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426:. A more recent estimate concluded that the number was around 3,500 people, mainly Estonian and Estonian Jews as well as some Soviet POWs and Jews from Poland and Czechoslovakia. According to an official Soviet account: "the main culprit, Ervin Viks, fled the ire of the people and now lives in Australia, whereas Linnas found shelter in the USA". The Soviet authorities requested the extradition of both men, but against the background of the
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fire, on other hand, during later investigation some guards of camp denied participation of police and said that execution was done by camp personnel. On the first day a total of 900 people were murdered in this way. Gerrets told that he had fired a pistol at a victim who was still making noises in
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Jaan Viik, (Jan Vijk, Ian Viik), a guard at the Jägala concentration camp was singled out for prosecution out of the hundreds of
Estonian camp guards and police for his particular brutality. He was accused of throwing small children into the air and shooting them. He did not deny the charge. Viik
466:
In 1987, Linnas was deported to the USSR, after a US federal appeals court had deemed evidence against him "overwhelming and largely uncontroverted." The
American judge remarked that his crimes "were such as to offend the decency of any civilized society." Linnas died in a Soviet prison hospital,
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where they were monstrously executed in a special pit. In mid-September the second troop train with 1,500 prisoners arrived to the railway station from
Germany. Mere, Laak, and Gerrets selected another thousand victims that were condemned by them to extermination. This group of prisoners, which
375:
were instructed to exterminate the Jews and
Gypsies. For that end in August–September 1941 Mere and his collaborators set up a death camp at Jägala, 30 km from Tallinn. Mere put Aleksander Laak in charge of the camp; Ralf Gerrets was appointed his deputy. On 5 September 1942 a train with
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included nursing women and their new-born babies, were transported to Kalevi-Liiva where they were killed. In March 1943 the personnel of the Kalevi-Liiva camp executed about fifty
Gypsies, half of which were under 5 years of age. Also were executed 60 Gypsy children of school age...
463:, continued to reject extradition requests for Viks, saying that since the USSR and Australia did not have an extradition treaty and Viks had passed immigration screening processes, any such extradition would undermine Australian sovereignty. Viks died in Australia in 1983.
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In 1942, transports of Jews from other countries arrived, and their murder and incarceration in slave labour camps was organised and supervised by German and
Estonian officials (including Mere and the German head of A-IV). The final acts of liquidating the camps, such as
200:. Before the trial he was an active member of the Estonian community in England, contributing to Estonian-language publications. At the time of the trial he was however held in captivity, accused of murder. He was never deported and died a free man in England in 1969.
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however, the only ones chosen for labor and to survive the war were a small group of young women who were taken through concentration camps in
Estonia, Poland and Germany to Bergen- Belsen, where they were liberated. Camp commandant Laak used the women as
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railway station. Mere, Laak and
Gerrets personally selected who of them should be executed and who should be moved to the Jägala death camp. More than 1,000 people, mostly children, the old, and the infirm, were translocated to a wasteland at
445:(Soviet Jurisprudence) in December before the trial had even occurred. The actual trial started in January the following year, delayed because one of the defendants was ill. Jüriste was executed on March 16, 1962, at the age of 65.
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and (presumably) the
Schutzmannschaftsbataillon of the KdS. Survivors report that, during this period when Jewish slave labourers were visible, the Estonian population in part attempted to help the Jews by providing food and so
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was executed by shooting on March 31, 1961, at the age of 44. Viik had already served time in prison prior to his trial. In 1946, he was sentenced to 10 years in prison for voluntarily serving in a concentration camp.
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The accused Mere, Gerrets and Viik actively participated in crimes and mass killings that were perpetrated by the Nazi invaders on the territory of the
Estonian SSR. In accordance with Fascist racial theory, the
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239:, the trial focused on the events of September 1942. According to testimony of the survivors, at least two transports with about 2,100–2,150 people, arrived at the railway station at
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from Theresienstadt arrived at the Raasiku station on September 5, 1942, after a five-day trip. According to testimony by one of the accused, Gerretts, eight busloads of Estonian
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in Estonia; those not selected for slave labor were sent by bus to an execution site near the camp. Later the police in teams of 6 to 8 men would execute the Jews by
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Original documents related to the Mere-Gerrets-Viik trial are to be found in Estonian State Archives – Party Archives Branch – ERA PA, Collection 129, boxes 63–70.
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Estonian State Archives of the Former Estonian KGB (State Security Committee) records relating to war crime investigations and trials in Estonia, 1940–1987
560:– This list includes the evidence presented at the trial. It list as evidence several articles by Mere in Estonian-language newspapers published in London
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Soviet evidence in North American courts: an analysis of problems and concerns with reliance on communist source evidence in alleged war criminal trials
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Mere, Gerrets, Viik and were all sentenced to death. Gerrets and Viik were both executed by shooting on March 31, 1961. Gerrets was 55 and Viik was 44.
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During the trials in Tallinn and Tartu several witnesses pointed out Heinrich Bergmann as the key figure behind the extermination of Estonian
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Quoted from the verdict passed on 11 March 1961, published in Немецко-фашистская оккупация в Эстонии. 1941–1944. Tallinn, 1963. Pages 53–54.
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Legge, Jerome S. (2010). "The Karl Linnas Deportation Case, the Office of Special Investigations, and American Ethnic Politics".
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in 1962. The accused Estonian collaborators were charged with killing Soviet citizens and were sentenced to death
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mines in northeastern Estonia. Women, children, and old people would be executed on arrival. In the case
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Conclusions of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity
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Conclusions of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity
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Extermination of the Gypsies in Estonia during World War II: Popular Images and Official Policies
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and sentenced to death. The transcript and verdict of the trial were published in the magazine
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Collaboration with Nazi Germany in Eastern Europe: the Case of the Estonian Security Police
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Luryi, Yuri (1977). "The Role of Defence Counsel in Political Trials in the U.S.S.R.".
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rests the responsibility for such crimes mainly on 2.5–4 % of the Estonian
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163:. The trial verdict and testimony were inadvertently published in the magazine
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In January 1962, a show trial was conducted with the three accused men tried
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Grandson's blog about tracing his grandmother who was killed at the site -
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Daviborshch's Cart: Narrating the Holocaust in Australian War Crimes Trials
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and attended by a mass audience. All three defendants were convicted and
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668:"Cold War Show Trials in Estonia: Justice and Propaganda in the Balance"
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207:. He was executed by shooting on March 31, 1961, at the age of 55.
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280:. A selection process was supervised by Ain-Ervin Mere, chief of
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1003:, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln Ne., 2011, pp56–7
967:. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: University of Manitoba: 307–324.
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with German Jews. Around 1,700–1,750 people, mainly Jews, not
100:(1944–1991). The best-known trial was brought in 1961, by the
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156:
987:"SS-Obersturmführer Heinrich Bergmann - Axis History Forum"
868:"Two Estonians Who Helped Nazi to Kill Jews Are Executed"
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approximately 1,500 Czechoslovak citizens arrived to the
222:, was discovered in Canada; he committed suicide in 1960.
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the pile of bodies. The whole operation was directed by
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was held in the auditorium of the Navy Officers Club in
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Phase II: The German occupation of Estonia in 1941–1944
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By the early 1960s, the Soviet government was pursuing
774:"SD and SiPo in Estonia - Page 2 - Axis History Forum"
116:. The accused were charged with murdering up to 5,000
422:, who were accused of murdering 12,000 people in the
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Usually able bodied men were selected to work on the
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The Holocaust and the concentration camps in Estonia
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319:According to an article published by the journal "
231:While the accused may have been involved in other
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695:Jägala laager ja juutide hukkamine Kalevi-Liival
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467:reportedly of old age, in the same year, 1987.
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316:, killing at least one who refused to comply.
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651:Estonian policemen stand trial for war crimes
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1019:Patrick J. Buchanan: Master Holocaust Denier
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259:for work at the Jägala camp were taken to
203:Ralf Gerrets, the deputy commandant at the
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938:. Americans for Due Process. p. 14.
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:1960s war crimes trials in Soviet Estonia
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1087:Video extract of the trial -
903:(1). Oxford Journals: 26–55.
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108:who had participated in the
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1446:Righteous Among the Nations
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155:A second trial was held in
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602:. March 7, 1961. p. 1
523:. March 7, 1961. p. 1
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1485:Estonia in World War II
1293:Franz Walter Stahlecker
934:Paul, Zumbakis (1986).
814:– JERUUSALEMMA SÕNUMID
653:– Video footage at the
430:, were flatly refused.
233:crimes against humanity
64:more precise citations.
512:The Spartanburg Herald
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1324:Notable collaborators
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571:Masses and Mainstream
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961:Manitoba Law Journal
738:De dödsdömda vittnar
556:– Also available at
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218:, the commandant of
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104:authorities against
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1288:Rudolf Joachim Seck
1253:Ernst Kaltenbrunner
1082:English translation
1067:English translation
184:, commander of the
106:local collaborators
1521:Soviet show trials
1236:Major perpetrators
1028:2007-07-22 at the
909:10.1093/hgs/dcq002
854:2007-06-21 at the
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810:2007-06-07 at the
805:Omakaitse omakohus
792:2007-09-27 at the
755:2007-09-27 at the
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626:Weiss-Wendt, Anton
558:Axis History Forum
552:using document id
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214:A fourth accused,
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132:in 1942–1943. The
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666:Maripuu, Meelis.
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1347:Evald Mikson
1243:Hans Aumeier
1206:Kalevi-Liiva
1145:Main article
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1073:Kalevi-Liiva
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638:17.1, 31–61.
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192:) under the
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134:public trial
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92:A number of
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70:January 2024
67:
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18:Ralf Gerrets
1531:1962 in law
1526:1961 in law
1403:Concealment
1337:Karl Linnas
1077:(in German)
1062:(in German)
517:Spartanburg
435:in absentia
416:Karl Linnas
361:The verdict
355:Be 1.9.1942
323:" in 2001,
309:Be 1.9.1942
286:machine gun
269:Be 1.9.1942
243:, one from
235:during the
198:in absentia
176:The accused
161:in absentia
112:during the
62:introducing
1505:Categories
1459:Eha Masing
1454:Uku Masing
1248:Karl Jäger
878:2022-05-21
606:August 17,
493:References
420:Ervin Viks
314:sex slaves
266:Transport
263:and shot.
227:The crimes
171:The trials
45:references
1394:Judenfrei
1170:Lithuania
973:0076-3861
554:RG-06.026
527:17 August
347:Omakaitse
305:oil shale
128:near the
110:Holocaust
1026:Archived
852:Archived
829:(2001),
808:Archived
790:Archived
753:Archived
741:Archived
628:(2003).
600:Montreal
471:See also
428:Cold War
257:selected
1373:Vaivara
1190:Ukraine
1160:Belarus
378:Raasiku
278:Tallinn
241:Raasiku
142:Tallinn
58:improve
1368:Jägala
1363:Klooga
1199:Crimes
1185:Russia
1180:Poland
1175:Norway
1165:Latvia
1023:online
971:
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573:, 1963
459:, Sir
330:Klooga
253:Berlin
118:German
102:Soviet
47:, but
671:(PDF)
439:Tartu
247:with
157:Tartu
969:ISSN
940:ISBN
608:2010
529:2010
418:and
371:and
341:The
296:and
124:and
120:and
905:doi
437:in
337:on.
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