
4055:Wiccan
4004:Jewish
3984:Angels
3914:Public
3884:Ethics
3573:Taoist
3568:Jewish
3528:Heaven
3385:God as
3115:Theism
3038:Portal
2312:Theism
2205:Monism
1939:Reason
1889:Desire
1884:Degree
1852:Beauty
1766:God in
1722:Egoism
1675:Spirit
1430:Reason
1398:Anselm
1309:Desire
1304:Degree
1255:Beauty
1128:(IEP).
1118:(IEP).
924:
901:
721:
696:
667:
605:
563:
326:, the
324:Christ
318:, the
312:Calvin
240:, and
139:is an
128:, and
64:truths
4042:Pagan
3934:Hindu
3783:Islam
3615:Islam
3558:Hindu
3521:Fitra
3371:Logos
3313:Islam
3262:Numen
3237:Deity
3132:Deism
3123:Forms
2307:Taoic
2089:Deism
1872:Kalam
1823:Wicca
1793:Islam
1642:Faith
1413:Modal
1403:Gödel
1134:- by
1080:>.
899:S2CID
557:(PDF)
3749:Tian
3532:Hell
3402:Good
3397:Time
2869:2010
2867:1990
2865:1970
2750:1920
2672:1900
2670:1880
2607:1850
2605:1800
1997:Hell
1987:Evil
1904:Love
1670:Soul
1528:Hell
1503:Evil
1346:Love
922:ISBN
719:ISBN
694:ISBN
665:ISBN
646:help
603:ISBN
561:ISBN
534:2016
505:2016
135:The
108:and
3969:God
3967:of
2437:and
1845:For
1646:or
1248:For
891:doi
394:in
4094::
3766:in
3530:/
3408:,
1198:.
897:.
887:63
885:.
779:.
637::
635:}}
631:{{
617:^
542:^
525:.
513:^
496:.
299:.
236:,
232:,
221:.
188:if
151:.
132:.
124:,
120:,
42:,
3412:)
3404:(
3082:e
3075:t
3068:v
1610:e
1603:t
1596:v
1232:e
1225:t
1218:v
1204:.
944:.
930:.
905:.
893::
769:"
727:.
702:.
673:.
648:)
644:(
611:.
569:.
536:.
507:.
310:/
106:,
50:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
