891:
other
Audiencias inside the same viceroyalty: as the pretorial Audiencias chaired by a governor-captain general, who had administrative, political and military authority, as the subordinated Audiencias, whose president did not have this administrative, political and military authority. Therefore, as governor, the direct administration of the province where was placed the viceregal capital belonged to the viceroy; nevertheless, with respect to the other governorates of the viceroyalty, his function was mere oversight or general inspection over the management of political affairs. The imprecision in defining the powers of the viceroy and those of the provincial governors allowed the Crown to control their officials.
848:
1047:
226:
630:(president) of the audiencia. Likewise the governor-captain general served in this function in the various audiencias located in the capital of a captaincy general. In both cases the president had no vote in judicial matters, unless he was a trained lawyer, and only oversaw the administration of the court.
875:), nevertheless, there were matters as dispatching the issues of government, in which the Audiencia could not interfere either with the viceroy or the president-governor. This way, the control of the Audiencias over the viceroys enabled to the Crown to control the functions of government of the viceroys.
843:
As the pretorial
Audiencias were chaired by a governor-captain general, this situation caused to appear the post of president-governor of major districts, with direct rule over a province and superior control of other provinces included inside the territorial district of the Audiencia, so that they
839:
The fact that
Audiencia presidents were not necessarily magistrates or lawyers, but men "clad in sword and cape", meant that they did not have any vote in court cases, and the court was not bound to submit to their authority, deferring ultimately to the crown. Thus, the authority of the president,
890:
Although there were accumulated in the same person the offices of viceroy, governor, captain general and president of the
Audiencia, each of them had different jurisdictional areas. The jurisdiction of the viceregal Audiencia, whose president was the viceroy, ended face up to the jurisdiction of
878:
While the viceregal and pretorial
Audiencias were chaired by men clad in sword and cape, the presidents of the subordinated Audiencias were magistrates, so that, in the juridisdiccional scope of the subordinated Audiencias, the functions of government, Treasury and war belonged to the viceroy.
840:
when he was not a magistrate, was void in judicial matter and merely signed the verdicts. The
Audiencias chaired by the viceroy were called viceregal Audiencias, and the chaired ones by a governor-captain general were the pretorial Audiencias.
844:
exercised functions similar to the viceroys. Thus, another administrative division appeared: while the territories in charge of a governor were the minor provinces, the juridisdiccional scope of the
Audiencias constituted the major provinces.
496:, which also involved setting up new viceroyalties. The new dynasty found no need for the second Audiencia of Panama and abolished it in 1751, transferring its jurisdiction to the one in Bogotá. New audiencias were established in:
1022:
institution of the viceroy. The
Aragonese viceroys were literally "vice-kings," and as such, had the power to administer justice and issue laws; therefore they were integrally involved in the judicial proceedings of the Italian
289:
system would not be sufficient to effectively run the overseas government. Viceroys were therefore introduced, but without the judicial powers the office had enjoyed under the
Aragonese Crown. In the New World, instead, the
575:. Their importance in handling the affairs of state is reflected in the fact that many of the modern countries of Spanish-speaking South America and Panama have boundaries that are roughly the same as those of the former
760:, or crown attorney, meeting as only one chamber overseeing both civil and criminal cases. By the 17th century it had grown to two chambers handling civil and criminal cases separately. The civil chamber had eight
871:), or retention of bulls, but the advice did not correspond to the Audiencia as institution but to its members as reputable people. The decisions of the royal agreement were established in the concerted writs (
559:
had legislative and executive functions in addition to their judicial ones, and thus represented the king in his role as maker of laws and dispenser of justice, as evidenced by the fact that, as
324:) in 1511 with jurisdiction over the Caribbean islands and the adjacent mainland. It was quickly suppressed due to opposition by the Spanish settlers, but was re-established permanently in 1526.
926:(1526-). The viceroy of New Spain as governor only had jurisdiction over a more reduced governorate of New Spain, and as captain general his authority did not comprise either the captaincies of
938:, which was a territory under the jurisdiction of the Audiencia of Guadalajara, until in 1708 the captaincy general was attached to the governor of this province of Nueva Galicia.
693:(literally, "judgement of the period in office") was carried out, which reviewed the president's performance on the job and collected interviews many people affected by the
4357:
358:, 1538, overseeing Central America and the littoral regions of northern South America until its abolishment in 1543. It later was reestablished with jurisdiction only over
973:(1661–1672), whose presidents were also both governors and captains general, and in addition to these Audiencias, the viceroyalty comprised the subordinated Audiencias of
20:
661:
district and the region was often referred to as a "presidency," (e.g., the
Presidency of Quito). The viceroy retained the right to oversee the administration of these
879:
Therefore, in these sections of the viceroyalties there were no governors-captains general but Audiencias, and the presidency gave them the name, for example in
3487:
2496:
3507:
2422:
4425:
129:
653:"), in the case of the former. In the remaining audiencias, such as in Quito, where there was no viceroy or captain general, the president of the
3972:
3467:
4519:
4430:
3517:
3122:
2480:
4514:
1663:
Derecho y administracion pub'lica en las Indias hispánicas: Actas del XII Congreso Internacional de Historia del Derecho Indiano, Toledo
4469:
302:. Most of the laws dealing with the establishment of the 16th- and 17th-century audiencias can be found in Book II, Title XV of the
4337:
3441:
2119:
3421:
186:
system was extended first in Spain proper, with the Royal Audiencia of Aragon (1528) and then to the rest of the Spanish Empire.
2019:
2559:
4195:
2306:
1972:
1951:
1892:
1859:
1832:
1805:
1778:
1751:
1724:
1697:
1670:
1641:
1608:
1579:
1550:
1523:
1496:
1469:
1442:
1415:
1388:
1362:
1331:
1302:
1270:
1240:
1210:
824:
also served as the court of first instance for crimes committed in the immediate jurisdiction of the city that served as the
520:
3157:
3026:
2653:
2649:
4290:
4285:
3653:
3059:
2702:
2155:
626:
decisions. In turn, in the viceregal capitals of Spanish America, such as Mexico and Lima, the viceroy himself served as a
340:
285:
under royal control. With the vast conquests on the American mainland, which began in the 1520s, it became clear that the
4352:
3472:
374:
2341:
4119:
3436:
3372:
3094:
3074:
2549:
2281:
2244:
4484:
3588:
4185:
4094:
3492:
3036:
2589:
2219:
2091:
2076:
2055:
2008:
2001:
1934:
713:, was created which removed most of the administrative functions from the viceroy or captain general. Their role as
614:
also oversaw the royal treasury, and when meeting in this capacity with the royal treasurer, it was referred to as a
381:, settled earlier, remained under the jurisdiction of the Audiencia of Santo Domingo until the establishment of the
4385:
3069:
2553:
2331:
923:
317:
3761:
3696:
1992:
Elliott, J. H. "A Provincial Aristocracy: The Catalan Ruling Class in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries" in
949:(1542-), and the jurisdiction of this Audiencia ended face up to the jurisdictions of the pretorial Audiencias of
447:
365:
In 1543 with the abolition of the first Audiencia of Panama, two audiencias were established in its place: one in
250:
4529:
4322:
4114:
3901:
3701:
3250:
3185:
2771:
2673:
970:
512:
485:
294:
were given a consultative and quasi-legislative role in the administration of the territories. Both viceroys and
4240:
3756:
3200:
3084:
927:
687:
officials, especially the president, were subject to two forms of review. At the end of the president's term, a
4342:
4280:
4079:
3497:
3210:
3190:
3162:
3079:
3054:
2914:
2722:
2629:
2569:
2536:
911:
606:" to the viceroy or governor-captain general. In this function it often met weekly and was called by the term
500:
392:
4305:
4134:
3891:
4457:
4435:
4390:
4332:
4310:
4124:
3896:
3578:
3367:
3352:
2437:
2301:
2254:
175:
3686:
2013:. University of California publications in history; v. 15. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.
4327:
4295:
3826:
3691:
3127:
2507:
2316:
2112:
903:
867:), to take measurements for the government concerning the review of bylaws, appointments of commissioners (
366:
4315:
3648:
836:
could be appealed to the Council of the Indies, and only then within a statute of limitation of one year.
4300:
4200:
3831:
3283:
3215:
2184:
958:
527:
After the loss of Santo Domingo to the French in 1795, the Audiencia of Santo Domingo was transferred to
479:
3751:
3658:
799:
heard appeals from cases initially handled by justices of first instance, which could be, among others,
4235:
3598:
3245:
3132:
3044:
3016:
2643:
2613:
2418:
2249:
974:
880:
560:
411:
382:
195:
3618:
3573:
4154:
4104:
3962:
3861:
3357:
3230:
3195:
3147:
3049:
2661:
2545:
2234:
2204:
2199:
950:
899:
730:
457:
355:
336:
2779:
902:, chaired by the viceroy, ended its jurisdiction face up to the jurisdiction of other Audiencias of
523:
in the early 19th century, the overseas possessions of the Spanish Monarchy were overseen by twelve
4509:
4099:
3982:
3942:
3881:
3876:
3816:
3235:
3225:
3011:
2714:
2625:
2326:
2032:
The Audiencia of New Galicia in the Sixteenth Century : a Study in Spanish Colonial Government
978:
907:
884:
852:
506:
421:
4479:
3558:
2791:
2311:
1659:"Virreyes y Audiencias de Indias en el reinado de don Felipe II: Algunos señalamientos necesarios"
132:
functioned as the highest court in Castile for the next two centuries. Appeals from the Castilian
4524:
4149:
4007:
3851:
3791:
3741:
3643:
3240:
3205:
3152:
2787:
2657:
2621:
2351:
2224:
2209:
2105:
1568:"Su Majestad quiere gobernar: la Administración española en Indias durante los siglos XVI y XVII"
946:
370:
3342:
4440:
4012:
3947:
3451:
3337:
3220:
3180:
2824:
2617:
2276:
2266:
1658:
954:
402:
3583:
1884:
1795:
1633:
1567:
1540:
1513:
1432:
1405:
1378:
1348:
1319:
1200:
931:
622:) also had the right to correspond directly with the crown, especially on treasury issues and
433:
373:
with jurisdiction over the newly settled areas of South America, which had been gained by the
3886:
3296:
3117:
3006:
2945:
2873:
2783:
2484:
2164:
1822:
1768:
1741:
1714:
1687:
1596:
1486:
1459:
1292:
1260:
1230:
851:
Former Viceregal Palace and seat of the Audiencia of Mexico, since independence in 1821, the
804:
701:(literally, "visits"), were also carried out if the crown felt it was needed. As part of the
299:
4420:
3821:
3608:
3568:
3527:
2501:
1849:
1232:
Cedulario americano del siglo XVIII: Cédulas de Luis I (1724), Cédulas de Felipe V (1724–46)
4395:
4064:
4027:
4017:
3957:
3856:
3836:
3731:
3543:
3362:
2239:
2229:
2060:
Coronas González, S.M. (1981), "La Audiencia y Chancilleria de Ciudad Real (1494–1505)" en
1983:
1964:
The Audiencia in the Spanish Colonies as Illustrated by the Audiencia of Malina (1583-1800)
1943:
From Impotence to Authority : The Spanish Crown and the American Audiencias, 1687-1808
919:
689:
591:
of the regions they oversaw, and so they served as a check on the authority of the latter.
155:
was divided in two, with the Audiencia of Valladolid taking cases originating north of the
3921:
3711:
3633:
962:
8:
4464:
4220:
4205:
4089:
4069:
4022:
4002:
3806:
3801:
3746:
3716:
3482:
3107:
3064:
3021:
2950:
2919:
2690:
2669:
2635:
2541:
2511:
2442:
2286:
2259:
2159:
1007:
942:
915:
465:
281:
into the Americas as part of its campaign to bring the area and its Spanish settlers and
4210:
3911:
1093:
441:
4225:
4215:
4190:
4144:
4109:
3967:
3676:
3553:
3426:
2924:
2904:
2564:
2452:
2179:
1827:(in Spanish). Universidad Católica Andrés Bello, Universidad de los Andes. p. 69.
1068:
725:
in writing, not in verbal commands. This created a record that could be checked later.
321:
305:
179:
137:
3548:
3477:
2030:
273:, the two institutions were also united, but with a different power relationship. The
4405:
4347:
4180:
3952:
3926:
3916:
3906:
3841:
3796:
3726:
3706:
3681:
3628:
3603:
2868:
2395:
2336:
2291:
2150:
2087:
2072:
2051:
1997:
1968:
1947:
1930:
1888:
1877:
1855:
1828:
1801:
1774:
1747:
1720:
1693:
1666:
1637:
1626:
1604:
1575:
1546:
1519:
1492:
1465:
1438:
1411:
1384:
1358:
1327:
1298:
1266:
1236:
1206:
1011:
219:
2426:
1941:
1601:
Historia y sociabilidad: homenaje a la profesora María del Carmen Melendreras Gimeno
1572:
Historia y sociabilidad: homenaje a la profesora María del Carmen Melendreras Gimeno
599:
4037:
4032:
3997:
3977:
3736:
3613:
3512:
3416:
2878:
2718:
1028:
784:
had sundry other officers such as notaries, bailiffs, and the equivalent of modern
492:
The last colonial audiencias were created under the Bourbon kings as part of their
274:
266:
121:
48:
37:
4415:
2447:
87:
4480:
Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
4230:
4170:
4084:
3992:
3866:
3846:
3811:
3593:
3563:
3502:
3112:
3102:
2998:
2883:
2775:
2732:
2492:
2400:
2271:
1599:. In Juan Bautista Vilar; Antonio Peñafiel Ramón; Antonio Irigoyen López (eds.).
1570:. In Juan Bautista Vilar; Antonio Peñafiel Ramón; Antonio Irigoyen López (eds.).
1019:
863:) of the Audiencia met with the president in a committee called royal agreement (
785:
717:
president became honorary. A viceroy or captain general, as the president of the
702:
493:
429:
348:
215:
92:
56:
4139:
4074:
3987:
3871:
3623:
3446:
3431:
3332:
3306:
3291:
2767:
2761:
2665:
2432:
2346:
2296:
2174:
2128:
1354:
833:
64:
2579:
2082:
Sánchez Bella, Ismael; De la Hera, Alberto; y Díaz Rementeria, Carlos (1992),
4503:
3638:
2488:
2405:
2214:
997:
935:
710:
705:, further limits were placed on viceroys and captains general. The office of
603:
572:
437:
396:
1665:(in Spanish). Vol. 2. Universidad de Castilla La Mancha. p. 1709.
832:
was the court of final appeal. Only civil cases involving more than 10,000
388:
By the end of the 16th century six more audiencias had been established in:
4410:
4400:
4129:
3668:
3522:
3347:
2863:
2639:
2321:
2169:
1052:
282:
3721:
3311:
3137:
2706:
2584:
1962:
461:
270:
207:
160:
3301:
528:
257:
4175:
2909:
2189:
415:
125:
3142:
2899:
2799:
2574:
2476:
2410:
1006:
in the Spanish possessions in Europe included the Italian domains of
895:
828:
s seat and any case involving crown officials. In criminal cases the
588:
535:
and renamed the Audiencia of Puerto Príncipe. In 1838 a second Cuban
378:
3316:
2194:
966:
406:
203:
847:
4474:
4445:
2955:
2940:
2097:
808:
584:
425:
331:
were founded in the new areas of settlement. The first mainland
199:
191:
168:
148:
1383:(in Spanish). Vol. 10. Ediciones Rialp. 1992. p. 611.
934:, but it comprised the military command over the governorate of
637:
with a viceroy or captain general in charge were referred to as
3411:
2965:
2960:
2737:
540:
359:
344:
1927:
Biographical Dictionary of Audiencia Ministers in the Americas
665:
districts, but could not interfere in judicial matters. These
4452:
2726:
2390:
2048:
Enciclopedia de Historia de España. (V. Diccionario Temático)
816:
800:
737:" ("your grace", in the singular) and addressed directly as "
451:
156:
144:
101:
60:
1793:
190:
in cities and provinces that belong to Spain today included
2795:
2710:
532:
225:
143:
After the union of the crowns of Castile and Aragon in the
2688:
1794:
Garavaglia, Juan Carlos; Marchena Fernández, Juan (2005).
1770:
La Península de Yucatán en el Archivo General de la Nación
1488:
La Península de Yucatán en el Archivo General de la Nación
2010:
Viceregal Administration in the Spanish-American Colonies
1746:(in Spanish). Fundacion Biblioteca Ayacucho. p. 65.
327:
As the Spanish conquest of the continent continued, more
1461:
Theatrum mundi: entramados del poder en Charcas colonial
1294:
Theatrum mundi: entramados del poder en Charcas colonial
1265:(in Spanish). Vol. 1. Editorial Juris. p. 28.
1014:(1569–1707). In Italy, the Castilian institution of the
163:(1494) taking cases from south of the river. The second
369:
with jurisdiction over Central America and another in
67:. The name of the institution literally translates as
2443:
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
1515:
Estudios sobre la historia colonial de hispanoamérica
1437:(in Spanish). Universidad de Salamanca. p. 513.
1407:
Las presidencias-gobernaciones en Indias (siglo XVI)
1042:
792:
had a composition similar to the early Mexican one.
748:
varied over time and place. For example, the first
2071:, México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
1740:Morón, Guillermo (1995). Medina, José Ramón (ed.).
555:Unlike their peninsular counterparts, the overseas
1876:
1625:
618:(literally, "finance board"). The crown attorney (
343:, which had jurisdiction over most of what is now
1797:América Latina de los orígenes a la Independencia
1545:(in Spanish). Fondo Editorial PUCP. p. 473.
1430:
721:, was charged by law with corresponding with the
4501:
1538:
1326:(in Spanish). Vol. 2. UNESCO. p. 464.
543:, and from 1831 to 1853 Puerto Rico had its own
2987:
1766:
1594:
1484:
1317:
1847:
1820:
1800:(in Spanish). Editorial Critica. p. 267.
1434:España y los españoles en los tiempos modernos
424:, 1565, with jurisdiction over most of modern
53:Reial Audiència, Audiència Reial, or Audiència
2632:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
2113:
1719:(in Spanish). Vol. 1. UNAM. p. 50.
1692:(in Spanish). Vol. 1. UNAM. p. 45.
1565:
1346:
1235:(in Spanish). Vol. 3. CSIC. p. 32.
697:performance. Unscheduled inspections, called
399:), 1548, covering what is now northern Mexico
362:proper in 1564, which functioned until 1751.
2307:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
1824:La Capitanía General de Venezuela, 1777–1821
1205:(in Spanish). Editorial Ariel. p. 276.
1198:
1464:(in Spanish). Plural Editores. p. 41.
1403:
1297:(in Spanish). Plural Editores. p. 38.
1262:Manual de historia constitucional Argentina
1228:
16:Appellate court within Spain and its empire
2120:
2106:
2035:. Cambridge, Eng. : University Press.
1996:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.
1960:
1939:
1712:
1685:
1457:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1254:
1252:
1224:
1222:
1194:
1192:
1116:
1114:
261:in the Americas and the Philippine Islands
4426:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
1350:Diccionario de historia moderna de España
550:
105:(Spanish: judges, literally, "hearers").
4431:Colonial universities in the Philippines
1925:Burkholder, Mark A. and D. S. Chandler.
1031:was created to oversee the viceroys and
945:, the viceroy presided the Audiencia of
846:
677:", although this did not imply that the
488:, which only operated from 1661 to 1672.
454:), 1565, but which was abolished in 1575
224:
3422:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
1982:Elliott, J. H. (John Huxtable) (1964).
1981:
1874:
1656:
1623:
1511:
1279:
1249:
1219:
1189:
1111:
583:shared many government duties with the
482:, 1609, replacing the one in Concepción
4502:
4375:
2069:Manual de Historia del Derecho Indiano
2017:
2006:
984:
222:, which had been established in 1494.
108:
4374:
4270:
4269:
3393:
3271:
2986:
2845:
2813:
2750:
2687:
2602:
2525:
2465:
2379:
2368:
2140:
2139:
2101:
2028:
1739:
1258:
36:
4520:Spanish colonization of the Americas
2703:Captaincy General of the Philippines
2195:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
1603:(in Spanish). EDITUM. p. xxix.
1380:Historia general de España y América
4406:Indochristian painting in New Spain
2526:
2067:Dougnac Rodríguez, Antonio (1994),
2029:Parry, J. H. (John Horace) (1948).
1929:. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1982.
1574:(in Spanish). EDITUM. p. 282.
1542:Lecciones de derecho constitucional
1318:Lohmann Villena, Guillermo (1999).
918:in 1548 and transferred in 1560 to
657:served as the main governor of the
354:This audiencia was followed by the
316:in the Americas was established at
13:
4515:Subdivisions of the Spanish Empire
3373:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
2846:
2127:
1967:. University of California Press.
1961:Cunningham, Charles Henry (1919).
1914:
1854:(in Spanish). UNAM. p. viii.
1821:Méndez Salcedo, Ildefonso (2002).
1431:Fernández Álvarez, Manuel (1979).
1324:Historia general de América Latina
1322:. In Carrera Damas, Germán (ed.).
1229:Muro Orejón, Antonio, ed. (1977).
969:de Chile since 1605), and that of
405:, 1548, overseeing most of modern
403:Santa Fe de Bogotá (Nueva Granada)
339:in 1527, just six years after the
14:
4541:
2603:
2466:
2347:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
1713:Rubio Mañé, Ignacio José (1992).
1686:Rubio Mañé, Ignacio José (1992).
1539:Vicente Villarán, Manuel (1998).
1410:(in Spanish). CSIC. p. 103.
519:This meant that at the moment of
306:Leyes de los Reynos de las Indias
4458:Criollos in the colonial society
4386:Spanish missions in the Americas
3508:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
2007:Fisher, Lillian Estelle (1926).
1946:. University of Missouri Press.
1773:(in Spanish). UNAM. p. 33.
1595:Diego-Fernández, Rafael (2007).
1491:(in Spanish). UNAM. p. 34.
1045:
772:(the chamber's equivalent of an
768:. The criminal chamber had four
681:had the right to hear appeals).
4485:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649
2369:
2062:Cuadernos de Estudios Manchegos
1988:. New York, St. Martin's Press.
1901:
1868:
1841:
1814:
1787:
1767:Pinet Plasencia, Adela (1998).
1760:
1733:
1706:
1679:
1650:
1617:
1588:
1559:
1532:
1505:
1485:Pinet Plasencia, Adela (1998).
1478:
1451:
1424:
1397:
1371:
1347:Martínez Ruiz, Enrique (2007).
1340:
1311:
795:In their judicial function, an
744:The size and composition of an
147:and the subsequent conquest of
2814:
2537:Captaincy General of Guatemala
2245:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
1994:Spain and its World, 1500-1700
1879:Historia común de Iberoamérica
1661:. In Feliciano Barrios (ed.).
1628:Historia común de Iberoamérica
1404:Muro Romero, Fernando (1975).
1320:"La nueva estructura política"
1180:
1171:
1162:
1149:
1136:
1127:
1086:
1061:
965:between 1565 and 1575, and in
298:were ultimately overseen by a
1:
4436:General Archive of the Indies
3697:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
3368:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
3353:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
2302:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
2255:War of the Spanish Succession
2220:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
2021:The Spanish Empire in America
1848:Cornejo Franco, José (1993).
1259:Celso, Ramón Lorenzo (1994).
1157:The Spanish Empire in America
1038:
521:Spanish American independence
251:Nueva Crónica y Buen Gobierno
159:, and the Royal Audiencia of
71:. The additional designation
3394:
2508:Captaincy General of Yucatan
2438:Union with Holy Roman Empire
2417:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
2332:German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
2084:Historia del Derecho Indiano
2050:. Madrid, Alianza Editorial
2024:. Harcourt, Brace and World.
1940:Burkholder, Mark A. (1977).
1883:(in Spanish). EDAF. p.
1632:(in Spanish). EDAF. p.
1566:Andreo García, Juan (2007).
1458:Bridikhina, Eugenia (2007).
1291:Bridikhina, Eugenia (2007).
471:In the 17th century two new
140:after its creation in 1480.
95:in early modern Spain. Each
7:
3272:
2988:Administrative subdivisions
2185:War of the League of Cognac
1518:(in Spanish). p. 103.
1353:(in Spanish). Vol. 2.
1199:Bosco Amores, Juan (2006).
953:(1538–1543; 1563–1717), of
589:governors-captains generals
385:in the early 18th century.
10:
4546:
3702:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
3687:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
3589:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
2751:
2487:), Western United States (
2380:
2250:Portuguese Restoration War
1875:de Blas, Patricio (2000).
1851:Testimonios de Guadalajara
1624:de Blas, Patricio (2000).
991:
383:Viceroyalty of New Granada
136:could only be made to the
21:Audience Nacional of Spain
19:For the modern court, see
18:
4470:Slavery in Spanish Empire
4381:
4370:
4276:
4265:
4163:
4057:
4050:
3935:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3757:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
3667:
3536:
3498:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
3460:
3404:
3400:
3389:
3358:Barcelona Trading Company
3325:
3282:
3278:
3267:
3171:
3123:New Andalusia (1501–1513)
3093:
3035:
2997:
2993:
2982:
2933:
2892:
2856:
2852:
2841:
2820:
2757:
2698:
2630:Venezuela, part of Guyana
2609:
2532:
2483:, Central United States (
2472:
2386:
2375:
2364:
2215:Bruneian–Spanish conflict
2200:Expulsion of the Moriscos
2146:
2135:
1985:Imperial Spain, 1469-1716
377:and surrounding regions.
38:[reˈalawˈðjenθja]
4411:Quito painting tradition
4401:Cusco painting tradition
3762:García López de Cárdenas
3752:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
3659:Felipe González de Ahedo
3579:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
2156:Conquest of the Americas
2064:, 11, pp. 47 – 139.
1144:Viceregal Administration
788:. The smallest overseas
277:early on introduced the
4196:Comuneros (New Granada)
3973:Balearic Islands (1558)
3692:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
3619:Ruy López de Villalobos
3574:Miguel López de Legazpi
3488:García de Toledo Osorio
2352:Western Sahara conflict
2342:Independence of Morocco
2282:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
2225:Piracy in the Caribbean
2210:French Wars of Religion
1597:"Estudio introductorio"
1512:Góngora, Mario (1998).
910:(1583–1589; 1595-), of
906:(1543–1563; 1568-), of
671:audiencias subordinadas
460:in 1583 overseeing the
4530:Legal history of Spain
4441:Colonial Spanish Horse
4115:Colonia del Sacramento
3338:Spanish treasure fleet
2915:Royal Decree of Graces
2046:Artola, Miguel (1991)
2018:Haring, C. H. (1947).
1657:Szászdi, Adam (2002).
977:(La Plata; 1559-) and
894:In the viceroyalty of
856:
756:, one president and a
679:audiencias pretoriales
647:audiencias virreinales
639:audiencias pretoriales
571:), they alone had the
551:Duties and composition
494:administrative reforms
254:
52:
34:Spanish pronunciation:
3599:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
3559:Juan Sebastián Elcano
2874:Council of the Indies
2235:Spanish–Moro conflict
2205:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
2165:Treaty of Tordesillas
850:
300:Council of the Indies
228:
218:were overseen by the
91:) was applied to the
4396:Mesoamerican Codices
4120:Comuneros (Paraguay)
3958:Siege of Castelnuovo
3544:Christopher Columbus
3363:Consulate of the Sea
3343:Casa de Contratación
2934:Titles and positions
2327:Spanish–American War
2317:Liberal constitution
2160:Asia and the Pacific
1018:was united with the
869:jueces pesquisidores
690:juicio de residencia
669:were referred to as
645:"), or occasionally
341:fall of Tenochtitlan
214:and viceroys of the
130:Valladolid Audiencia
4125:Cartagena de Indias
3747:Diego de Mazariegos
3717:Pere Fages i Beleta
3584:Sebastián de Ocampo
3065:Provincias Internas
3037:Captaincies General
2951:Municipal president
2920:School of Salamanca
2691:Spanish East Indies
2670:Misiones Orientales
2542:Spanish West Indies
2506:, Central America (
2453:Pyrénées-Orientales
2406:Union with Portugal
2297:Napoleonic invasion
2277:War of Jenkins' Ear
1202:Historia de América
943:viceroyalty of Peru
932:New Kingdom of León
900:Audiencia of Mexico
810:alcaldes ordinarios
780:. In addition the
770:alcaldes del crimen
752:of Mexico had four
539:was established in
466:Spanish East Indies
356:Audiencia of Panama
120:was founded in the
4421:Academia Antártica
4376:Other civil topics
3742:Pánfilo de Narváez
3644:Sebastián Vizcaíno
3609:Andrés de Urdaneta
3569:Juan Ponce de León
3554:Ferdinand Magellan
3528:Bernardo de Gálvez
3427:Indian auxiliaries
2925:Trial of residence
2905:Laws of the Indies
2689:Asia and Oceania (
2550:Dominican Republic
2086:, Madrid: MAPFRE.
955:Santa Fe de Bogotá
857:
598:could issue local
567:, modern Spanish:
322:Dominican Republic
255:
138:Council of Castile
122:Kingdom of Castile
4497:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4366:
4365:
4271:Spanish conquests
4261:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4046:
4045:
3727:Pedro de Alvarado
3712:Gaspar de Portolà
3707:Pedro de Valdivia
3682:Francisco Pizarro
3634:Nicolás de Ovando
3629:Alonso de Ercilla
3604:Alonso de Salazar
3437:Ships of the line
3385:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3258:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2809:
2808:
2766:Northern Africa (
2762:Equatorial Guinea
2746:
2745:
2683:
2682:
2598:
2597:
2521:
2520:
2512:Spanish Caribbean
2485:Spanish Louisiana
2461:
2460:
2396:Crown of Castille
2360:
2359:
2337:Spanish Civil War
2312:Adams–Onís Treaty
2292:Nootka Convention
2240:Thirty Years' War
2230:Eighty Years' War
2151:Catholic Monarchs
2141:Timeline–immersed
1974:978-0-7222-2863-0
1953:978-0-8262-0219-2
1894:978-84-414-0766-4
1861:978-968-36-2671-4
1834:978-980-244-299-7
1807:978-84-8432-652-6
1780:978-968-36-5757-2
1753:978-980-276-313-9
1726:978-968-16-1354-9
1699:978-968-16-1354-9
1672:978-84-8427-180-2
1643:978-84-414-0766-4
1610:978-84-8371-654-0
1581:978-84-8371-654-0
1552:978-9972-42-132-7
1525:978-956-11-1381-7
1498:978-968-36-5757-2
1471:978-99954-1-080-3
1444:978-84-7481-082-0
1417:978-84-00-04233-2
1390:978-84-321-2102-9
1364:978-84-7090-353-3
1333:978-92-3-303151-7
1304:978-99954-1-080-3
1272:978-950-817-022-4
1242:978-84-00-03735-2
1212:978-84-344-5211-4
1012:Kingdom of Sicily
996:in Sardinia, see
959:Santiago de Chile
616:junta de hacienda
602:and served as a "
475:were created in:
239:alcaldes de corte
220:Council of Aragon
4537:
4372:
4371:
4338:Chibchan Nations
4267:
4266:
4236:Santiago de Cuba
4095:Guadalupe Island
4055:
4054:
3782:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3737:Diego de Almagro
3614:Antonio de Ulloa
3518:Ambrosio Spinola
3513:Pedro de Zubiaur
3483:Alfonso d'Avalos
3473:Antonio de Leyva
3417:Army of Flanders
3402:
3401:
3391:
3390:
3280:
3279:
3269:
3268:
2995:
2994:
2984:
2983:
2854:
2853:
2843:
2842:
2811:
2810:
2784:Peñón of Algiers
2748:
2747:
2685:
2684:
2600:
2599:
2523:
2522:
2505:
2463:
2462:
2377:
2376:
2366:
2365:
2287:Seven Years' War
2260:Queen Anne's War
2137:
2136:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2036:
2025:
2014:
1989:
1978:
1957:
1908:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1882:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1631:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1288:
1277:
1276:
1256:
1247:
1246:
1226:
1217:
1216:
1196:
1187:
1184:
1178:
1177:Fisher, 142–143.
1175:
1169:
1166:
1160:
1153:
1147:
1140:
1134:
1133:Elliot, 165–166.
1131:
1125:
1118:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1098:Google Translate
1090:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1073:Google Translate
1069:"Real Audiencia"
1065:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1029:Council of Italy
1010:(1564–1714) and
914:(established in
873:autos accordados
786:public defenders
375:conquest of Peru
309:issued in 1680.
304:Recopilación de
275:Crown of Castile
145:Kingdom of Spain
93:appellate courts
41:), or simply an
40:
35:
4545:
4544:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4510:Real Audiencias
4500:
4499:
4498:
4489:
4465:Old inquisition
4377:
4362:
4272:
4245:
4201:Trinidad (1797)
4171:La Noche Triste
4159:
4155:San Juan (1797)
4105:San Juan (1595)
4042:
3931:
3771:Notable battles
3766:
3732:Martín de Ursúa
3663:
3594:Alonso de Ojeda
3564:Juan de la Cosa
3549:Pinzón brothers
3532:
3503:John of Austria
3478:Martín de Goiti
3456:
3396:
3377:
3321:
3274:
3255:
3167:
3163:Terra Australis
3158:Río de la Plata
3103:Castilla de Oro
3089:
3031:
3027:Río de la Plata
2989:
2970:
2929:
2888:
2884:Santa Hermandad
2848:
2829:
2825:Terra Australis
2816:
2805:
2772:Spanish Morocco
2753:
2742:
2733:Northern Taiwan
2694:
2679:
2650:Río de la Plata
2605:
2594:
2528:
2527:Central America
2517:
2499:
2468:
2457:
2401:Crown of Aragon
2382:
2371:
2356:
2272:Bourbon Reforms
2142:
2131:
2126:
1975:
1954:
1917:
1915:Further reading
1912:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1357:. p. 188.
1345:
1341:
1334:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1289:
1280:
1273:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1197:
1190:
1186:Haring, 120-122
1185:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1154:
1150:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1119:
1112:
1102:
1100:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1077:
1075:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1001:
990:
853:National Palace
703:Bourbon Reforms
553:
430:Peruvian Amazon
349:Central America
263:
229:Members of the
216:Crown of Aragon
114:
57:appellate court
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4543:
4533:
4532:
4527:
4525:Spanish Empire
4522:
4517:
4512:
4495:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4281:Canary Islands
4277:
4274:
4273:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4135:Túpac Amaru II
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4080:Bogotá savanna
4077:
4072:
4067:
4061:
4059:
4052:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3988:Spanish Armada
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3882:White Mountain
3879:
3877:Cape Celidonia
3874:
3872:English Armada
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3788:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3673:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3649:Juan Fernández
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3624:Diego Columbus
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3452:Army of Africa
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3432:Spanish Armada
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3408:
3406:
3398:
3397:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3333:Manila galleon
3329:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3288:
3286:
3276:
3275:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2991:
2990:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2858:
2850:
2849:
2847:Administration
2839:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2768:Western Sahara
2764:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2666:Banda Oriental
2647:
2633:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2481:Coastal Alaska
2473:
2470:
2469:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2373:
2372:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2133:
2132:
2129:Spanish Empire
2125:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2080:
2065:
2058:
2038:
2037:
2026:
2015:
2004:
1990:
1979:
1973:
1958:
1952:
1937:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1900:
1893:
1867:
1860:
1840:
1833:
1813:
1806:
1786:
1779:
1759:
1752:
1732:
1725:
1705:
1698:
1678:
1671:
1649:
1642:
1616:
1609:
1587:
1580:
1558:
1551:
1531:
1524:
1504:
1497:
1477:
1470:
1450:
1443:
1423:
1416:
1396:
1389:
1370:
1363:
1355:Ediciones Akal
1339:
1332:
1310:
1303:
1278:
1271:
1248:
1241:
1218:
1211:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1148:
1135:
1126:
1122:Imperial Spain
1110:
1094:"Chancillería"
1085:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1040:
1037:
989:
983:
922:) and that of
776:) and its own
735:vuestra merced
733:, as a body, "
673:("subordinate
552:
549:
517:
516:
510:
504:
490:
489:
483:
469:
468:
455:
445:
419:
409:
400:
335:was set up in
262:
256:
247:alguacil mayor
231:Real Audiencia
113:
107:
69:Royal Audience
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4542:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4416:Tapada limeña
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4373:
4369:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4268:
4264:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4008:Montes Claros
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3948:Vienna (1529)
3946:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3677:Hernán Cortés
3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3669:Conquistadors
3666:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3639:Juan de Ayala
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3493:Duke of Savoy
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3388:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3292:Dollar (Peso)
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3266:
3252:
3251:Santo Domingo
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3128:New Andalusia
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3075:Santo Domingo
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2999:Viceroyalties
2996:
2992:
2985:
2981:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2840:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2812:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2749:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2604:South America
2601:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2524:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2489:Spanish Texas
2486:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2467:North America
2464:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2448:Franche-Comté
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2363:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2118:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2093:
2092:84-7100-512-3
2089:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2077:968-36-4147-4
2074:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2056:84-206-5294-6
2053:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2034:
2033:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2005:
2003:
2002:0-300-04217-5
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1935:0-313-22038-7
1932:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1904:
1896:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1871:
1863:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1844:
1836:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1817:
1809:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1790:
1782:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1763:
1755:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1743:Obra escogida
1736:
1728:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1716:El Virreinato
1709:
1701:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1689:El Virreinato
1682:
1674:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1645:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1620:
1612:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1583:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1554:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1535:
1527:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1508:
1500:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1481:
1473:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1454:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1427:
1419:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1400:
1392:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1366:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1343:
1335:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1306:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1274:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1255:
1253:
1244:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1225:
1223:
1214:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1195:
1193:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1158:
1152:
1145:
1139:
1130:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1043:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
999:
998:Reale Udienza
995:
987:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
939:
937:
936:Nueva Galicia
933:
929:
925:
924:Santo Domingo
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
892:
888:
886:
882:
876:
874:
870:
866:
862:
859:The members (
854:
849:
845:
841:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
818:
812:
811:
806:
802:
798:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
711:chief justice
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
691:
686:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
641:("praetorial
640:
636:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
604:privy council
601:
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:chancillerías
562:
558:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
498:
497:
495:
487:
484:
481:
478:
477:
476:
474:
467:
463:
459:
456:
453:
449:
446:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
420:
417:
413:
410:
408:
404:
401:
398:
397:Nueva Galicia
394:
391:
390:
389:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
318:Santo Domingo
315:
310:
308:
307:
301:
297:
293:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
260:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
233:of Lima, the
232:
227:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
172:
170:
167:was moved to
166:
162:
158:
154:
151:in 1492, the
150:
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
111:
106:
104:
103:
98:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
45:
39:
31:
30:
29:Real Audience
22:
4391:Architecture
4286:The Americas
4150:Newfoundland
4140:Túpac Katari
4130:Cuerno Verde
4065:Tenochtitlan
3897:Valenciennes
3654:Luis Fajardo
3523:Blas de Lezo
3468:Duke of Alba
3348:Spanish Road
3186:Buenos Aires
3172:
3095:Governorates
2864:Ayuntamiento
2857:Organization
2322:Carlist Wars
2170:Italian Wars
2083:
2068:
2061:
2047:
2040:
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2020:
2009:
1993:
1984:
1963:
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1918:
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1072:
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1032:
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1002:
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940:
893:
889:
877:
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868:
865:real acuerdo
864:
860:
858:
842:
838:
834:silver pesos
829:
825:
821:
814:
809:
805:corregidores
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789:
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608:real acuerdo
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595:
593:
580:
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569:cancillerías
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564:
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536:
524:
518:
513:Buenos Aires
509:(Peru), 1787
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4323:El Salvador
3943:Capo d'Orso
3827:St. Quentin
3802:Rome (1527)
3461:Strategists
3211:Guadalajara
3138:New Navarre
3133:New Castile
3118:La Luisiana
3070:Puerto Rico
3060:Philippines
3017:New Granada
2707:Philippines
2668:(Uruguay),
2664:(Bolivia),
2614:New Granada
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2370:Territories
2190:Encomiendas
1168:Fisher, 33.
920:Guadalajara
912:Guadalajara
695:audiencia's
525:audiencias.
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393:Guadalajara
337:Mexico City
271:East Indies
208:Extremadura
161:Ciudad Real
157:Tagus River
124:in 1371 at
88:chancellery
85:, English:
83:cancelleria
81:, Catalan:
79:cancillería
4504:Categories
4028:Somosierra
4018:Manila Bay
3892:Nördlingen
3832:Gravelines
3312:Columnario
3284:Currencies
3201:Concepción
3173:Audiencias
3148:New Toledo
3113:La Florida
2946:Corregidor
2910:Papal bull
2815:Antarctica
2723:Micronesia
2180:Golden Age
1039:References
1035:in Italy.
1033:audiencias
1025:audiencias
1004:Audiencias
986:Audiencias
963:Concepción
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675:audiencias
667:audiencias
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643:audiencias
635:audiencias
628:presidente
600:ordinances
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577:audiencias
573:royal seal
561:chanceries
557:audiencias
473:audiencias
448:Concepcíon
416:Upper Peru
329:audiencias
312:The first
296:audiencias
292:audiencias
283:conquerors
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235:presidente
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188:Audiencias
134:audiencias
126:Valladolid
116:The first
110:Audiencias
65:its empire
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4333:Nicaragua
4311:Guatemala
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4090:Mataquito
4070:Cajamarca
4051:New World
4023:Trafalgar
3927:Alhucemas
3807:Landriano
3792:Comuneros
3778:Old World
3722:Joan Orpí
3442:Royalists
3216:Guatemala
3143:New Spain
3080:Venezuela
3055:Guatemala
3012:New Spain
3007:Columbian
2900:Exequatur
2800:Cape Juby
2654:Argentina
2477:New Spain
2411:Gibraltar
2175:Habsburgs
1020:Aragonese
1016:audiencia
994:Audiencia
981:(1563-).
904:Guatemala
896:New Spain
830:audiencia
822:audiencia
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367:Guatemala
333:audiencia
314:audiencia
287:audiencia
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184:audiencia
180:Philip II
176:Charles V
171:in 1505.
165:audiencia
153:audiencia
118:audiencia
97:audiencia
4343:Colombia
4328:Honduras
4241:Asomante
4226:Ayacucho
4216:Carabobo
4191:Curalaba
3968:Ceresole
3862:Gembloux
3822:Mühlberg
3537:Mariners
3395:Military
3317:Doubloon
3302:Maravedí
3246:Santiago
3153:Paraguay
2879:Germania
2719:Caroline
2674:Malvinas
2658:Paraguay
2618:Colombia
2560:Trinidad
2427:Sardinia
2267:Bourbons
1155:Haring,
1142:Fisher,
1120:Elliot,
1103:9 August
1078:9 August
1008:Sardinia
992:For the
988:in Italy
967:Santiago
803:courts,
764:and one
585:viceroys
529:Camagüey
480:Santiago
464:and the
407:Colombia
320:(modern
204:Asturias
202:(1571),
198:(1568),
194:(1566),
112:in Spain
44:Audience
4475:Asiento
4446:Mustang
4306:Yucatán
4301:Chiapas
4181:Tucapel
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3922:Tetouan
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3907:Bitonto
3847:Antwerp
3842:Lepanto
3797:Bicocca
3273:Economy
3196:Charcas
3191:Caracas
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2956:Regidor
2941:Alcalde
2869:Cabildo
2776:Tripoli
2715:Mariana
2662:Charcas
2638:(Peru,
2622:Ecuador
2585:Bonaire
2580:Curazao
2565:Jamaica
2493:Florida
2041:Spanish
1920:English
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941:In the
930:or the
928:Yucatán
881:Charcas
861:oidores
820:.) The
762:oidores
754:oidores
739:señores
707:regente
699:visitas
624:acuerdo
515:, 1783.
501:Caracas
442:Popayán
426:Ecuador
418:), 1559
412:Charcas
200:Majorca
192:Seville
169:Granada
149:Granada
102:oidores
49:Catalan
4453:Castas
4211:Boyacá
4186:Guiana
4176:Iguape
4100:Recife
4038:Mactan
4033:Annual
3998:Rocroi
3993:Leiden
3978:Djerba
3912:Bailén
3867:Ostend
3852:Azores
3447:Legión
3412:Tercio
3405:Armies
3307:Escudo
3236:Panamá
3231:Mexico
3226:Manila
3181:Bogotá
2966:Vecino
2961:Syndic
2792:Béjaïa
2752:Africa
2738:Tidore
2626:Panama
2590:Belize
2497:Mexico
2423:Sicily
2419:Naples
2381:Europe
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908:Manila
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758:fiscal
731:styled
620:fiscal
541:Havana
503:, 1786
458:Manila
438:Tumbes
432:, and
428:, the
360:Panama
345:Mexico
243:fiscal
182:, the
174:Under
128:. The
4348:Chile
4316:Petén
4291:Aztec
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4085:Penco
4075:Cusco
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3887:Breda
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3812:Pavia
3326:Trade
3241:Quito
3206:Cusco
3045:Chile
2780:Tunis
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2644:Chile
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2391:Spain
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3297:Real
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3050:Cuba
3022:Perú
2798:and
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2788:Oran
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2425:and
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2052:ISBN
1998:ISBN
1969:ISBN
1948:ISBN
1931:ISBN
1889:ISBN
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1829:ISBN
1802:ISBN
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1721:ISBN
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1667:ISBN
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1520:ISBN
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1466:ISBN
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1385:ISBN
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1328:ISBN
1299:ISBN
1267:ISBN
1237:ISBN
1207:ISBN
1105:2014
1080:2014
961:(in
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