1439:
1425:
12796:
5712:
3512:
619:
1083:
342:
2502:(IL-12) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). The innate immune system generates inflammation and antiviral responses, which cause the release pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). These receptors help in labeling which pathogens are viruses, fungi, or bacteria. Moreover, the importance of siRNA and the innate immune system is to include more PRRs to help recognize different RNA structures. This makes it more likely for the siRNA to cause an immunostimulant response in the event of the pathogen.
2868:
927:
1548:(HAO1) mRNA for breakdown. Lowering HAO1 enzyme levels reduces the oxidation of glycolate to glyoxylate (which is a substrate for oxalate). Lumasiran is administered subcutaneously by a healthcare professional with dosing based on body weight. Data from randomized controlled clinical trials indicate that the most common adverse reaction that was reported was injection site reactions. These reactions were mild and were present in 38 percent of patients treated with lumasiran.
1145:. This phenomenon has since been recognized as a feature of the plant immune system which allows the entire plant to respond to a virus after an initial localized encounter. In response, many plant viruses have evolved elaborate mechanisms to suppress the RNAi response. These include viral proteins that bind short double-stranded RNA fragments with single-stranded overhang ends, such as those produced by Dicer. Some plant genomes also express endogenous
33:
2942:
viral RNA sequences would show similar levels of protection. Researchers believed that viral RNA produced by transgenes could also inhibit viral replication. The reverse experiment, in which short sequences of plant genes were introduced into viruses, showed that the targeted gene was suppressed in an infected plant. This phenomenon was labeled "virus-induced gene silencing" (VIGS), and the set of such phenomena were collectively called
3070:
782:
198:
123:), are central to components to the RNAi pathway. Once mRNA is degraded, post-transcriptional silencing occurs as protein translation is prevented. Transcription can be inhibited via the pre-transcriptional silencing mechanism of RNAi, through which an enzyme complex catalyzes DNA methylation at genomic positions complementary to complexed siRNA or miRNA. RNAi has an important role in defending cells against parasitic
591:
2921:
decreased or became suppressed in a context-specific manner. This would later be explained as the result of the transgene being inserted adjacent to promoters in the opposite direction in various positions throughout the genomes of some transformants, thus leading to expression of antisense transcripts and gene silencing when these promoters are active. Another early observation of RNAi came from a study of the
3084:
177:, because synthetic dsRNA introduced into cells can selectively and robustly induce suppression of specific genes of interest. RNAi may be used for large-scale screens that systematically shut down each gene (and the subsequent proteins it codes for) in the cell, which can help to identify the components necessary for a particular cellular process or an event such as
2854:
large data sets is a fundamental challenge, requiring suitable statistics/bioinformatics methods. The basic process of cell-based RNAi screening includes the choice of an RNAi library, robust and stable cell types, transfection with RNAi agents, treatment/incubation, signal detection, analysis and identification of important genes or therapeutical targets.
166:(RISC). The RISC assembly then binds and degrades the target mRNA. Specifically, this is accomplished when the guide strand pairs with a complementary sequence in a mRNA molecule and induces cleavage by Ago2, a catalytic component of the RISC. In some organisms, this process spreads systemically, despite the initially limited molar concentrations of siRNA.
2607:, employing multiple approaches, including genetic engineering and topical application. Cells in the midgut of some insects take up the dsRNA molecules in the process referred to as environmental RNAi. In some insects the effect is systemic as the signal spreads throughout the insect's body (referred to as systemic RNAi).
291:, a miRNA-loaded RISC complex scans cytoplasmic mRNAs for potential complementarity. Instead of destructive cleavage (by Ago2), miRNAs rather target the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) regions of mRNAs where they typically bind with imperfect complementarity, thus blocking the access of ribosomes for translation.
915:(ADAR). It was originally proposed in 2000 that the RNAi and A→I RNA editing pathways might compete for a common dsRNA substrate. Some pre-miRNAs do undergo A→I RNA editing and this mechanism may regulate the processing and expression of mature miRNAs. Furthermore, at least one mammalian ADAR can sequester
2323:. These two vaccines use lipid nanoparticles to deliver antigen mRNA. Encapsulating the mRNA molecule in lipid nanoparticles was a critical breakthrough for producing viable mRNA vaccines, solving a number of key technical barriers in delivering the mRNA molecule into the host cell as distributed through
2920:
into petunia plants of normally pink or violet flower color. The overexpressed gene was expected to result in darker flowers, but instead caused some flowers to have less visible purple pigment, sometimes in variegated patterns, indicating that the activity of chalcone synthase had been substantially
2501:
siRNA is controlled by the innate immune system, which can be divided into the acute inflammatory responses and antiviral responses. The inflammatory response is created with signals from small signaling molecules, or cytokines. These include interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-12
1332:
enzyme starts to process siRNA. The end result of the process leads to degradation of mRNA and destroys any instructions needed to build certain proteins. Using this method, researchers are able to decrease (but not completely eliminate) the expression of a targeted gene. Studying the effects of this
2497:
The challenge between old pathogens and new has helped create a system of guarded cells and particles that are called safe framework. This framework has given humans an army of systems that search out and destroy invader particles, such as pathogens, microscopic organisms, parasites, and infections.
2452:
Compared with chemotherapy or other anti-cancer drugs, there are a lot of advantages of siRNA drug. SiRNA acts on the post-transcriptional stage of gene expression, so it does not modify or change DNA in a deleterious effect. SiRNA can also be used to produce a specific response in a certain type of
2240:
Currently, both miRNA and SiRNA are currently chemically synthesized and so, are legally categorized inside EU and in USA as "simple" medicinal products. But as bioengineered siRNA (BERAs) are in development, these would be classified as biological medicinal products, at least in EU. The development
1470:
While all of the current regulatory body approved RNAi therapeutics focus on diseases that originate in the liver, additional medications under investigation target a host of disease areas including cardiovascular diseases, bleeding disorders, alcohol use disorders, cystic fibrosis, gout, carcinoma,
1060:
Gene expression in prokaryotes is influenced by an RNA-based system similar in some respects to RNAi. Here, RNA-encoding genes control mRNA abundance or translation by producing a complementary RNA that anneals to an mRNA. However these regulatory RNAs are not generally considered to be analogous to
761:
to its mRNA target. Analysis of the inhibitory effect of mismatches in either the 5’ or 3’ end of the guide strand has demonstrated that the 5’ end of the guide strand is likely responsible for matching and binding the target mRNA, while the 3’ end is responsible for physically arranging target mRNA
2941:
working on improving plant resistance to viral diseases observed a similar unexpected phenomenon. While it was known that plants expressing virus-specific proteins showed enhanced tolerance or resistance to viral infection, it was not expected that plants carrying only short, non-coding regions of
2853:
discovery platforms. One major advantage of genome-scale RNAi screening is its ability to simultaneously interrogate thousands of genes. With the ability to generate a large amount of data per experiment, genome-scale RNAi screening has led to an explosion of data generation rates. Exploiting such
2436:
can effectively kill cancer cells, lack of specificity for discriminating normal cells and cancer cells in these treatments usually cause severe side effects. Numerous studies have demonstrated that RNAi can provide a more specific approach to inhibit tumor growth by targeting cancer-related genes
886:
that target subsequent transcripts. Heterochromatin maintenance has been suggested to function as a self-reinforcing feedback loop, as new siRNAs are formed from the occasional nascent transcripts by RdRP for incorporation into local RITS complexes. The relevance of observations from fission yeast
2456:
RNAi drugs treat cancer by silencing certain cancer promoting genes. This is done by complementing the cancer genes with the RNAi, such as keeping the mRNA sequences in accordance with the RNAi drug. Ideally, RNAi is should be injected and/or chemically modified so the RNAi can reach cancer cells
1327:
is a method used to reduce the expression of an organism’s specific genes. This is accomplished by using the naturally occurring process of RNAi. This gene knockdown technique uses a double-stranded siRNA molecule that is synthesized with a sequence complementary to the gene of interest. The RNAi
1175:
The role of RNAi in mammalian innate immunity is poorly understood, and relatively little data is available. However, the existence of viruses that encode genes able to suppress the RNAi response in mammalian cells may be evidence in favour of an RNAi-dependent mammalian immune response, although
975:
of promoters targeted by RNAi; the new methylation pattern is copied in each new generation of the cell. A broad general distinction between plants and animals lies in the targeting of endogenously produced miRNAs; in plants, miRNAs are usually perfectly or nearly perfectly complementary to their
2493:
The human immune system is divided into two separate branches: the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system. The innate immune system is the first defense against infection and responds to pathogens in a generic fashion. On the other hand, the adaptive immune system, a system that was
495:
as well as for regulatory proteins. By binding to specific sites within the 3′-UTR, miRNAs can decrease gene expression of various mRNAs by either inhibiting translation or directly causing degradation of the transcript. The 3′-UTR also may have silencer regions that bind repressor proteins that
2272:
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are based on liposome-like structures that are typically made of an aqueous center surrounded by a lipid shell. A subset of liposomal structures used for delivery drugs to tissues rest in large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) which may be 100 nm in size. LNP delivery
2254:
is susceptible to several obstacles that reduce its therapeutic efficacy. Additionally, once siRNA has entered the bloodstream, naked RNA can be degraded by serum nucleases and can stimulate the innate immune system. Due to its size and highly polyanionic (containing negative charges at several
1446:
The technique of knocking down genes using RNAi therapeutics has demonstrated success in randomized controlled clinical studies. These medications are a growing class of siRNA-based drugs that decrease the expression of proteins encoded by certain genes. To date, five RNAi medications have been
270:
are then separated into single strands and integrated into an active RISC, by RISC-Loading
Complex (RLC). RLC includes Dicer-2 and R2D2, and is crucial to unite Ago2 and RISC. TATA-binding protein-associated factor 11 (TAF11) assembles the RLC by facilitating Dcr-2-R2D2 tetramerization, which
275:
duplexes, whereas Dicer-2 the other less stable extremity. Loading is asymmetric: the MID domain of Ago2 recognizes the thermodynamically stable end of the siRNA. Therefore, the "passenger" (sense) strand whose 5′ end is discarded by MID is ejected, while the saved "guide" (antisense) strand
1345:
have been directed toward the design of successful dsRNA reagents that maximize gene knockdown but minimize "off-target" effects. Off-target effects arise when an introduced RNA has a base sequence that can pair with and thus reduce the expression of multiple genes. Such problems occur more
2966:
caused degradation of the par-1 message. It was thought that this degradation was triggered by single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), but two years later, in 1998, Fire and Mello discovered that this ability to silence the par-1 gene expression was actually triggered by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA).
1489:
membrane that facilitates crossover into the cytoplasm. Once inside the cell, the siRNA begins processing by the enzyme Dicer. Patisiran is administered by a healthcare professional through an intravenous infusion with dosing based on body weight. Warnings and precautions include risk of
1136:
that are specialized to react differently when the plant is exposed to different viruses. Even before the RNAi pathway was fully understood, it was known that induced gene silencing in plants could spread throughout the plant in a systemic effect and could be transferred from stock to
521:(affecting expression of several hundred genes). Friedman et al. estimate that >45,000 miRNA target sites within human mRNA 3′UTRs are conserved above background levels, and >60% of human protein-coding genes have been under selective pressure to maintain pairing to miRNAs.
2391:
Antiviral treatment is one of the earliest proposed RNAi-based medical applications, and two different types have been developed. The first type is to target viral RNAs. Many studies have shown that targeting viral RNAs can suppress the replication of numerous viruses, including
3007:(siRNA), it was possible to target the silencing of specific sequences in a gene, rather than silencing the entire gene. Only a year later, McCaffrey and colleagues demonstrated that this sequence-specific silencing had therapeutic applications by targeting a sequence from the
2842:(HTS) technology. RNAi HTS technology allows genome-wide loss-of-function screening and is broadly used in the identification of genes associated with specific phenotypes. This technology has been hailed as a potential second genomics wave, following the first genomics wave of
704:
is less stably paired to its complement, but strand selection is unaffected by the direction in which Dicer cleaves the dsRNA before RISC incorporation. Instead, the R2D2 protein may serve as the differentiating factor by binding the more-stable 5′ end of the passenger strand.
1391:
lack this reaction to exogenous dsRNA and are therefore a common model system for studying mammalian gene-knockdown effects. Specialized laboratory techniques have also been developed to improve the utility of RNAi in mammalian systems by avoiding the direct introduction of
2350:
In addition to LNPs, RNAi therapeutics have targeted delivery through siRNA conjugates (e.g., GalNAc, carbohydrates, peptides, aptamers, antibodies). Therapeutics using siRNA conjugates have been developed for rare or genetic diseases such as acute hepatic porphyria (AHP),
2930:, although it was not immediately recognized as related. Further investigation of the phenomenon in plants indicated that the downregulation was due to post-transcriptional inhibition of gene expression via an increased rate of mRNA degradation. This phenomenon was called
2264:). Even after entering the cells, repeated dosing is required since their effects are diluted at each cell division. In response to these potential issues and barriers, two approaches help facilitate siRNA delivery to target cells: lipid nanoparticles and conjugates.
2453:
way, such as by downgrading suppression of gene expression. In a single cancer cell, siRNA can cause dramatic suppression of gene expression with just several copies. This happens by silencing cancer-promoting genes with RNAi, as well as targeting an mRNA sequence.
1533:
and enters into liver cells. The medication is administered subcutaneously by a healthcare professional with dosing based on body weight. Warnings and precautions include risk of anaphylactic reactions, hepatic toxicity, renal toxicity and injection site reactions.
524:
Direct experiments show that a single miRNA can reduce the stability of hundreds of unique mRNAs. Other experiments show that a single miRNA may repress the production of hundreds of proteins, but that this repression often is relatively mild (less than 2-fold).
773:(also cytoplasmic bodies or GW bodies), which are regions with high rates of mRNA decay; miRNA activity is also clustered in P-bodies. Disruption of P-bodies decreases the efficiency of RNAi, suggesting that they are a critical site in the RNAi process.
2801:
system and poison insects feeding on them. Another approach involves spraying dsRNA like a conventional pesticide. This would allow faster adaptation to resistance. Such approaches would require low cost sources of dsRNAs that do not currently exist.
11285:
Gilbert MK, Majumdar R, Rajasekaran K, Chen ZY, Wei Q, Sickler CM, et al. (June 2018). "RNA interference-based silencing of the alpha-amylase (amy1) gene in
Aspergillus flavus decreases fungal growth and aflatoxin production in maize kernels".
271:
increases the binding affinity to siRNA by 10-fold. Association with TAF11 would convert the R2-D2-Initiator (RDI) complex into the RLC. R2D2 carries tandem double-stranded RNA-binding domains to recognize the thermodynamically stable terminus of
1280:
most likely already possessed an early RNAi pathway; the absence of the pathway in certain eukaryotes is thought to be a derived characteristic. This ancestral RNAi system probably contained at least one Dicer-like protein, one
Argonaute, one
535:
The effects of miRNA dysregulation of gene expression also seem to be important in neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and autism spectrum disorders.
96:, which they published in 1998. Since the discovery of RNAi and its regulatory potentials, it has become evident that RNAi has immense potential in suppression of desired genes. RNAi is now known as precise, efficient, stable and better than
976:
target genes and induce direct mRNA cleavage by RISC, while animals' miRNAs tend to be more divergent in sequence and induce translational repression. This translational effect may be produced by inhibiting the interactions of translation
769:, translation of the mRNA target is not essential for RNAi-mediated degradation. Indeed, RNAi may be more effective against mRNA targets that are not translated. Argonaute proteins are localized to specific regions in the cytoplasm called
451:
derived from long dsRNA precursors differ from miRNAs in that miRNAs, especially those in animals, typically have incomplete base pairing to a target and inhibit the translation of many different mRNAs with similar sequences. In contrast,
11426:
Downie RC, Lin M, Corsi B, Ficke A, Lillemo M, Oliver RP, et al. (27 July 2021). "Septoria
Nodorum Blotch of Wheat: Disease Management and Resistance Breeding in the Face of Shifting Disease Dynamics and a Changing Environment".
609:
further trims it to a ~20nt miRNA duplex (pre-siRNAs also enter the pathway at this step). This duplex is then loaded into Ago to form the “pre-RISC(RNA induced silencing complex)” and the passenger strand is released to form active
2887:
The process of RNAi was referred to as "co-suppression" and "quelling" when observed prior to the knowledge of an RNA-related mechanism. The discovery of RNAi was preceded first by observations of transcriptional inhibition by
841:
protein Chp1, and a protein called Tas3 of unknown function. As a consequence, the induction and spread of heterochromatic regions requires the
Argonaute and RdRP proteins. Indeed, deletion of these genes in the fission yeast
2259:
must be used. If siRNA is transferred across the cell membrane, unintended toxicities can occur if therapeutic doses are not optimized, and siRNAs can exhibit off-target effects (e.g. unintended downregulation of genes with
2249:
To achieve the clinical potential of RNAi, siRNA must be efficiently transported to the cells of target tissues. However, there are various barriers that must be fixed before it can be used clinically. For example, "naked"
699:
kinetic analysis of RNAi in the presence and absence of ATP showed that ATP may be required to unwind and remove the cleaved mRNA strand from the RISC complex after catalysis. The guide strand tends to be the one whose
10414:
Rajput R, Khanna M, Kumar P, Kumar B, Sharma S, Gupta N, et al. (December 2012). "Small interfering RNA targeting the nonstructural gene 1 transcript inhibits influenza A virus replication in experimental mice".
442:(EBV). Thereafter, an increasing number of microRNAs have been described in viruses. VIRmiRNA is a comprehensive catalogue covering viral microRNA, their targets and anti-viral miRNAs (see also VIRmiRNA resource:
6967:"A putative RNA-interference-based immune system in prokaryotes: computational analysis of the predicted enzymatic machinery, functional analogies with eukaryotic RNAi, and hypothetical mechanisms of action"
503:. MREs are sequences to which miRNAs bind. These are prevalent motifs within 3′-UTRs. Among all regulatory motifs within the 3′-UTRs (e.g. including silencer regions), MREs make up about half of the motifs.
2241:
of the BERAs technology raises the question of the categorization of drugs having the same mechanism of action but being produced chemically or biologically. This lack of consistency should be addressed.
556:, that stimulates Dicer activity. This protein only binds long dsRNAs, but the mechanism producing this length specificity is unknown. This RNA-binding protein then facilitates the transfer of cleaved
390:. The phenomenon of RNAi, broadly defined, includes the endogenously induced gene silencing effects of miRNAs as well as silencing triggered by foreign dsRNA. Mature miRNAs are structurally similar to
6647:
DaRocha WD, Otsu K, Teixeira SM, Donelson JE (February 2004). "Tests of cytoplasmic RNA interference (RNAi) and construction of a tetracycline-inducible T7 promoter system in
Trypanosoma cruzi".
2383:, nicotine-free tobacco, decaffeinated coffee, nutrient fortified vegetation and hypoallergenic crops. The emerging use of RNAi has the potential to develop many other products for future use.
517:
and annotations, listed 28,645 entries in 271 biologic species. Of these, 1,917 miRNAs were in annotated human miRNA loci. miRNAs were predicted to have an average of about four hundred target
2510:
RNAi has been used to genetically engineer plants to produce lower levels of natural plant toxins. Such techniques take advantage of the stable and heritable RNAi phenotype in plant stocks.
10792:
Singer O, Marr RA, Rockenstein E, Crews L, Coufal NG, Gage FH, et al. (October 2005). "Targeting BACE1 with siRNAs ameliorates
Alzheimer disease neuropathology in a transgenic model".
4613:
Lim LP, Lau NC, Garrett-Engele P, Grimson A, Schelter JM, Castle J, et al. (February 2005). "Microarray analysis shows that some microRNAs downregulate large numbers of target mRNAs".
158:
siRNAs. Each siRNA is unwound into two single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs), the passenger (sense) strand and the guide (antisense) strand. The passenger strand is then cleaved by the protein
9816:
2781:
have been made to express dsRNA, carefully chosen to silence crucial genes in target pests. These dsRNAs are designed to affect only insects that express specific gene sequences. As a
2530:, a key enzyme in gossypol production, without affecting the enzyme's production in other parts of the plant, where gossypol is itself important in preventing damage from plant pests.
262:
studies on the genomes of multiple organisms suggest this length maximizes target-gene specificity and minimizes non-specific effects. These short double-stranded fragments are called
12992:
871:
in fission yeast, which may not be representative of activities in other genomic regions/organisms. In maintenance of existing heterochromatin regions, RITS forms a complex with
2498:
The mammalian safe framework has developed to incorporate siRNA as a tool to indicate viral contamination, which has allowed siRNA is create an intense innate immune response.
10336:
Li YC, Kong LH, Cheng BZ, Li KS (December 2005). "Construction of influenza virus siRNA expression vectors and their inhibitory effects on multiplication of influenza virus".
2379:
RNAi has been used for a variety of other applications including food, crops and insecticides. The use of the RNAi pathway has developed numerous products such as foods like
3015:
mice. Since then, multiple researchers have been attempting to expand the therapeutic applications of RNAi, specifically looking to target genes that cause various types of
882:. The formation of such a heterochromatin region, though not its maintenance, is Dicer-dependent, presumably because Dicer is required to generate the initial complement of
5825:
Irvine DV, Zaratiegui M, Tolia NH, Goto DB, Chitwood DH, Vaughn MW, et al. (August 2006). "Argonaute slicing is required for heterochromatic silencing and spreading".
5025:
Liu Q, Rand TA, Kalidas S, Du F, Kim HE, Smith DP, et al. (September 2003). "R2D2, a bridge between the initiation and effector steps of the
Drosophila RNAi pathway".
2610:
Animals exposed to RNAi at doses millions of times higher than anticipated human exposure levels show no adverse effects. RNAi has varying effects in different species of
11844:
Huesken D, Lange J, Mickanin C, Weiler J, Asselbergs F, Warner J, et al. (August 2005). "Design of a genome-wide siRNA library using an artificial neural network".
5933:
Volpe T, Schramke V, Hamilton GL, White SA, Teng G, Martienssen RA, et al. (2003). "RNA interference is required for normal centromere function in fission yeast".
1481:. Patisiran uses the RNAi cascade to suppress the gene that codes for TTR (transthryetin). Mutations in this gene may cause the misfolding of a protein responsible for
434:. The dsRNA portion of this pre-miRNA is bound and cleaved by Dicer to produce the mature miRNA molecule that can be integrated into the RISC complex; thus, miRNA and
1176:
this hypothesis has been challenged as poorly substantiated. Evidence for the existence of a functional antiviral RNAi pathway in mammalian cells has been presented.
6682:
Robinson KA, Beverley SM (May 2003). "Improvements in transfection efficiency and tests of RNA interference (RNAi) approaches in the protozoan parasite
Leishmania".
1018:
528:
The effects of miRNA dysregulation of gene expression seem to be important in cancer. For instance, in gastrointestinal cancers, nine miRNAs have been identified as
1156:
Although animals generally express fewer variants of the Dicer enzyme than plants, RNAi in some animals produces an antiviral response. In both juvenile and adult
1517:
designation for the treatment of acute hepatic porphyria (AHP) in
November 2019. By 2020, givosiran received EMA approval. Givosiran is an siRNA that breaks down
765:
It is not understood how the activated RISC complex locates complementary mRNAs within the cell. Although the cleavage process has been proposed to be linked to
4166:
2987:
injections had an effect on protein production, but double-stranded RNA successfully silenced the targeted gene. As a result of this work, they coined the term
2494:
evolved later than the innate, is composed mainly of highly specialized B and T cells that are trained to react to specific portions of pathogenic molecules.
1371:
Depending on the organism and experimental system, the exogenous RNA may be a long strand designed to be cleaved by Dicer, or short RNAs designed to serve as
1301:. This study also suggests that the RNA-binding Argonaute protein family, which is shared among eukaryotes, most archaea, and at least some bacteria (such as
955:
Organisms vary in their ability to take up foreign dsRNA and use it in the RNAi pathway. The effects of RNAi can be both systemic and heritable in plants and
878:
to the local genes and stably binds local methylated histones, acting co-transcriptionally to degrade any nascent pre-mRNA transcripts that are initiated by
12239:
Romano N, Macino G (November 1992). "Quelling: transient inactivation of gene expression in Neurospora crassa by transformation with homologous sequences".
11380:
Katoch R, Thakur N (March 2013). "Advances in RNA interference technology and its impact on nutritional improvement, disease and insect control in plants".
7561:
Wilkins C, Dishongh R, Moore SC, Whitt MA, Chow M, Machaca K (August 2005). "RNA interference is an antiviral defence mechanism in Caenorhabditis elegans".
1172:, as Argonaute proteins are upregulated in response to viruses and worms that overexpress components of the RNAi pathway are resistant to viral infection.
597:
Biogenesis: primary miRNAs (pri-miRNAs) are transcribed in the nucleus and fold back onto themselves as hairpins that are then trimmed in the nucleus by a
13064:
4664:
Selbach M, Schwanhäusser B, Thierfelder N, Fang Z, Khanin R, Rajewsky N (September 2008). "Widespread changes in protein synthesis induced by microRNAs".
2327:(apoE) in the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). In December 2020, Novartis announced that positive results from phase III efficacy studies deemed
1544:(PH1) in pediatric and adult populations. The drug is designed to reduce hepatic oxalate production and urinary oxalate levels through RNAi by targeting
1153:. These effects may be part of a generalized response to pathogens that downregulates any metabolic process in the host that aids the infection process.
13061:
RNA interference (RNAi) experiments and bioinformatics in C. elegans for education. From the Dolan DNA Learning Center of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
1540:
was approved as a siRNA-based medication in 2020 for use in both the European Union and the United States. This medication is used for the treatment of
13130:
7116:"Systemic acquired silencing: transgene-specific post-transcriptional silencing is transmitted by grafting from silenced stocks to non-silenced scions"
231:. When the dsRNA is exogenous (coming from infection by a virus with an RNA genome or laboratory manipulations), the RNA is imported directly into the
9064:
9009:"Efficacy and safety of vutrisiran for patients with hereditary transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis with polyneuropathy: a randomized clinical trial"
867:
The mechanism by which the RITS complex induces heterochromatin formation and organization is not well understood. Most studies have focused on the
6137:"The assembly and maintenance of heterochromatin initiated by transgene repeats are independent of the RNA interference pathway in mammalian cells"
3325:
Macrae IJ, Zhou K, Li F, Repic A, Brooks AN, Cande WZ, et al. (January 2006). "Structural basis for double-stranded RNA processing by Dicer".
235:
and cleaved to short fragments by Dicer. The initiating dsRNA can also be endogenous (originating in the cell), as in pre-microRNAs expressed from
13098:
13065:
RNAi screens in C. elegans in a 96-well liquid format and their application to the systematic identification of genetic interactions (a protocol)
3384:
254:
protein Dicer, which binds and cleaves dsRNAs in plants, or short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) in humans, to produce double-stranded fragments of 20–25
12696:
Elbashir S, Harborth J, Lendeckel W, et al. (2001). "Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells".
1297:
already possessed these components, which may then have had closer functional associations with generalized RNA degradation systems such as the
4106:
Sijen T, Steiner FA, Thijssen KL, Plasterk RH (January 2007). "Secondary siRNAs result from unprimed RNA synthesis and form a distinct class".
1229:
was shown to be involved in the regulation of several genes that control plant shape. In plants, the majority of genes regulated by miRNAs are
12483:"par-1, a gene required for establishing polarity in C. elegans embryos, encodes a putative Ser/Thr kinase that is asymmetrically distributed"
10508:
Hu L, Wang Z, Hu C, Liu X, Yao L, Li W, et al. (2005). "Inhibition of Measles virus multiplication in cell culture by RNA interference".
10199:"Selective silencing of viral gene expression in HPV-positive human cervical carcinoma cells treated with siRNA, a primer of RNA interference"
2416:. The other strategy is to block the initial viral entries by targeting the host cell genes. For example, suppression of chemokine receptors (
3467:
Bernstein E, Caudy AA, Hammond SM, Hannon GJ (January 2001). "Role for a bidentate ribonuclease in the initiation step of RNA interference".
13069:
695:
separated these two strands, the process proved to be ATP-independent and performed directly by the protein components of RISC. However, an
74:. The detailed study of each of these seemingly different processes elucidated that the identity of these phenomena were all actually RNAi.
6533:"RNA-directed transcriptional gene silencing in plants can be inherited independently of the RNA trigger and requires Met1 for maintenance"
2445:, providing a combinatorial therapeutic approach with chemotherapy. Another potential RNAi-based treatment is to inhibit cell invasion and
500:
5618:
Jakymiw A, Lian S, Eystathioy T, Li S, Satoh M, Hamel J, et al. (2005). "Disruption of P bodies impairs mammalian RNA interference".
2292:
as a drug delivery mechanism began in 2018 with the siRNA drug patisiran, developed by Alnylam Pharmaceuticals. Dicerna Pharmaceuticals,
10379:
Khanna M, Saxena L, Rajput R, Kumar B, Prasad R (2015). "Gene silencing: a therapeutic approach to combat influenza virus infections".
6078:"RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is an essential component of a self-enforcing loop coupling heterochromatin assembly to siRNA production"
4286:
Gregory RI, Chendrimada TP, Shiekhattar R (2006). "MicroRNA biogenesis: isolation and characterization of the microprocessor complex".
2473:-producing genes (e.g. BACE1 and APP) by RNAi can significantly reduced the amount of Aβ peptide which is correlated with the cause of
2991:. This discovery represented the first identification of the causative agent for the phenomenon. Fire and Mello were awarded the 2006
1521:
1 (ALAS1) mRNA in the liver. Breaking down ALAS1 mRNA prevents toxins (responsible for neurovisceral attacks and AHP disease) such as
306:, that stimulates Dicer activity. The mechanism producing this length specificity is unknown and this protein only binds long dsRNAs.
1545:
227:
and is initiated by short double-stranded RNA molecules in a cell's cytoplasm, where they interact with the catalytic RISC component
2822:
libraries and to predict their likely efficiency at gene knockdown. Mass genomic screening is widely seen as a promising method for
13341:
9206:"Patient Perspective on Acute Intermittent Porphyria with Frequent Attacks: A Disease with Intermittent and Chronic Manifestations"
2883:
that induce suppression of both transgene and endogenous gene expression, giving rise to the unpigmented white areas of the flower.
12192:"Introduction of a Chimeric Chalcone Synthase Gene into Petunia Results in Reversible Co-Suppression of Homologous Genes in trans"
4327:
Pfeffer S, Zavolan M, Grässer FA, Chien M, Russo JJ, Ju J, et al. (April 2004). "Identification of virus-encoded microRNAs".
2526:, making them unsuitable for human consumption. RNAi has been used to produce cotton stocks whose seeds contain reduced levels of
864:. In some cases, similar processes associated with histone modification have been observed to transcriptionally upregulate genes.
6834:
5725:
Holmquist GP, Ashley T (2006). "Chromosome organization and chromatin modification: influence on genome function and evolution".
10586:"Suppression of chemokine receptor expression by RNA interference allows for inhibition of HIV-1 replication, by Martínez et al"
9407:
9353:
6908:"Translational repression is sufficient for gene silencing by bacterial small noncoding RNAs in the absence of mRNA destruction"
2948:
After these initial observations in plants, laboratories searched for this phenomenon in other organisms. The first instance of
2577:, while virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS, a subtype of RNAi) was used by Scofield et al. 2005 to investigate the mechanism of
13181:
13123:
2726:
2720:
2708:
2698:
2339:
11649:"RNA interference in Lepidoptera: an overview of successful and unsuccessful studies and implications for experimental design"
11242:
Niggeweg R, Michael AJ, Martin C (June 2004). "Engineering plants with increased levels of the antioxidant chlorogenic acid".
749:(a process that allows more than one atom to share an electron by passing it back and forth) between the 5′ nucleotide in the
12328:
12064:
12037:
11939:
9781:
5133:
4303:
3923:
2992:
2565:
to improve photosynthesis. SBEIIa and SBEIIb genes in wheat have been targeted in wheat in order to produce higher levels of
2255:
sites) nature, unmodified siRNA molecules cannot readily enter the cells through the cell membrane. Therefore, artificial or
830:
491:
often contain regulatory sequences that post-transcriptionally cause RNAi. Such 3′-UTRs often contain both binding sites for
83:
11705:
9520:"RNA-based drugs and regulation: Toward a necessary evolution of the definitions issued from the European union legislation"
5442:
Sen G, Wehrman T, Blau H (2005). "mRNA translation is not a prerequisite for small interfering RNA-mediated mRNA cleavage".
11107:
Whitehead KA, Dahlman JE, Langer RS, Anderson DG (2011). "Silencing or stimulation? siRNA delivery and the immune system".
8335:"Validation of RNAi Silencing Efficiency Using Gene Array Data shows 18.5% Failure Rate across 429 Independent Experiments"
2312:
1375:
substrates. In most mammalian cells, shorter RNAs are used because long double-stranded RNA molecules induce the mammalian
1266:
1048:, possibly due to the evolution of a novel pathway with similar function, or to the lack of selective advantage in certain
1044:
are missing RNAi pathways indicates that proteins required for RNA silencing have been lost independently from many fungal
891:
is not clear, as heterochromatin maintenance in mammalian cells may be independent of the components of the RNAi pathway.
12993:"Novartis receives EU approval for Leqvio(inclisiran), a first-in-class siRNA to lower cholesterol with two doses a year"
10133:"Application of food and feed safety assessment principles to evaluate transgenic approaches to gene modulation in crops"
2261:
2256:
1203:
miRNAs, are most important in translational repression and in the regulation of development, especially on the timing of
875:
813:
Components of the RNAi pathway are used in many eukaryotes in the maintenance of the organization and structure of their
664:
11887:
Ge G, Wong GW, Luo B (October 2005). "Prediction of siRNA knockdown efficiency using artificial neural network models".
11438:
9475:
13013:
12446:
Ratcliff F, Harrison BD, Baulcombe DC (June 1997). "A similarity between viral defense and gene silencing in plants".
6590:"MicroRNAs control translation initiation by inhibiting eukaryotic initiation factor 4E/cap and poly(A) tail function"
13116:
11337:
Katoch R, Thakur N (March 2013). "RNA interference: a promising technique for the improvement of traditional crops".
4427:
Pillai RS, Bhattacharyya SN, Filipowicz W (2007). "Repression of protein synthesis by miRNAs: how many mechanisms?".
395:
12524:"Cosuppression in Drosophila: gene silencing of Alcohol dehydrogenase by white-Adh transgenes is Polycomb dependent"
1346:
frequently when the dsRNA contains repetitive sequences. It has been estimated from studying the genomes of humans,
1237:
during development by modulating the expression of key regulatory genes, including transcription factors as well as
4052:
Pak J, Fire A (January 2007). "Distinct populations of primary and secondary effectors during RNAi in C. elegans".
2810:
Approaches to the design of genome-wide RNAi libraries can require more sophistication than the design of a single
2785:, in 2009 a study showed RNAs that could kill any one of four fruit fly species while not harming the other three.
13092:: a database of phenotypes from RNA interference screening experiments in Drosophila melanogaster and Homo sapiens
11608:"Corn rootworm-active RNA DvSnf7: Repeat dose oral toxicology assessment in support of human and mammalian safety"
12056:
Optimal High-Throughput Screening: Practical Experimental Design and Data Analysis for Genome-scale RNAi Research
11647:
Terenius O, Papanicolaou A, Garbutt JS, Eleftherianos I, Huvenne H, Kanginakudru S, et al. (February 2011).
11203:"Design of tomato fruits with reduced allergenicity by dsRNAi-mediated inhibition of ns-LTP (Lyc e 3) expression"
10625:
Fuchs U, Damm-Welk C, Borkhardt A (August 2004). "Silencing of disease-related genes by small interfering RNAs".
9371:
9082:
2442:
1556:
484:
479:
12671:
10053:"Targeted gene suppression by RNA interference: an efficient method for production of high-amylose potato lines"
4874:"Micro spies from the brain to the periphery: new clues from studies on microRNAs in neuropsychiatric disorders"
2896:
plants, and more directly by reports of unexpected outcomes in experiments performed by plant scientists in the
247:, then exported to the cytoplasm. Thus, the two dsRNA pathways, exogenous and endogenous, converge at the RISC.
104:
produced intracellularly by an expression vector may be developed and find utility as novel therapeutic agents.
5534:
Sen G, Blau H (2005). "Argonaute 2/RISC resides in sites of mammalian mRNA decay known as cytoplasmic bodies".
3003:
Just after Fire and Mello's ground-breaking discovery, Elbashir et al. discovered, by using synthetically made
2850:
13054:
5334:
Tomari Y, Matranga C, Haley B, Martinez N, Zamore PD (November 2004). "A protein sensor for siRNA asymmetry".
5287:"Short interfering RNA strand selection is independent of dsRNA processing polarity during RNAi in Drosophila"
3058:
received EMA approval in 2020 for the treatment of high cholesterol and is currently under review by the FDA.
62:, through translational or transcriptional repression. Historically, RNAi was known by other names, including
13270:
7925:
3097:
2335:
1065:
systems in prokaryotes are analogous to eukaryotic RNAi systems, although none of the protein components are
798:
611:
224:
163:
8629:"Absence of non-specific effects of RNA interference triggered by long double-stranded RNA in mouse oocytes"
13398:
10976:"RNA interference improves motor and neuropathological abnormalities in a Huntington's disease mouse model"
9100:
Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza G (11 June 2020). "Givosiran — Running RNA Interference to Fight Porphyria Attacks".
1518:
1286:
977:
584:
330:
11606:
Petrick JS, Friedrich GE, Carleton SM, Kessenich CR, Silvanovich A, Zhang Y, et al. (November 2016).
10662:"RNA interference is a functional pathway with therapeutic potential in human myeloid leukemia cell lines"
6037:"RITS acts in cis to promote RNA interference-mediated transcriptional and post-transcriptional silencing"
923:
strains indicating that A→I RNA editing may counteract RNAi silencing of endogenous genes and transgenes.
13455:
13209:
13045:
11779:
9835:
3028:
1273:
671:. As the fragments produced by Dicer are double-stranded, they could each in theory produce a functional
10884:
Piedrahita D, Hernández I, López-Tobón A, Fedorov D, Obara B, Manjunath BS, et al. (October 2010).
9580:
Kanasty R, Dorkin JR, Vegas A, Anderson D (November 2013). "Delivery materials for siRNA therapeutics".
8384:"dsCheck: highly sensitive off-target search software for double-stranded RNA-mediated RNA interference"
3956:"RDE-4 preferentially binds long dsRNA and its dimerization is necessary for cleavage of dsRNA to siRNA"
215:
domains are colored green, the PAZ domain yellow, the platform domain red, and the connector helix blue.
13407:
13095:
11788:
11722:
8672:, Agami R (April 2002). "A system for stable expression of short interfering RNAs in mammalian cells".
3571:"RNAi: double-stranded RNA directs the ATP-dependent cleavage of mRNA at 21 to 23 nucleotide intervals"
13024:
7200:"Suppression of post-transcriptional gene silencing by a plant viral protein localized in the nucleus"
3392:
239:
in the genome. The primary transcripts from such genes are first processed to form the characteristic
13440:
13040:
11713:
7981:"The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14"
7296:
Katiyar-Agarwal S, Morgan R, Dahlbeck D, Borsani O, Villegas A, Zhu JK, et al. (November 2006).
5665:(2000). "An RNA-directed nuclease mediates post-transcriptional gene silencing in Drosophila cells".
4772:
Palmero EI, de Campos SG, Campos M, de Souza NC, Guerreiro ID, Carvalho AL, et al. (July 2011).
2839:
2815:
1567:
1482:
1352:
1126:, especially in plants where it may also prevent the self-propagation of transposons. Plants such as
844:
12795:
10837:"Allele-specific RNAi mitigates phenotypic progression in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease"
7065:
Blevins T, Rajeswaran R, Shivaprasad PV, Beknazariants D, Si-Ammour A, Park HS, et al. (2006).
5711:
3511:
3428:
3230:"Passenger-strand cleavage facilitates assembly of siRNA into Ago2-containing RNAi enzyme complexes"
2983:. In investigating the regulation of muscle protein production, they observed that neither mRNA nor
1566:
Other investigational drugs using RNAi that are being developed by pharmaceutical companies such as
1360:
have substantial off-target effects. A multitude of software tools have been developed implementing
13450:
13139:
11922:
Janitz M, Vanhecke D, Lehrach H (2006). "High-Throughput RNA Interference in Functional Genomics".
11429:
9425:
Garrelfs SF, Frishberg Y, Hulton SA, Koren MJ, O'Riordan WD, Cochat P, et al. (1 April 2021).
8960:
Garrelfs SF, Frishberg Y, Hulton SA, Koren MJ, O'Riordan WD, Cochat P, et al. (1 April 2021).
7710:
Cullen BR (June 2006). "Is RNA interference involved in intrinsic antiviral immunity in mammals?".
2578:
2289:
1486:
1012:
826:
11152:"Engineering cottonseed for use in human nutrition by tissue-specific reduction of toxic gossypol"
9007:
Adams D, Tournev IL, Taylor MS, Coelho T, Planté-Bordeneuve V, Berk JL, et al. (March 2023).
8854:
Adams D, Gonzalez-Duarte A, O'Riordan WD, Yang CC, Ueda M, Kristen AV, et al. (5 July 2018).
8482:"siDirect: highly effective, target-specific siRNA design software for mammalian RNA interference"
8333:
Munkácsy G, Sztupinszki Z, Herman P, Bán B, Pénzváltó Z, Szarvas N, et al. (September 2016).
7355:
Fritz JH, Girardin SE, Philpott DJ (June 2006). "Innate immune defense through RNA interference".
6326:
Yang W, Chendrimada TP, Wang Q, Higuchi M, Seeburg PH, Shiekhattar R, et al. (January 2006).
930:
Illustration of the major differences between plant and animal gene silencing. Natively expressed
13262:
13197:
7249:"Double-stranded RNA binding may be a general plant RNA viral strategy to suppress RNA silencing"
2952:
silencing in animals was documented in 1996, when Guo and Kemphues observed that, by introducing
2759:
2527:
1571:
1478:
1430:
458:
394:
produced from exogenous dsRNA, but before reaching maturity, miRNAs must first undergo extensive
10537:"VIRmiRNA: a comprehensive resource for experimentally validated viral miRNAs and their targets"
8116:
Jones-Rhoades MW, Bartel DP, Bartel B (2006). "MicroRNAS and their regulatory roles in plants".
4380:"VIRmiRNA: a comprehensive resource for experimentally validated viral miRNAs and their targets"
2793:
Alternatively dsRNA can be supplied without genetic engineering. One approach is to add them to
1438:
1333:
decrease in expression may show the physiological role or impact of the targeted gene products.
13416:
13366:
11494:
Ivashuta S, Zhang Y, Wiggins BE, Ramaseshadri P, Segers GC, Johnson S, et al. (May 2015).
8578:
Reynolds A, Anderson EM, Vermeulen A, Fedorov Y, Robinson K, Leake D, et al. (June 2006).
8020:
Palatnik JF, Allen E, Wu X, Schommer C, Schwab R, Carrington JC, et al. (September 2003).
5387:"Structural basis for 5'-end-specific recognition of guide RNA by the A. fulgidus Piwi protein"
3603:
Vermeulen A, Behlen L, Reynolds A, Wolfson A, Marshall WS, Karpilow J, et al. (May 2005).
3423:
3032:
2962:
2767:
2478:
2474:
1308:
806:
766:
688:
598:
546:
439:
419:
296:
284:
92:
13253:
12029:
12022:
9764:
Leung AK, Tam YY, Cullis PR (2014). "Lipid Nanoparticles for Short Interfering RNA Delivery".
8792:
Ventura A, Meissner A, Dillon CP, McManus M, Sharp PA, Van Parijs L, et al. (July 2004).
6776:
Drinnenberg IA, Weinberg DE, Xie KT, Mower JP, Wolfe KH, Fink GR, et al. (October 2009).
2477:. In addition, this silencing-based approaches also provide promising results in treatment of
2307:
Other recent applications include two FDA approved COVID-19 vaccines: mRNA-1273, developed by
971:(channels in the cell walls that enable communication and transport). Heritability comes from
12344:
Covey S, Al-Kaff N, Lángara A, Turner D (1997). "Plants combat infection by gene silencing".
11120:
9493:
9143:
8129:
6201:
3004:
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1541:
1405:
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1372:
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1342:
1146:
964:
935:
919:
from RNAi pathway components. Further support for this model comes from studies on ADAR-null
916:
883:
872:
790:
758:
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709:
672:
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576:
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typically base-pair perfectly and induce mRNA cleavage only in a single, specific target. In
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288:
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263:
120:
116:
12937:"Evidence of RNAi in humans from systemically administered siRNA via targeted nanoparticles"
12850:
Wall NR, Shi Y (October 2003). "Small RNA: can RNA interference be exploited for therapy?".
1412:
vector systems allowing the inducible activation or deactivation of transcription, known as
13322:
13314:
13279:
13018:
12948:
12760:
12705:
12628:
12617:"Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans"
12400:
12353:
12144:
11730:
11660:
11560:
11295:
10987:
9672:
De-Souza EA, Camara H, Salgueiro WG, Moro RP, Knittel TL, Tonon G, et al. (May 2019).
9589:
9389:
8805:
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8681:
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1208:
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1128:
746:
567:
this initiation response is amplified through the synthesis of a population of 'secondary'
313:
this initiation response is amplified through the synthesis of a population of 'secondary'
17:
11989:
7506:"Animal virus replication and RNAi-mediated antiviral silencing in Caenorhabditis elegans"
2553:
fungal growth in maize which would have otherwise contaminated the kernels with dangerous
1179:
Other functions for RNAi in mammalian viruses also exist, such as miRNAs expressed by the
438:
share the same downstream cellular machinery. First, viral encoded miRNA was described in
8:
13357:
13333:
13080:
10289:"A retrovirus-based system to stably silence hepatitis B virus genes by RNA interference"
10002:
Balwani M, Sardh E, Ventura P, Peiró PA, Rees DC, Stölzel U, et al. (11 June 2020).
9902:
Fitzgerald K, White S, Borodovsky A, Bettencourt BR, Strahs A, Clausen V (January 2017).
8913:
Balwani M, Sardh E, Ventura P, Peiró PA, Rees DC, Stölzel U, et al. (11 June 2020).
8580:"Induction of the interferon response by siRNA is cell type- and duplex length-dependent"
8531:"siVirus: web-based antiviral siRNA design software for highly divergent viral sequences"
6328:"Modulation of microRNA processing and expression through RNA editing by ADAR deaminases"
4513:"Distinct roles for Drosophila Dicer-1 and Dicer-2 in the siRNA/miRNA silencing pathways"
2714:
2642:
2570:
1522:
1062:
1045:
912:
849:
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635:
349:
283:
base-pair to their target mRNA and cleave it, thereby preventing it from being used as a
147:
59:
13035:
12952:
12764:
12709:
12632:
12404:
12357:
12148:
11664:
11564:
11299:
10991:
10935:"Viral-based modelling and correction of neurodegenerative diseases by RNA interference"
9593:
8809:
8750:
8685:
8037:
7941:
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3868:
3662:
3538:
3480:
3414:
Bagasra O, Prilliman KR (August 2004). "RNA interference: the molecular immune system".
3338:
3293:
3194:
3169:
3136:
3054:
later won FDA approval for the treatment of AHP and PH1 in 2019 and 2020, respectively.
1096:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Le LQ, Lorenz Y, Scheurer S, Fötisch K, Enrique E, Bartra J, et al. (March 2006).
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Berkhout B (April 2004). "RNA interference as an antiviral approach: targeting HIV-1".
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9979:
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9903:
9879:
9854:
9817:"Big Pharma's Turn On RNAi Shows That New Technologies Don't Guarantee R&D Success"
9792:
9773:
9746:
9721:
Li W, Szoka FC (24 March 2007). "Lipid-based nanoparticles for nucleic acid delivery".
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7429:
7400:"RNAi is an antiviral immune response against a dsRNA virus in Drosophila melanogaster"
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paper reported a potent gene silencing effect after injecting double stranded RNA into
2782:
2682:
2648:
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2301:
1424:
1165:
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lack the RNAi pathway entirely. Most or all of the components are also missing in some
868:
721:
514:
399:
162:(Ago2). The passenger strand is degraded and the guide strand is incorporated into the
12893:
Sah D (2006). "Therapeutic potential of RNA interference for neurological disorders".
12863:
12540:
12523:
12216:
12191:
12167:
12132:
12108:
12081:
11980:
11010:
10975:
10459:"Advancements in Nucleic Acid Based Therapeutics against Respiratory Viral Infections"
9174:
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8793:
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8734:
8506:
8481:
8457:
8432:
8311:
8275:
8250:
7224:
7199:
7176:
7067:"Four plant Dicers mediate viral small RNA biogenesis and DNA virus induced silencing"
6881:
6695:
6557:
6532:
6251:
6234:
6112:
6077:
5768:
Verdel A, Jia S, Gerber S, Sugiyama T, Gygi S, Grewal SI, et al. (January 2004).
5262:
5245:
4529:
4512:
4488:
4463:
3587:
3570:
3525:
Siomi H, Siomi MC (January 2009). "On the road to reading the RNA-interference code".
2441:). It has also been proposed that RNAi can enhance the sensitivity of cancer cells to
2273:
mechanisms have become an increasing source of encasing nucleic acids and may include
1477:
is the first double stranded siRNA-based medication approved in 2018 and developed by
13151:
12974:
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12832:
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Harper SQ, Staber PD, He X, Eliason SL, Martins IH, Mao Q, et al. (April 2005).
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7753:
Maillard PV, Ciaudo C, Marchais A, Li Y, Jay F, Ding SW, et al. (October 2013).
7727:
7692:
7651:
7586:
7543:
7486:
7421:
7416:
7399:
7372:
7337:
7278:
7229:
7180:
7145:
7096:
7047:
6998:
6947:
6865:
6815:
6758:
6753:
6718:
6699:
6664:
6660:
6629:
6562:
6513:
6457:
6408:
6357:
6305:
6256:
6215:
6166:
6117:
6058:
6017:
5976:
Li LC, Okino ST, Zhao H, Pookot D, Place RF, Urakami S, et al. (November 2006).
5950:
5907:
5878:"Regulation of heterochromatic silencing and histone H3 lysine-9 methylation by RNAi"
5850:
5807:
5742:
5692:
5635:
5600:
5551:
5516:
5459:
5455:
5424:
5359:
5316:
5267:
5218:
5180:
5129:
5122:
5099:
5050:
5007:
4956:
4905:
4854:
4803:
4754:
4689:
4638:
4595:
4534:
4493:
4444:
4409:
4352:
4309:
4299:
4268:
4232:
4158:
4131:
4077:
4023:
3985:
3929:
3919:
3880:
3837:
3788:
3736:
3684:
3634:
3592:
3562:
3550:
3492:
3441:
3350:
3307:
3251:
3199:
3150:
2926:
2913:
2823:
2466:
1498:
1200:
999:
713:
358:
97:
13108:
12879:
12601:
12387:
Kumagai MH, Donson J, della-Cioppa G, Harvey D, Hanley K, Grill LK (February 1995).
12373:
12268:
11873:
11754:
11706:"Bugs Are Not to Be Silenced: Small RNA Pathways and Antiviral Responses in Insects"
11409:
11366:
11271:
11136:
10835:
Rodríguez-Lebrón E, Gouvion CM, Moore SA, Davidson BL, Paulson HL (September 2009).
10365:
10322:
8719:
8145:
7965:
7739:
7433:
7384:
6877:
6574:
5962:
5862:
5754:
5647:
5471:
5371:
5230:
5120:
Lodish H, Berk A, Matsudaira P, Kaiser CA, Krieger M, Scott MP, et al. (2004).
5062:
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4244:
4089:
4035:
3892:
3855:
Ahlquist P (May 2002). "RNA-dependent RNA polymerases, viruses, and RNA silencing".
3362:
3110:
1578:, and Sylentis. These medications cover a variety of targets via RNAi and diseases.
39:
delivery of designed shRNAs and the mechanism of RNA interference in mammalian cells
13385:
13029:
12964:
12956:
12902:
12859:
12822:
12788:
12768:
12713:
12656:
12636:
12579:
12535:
12494:
12455:
12418:
12408:
12361:
12299:
12248:
12211:
12203:
12162:
12152:
12103:
12093:
12006:
11984:
11976:
11927:
11896:
11853:
11808:
11792:
11726:
11676:
11672:
11668:
11619:
11578:
11568:
11515:
11507:
11450:
11442:
11389:
11346:
11323:
11303:
11251:
11214:
11173:
11163:
11150:
Sunilkumar G, Campbell LM, Puckhaber L, Stipanovic RD, Rathore KS (November 2006).
11116:
11054:
11046:
11005:
10995:
10946:
10905:
10901:
10897:
10856:
10848:
10821:
10801:
10772:
10714:
10673:
10634:
10597:
10556:
10548:
10480:
10470:
10424:
10388:
10345:
10300:
10259:
10251:
10210:
10144:
10103:
10064:
10015:
9974:
9964:
9923:
9915:
9874:
9866:
9787:
9769:
9750:
9730:
9693:
9685:
9644:
9636:
9597:
9549:
9531:
9438:
9325:
9317:
9276:
9266:
9225:
9217:
9170:
9109:
9028:
9020:
8973:
8926:
8877:
8867:
8823:
8813:
8764:
8754:
8697:
8689:
8640:
8599:
8591:
8550:
8542:
8501:
8493:
8452:
8444:
8403:
8395:
8354:
8346:
8307:
8270:
8262:
8221:
8213:
8172:
8125:
8088:
8041:
7992:
7945:
7896:
7888:
7839:
7831:
7782:
7774:
7719:
7682:
7641:
7633:
7614:"The interplay between virus infection and the cellular RNA interference machinery"
7598:
7578:
7533:
7525:
7476:
7468:
7411:
7364:
7327:
7317:
7268:
7260:
7219:
7211:
7172:
7163:
Voinnet O (August 2001). "RNA silencing as a plant immune system against viruses".
7135:
7127:
7086:
7078:
7037:
7029:
6988:
6978:
6937:
6927:
6857:
6805:
6797:
6748:
6738:
6691:
6656:
6619:
6609:
6552:
6503:
6493:
6447:
6439:
6398:
6388:
6375:
Yang W, Wang Q, Howell KL, Lee JT, Cho DS, Murray JM, et al. (February 2005).
6347:
6339:
6295:
6287:
6246:
6205:
6197:
6156:
6148:
6107:
6097:
6048:
6035:
Noma K, Sugiyama T, Cam H, Verdel A, Zofall M, Jia S, et al. (November 2004).
6007:
5997:
5942:
5919:
5897:
5842:
5797:
5789:
5734:
5704:
5684:
5667:
5627:
5590:
5563:
5543:
5506:
5498:
5451:
5414:
5406:
5351:
5306:
5257:
5210:
5170:
5162:
5089:
5042:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4975:
4946:
4936:
4895:
4885:
4844:
4834:
4793:
4785:
4744:
4736:
4701:
4681:
4650:
4630:
4585:
4577:
4524:
4483:
4475:
4464:"Distinct roles for Argonaute proteins in small RNA-directed RNA cleavage pathways"
4436:
4399:
4391:
4344:
4291:
4260:
4222:
4214:
4150:
4143:
4123:
4069:
4015:
3975:
3967:
3911:
3872:
3827:
3819:
3806:
Liang C, Wang Y, Murota Y, Liu X, Smith D, Siomi MC, et al. (September 2015).
3778:
3770:
3726:
3718:
3674:
3666:
3624:
3616:
3582:
3542:
3504:
3484:
3453:
3433:
3342:
3297:
3241:
3211:
3189:
3181:
3140:
3123:
2778:
2324:
1303:
1254:
1138:
1049:
1024:
993:
108:
12733:
12459:
10886:"Silencing of CDK5 reduces neurofibrillary tangles in transgenic alzheimer's mice"
10068:
9024:
8669:
8061:
7892:
7637:
7504:
Lu R, Maduro M, Li F, Li HW, Broitman-Maduro G, Li WX, et al. (August 2005).
3031:. Four years later the first-in-human Phase I clinical trial was started, using a
13288:
13102:
13058:
12616:
12098:
11573:
11446:
11350:
9321:
9033:
6719:"Lineage-specific loss and divergence of functionally linked genes in eukaryotes"
5876:
Volpe TA, Kidner C, Hall IM, Teng G, Grewal SI, Martienssen RA (September 2002).
3823:
3302:
3277:
2843:
2736:
2692:
2670:
2592:
2588:
2412:, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), adenovirus and
2409:
2368:
1526:
1510:
1380:
1298:
1216:
1184:
1161:
1119:
981:
972:
822:
717:
708:
The structural basis for binding of RNA to the Argonaute protein was examined by
383:
174:
55:
11624:
11607:
10703:"CXCR4 knockdown by small interfering RNA abrogates breast tumor growth in vivo"
10052:
9969:
9674:"RNA interference may result in unexpected phenotypes in Caenorhabditis elegans"
8914:
8645:
8628:
8177:
8160:
8093:
8076:
7687:
7670:
4251:
Zhao Y, Srivastava D (April 2007). "A developmental view of microRNA function".
3915:
3910:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 887. pp. 15–30.
3759:"Anatomy of RISC: how do small RNAs and chaperones activate Argonaute proteins?"
2826:
and has triggered the development of high-throughput screening methods based on
2664:
are models that have been widely used to learn how RNAi works within particular
1529:(PBG) from accumulating. To facilitate entry into the cytoplasm, givosiran uses
833:(RITS), and is carried out by a complex of proteins called the RITS complex. In
618:
544:
Exogenous dsRNA is detected and bound by an effector protein, known as RDE-4 in
294:
Exogenous dsRNA is detected and bound by an effector protein, known as RDE-4 in
13233:
12748:
12393:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
12137:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
11900:
11156:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
10980:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
10777:
10760:
8798:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
8739:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
7302:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
7131:
6912:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6723:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6594:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6082:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5982:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5662:
5201:
Haley B, Zamore PD (July 2004). "Kinetic analysis of the RNAi enzyme complex".
5094:
5078:"Human RISC couples microRNA biogenesis and posttranscriptional gene silencing"
5077:
4925:"The Emerging Role of microRNAs in Schizophrenia and Autism Spectrum Disorders"
4295:
4264:
3246:
3229:
3089:
3075:
3020:
2968:
2875:
plants in which genes for pigmentation are silenced by RNAi. The left plant is
2763:
2660:
2569:
in order to improve bowel function, and Travella et al. 2006 employed RNAi for
2446:
1324:
1008:
879:
757:
residue. This site is thought to form a nucleation site for the binding of the
379:
341:
259:
236:
220:
79:
12906:
11648:
11455:
11393:
11307:
10552:
10305:
10288:
10148:
10131:
Parrott W, Chassy B, Ligon J, Meyer L, Patrick J, Zhou J, et al. (2010).
10004:"Phase 3 Trial of RNAi Therapeutic Givosiran for Acute Intermittent Porphyria"
9734:
9536:
9221:
8915:"Phase 3 Trial of RNAi Therapeutic Givosiran for Acute Intermittent Porphyria"
8217:
7449:"RNA interference directs innate immunity against viruses in adult Drosophila"
7447:
Wang XH, Aliyari R, Li WX, Li HW, Kim K, Carthew R, et al. (April 2006).
7215:
7033:
6861:
6377:"ADAR1 RNA deaminase limits short interfering RNA efficacy in mammalian cells"
5946:
5311:
5286:
4823:"Epigenetic reduction of DNA repair in progression to gastrointestinal cancer"
4774:"Mechanisms and role of microRNA deregulation in cancer onset and progression"
4440:
4395:
3437:
3145:
3118:
2867:
2686:
three, as found by Lewis et al. 2016 and Hain et al. 2010. In the case of the
601:
to form a ~60-70nt hairpin pre-RNA. This pre-miRNA is transported through the
13434:
13205:
13173:
12928:
12615:
Fire A, Xu S, Montgomery MK, Kostas SA, Driver SE, Mello CC (February 1998).
12133:"Inhibition of gene expression in plant cells by expression of antisense RNA"
11804:
11738:
11464:
10638:
9545:
9204:
Simon A, Pompilus F, Querbes W, Wei A, Strzok S, Penz C, et al. (2018).
9042:
8985:
8938:
8202:"On the origin and functions of RNA-mediated silencing: from protists to man"
7368:
5166:
4941:
4890:
4871:
3170:"Antisense RNA gene therapy for studying and modulating biological processes"
2984:
2957:
2897:
2546:
2413:
2380:
2282:
1560:
1241:. In many organisms, including humans, miRNAs are linked to the formation of
1238:
1204:
1041:
968:
926:
861:
834:
802:
518:
488:
178:
101:
12157:
11931:
11168:
11000:
10349:
10132:
10051:
Andersson M, Melander M, Pojmark P, Larsson H, Bülow L, Hofvander P (2006).
9008:
8961:
8818:
8759:
8693:
8382:
Naito Y, Yamada T, Matsumiya T, Ui-Tei K, Saigo K, Morishita S (July 2005).
8266:
7949:
7835:
7778:
7472:
7322:
6932:
6801:
6614:
6135:
Wang F, Koyama N, Nishida H, Haraguchi T, Reith W, Tsukamoto T (June 2006).
6102:
6002:
5902:
5877:
5846:
5793:
5355:
5151:"Cleavage of the siRNA passenger strand during RISC assembly in human cells"
5046:
4348:
4154:
4127:
4073:
4019:
3876:
3346:
2009:
Choroidal neovascularization, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular oedema
1061:
miRNAs because the Dicer enzyme is not involved. It has been suggested that
13445:
12978:
12914:
12871:
12836:
12827:
12810:
12780:
12725:
12593:
12467:
12413:
12225:
12176:
12117:
11998:
11949:
11908:
11865:
11822:
11746:
11690:
11681:
11633:
11592:
11529:
11511:
11472:
11401:
11358:
11315:
11263:
11228:
11187:
11128:
11068:
11019:
10960:
10919:
10870:
10813:
10728:
10719:
10702:
10687:
10678:
10661:
10646:
10611:
10570:
10521:
10494:
10436:
10400:
10357:
10314:
10273:
10224:
10215:
10198:
10183:
10156:
10117:
10076:
10029:
9988:
9937:
9888:
9801:
9742:
9707:
9658:
9609:
9563:
9452:
9339:
9290:
9239:
9182:
9121:
9050:
8993:
8946:
8891:
8837:
8778:
8735:"CRE recombinase-inducible RNA interference mediated by lentiviral vectors"
8711:
8654:
8613:
8564:
8515:
8466:
8417:
8368:
8319:
8284:
8251:"Comparative genomics and evolution of proteins involved in RNA metabolism"
8235:
8186:
8137:
8102:
8053:
7957:
7910:
7853:
7796:
7731:
7696:
7655:
7590:
7547:
7490:
7425:
7376:
7341:
7282:
7233:
7184:
7100:
7051:
7002:
6951:
6869:
6819:
6762:
6743:
6703:
6668:
6633:
6566:
6517:
6461:
6428:"Editor meets silencer: crosstalk between RNA editing and RNA interference"
6412:
6393:
6361:
6309:
6260:
6219:
6170:
6121:
6062:
6021:
5954:
5911:
5854:
5811:
5746:
5696:
5639:
5604:
5555:
5520:
5463:
5428:
5363:
5320:
5271:
5222:
5184:
5103:
5054:
5011:
5002:
4960:
4909:
4858:
4807:
4758:
4715:
Baek D, Villén J, Shin C, Camargo FD, Gygi SP, Bartel DP (September 2008).
4693:
4642:
4599:
4538:
4497:
4448:
4413:
4356:
4313:
4272:
4236:
4162:
4135:
4081:
4027:
3989:
3933:
3884:
3841:
3792:
3740:
3688:
3638:
3596:
3554:
3496:
3445:
3354:
3311:
3255:
3203:
3154:
3012:
2953:
2917:
2470:
2457:
more efficiently. RNAi uptake and regulation is controlled by the kidneys.
2433:
2364:
2332:
1559:
stage 1 or 2. Vutrisiran is designed to break down the mRNA that codes for
1397:
1282:
1269:
1234:
1223:
in 1993. In plants this function was discovered when the "JAW microRNA" of
838:
728:
687:
is degraded during RISC activation. Although it was first believed that an
660:
602:
407:
251:
244:
186:
170:
12648:
12584:
12567:
12549:
12508:
12432:
12389:"Cytoplasmic inhibition of carotenoid biosynthesis with virus-derived RNA"
12260:
10951:
10934:
10457:
Asha K, Kumar P, Sanicas M, Meseko CA, Khanna M, Kumar B (December 2018).
10428:
10020:
10003:
9919:
9870:
9766:
Nonviral Vectors for Gene Therapy - Lipid- and Polymer-based Gene Transfer
9443:
9426:
8977:
8930:
8872:
8856:"Patisiran, an RNAi Therapeutic, for Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis"
8855:
8006:
7812:"RNA interference functions as an antiviral immunity mechanism in mammals"
7247:
Mérai Z, Kerényi Z, Kertész S, Magna M, Lakatos L, Silhavy D (June 2006).
7149:
6983:
6498:
4839:
4581:
4511:
Lee Y, Nakahara K, Pham J, Kim K, He Z, Sontheimer E, et al. (2004).
4172:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace
3605:"The contributions of dsRNA structure to Dicer specificity and efficiency"
3185:
13305:
13225:
12054:
11926:. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 173. pp. 97–104.
11050:
10255:
9689:
9113:
8546:
8497:
8448:
8399:
8350:
7264:
7082:
7064:
6152:
5244:
Schwarz DS, Hutvágner G, Du T, Xu Z, Aronin N, Zamore PD (October 2003).
3722:
3008:
2972:
2901:
2624:
2611:
2604:
2542:
2405:
2401:
2360:
2352:
2235:
1514:
1294:
900:
743:
644:
529:
443:
75:
12960:
12207:
11646:
10852:
9271:
8595:
8045:
7582:
7529:
6965:
Makarova KS, Grishin NV, Shabalina SA, Wolf YI, Koonin EV (March 2006).
6291:
5595:
5578:
5502:
5410:
4740:
4685:
4634:
4479:
3971:
3670:
3620:
3546:
1233:; thus miRNA activity is particularly wide-ranging and regulates entire
13377:
13374:
13089:
10475:
8882:
4006:
Baulcombe DC (January 2007). "Molecular biology. Amplified silencing".
3055:
2938:
2893:
2846:
2827:
2794:
2636:
2618:
2469:. Studies in cells and in mouse have shown that specifically targeting
2328:
1552:
1464:
1460:
1409:
1376:
1246:
1037:
963:
or mammals. In plants, RNAi is thought to propagate by the transfer of
853:
552:
302:
155:
139:
132:
124:
36:
12024:
Applying genomic and proteomic microarray technology in drug discovery
10392:
9306:"Role of delta-aminolevulinic acid in the symptoms of acute porphyria"
8702:
8433:"DEQOR: a web-based tool for the design and quality control of siRNAs"
5738:
3774:
13394:
13244:
13189:
13086:, a collection of free articles about RNAi as a therapeutic strategy.
12717:
12365:
11775:"Mechanisms, Applications, and Challenges of Insect RNA Interference"
11149:
10883:
10238:
Kusov Y, Kanda T, Palmenberg A, Sgro JY, Gauss-Müller V (June 2006).
9601:
8853:
6343:
5688:
5577:
Lian S, Jakymiw A, Eystathioy T, Hamel J, Fritzler M, Chan E (2006).
3808:"TAF11 Assembles the RISC Loading Complex to Enhance RNAi Efficiency"
3488:
3051:
3047:
3043:
2889:
2880:
2876:
2561:
have produced tearless onions and RNAi has been used in BP1 genes in
2554:
2519:
2293:
1537:
1502:
1494:
1474:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1361:
1277:
1212:
904:
739:
701:
659:
The active components of an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) are
648:
626:
594:
423:
411:
346:
255:
240:
232:
228:
159:
151:
12772:
11857:
10834:
10240:"Silencing of hepatitis A virus infection by small interfering RNAs"
9901:
9640:
7671:"Interaction of viruses with the mammalian RNA interference pathway"
7295:
6443:
5631:
5547:
5214:
5076:
Gregory RI, Chendrimada TP, Cooch N, Shiekhattar R (November 2005).
4872:
Maffioletti E, Tardito D, Gennarelli M, Bocchio-Chiavetto L (2014).
3228:
Matranga C, Tomari Y, Shin C, Bartel DP, Zamore PD (November 2005).
1028:, further demonstrates that inducing two RNAi-related proteins from
13353:
13296:
13051:
12321:
Antisense nucleic acids and proteins: fundamentals and applications
12284:"Transgene-mediated suppression of chalcone synthase expression in
11255:
10805:
10701:
Lapteva N, Yang AG, Sanders DE, Strube RW, Chen SY (January 2005).
9953:"Aptamer-siRNA Chimeras: Discovery, Progress, and Future Prospects"
7723:
6053:
6036:
5385:
Ma JB, Yuan YR, Meister G, Pei Y, Tuschl T, Patel DJ (March 2005).
4663:
3069:
3036:
2798:
2562:
2534:
2523:
2438:
2320:
1250:
1150:
1142:
988:
931:
857:
794:
770:
754:
732:
724:
692:
511:
492:
371:
366:
353:
182:
112:
87:
32:
12640:
12281:
9255:"An update of clinical management of acute intermittent porphyria"
6835:"Evolution and diversification of RNA silencing proteins in fungi"
5075:
4378:
Qureshi A, Thakur N, Monga I, Thakur A, Kumar M (1 January 2014).
3647:"The promises and pitfalls of RNA-interference-based therapeutics"
1307:), is homologous to and originally evolved from components of the
781:
11605:
9427:"Lumasiran, an RNAi Therapeutic for Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1"
8962:"Lumasiran, an RNAi Therapeutic for Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1"
6076:
Sugiyama T, Cam H, Verdel A, Moazed D, Grewal SI (January 2005).
4218:
3707:"A computational study of off-target effects of RNA interference"
2909:
2872:
2630:
2566:
2541:
plants and fortification of plants such as tomatoes with dietary
2308:
2274:
1934:
Optic atrophy, non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy
1490:
infusion-related reactions and reduced vitamin A levels (serum).
1401:
908:
818:
630:
507:
473:
207:
197:
11493:
11032:
9625:"Knocking down disease: a progress report on siRNA therapeutics"
8794:"Cre-lox-regulated conditional RNA interference from transgenes"
8577:
5770:"RNAi-mediated targeting of heterochromatin by the RITS complex"
590:
470:
are processed by distinct Argonaute proteins and Dicer enzymes.
138:
The RNAi pathway is a naturally occurring process found in many
12386:
10761:"Delivery systems for siRNA drug development in cancer therapy"
10050:
8529:
Naito Y, Ui-Tei K, Nishikawa T, Takebe Y, Saigo K (July 2006).
8480:
Naito Y, Yamada T, Ui-Tei K, Morishita S, Saigo K (July 2004).
7114:
Palauqui JC, Elmayan T, Pollien JM, Vaucheret H (August 1997).
7113:
6588:
Humphreys DT, Westman BJ, Martin DI, Preiss T (November 2005).
5978:"Small dsRNAs induce transcriptional activation in human cells"
5487:"Uncoupling of RNAi from active translation in mammalian cells"
4290:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 342. pp. 33–47.
3016:
2922:
2905:
2538:
2511:
2316:
2297:
2278:
1908:
Age-related macular degeneration, choroidal neovascularization
1530:
1388:
1384:
1383:
that reacts nonspecifically to foreign genetic material. Mouse
1196:
888:
814:
735:
663:
called Argonaute proteins, which cleave the target mRNA strand
427:
398:. A miRNA is expressed from a much longer RNA-coding gene as a
375:
154:
into short double-stranded fragments of approximately 21 to 23
13084:
web focus: "The development of RNAi as a therapeutic strategy"
11545:"Dissecting systemic RNA interference in the red flour beetle
11284:
11106:
8732:
4976:"MicroRNA and Posttranscriptional Dysregulation in Psychiatry"
4771:
3602:
2912:, researchers introduced additional copies of a gene encoding
1368:
that are automatically checked for possible cross-reactivity.
1364:
for the design of general mammal-specific, and virus-specific
1289:
that may also have played other cellular roles. A large-scale
1016:. The presence of RNAi in other budding yeast species such as
675:. However, only one of the two strands, which is known as the
8298:
Voorhoeve PM, Agami R (January 2003). "Knockdown stands up".
8077:"Plant microRNA: a small regulatory molecule with big impact"
4426:
4285:
2741:
2687:
2665:
2558:
2417:
1575:
1485:. To achieve therapeutic response, patisiran is encased by a
1442:
Timeline of the use of RNAi in medicine between 1996 and 2017
1329:
1242:
1215:. The role of endogenously expressed miRNA in downregulating
1123:
1004:
939:
786:
606:
532:
altered and effective in down regulating DNA repair enzymes.
431:
212:
202:
143:
128:
11965:"Functional genomics using high-throughput RNA interference"
11964:
9424:
8959:
8791:
8332:
6964:
6717:
Aravind L, Watanabe H, Lipman DJ, Koonin EV (October 2000).
6587:
5148:
4105:
3083:
2533:
Development efforts have successfully reduced the levels of
12282:
Van Blokland R, Van der Geest N, Mol JN, Kooter JM (1994).
11033:
Boudreau RL, Rodríguez-Lebrón E, Davidson BL (April 2011).
9671:
8021:
6775:
6716:
6646:
5660:
5333:
5149:
Leuschner PJ, Ameres SL, Kueng S, Martinez J (March 2006).
4612:
4001:
3999:
3466:
2754:
2676:
2583:
2421:
1983:
Delayed graft function, complications of kidney transplant
1463:(2020 in Europe with anticipated US approval in 2021), and
943:
54:
molecules are involved in sequence-specific suppression of
12927:
11843:
10791:
9579:
8733:
Tiscornia G, Tergaonkar V, Galimi F, Verma IM (May 2004).
8528:
8479:
8381:
6325:
6134:
5932:
5576:
5119:
4326:
3119:"RNA interference: concept to reality in crop improvement"
13164:
12746:
12695:
12445:
12343:
11542:
11102:
11100:
11098:
9855:"Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine"
8430:
8248:
8115:
7560:
7298:"A pathogen-inducible endogenous siRNA in plant immunity"
6832:
6482:"Anti-viral RNA silencing: do we look like plants ?"
6274:
Luciano DJ, Mirsky H, Vendetti NJ, Maas S (August 2004).
6273:
5824:
4566:"Most mammalian mRNAs are conserved targets of microRNAs"
4461:
2949:
2397:
2393:
1447:
approved by regulatory authorities in the US and Europe:
181:. The pathway is also used as a practical tool for food,
51:
12751:, Kay MA (July 2002). "RNA interference in adult mice".
12521:
11096:
11094:
11092:
11090:
11088:
11086:
11084:
11082:
11080:
11078:
11035:"RNAi medicine for the brain: progresses and challenges"
10700:
10535:
Qureshi A, Thakur N, Monga I, Thakur A, Kumar M (2014).
10534:
10237:
10092:"Tapping RNA silencing pathways for plant biotechnology"
10001:
9006:
8912:
8667:
7752:
7246:
4377:
3996:
3227:
679:, binds Argonaute and directs gene silencing. The other
571:
during which the Dicer-produced initiating or 'primary'
317:
during which the Dicer-produced initiating or 'primary'
11200:
10624:
10378:
10130:
9768:. Advances in Genetics. Vol. 88. pp. 71–110.
9203:
8019:
6075:
5767:
5617:
5285:
Preall JB, He Z, Gorra JM, Sontheimer EJ (March 2006).
5284:
4563:
3569:
Zamore PD, Tuschl T, Sharp PA, Bartel DP (March 2000).
3568:
1336:
211:, which catalyzes the cleavage of dsRNA to siRNAs. The
12614:
12189:
11109:
Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
10456:
10413:
9904:"A Highly Durable RNAi Therapeutic Inhibitor of PCSK9"
9354:"LABEL:GIVLAARI- givosiran sodium injection, solution"
9303:
9083:"Drug Approval Package: GIVLAARI (givosiran)Injection"
8159:
Zhang B, Pan X, Cobb GP, Anderson TA (February 2007).
6530:
6235:"Double-stranded RNA as a template for gene silencing"
5246:"Asymmetry in the assembly of the RNAi enzyme complex"
3116:
2236:
Legal categorization and legal issues in a near future
1557:
transthyretin mediated amyloidosis with polyneuropathy
13138:
11921:
11421:
11419:
11241:
11075:
10973:
9099:
8075:
Zhang B, Pan X, Cobb GP, Anderson TA (January 2006).
7354:
6186:"RNA editing by adenosine deaminases that act on RNA"
6034:
5196:
5194:
4714:
1434:
fly, a common model organism used in RNAi experiments
903:
that is most prevalent in higher eukaryotes converts
11697:
11339:
International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition
10932:
9575:
9573:
9065:"LABEL:ONPATTRO- patisiran injection, lipid complex"
8199:
8158:
8074:
5243:
3065:
12568:"A brief history of RNAi: the silence of the genes"
12522:Pal-Bhadra M, Bhadra U, Birchler JA (August 1997).
11889:
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
11425:
8627:Stein P, Zeng F, Pan H, Schultz RM (October 2005).
8626:
8249:Anantharaman V, Koonin EV, Aravind L (April 2002).
7926:"Role of microRNAs in plant and animal development"
6905:
5875:
2797:water. The molecules are absorbed into the plants'
12275:
12021:
11768:
11766:
11764:
11543:Miller SC, Miyata K, Brown SJ, Tomoyasu Y (2012).
11416:
10137:British Industrial Biological Research Association
7810:Li Y, Lu J, Han Y, Fan X, Ding SW (October 2013).
5191:
5121:
4820:
4564:Friedman RC, Farh KK, Burge CB, Bartel DP (2009).
4510:
3805:
3167:
2363:as well as other cardiometabolic diseases such as
1581:Investigational RNAi therapeutics in development:
1319:
1211:or incompletely differentiated cell types such as
10659:
9570:
9304:Bissell DM, Lai JC, Meister RK, Blanc PD (2015).
9161:Puy H, Gouya L, Deybach JC (2010). "Porphyrias".
8431:Henschel A, Buchholz F, Habermann B (July 2004).
7978:
6833:Nakayashiki H, Kadotani N, Mayama S (July 2006).
6374:
5975:
3324:
2758:s each. This has led to identification of future
2488:
2465:RNAi strategies also show potential for treating
797:. These processed RNAs are incorporated into the
250:Exogenous dsRNA initiates RNAi by activating the
13432:
12931:, Zuckerman JE, Choi CH, Seligson D, Tolcher A,
12672:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006"
12059:. Cambridge University Press. pp. ix–xiii.
9950:
9622:
9252:
7923:
7611:
7397:
6681:
5384:
5024:
4462:Okamura K, Ishizuka A, Siomi H, Siomi M (2004).
3953:
3413:
3117:Saurabh S, Vidyarthi AS, Prasad D (March 2014).
2934:, but the molecular mechanism remained unknown.
1187:organization triggers to mediate viral latency.
539:
142:and animal cells. It is initiated by the enzyme
135:) and also influences development of organisms.
13070:2 American ‘Worm People’ Win Nobel for RNA Work
12318:
12190:Napoli C, Lemieux C, Jorgensen R (April 1990).
11761:
9160:
7979:Lee RC, Feinbaum RL, Ambros V (December 1993).
7755:"Antiviral RNA interference in mammalian cells"
7446:
7289:
6479:
5724:
4320:
3644:
2304:also worked to bring RNAi therapies to market.
13105:Pre-designed and custom RNA Interference tools
12439:
11962:
11549:: parameters affecting the efficiency of RNAi"
10933:Raoul C, Barker SD, Aebischer P (March 2006).
10660:Cioca DP, Aoki Y, Kiyosawa K (February 2003).
9814:
9763:
9517:
9408:"LABEL: OXLUMO- lumasiran injection, solution"
8297:
8161:"microRNAs as oncogenes and tumor suppressors"
7198:Lucy AP, Guo HS, Li WX, Ding SW (April 2000).
7015:
6531:Jones L, Ratcliff F, Baulcombe DC (May 2001).
6419:
5718:
5441:
4371:
4250:
3389:The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
2814:for a defined set of experimental conditions.
2061:Diabetic macular oedema, macular degeneration
1195:Endogenously expressed miRNAs, including both
1149:in response to infection by specific types of
1055:
579:are structurally distinct from Dicer-produced
474:Three prime untranslated regions and microRNAs
325:are structurally distinct from Dicer-produced
13124:
12380:
11703:
10335:
8849:
8847:
8620:
8291:
8242:
8109:
8013:
7197:
6675:
4973:
3906:Roberts TC (2015). "The microRNA Machinery".
3275:
3042:The FDA approved the first siRNA-based drug (
2424:) on host cells can prevent HIV viral entry.
1404:encoding the appropriate sequence from which
1293:study likewise indicates that the eukaryotic
894:
12747:McCaffrey AP, Meuse L, Pham TT, Conklin DS,
12238:
12183:
12079:
11379:
11336:
8661:
8522:
8152:
8022:"Control of leaf morphogenesis by microRNAs"
7668:
7503:
6906:Morita T, Mochizuki Y, Aiba H (March 2006).
6640:
6267:
4967:
4916:
4865:
4814:
4765:
4606:
3752:
3750:
3704:
3168:Weiss B, Davidkova G, Zhou LW (March 1999).
2557:. Silencing lachrymatory factor synthase in
1555:for the treatment of adults with hereditary
1168:. A similar role in immunity may operate in
950:
776:
738:(an atom with two positive charges) such as
258:with a 2-nucleotide overhang at the 3′ end.
13019:Cambridge University's The Naked Scientists
12515:
12480:
12337:
12124:
11496:"Environmental RNAi in herbivorous insects"
11143:
10754:
10752:
10750:
10748:
10746:
10744:
10742:
10740:
10738:
10507:
10286:
10196:
10089:
9833:
9616:
8200:Cerutti H, Casas-Mollano JA (August 2006).
8068:
7018:"Inhibition of viruses by RNA interference"
6899:
6826:
6321:
6319:
5654:
5200:
4717:"The impact of microRNAs on protein output"
4559:
4557:
4420:
4194:
3407:
3369:
3019:. By 2006, the first applications to reach
2904:in the early 1990s. In an attempt to alter
825:formation serves to downregulate genes pre-
13131:
13117:
12811:"siRNA-based approaches in cancer therapy"
12130:
11704:Mongelli V, Saleh MC (29 September 2016).
11194:
8844:
8726:
7917:
7809:
7398:Zambon RA, Vakharia VN, Wu LP (May 2006).
7009:
5926:
5869:
5128:(5th ed.). WH Freeman: New York, NY.
4922:
4827:World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology
4186:|...|intentional=yes}}
3524:
3223:
3221:
1190:
169:RNAi is a valuable research tool, both in
12968:
12826:
12583:
12539:
12498:
12422:
12412:
12303:
12288:results from an increase in RNA turnover"
12215:
12166:
12156:
12107:
12097:
12052:
12046:
12019:
11988:
11956:
11886:
11812:
11680:
11623:
11582:
11572:
11519:
11454:
11235:
11218:
11177:
11167:
11058:
11009:
10999:
10950:
10909:
10860:
10776:
10718:
10677:
10601:
10560:
10484:
10474:
10304:
10263:
10214:
10172:Current Opinion in Molecular Therapeutics
10107:
10019:
9978:
9968:
9927:
9878:
9791:
9697:
9648:
9623:Wittrup A, Lieberman J (September 2015).
9553:
9535:
9442:
9329:
9280:
9270:
9229:
9032:
8881:
8871:
8827:
8817:
8768:
8758:
8701:
8644:
8603:
8571:
8554:
8505:
8473:
8456:
8424:
8407:
8375:
8358:
8274:
8225:
8176:
8092:
7996:
7900:
7843:
7786:
7686:
7645:
7537:
7480:
7415:
7331:
7321:
7272:
7223:
7139:
7090:
7041:
6992:
6982:
6941:
6931:
6809:
6752:
6742:
6623:
6613:
6581:
6556:
6507:
6497:
6475:
6473:
6471:
6451:
6425:
6402:
6392:
6368:
6351:
6332:Nature Structural & Molecular Biology
6299:
6250:
6226:
6209:
6177:
6160:
6128:
6111:
6101:
6052:
6011:
6001:
5901:
5801:
5594:
5579:"GW bodies, microRNAs and the cell cycle"
5510:
5418:
5310:
5261:
5203:Nature Structural & Molecular Biology
5174:
5142:
5115:
5113:
5093:
5001:
4991:
4950:
4940:
4899:
4889:
4848:
4838:
4797:
4748:
4589:
4528:
4487:
4403:
4226:
4005:
3979:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3831:
3782:
3756:
3747:
3730:
3678:
3628:
3586:
3427:
3301:
3245:
3193:
3144:
2833:
2113:Ocular hypertension, open-angle glaucoma
1408:can be transcribed, or by more elaborate
575:are used as templates. These 'secondary'
321:are used as templates. These 'secondary'
12669:
11837:
11772:
11121:10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061010-114133
10765:Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
10735:
10287:Jia F, Zhang YZ, Liu CM (October 2006).
10169:
9473:
8785:
8193:
8130:10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105218
7972:
7605:
7107:
6958:
6316:
6202:10.1146/annurev.biochem.71.110601.135501
6069:
4554:
4101:
4099:
3854:
3460:
3385:"Advanced Information: RNA interference"
2866:
2460:
1437:
1423:
1164:and is active against pathogens such as
925:
780:
617:
589:
444:http://crdd.osdd.net/servers/virmirna/).
340:
196:
31:
12849:
12565:
12561:
12559:
12232:
12073:
12013:
11915:
9720:
7554:
7162:
7156:
7058:
6710:
5611:
5533:
5527:
5484:
5069:
5018:
4455:
4051:
3905:
3645:Castanotto D, Rossi JJ (January 2009).
3271:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3218:
2315:, developed by a collaboration between
1752:Respiratory syncytial virus infections
1072:
946:complex, which mediates gene silencing.
887:mating-type regions and centromeres to
762:into a cleavage-favorable RISC region.
14:
13433:
12082:"Planting the Seeds of a New Paradigm"
11963:Vanhecke D, Janitz M (February 2005).
11731:10.1146/annurev-virology-110615-042447
11612:Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
11382:Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology
10758:
10452:
10450:
10448:
10446:
9494:"Amvuttra | European Medicines Agency"
7866:
7709:
7703:
7662:
7391:
6684:Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology
6649:Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology
6468:
5818:
5761:
5327:
5278:
5110:
4203:"The functions of microRNAs in plants"
4200:
4047:
4045:
3940:
3700:
3698:
2805:
2340:atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
2267:
2244:
276:cooperates with AGO to form the RISC.
13112:
12892:
12608:
10583:
9852:
7924:Carrington JC, Ambros V (July 2003).
7348:
7240:
6432:Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
4821:Bernstein C, Bernstein H (May 2015).
4279:
4096:
3318:
2993:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
2838:Genome-scale RNAi research relies on
1720:VP24, VP35, Zaire Ebola L-polymerase
831:RNA-induced transcriptional silencing
716:of an RNA-bound Argonaute. Here, the
192:
84:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
27:Biological process of gene regulation
12808:
12556:
12474:
10197:Jiang M, Milner J (September 2002).
7440:
7191:
6232:
6183:
6028:
5570:
4974:Geaghan M, Cairns MJ (August 2015).
3763:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: RNA
3382:
3262:
3174:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
2998:
2944:post transcriptional gene silencing.
2773:
1337:Off-Target Effects of Gene Knockdown
1249:. Here, miRNAs can function as both
1076:
11880:
11773:Zhu KY, Palli SR (7 January 2020).
10443:
8966:The New England Journal of Medicine
7860:
7669:Schütz S, Sarnow P (January 2006).
7612:Berkhout B, Haasnoot J (May 2006).
6381:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
4504:
4042:
3954:Parker G, Eckert D, Bass B (2006).
3695:
2191:Transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis
1960:Kidney injury, acute renal failure
1830:Transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis
856:formation, causing slow or stalled
837:this complex contains Argonaute, a
789:trims double stranded RNA, to form
68:post-transcriptional gene silencing
50:) is a biological process in which
24:
12305:10.1046/j.1365-313X.1994.6060861.x
12253:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1992.tb02202.x
12131:Ecker JR, Davis RW (August 1986).
11797:10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-025224
11439:American Phytopathological Society
9774:10.1016/B978-0-12-800148-6.00004-3
7497:
7016:Stram Y, Kuzntzova L (June 2006).
6276:"RNA editing of a miRNA precursor"
5969:
5478:
5378:
4878:Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
2386:
1551:In 2022, the FDA and EMA approved
1493:In 2019, the FDA and EMA approved
720:5′ end of the RNA strand enters a
496:inhibit the expression of a mRNA.
25:
13467:
13038: – A 15-minute video of the
13007:
10759:Xu CF, Wang J (1 February 2015).
5661:Hammond S, Bernstein E, Beach D,
2932:co-suppression of gene expression
2862:
1497:for the treatment of adults with
1160:, RNAi is important in antiviral
829:; this process is referred to as
501:microRNA response elements (MREs)
396:post-transcriptional modification
279:After integration into the RISC,
12985:
12921:
12886:
12843:
12802:
12794:
12740:
12689:
12663:
12319:Mol JN, van der Krol AR (1991).
12312:
11640:
11599:
11536:
11487:
11373:
11330:
11278:
11220:10.1111/j.1467-7652.2005.00175.x
11026:
10967:
10926:
10877:
10828:
10785:
10694:
10653:
10618:
10603:10.1097/00002030-200317004-00014
10577:
10528:
10501:
10407:
10372:
10329:
10280:
10231:
10190:
10163:
10124:
10109:10.1111/j.1467-7652.2010.00505.x
10083:
10044:
9995:
9944:
9895:
9846:
9834:Eric Bender (1 September 2014).
9827:
9815:John LaMattina (15 April 2014).
9808:
9757:
9714:
9665:
9511:
9486:
9476:"Drug Trial Snapshots: AMVUTTRA"
9474:Research Cf (27 November 2023).
9467:
9418:
9400:
9382:
9364:
9346:
9310:The American Journal of Medicine
9297:
9259:Application of Clinical Genetics
9246:
9197:
9154:
9136:
9093:
9075:
9057:
9000:
8953:
8906:
8339:Molecular Therapy: Nucleic Acids
8326:
7869:"Antiviral silencing in animals"
7417:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00688.x
6661:10.1016/j.molbiopara.2003.10.005
5710:
5456:10.1111/j.1432-0436.2005.00029.x
3705:Qiu S, Adema CM, Lane T (2005).
3510:
3082:
3068:
2603:RNAi is under development as an
2549:have also been used to decrease
2518:but naturally contain the toxic
2374:
2262:partial sequence complementarity
2136:Escherichia coli-carrying shRNA
1081:
605:(NPC) into the cytoplasm, where
583:and appear to be produced by an
485:Three prime untranslated regions
329:and appear to be produced by an
12481:Guo S, Kemphues KJ (May 1995).
10008:New England Journal of Medicine
9951:Kruspe S, Giangrande P (2017).
9908:New England Journal of Medicine
9859:New England Journal of Medicine
9431:New England Journal of Medicine
9372:"Drug Approval Package: OXLUMO"
9253:Pischik E, Kauppinen R (2015).
9102:New England Journal of Medicine
8919:New England Journal of Medicine
8860:New England Journal of Medicine
7867:Li HW, Ding SW (October 2005).
7803:
7746:
6769:
6524:
6480:Saumet A, Lecellier CH (2006).
5727:Cytogenetic and Genome Research
5435:
5237:
4790:10.1590/S1415-47572011000300001
4708:
4657:
4545:
3899:
3848:
3799:
3276:Kupferschmidt K (August 2013).
2598:
2257:nanoparticle encapsulated siRNA
2139:Familial adenomatous polyposis
1891:Pachyonychia Congenita Project
1320:RNAi pathway for gene knockdown
1314:
480:Three prime untranslated region
12323:. M. Dekker. pp. 4, 136.
11990:11858/00-001M-0000-0010-86E7-8
11673:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.11.006
10902:10.1523/jneurosci.3637-10.2010
8118:Annual Review of Plant Biology
6842:Journal of Molecular Evolution
6141:Molecular and Cellular Biology
4993:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.12.009
4778:Genetics and Molecular Biology
4253:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
3757:Nakanishi K (September 2016).
3518:
3416:Journal of Molecular Histology
3161:
2851:single nucleotide polymorphism
2818:are frequently used to design
2489:Stimulation of immune response
2162:Self-delivering RNAi compound
2087:Ocular pain, dry-eye syndrome
1419:
422:. This complex consists of an
243:structure of pre-miRNA in the
223:process that is controlled by
86:for their work on RNAi in the
13:
1:
13036:NOVA scienceNOW explains RNAi
13025:Animation of the RNAi process
12864:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14637-5
12670:Daneholt B (2 October 2006).
12566:Sen GL, Blau HM (July 2006).
12541:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80508-5
12460:10.1126/science.276.5318.1558
12080:Matzke MA, Matzke AJ (2004).
11981:10.1016/S1359-6446(04)03352-5
10069:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.11.001
9518:Guerriaud M, Kohli E (2022).
9175:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61925-5
9025:10.1080/13506129.2022.2091985
8541:(Web Server issue): W448–50.
8443:(Web Server issue): W113–20.
8394:(Web Server issue): W589–91.
8312:10.1016/S0167-7799(02)00002-1
7893:10.1016/j.febslet.2005.08.034
7638:10.1016/j.febslet.2006.02.070
7177:10.1016/S0168-9525(01)02367-8
6696:10.1016/S0166-6851(03)00079-3
6558:10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00226-3
6426:Nishikura K (December 2006).
6252:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)71133-1
6190:Annual Review of Biochemistry
5263:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00759-1
4530:10.1016/S0092-8674(04)00261-2
3588:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80620-0
3103:
3098:DNA-directed RNA interference
2345:
2336:familial hypercholesterolemia
1122:to viruses and other foreign
799:RNA-induced silencing complex
731:and makes contacts through a
540:RISC activation and catalysis
164:RNA-induced silencing complex
13334:CRISPR genome-editing method
13014:Overview of the RNAi process
12935:, et al. (April 2010).
12500:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90082-9
12099:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020133
11653:Journal of Insect Physiology
11574:10.1371/journal.pone.0047431
11447:10.1094/phyto-07-20-0280-rvw
11351:10.3109/09637486.2012.713918
10463:Journal of Clinical Medicine
9322:10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.10.026
8492:(Web Server issue): W124–9.
7998:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90529-Y
3824:10.1016/j.molcel.2015.07.006
3303:10.1126/science.341.6147.732
3033:nanoparticle delivery system
2003:RTP801 (Proprietary target)
1542:primary hyperoxaluria type 1
1519:aminolevulinic acid synthase
1501:(AHP). The FDA also granted
1287:RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
1260:
1118:RNAi is a vital part of the
821:and associated induction of
585:RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
430:and a dsRNA-binding protein
331:RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
7:
11780:Annual Review of Entomology
11625:10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.07.009
11207:Plant Biotechnology Journal
10890:The Journal of Neuroscience
10096:Plant Biotechnology Journal
9970:10.3390/biomedicines5030045
9836:"The Second Coming of RNAi"
8646:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.08.015
8178:10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.08.028
8094:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.10.036
7688:10.1016/j.virol.2005.09.034
4201:Wang QL, Li ZH (May 2007).
3916:10.1007/978-3-319-22380-3_2
3061:
3029:respiratory syncytial virus
2879:; the right plants contain
1483:hereditary ATTR amyloidosis
1387:and cells from early mouse
1356:that about 10% of possible
1274:most recent common ancestor
1113:
1056:Related prokaryotic systems
406:which is processed, in the
336:
287:template. Differently from
10:
13472:
13408:James Webb Space Telescope
12809:Devi GR (September 2006).
11901:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.147
10778:10.1016/j.ajps.2014.08.011
10627:Current Molecular Medicine
10090:Frizzi A, Huang S (2010).
5095:10.1016/j.cell.2005.10.022
4265:10.1016/j.tibs.2007.02.006
3247:10.1016/j.cell.2005.08.044
2916:, a key enzyme for flower
2857:
2816:Artificial neural networks
2788:
2467:neurodegenerative diseases
2288:The first approved use of
1657:MD Anderson Cancer Center
895:Crosstalk with RNA editing
499:The 3′-UTR often contains
477:
364:
13388:developed at record speed
13149:
13143:Breakthroughs of the Year
12907:10.1016/j.lfs.2006.06.011
11714:Annual Review of Virology
11394:10.1007/s12010-012-0046-5
11308:10.1007/s00425-018-2875-0
10417:Nucleic Acid Therapeutics
10306:10.1007/s10529-006-9138-z
10149:10.1016/j.fct.2010.04.017
9735:10.1007/s11095-006-9180-5
9537:10.3389/fmed.2022.1012497
9394:European Medicines Agency
9222:10.1007/s40271-018-0319-3
9148:European Medicines Agency
8218:10.1007/s00294-006-0078-x
7034:10.1007/s11262-005-6914-0
6862:10.1007/s00239-005-0257-2
5312:10.1016/j.cub.2006.01.061
4923:Mellios N, Sur M (2012).
4441:10.1016/j.tcb.2006.12.007
3438:10.1007/s10735-004-2192-8
3146:10.1007/s00425-013-2019-5
3023:were in the treatment of
2840:high-throughput screening
2614:(butterflies and moths).
2427:
2359:(PH) and hereditary ATTR
2211:Conserved regions of HBV
2165:Cicatrix scar prevention
1568:Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals
1396:, for example, by stable
1245:and dysregulation of the
1090:This section needs to be
951:Variation among organisms
911:in dsRNAs via the enzyme
777:Transcriptional silencing
219:RNAi is an RNA-dependent
13044:broadcast that aired on
11039:Human Molecular Genetics
10639:10.2174/1566524043360492
10057:Journal of Biotechnology
7369:10.1126/stke.3392006pe27
7132:10.1093/emboj/16.15.4738
5167:10.1038/sj.embor.7400637
4942:10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00039
4891:10.3389/fncel.2014.00075
4296:10.1385/1-59745-123-1:33
2200:Alnylam Pharmaceuticals
1865:Calando Pharmaceuticals
1839:Alnylam Pharmaceuticals
1813:Alnylam Pharmaceuticals
1761:Alnylam Pharmaceuticals
1631:Alnylam Pharmaceuticals
1328:cascade begins once the
1013:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
942:and integrated into the
651:protein in complex with
510:web site, an archive of
13263:Human genetic variation
13198:Whole genome sequencing
12158:10.1073/pnas.83.15.5372
11932:10.1007/3-540-27262-3_5
11169:10.1073/pnas.0605389103
11001:10.1073/pnas.0501507102
10553:10.1093/database/bau103
10350:10.1637/7365-041205R2.1
9629:Nature Reviews Genetics
8819:10.1073/pnas.0403954101
8760:10.1073/pnas.0402107101
8694:10.1126/science.1068999
8300:Trends in Biotechnology
7950:10.1126/science.1085242
7836:10.1126/science.1241911
7779:10.1126/science.1241930
7473:10.1126/science.1125694
7323:10.1073/pnas.0608258103
7216:10.1093/emboj/19.7.1672
6933:10.1073/pnas.0509638103
6802:10.1126/science.1176945
6778:"RNAi in budding yeast"
6615:10.1073/pnas.0506482102
6103:10.1073/pnas.0407641102
6003:10.1073/pnas.0607015103
5947:10.1023/A:1022815931524
5903:10.1126/science.1074973
5847:10.1126/science.1128813
5794:10.1126/science.1093686
5356:10.1126/science.1102755
5047:10.1126/science.1088710
4929:Frontiers in Psychiatry
4396:10.1093/database/bau103
4349:10.1126/science.1096781
4207:Frontiers in Bioscience
4155:10.1126/science.abf4837
4128:10.1126/science.1136699
4074:10.1126/science.1132839
4020:10.1126/science.1138030
3908:MicroRNA: Basic Science
3877:10.1126/science.1069132
3347:10.1126/science.1121638
2770:of other insecticides.
2760:insecticide development
2528:delta-cadinene synthase
2505:
2443:chemotherapeutic agents
2188:siRNA–GalNAc conjugate
1882:Pachyonychia congenita
1787:Tekmira Pharmaceutical
1735:Tekmira Pharmaceutical
1709:Tekmira Pharmaceutical
1572:Alnylam Pharmaceuticals
1499:acute hepatic porphyria
1479:Alnylam Pharmaceuticals
1219:was first described in
1207:and the maintenance of
1191:Downregulation of genes
1132:express multiple Dicer
1019:Saccharomyces castellii
13367:Single-cell sequencing
13271:Cellular reprogramming
13057:10 August 2019 at the
12828:10.1038/sj.cgt.7700931
12414:10.1073/pnas.92.5.1679
12241:Molecular Microbiology
11512:10.1261/rna.048116.114
10720:10.1038/sj.cgt.7700770
10679:10.1038/sj.cgt.7700544
10216:10.1038/sj.onc.1205878
9678:Nucleic Acids Research
9108:(28–4793): 2366–2367.
8535:Nucleic Acids Research
8486:Nucleic Acids Research
8437:Nucleic Acids Research
8388:Nucleic Acids Research
8255:Nucleic Acids Research
7071:Nucleic Acids Research
6744:10.1073/pnas.200346997
6394:10.1074/jbc.M407876200
6233:Bass BL (April 2000).
5485:Gu S, Rossi J (2005).
5124:Molecular Cell Biology
3711:Nucleic Acids Research
3278:"A lethal dose of RNA"
2963:Caenorhabditis elegans
2937:Not long after, plant
2884:
2834:Genome-scale screening
2768:insecticide resistance
2018:Quark Pharmaceuticals
1992:Quark Pharmaceuticals
1969:Quark Pharmaceuticals
1943:Quark Pharmaceuticals
1804:Hypercholesterolaemia
1778:Hypercholesterolaemia
1726:Ebola-virus infection
1443:
1435:
1309:translation initiation
967:between cells through
947:
810:
801:(RISC), which targets
656:
615:
599:microprocessor complex
420:microprocessor complex
386:, particularly during
362:
216:
100:for gene suppression.
93:Caenorhabditis elegans
40:
13182:Accelerating universe
12585:10.1096/fj.06-6014rev
12028:. CRC Press. p.
10952:10.1038/sj.gt.3302690
10429:10.1089/nat.2012.0359
10293:Biotechnology Letters
10021:10.1056/NEJMoa1913147
9920:10.1056/NEJMoa1609243
9871:10.1056/NEJMoa2035389
9524:Frontiers in Medicine
9444:10.1056/NEJMoa2021712
9034:1959.4/unsworks_80922
8978:10.1056/NEJMoa2021712
8931:10.1056/NEJMoa1913147
8873:10.1056/NEJMoa1716153
8633:Developmental Biology
8267:10.1093/nar/30.7.1427
8165:Developmental Biology
8081:Developmental Biology
7404:Cellular Microbiology
6984:10.1186/1745-6150-1-7
6499:10.1186/1742-4690-3-3
4980:Biological Psychiatry
4840:10.4251/wjgo.v7.i5.30
4582:10.1101/gr.082701.108
4178:|...}}
4149:(Retracted, see
3186:10.1007/s000180050296
3005:small interfering RNA
2870:
2575:hexaploid bread races
2483:Polyglutamine disease
2461:Neurological diseases
2357:primary hyperoxaluria
2000:PF-655 (PF-04523655)
1876:K6a (N171K mutation)
1683:Silence Therapeutics
1546:hydroxyacid oxidase 1
1441:
1427:
1343:computational biology
1341:Extensive efforts in
1231:transcription factors
936:small interfering RNA
929:
791:small interfering RNA
784:
710:X-ray crystallography
621:
593:
560:to the RISC complex.
410:, to a 70-nucleotide
344:
200:
146:, which cleaves long
117:small interfering RNA
35:
13315:Cancer immunotherapy
13280:Ardipithecus ramidus
13101:19 June 2018 at the
11969:Drug Discovery Today
11924:RNA Towards Medicine
11846:Nature Biotechnology
11244:Nature Biotechnology
10256:10.1128/jvi.01773-05
9114:10.1056/NEJMe2010986
8351:10.1038/mtna.2016.66
7265:10.1128/JVI.01963-05
6153:10.1128/MCB.02189-05
3025:macular degeneration
2655:Helicoverpa armigera
2573:an investigation of
2545:. RNAi silencing of
2331:was a treatment for
2174:RXi Pharmaceuticals
1507:breakthrough therapy
1379:response, a form of
1291:comparative genomics
1129:Arabidopsis thaliana
1073:Biological functions
1032:facilitates RNAi in
603:nuclear pore complex
13358:neutron star merger
13346:gravitational waves
13254:Poincaré conjecture
12999:. 11 December 2020.
12961:10.1038/nature08956
12953:2010Natur.464.1067D
12815:Cancer Gene Therapy
12765:2002Natur.418...38M
12710:2001Natur.411..494E
12633:1998Natur.391..806F
12405:1995PNAS...92.1679K
12358:1997Natur.385..781C
12208:10.1105/tpc.2.4.279
12149:1986PNAS...83.5372E
11665:2011JInsP..57..231T
11565:2012PLoSO...747431M
11547:Tribolium castaneum
11441:: PHYTO–07–20–028.
11300:2018Plant.247.1465G
10992:2005PNAS..102.5820H
10853:10.1038/mt.2009.123
10794:Nature Neuroscience
10707:Cancer Gene Therapy
10666:Cancer Gene Therapy
10596:(Suppl 4): S103–5.
10381:Future Microbiology
10244:Journal of Virology
9594:2013NatMa..12..967K
9272:10.2147/TACG.S48605
8810:2004PNAS..10110380V
8751:2004PNAS..101.7347T
8686:2002Sci...296..550B
8596:10.1261/rna.2340906
8046:10.1038/nature01958
8038:2003Natur.425..257P
7942:2003Sci...301..336C
7885:2005FEBSL.579.5965L
7828:2013Sci...342..231L
7771:2013Sci...342..235M
7630:2006FEBSL.580.2896B
7583:10.1038/nature03957
7575:2005Natur.436.1044W
7530:10.1038/nature03870
7522:2005Natur.436.1040L
7516:(7053): 1040–1043.
7465:2006Sci...312..452W
7314:2006PNAS..10318002K
7253:Journal of Virology
6924:2006PNAS..103.4858M
6854:2006JMolE..63..127N
6794:2009Sci...326..544D
6735:2000PNAS...9711319A
6606:2005PNAS..10216961H
6549:2001CBio...11..747J
6292:10.1261/rna.7350304
6094:2005PNAS..102..152S
5994:2006PNAS..10317337L
5935:Chromosome Research
5894:2002Sci...297.1833V
5839:2006Sci...313.1134I
5786:2004Sci...303..672V
5681:2000Natur.404..293H
5596:10.4161/cc.5.3.2410
5503:10.1261/rna.7158605
5411:10.1038/nature03514
5403:2005Natur.434..666M
5348:2004Sci...306.1377T
5303:2006CBio...16..530P
5039:2003Sci...301.1921L
4741:10.1038/nature07242
4733:2008Natur.455...64B
4686:10.1038/nature07228
4678:2008Natur.455...58S
4635:10.1038/nature03315
4627:2005Natur.433..769L
4480:10.1101/gad.1210204
4341:2004Sci...304..734P
4120:2007Sci...315..244S
4066:2007Sci...315..241P
3972:10.1261/rna.2338706
3869:2002Sci...296.1270A
3671:10.1038/nature07758
3663:2009Natur.457..426C
3621:10.1261/rna.7272305
3547:10.1038/nature07754
3539:2009Natur.457..396S
3481:2001Natur.409..363B
3339:2006Sci...311..195M
3294:2013Sci...341..732K
3137:2014Plant.239..543S
2806:Functional genomics
2715:Acyrthosiphon pisum
2643:Tribolium castaneum
2571:functional genomics
2479:Parkinson's disease
2475:Alzheimer's disease
2290:lipid nanoparticles
2268:Lipid nanoparticles
2245:Delivery mechanisms
2226:Arrowhead Research
1523:aminolevulinic acid
1471:and eye disorders.
1063:CRISPR interference
1007:, most notably the
913:adenosine deaminase
850:histone methylation
653:double-stranded RNA
636:Pyrococcus furiosus
414:structure called a
382:that help regulate
350:secondary structure
148:double-stranded RNA
107:Two types of small
60:double-stranded RNA
13456:Molecular genetics
13399:protein structures
12053:Zhang XHD (2011).
12020:Matson RS (2005).
11456:20.500.11937/83208
11051:10.1093/hmg/ddr137
10476:10.3390/jcm8010006
9690:10.1093/nar/gkz154
9414:. 2 December 2021.
8547:10.1093/nar/gkl214
8498:10.1093/nar/gkh442
8449:10.1093/nar/gkh408
8400:10.1093/nar/gki419
7165:Trends in Genetics
7083:10.1093/nar/gkl886
4288:MicroRNA Protocols
3723:10.1093/nar/gki324
3395:on 20 January 2007
2885:
2783:proof of principle
2752:have two or three
2683:Glossina morsitans
2649:Nilaparvata lugens
2551:Aspergillus flavus
2514:seeds are rich in
2432:While traditional
2367:and non-alcoholic
2302:Sirna Therapeutics
2035:Pancreatic cancer
1487:lipid nanoparticle
1444:
1436:
1166:Drosophila X virus
978:initiation factors
959:, although not in
948:
869:mating-type region
817:. Modification of
811:
657:
616:
440:Epstein–Barr virus
400:primary transcript
363:
217:
193:Cellular mechanism
41:
13426:
13425:
13386:COVID-19 vaccines
13342:First observation
13210:Molecular circuit
13082:Molecular Therapy
13052:Silencing Genomes
12947:(7291): 1067–70.
12704:(6836): 494–498.
12454:(5318): 1558–60.
12330:978-0-8247-8516-1
12066:978-0-521-73444-8
12039:978-0-8493-1469-8
11941:978-3-540-27261-8
10841:Molecular Therapy
10393:10.2217/fmb.14.94
10014:(24): 2289–2301.
9853:Baden LR (2021).
9783:978-0-12-800148-6
9498:www.ema.europa.eu
9437:(13): 1216–1226.
9169:(9718): 924–937.
8972:(13): 1216–1226.
8925:(24): 2289–2301.
7712:Nature Immunology
6788:(5952): 544–550.
5739:10.1159/000093326
5342:(5700): 1377–80.
5135:978-0-7167-4366-8
4305:978-1-59745-123-9
4014:(5809): 199–200.
3925:978-3-319-22379-7
3775:10.1002/wrna.1356
3533:(7228): 396–404.
2999:RNAi therapeutics
2960:to par-1 mRNA in
2927:Neurospora crassa
2914:chalcone synthase
2892:RNA expressed in
2824:genome annotation
2774:Transgenic plants
2762:targets, and the
2233:
2232:
1746:RSV nucleocapsid
1648:Advanced cancers
1639:siRNA–EphA2–DOPC
1513:designation, and
1255:tumor suppressors
1111:
1110:
1000:Trypanosoma cruzi
907:nucleotides into
827:transcriptionally
681:anti-guide strand
629:protein from the
359:Brassica oleracea
127:sequences (e.g.,
111:(RNA) molecules,
98:antisense therapy
16:(Redirected from
13463:
13441:RNA interference
13419:
13411:
13402:
13389:
13380:
13369:
13361:
13348:
13336:
13328:
13317:
13309:
13300:
13291:
13283:
13273:
13265:
13257:
13248:
13239:
13228:
13220:
13218:RNA interference
13212:
13200:
13192:
13184:
13176:
13168:
13133:
13126:
13119:
13110:
13109:
13001:
13000:
12989:
12983:
12982:
12972:
12925:
12919:
12918:
12890:
12884:
12883:
12858:(9393): 1401–3.
12847:
12841:
12840:
12830:
12806:
12800:
12799:
12798:
12792:
12744:
12738:
12737:
12718:10.1038/35078107
12693:
12687:
12686:
12684:
12682:
12667:
12661:
12660:
12627:(6669): 806–11.
12612:
12606:
12605:
12587:
12563:
12554:
12553:
12543:
12519:
12513:
12512:
12502:
12478:
12472:
12471:
12443:
12437:
12436:
12426:
12416:
12384:
12378:
12377:
12366:10.1038/385781a0
12341:
12335:
12334:
12316:
12310:
12309:
12307:
12279:
12273:
12272:
12236:
12230:
12229:
12219:
12187:
12181:
12180:
12170:
12160:
12128:
12122:
12121:
12111:
12101:
12077:
12071:
12070:
12050:
12044:
12043:
12027:
12017:
12011:
12010:
11992:
11960:
11954:
11953:
11919:
11913:
11912:
11884:
11878:
11877:
11841:
11835:
11834:
11816:
11770:
11759:
11758:
11710:
11701:
11695:
11694:
11684:
11644:
11638:
11637:
11627:
11603:
11597:
11596:
11586:
11576:
11540:
11534:
11533:
11523:
11491:
11485:
11484:
11458:
11423:
11414:
11413:
11377:
11371:
11370:
11334:
11328:
11327:
11294:(6): 1465–1473.
11282:
11276:
11275:
11239:
11233:
11232:
11222:
11198:
11192:
11191:
11181:
11171:
11147:
11141:
11140:
11104:
11073:
11072:
11062:
11030:
11024:
11023:
11013:
11003:
10971:
10965:
10964:
10954:
10930:
10924:
10923:
10913:
10896:(42): 13966–76.
10881:
10875:
10874:
10864:
10832:
10826:
10825:
10789:
10783:
10782:
10780:
10756:
10733:
10732:
10722:
10698:
10692:
10691:
10681:
10657:
10651:
10650:
10622:
10616:
10615:
10605:
10584:Crowe S (2003).
10581:
10575:
10574:
10564:
10532:
10526:
10525:
10505:
10499:
10498:
10488:
10478:
10454:
10441:
10440:
10411:
10405:
10404:
10376:
10370:
10369:
10333:
10327:
10326:
10308:
10284:
10278:
10277:
10267:
10250:(11): 5599–610.
10235:
10229:
10228:
10218:
10194:
10188:
10187:
10167:
10161:
10160:
10143:(7): 1773–1790.
10128:
10122:
10121:
10111:
10087:
10081:
10080:
10048:
10042:
10041:
10023:
9999:
9993:
9992:
9982:
9972:
9948:
9942:
9941:
9931:
9899:
9893:
9892:
9882:
9850:
9844:
9843:
9831:
9825:
9824:
9812:
9806:
9805:
9795:
9761:
9755:
9754:
9718:
9712:
9711:
9701:
9684:(8): 3957–3969.
9669:
9663:
9662:
9652:
9620:
9614:
9613:
9602:10.1038/nmat3765
9582:Nature Materials
9577:
9568:
9567:
9557:
9539:
9515:
9509:
9508:
9506:
9504:
9490:
9484:
9483:
9471:
9465:
9464:
9446:
9422:
9416:
9415:
9404:
9398:
9397:
9386:
9380:
9379:
9368:
9362:
9361:
9350:
9344:
9343:
9333:
9301:
9295:
9294:
9284:
9274:
9250:
9244:
9243:
9233:
9201:
9195:
9194:
9158:
9152:
9151:
9140:
9134:
9133:
9097:
9091:
9090:
9079:
9073:
9072:
9061:
9055:
9054:
9036:
9004:
8998:
8997:
8957:
8951:
8950:
8910:
8904:
8903:
8885:
8875:
8851:
8842:
8841:
8831:
8821:
8789:
8783:
8782:
8772:
8762:
8730:
8724:
8723:
8705:
8668:Brummelkamp TR,
8665:
8659:
8658:
8648:
8624:
8618:
8617:
8607:
8575:
8569:
8568:
8558:
8526:
8520:
8519:
8509:
8477:
8471:
8470:
8460:
8428:
8422:
8421:
8411:
8379:
8373:
8372:
8362:
8330:
8324:
8323:
8295:
8289:
8288:
8278:
8246:
8240:
8239:
8229:
8206:Current Genetics
8197:
8191:
8190:
8180:
8156:
8150:
8149:
8113:
8107:
8106:
8096:
8072:
8066:
8065:
8032:(6955): 257–63.
8017:
8011:
8010:
8000:
7976:
7970:
7969:
7921:
7915:
7914:
7904:
7864:
7858:
7857:
7847:
7807:
7801:
7800:
7790:
7750:
7744:
7743:
7707:
7701:
7700:
7690:
7666:
7660:
7659:
7649:
7624:(12): 2896–902.
7609:
7603:
7602:
7569:(7053): 1044–7.
7558:
7552:
7551:
7541:
7501:
7495:
7494:
7484:
7444:
7438:
7437:
7419:
7395:
7389:
7388:
7352:
7346:
7345:
7335:
7325:
7293:
7287:
7286:
7276:
7244:
7238:
7237:
7227:
7204:The EMBO Journal
7195:
7189:
7188:
7160:
7154:
7153:
7143:
7120:The EMBO Journal
7111:
7105:
7104:
7094:
7062:
7056:
7055:
7045:
7013:
7007:
7006:
6996:
6986:
6962:
6956:
6955:
6945:
6935:
6903:
6897:
6896:
6894:
6892:
6887:on 6 August 2020
6886:
6880:. Archived from
6839:
6830:
6824:
6823:
6813:
6773:
6767:
6766:
6756:
6746:
6729:(21): 11319–24.
6714:
6708:
6707:
6679:
6673:
6672:
6644:
6638:
6637:
6627:
6617:
6585:
6579:
6578:
6560:
6528:
6522:
6521:
6511:
6501:
6477:
6466:
6465:
6455:
6423:
6417:
6416:
6406:
6396:
6372:
6366:
6365:
6355:
6344:10.1038/nsmb1041
6323:
6314:
6313:
6303:
6271:
6265:
6264:
6254:
6230:
6224:
6223:
6213:
6184:Bass BL (2002).
6181:
6175:
6174:
6164:
6132:
6126:
6125:
6115:
6105:
6073:
6067:
6066:
6056:
6032:
6026:
6025:
6015:
6005:
5988:(46): 17337–42.
5973:
5967:
5966:
5930:
5924:
5923:
5905:
5888:(5588): 1833–7.
5873:
5867:
5866:
5833:(5790): 1134–7.
5822:
5816:
5815:
5805:
5765:
5759:
5758:
5722:
5716:
5715:
5714:
5708:
5689:10.1038/35005107
5658:
5652:
5651:
5615:
5609:
5608:
5598:
5574:
5568:
5567:
5531:
5525:
5524:
5514:
5482:
5476:
5475:
5439:
5433:
5432:
5422:
5397:(7033): 666–70.
5382:
5376:
5375:
5331:
5325:
5324:
5314:
5282:
5276:
5275:
5265:
5241:
5235:
5234:
5198:
5189:
5188:
5178:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5127:
5117:
5108:
5107:
5097:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5033:(5641): 1921–5.
5022:
5016:
5015:
5005:
4995:
4971:
4965:
4964:
4954:
4944:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4903:
4893:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4852:
4842:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4801:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4752:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4621:(7027): 769–73.
4610:
4604:
4603:
4593:
4561:
4552:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4532:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4491:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4429:Trends Cell Biol
4424:
4418:
4417:
4407:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4248:
4230:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4179:
4168:Retraction Watch
4147:
4103:
4094:
4093:
4049:
4040:
4039:
4003:
3994:
3993:
3983:
3951:
3938:
3937:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3863:(5571): 1270–3.
3852:
3846:
3845:
3835:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3786:
3754:
3745:
3744:
3734:
3702:
3693:
3692:
3682:
3657:(7228): 426–33.
3642:
3632:
3600:
3590:
3566:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3508:
3489:10.1038/35053110
3464:
3458:
3457:
3431:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3391:. Archived from
3380:
3367:
3366:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3305:
3273:
3260:
3259:
3249:
3225:
3216:
3215:
3197:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3148:
3114:
3092:
3087:
3086:
3078:
3073:
3072:
2779:Transgenic crops
2766:and reasons for
2325:apolipoprotein E
1853:Cyclodextrin NP
1593:Delivery System
1584:
1583:
1414:conditional RNAi
1304:Aquifex aeolicus
1209:undifferentiated
1183:that may act as
1124:genetic material
1106:
1103:
1097:
1085:
1084:
1077:
1025:Candida albicans
994:Leishmania major
987:Some eukaryotic
982:polyadenine tail
980:with the mRNA's
938:is processed by
753:and a conserved
685:passenger strand
506:As of 2023, the
237:RNA-coding genes
175:living organisms
109:ribonucleic acid
82:shared the 2006
44:RNA interference
21:
13471:
13470:
13466:
13465:
13464:
13462:
13461:
13460:
13451:Gene expression
13431:
13430:
13427:
13422:
13414:
13405:
13392:
13383:
13372:
13364:
13351:
13339:
13331:
13320:
13312:
13303:
13294:
13289:quantum machine
13286:
13276:
13268:
13260:
13251:
13242:
13231:
13223:
13215:
13203:
13195:
13187:
13179:
13174:Dolly the sheep
13171:
13162:
13155:
13145:
13137:
13103:Wayback Machine
13059:Wayback Machine
13010:
13005:
13004:
12991:
12990:
12986:
12926:
12922:
12901:(19): 1773–80.
12891:
12887:
12848:
12844:
12807:
12803:
12793:
12773:10.1038/418038a
12745:
12741:
12694:
12690:
12680:
12678:
12668:
12664:
12613:
12609:
12564:
12557:
12520:
12516:
12479:
12475:
12444:
12440:
12385:
12381:
12352:(6619): 781–2.
12342:
12338:
12331:
12317:
12313:
12286:Petunia hybrida
12280:
12276:
12247:(22): 3343–53.
12237:
12233:
12188:
12184:
12129:
12125:
12078:
12074:
12067:
12051:
12047:
12040:
12018:
12014:
11961:
11957:
11942:
11920:
11916:
11885:
11881:
11858:10.1038/nbt1118
11852:(8): 995–1001.
11842:
11838:
11771:
11762:
11708:
11702:
11698:
11682:1854/LU-1101411
11645:
11641:
11604:
11600:
11541:
11537:
11492:
11488:
11424:
11417:
11388:(5): 1579–605.
11378:
11374:
11335:
11331:
11283:
11279:
11240:
11236:
11199:
11195:
11162:(48): 18054–9.
11148:
11144:
11105:
11076:
11031:
11027:
10972:
10968:
10931:
10927:
10882:
10878:
10833:
10829:
10790:
10786:
10757:
10736:
10699:
10695:
10658:
10654:
10623:
10619:
10582:
10578:
10533:
10529:
10510:Acta Virologica
10506:
10502:
10455:
10444:
10412:
10408:
10377:
10373:
10334:
10330:
10299:(20): 1679–85.
10285:
10281:
10236:
10232:
10195:
10191:
10168:
10164:
10129:
10125:
10088:
10084:
10049:
10045:
10000:
9996:
9949:
9945:
9900:
9896:
9851:
9847:
9832:
9828:
9813:
9809:
9784:
9762:
9758:
9719:
9715:
9670:
9666:
9641:10.1038/nrg3978
9621:
9617:
9578:
9571:
9516:
9512:
9502:
9500:
9492:
9491:
9487:
9472:
9468:
9423:
9419:
9406:
9405:
9401:
9388:
9387:
9383:
9370:
9369:
9365:
9360:. 5 April 2022.
9352:
9351:
9347:
9302:
9298:
9251:
9247:
9202:
9198:
9159:
9155:
9142:
9141:
9137:
9098:
9094:
9081:
9080:
9076:
9063:
9062:
9058:
9005:
9001:
8958:
8954:
8911:
8907:
8852:
8845:
8804:(28): 10380–5.
8790:
8786:
8745:(19): 7347–51.
8731:
8727:
8680:(5567): 550–3.
8666:
8662:
8625:
8621:
8576:
8572:
8527:
8523:
8478:
8474:
8429:
8425:
8380:
8376:
8331:
8327:
8296:
8292:
8247:
8243:
8198:
8194:
8157:
8153:
8114:
8110:
8073:
8069:
8018:
8014:
7977:
7973:
7936:(5631): 336–8.
7922:
7918:
7879:(26): 5965–73.
7865:
7861:
7822:(6155): 231–4.
7808:
7804:
7765:(6155): 235–8.
7751:
7747:
7708:
7704:
7667:
7663:
7610:
7606:
7559:
7555:
7502:
7498:
7459:(5772): 452–4.
7445:
7441:
7396:
7392:
7353:
7349:
7308:(47): 18002–7.
7294:
7290:
7259:(12): 5747–56.
7245:
7241:
7196:
7192:
7161:
7157:
7126:(15): 4738–45.
7112:
7108:
7077:(21): 6233–46.
7063:
7059:
7014:
7010:
6963:
6959:
6918:(13): 4858–63.
6904:
6900:
6890:
6888:
6884:
6837:
6831:
6827:
6774:
6770:
6715:
6711:
6680:
6676:
6645:
6641:
6600:(47): 16961–6.
6586:
6582:
6537:Current Biology
6529:
6525:
6478:
6469:
6444:10.1038/nrm2061
6424:
6420:
6373:
6369:
6324:
6317:
6272:
6268:
6231:
6227:
6182:
6178:
6147:(11): 4028–40.
6133:
6129:
6074:
6070:
6047:(11): 1174–80.
6041:Nature Genetics
6033:
6029:
5974:
5970:
5931:
5927:
5874:
5870:
5823:
5819:
5780:(5658): 672–6.
5766:
5762:
5723:
5719:
5709:
5675:(6775): 293–6.
5659:
5655:
5632:10.1038/ncb1334
5626:(12): 1267–74.
5616:
5612:
5575:
5571:
5548:10.1038/ncb1265
5532:
5528:
5483:
5479:
5444:Differentiation
5440:
5436:
5383:
5379:
5332:
5328:
5291:Current Biology
5283:
5279:
5242:
5238:
5215:10.1038/nsmb780
5199:
5192:
5147:
5143:
5136:
5118:
5111:
5074:
5070:
5023:
5019:
5003:1959.13/1335073
4972:
4968:
4921:
4917:
4870:
4866:
4819:
4815:
4770:
4766:
4727:(7209): 64–71.
4713:
4709:
4672:(7209): 58–63.
4662:
4658:
4611:
4607:
4562:
4555:
4550:
4546:
4509:
4505:
4474:(14): 1655–66.
4460:
4456:
4425:
4421:
4376:
4372:
4335:(5671): 734–6.
4325:
4321:
4306:
4284:
4280:
4249:
4199:
4195:
4181:
4173:
4171:
4148:
4114:(5809): 244–7.
4104:
4097:
4060:(5809): 241–4.
4050:
4043:
4004:
3997:
3952:
3941:
3926:
3904:
3900:
3853:
3849:
3804:
3800:
3755:
3748:
3703:
3696:
3643:
3601:
3567:
3523:
3519:
3509:
3475:(6818): 363–6.
3465:
3461:
3429:10.1.1.456.1701
3412:
3408:
3398:
3396:
3381:
3370:
3333:(5758): 195–8.
3323:
3319:
3288:(6147): 732–3.
3274:
3263:
3226:
3219:
3166:
3162:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3064:
3021:clinical trials
3001:
2865:
2860:
2844:gene expression
2836:
2808:
2791:
2776:
2764:modes of action
2740:. While in the
2693:Diuraphis noxia
2671:Musca domestica
2601:
2593:hexaploid wheat
2589:wheat leaf rust
2516:dietary protein
2508:
2491:
2463:
2430:
2410:influenza virus
2389:
2387:Viral infection
2377:
2369:steatohepatitis
2348:
2270:
2247:
2238:
2148:Marina Biotech
1527:porphobilinogen
1511:priority review
1428:A normal adult
1422:
1381:innate immunity
1339:
1322:
1317:
1267:parsimony-based
1263:
1217:gene expression
1193:
1185:heterochromatin
1162:innate immunity
1120:immune response
1116:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1058:
1036:. That certain
953:
897:
823:heterochromatin
779:
712:of the binding
667:to their bound
542:
482:
476:
384:gene expression
380:non-coding RNAs
369:
339:
195:
56:gene expression
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13469:
13459:
13458:
13453:
13448:
13443:
13424:
13423:
13421:
13420:
13412:
13403:
13390:
13381:
13370:
13362:
13349:
13337:
13329:
13318:
13310:
13301:
13299:clinical trial
13292:
13284:
13274:
13266:
13258:
13249:
13240:
13229:
13221:
13213:
13201:
13193:
13185:
13177:
13169:
13159:
13157:
13147:
13146:
13136:
13135:
13128:
13121:
13113:
13107:
13106:
13093:
13087:
13078:
13067:
13062:
13049:
13048:, 26 July 2005
13033:
13022:
13009:
13008:External links
13006:
13003:
13002:
12984:
12920:
12885:
12842:
12801:
12759:(6893): 38–9.
12739:
12688:
12676:nobelprize.org
12662:
12607:
12555:
12514:
12473:
12438:
12399:(5): 1679–83.
12379:
12336:
12329:
12311:
12274:
12231:
12202:(4): 279–289.
12196:The Plant Cell
12182:
12143:(15): 5372–6.
12123:
12072:
12065:
12045:
12038:
12012:
11955:
11940:
11914:
11879:
11836:
11789:Annual Reviews
11760:
11723:Annual Reviews
11696:
11639:
11598:
11559:(10): e47431.
11535:
11486:
11430:Phytopathology
11415:
11372:
11329:
11277:
11256:10.1038/nbt966
11234:
11193:
11142:
11074:
11025:
10986:(16): 5820–5.
10966:
10925:
10876:
10847:(9): 1563–73.
10827:
10806:10.1038/nn1531
10800:(10): 1343–9.
10784:
10734:
10693:
10652:
10617:
10576:
10527:
10500:
10442:
10406:
10371:
10338:Avian Diseases
10328:
10279:
10230:
10209:(39): 6041–8.
10189:
10162:
10123:
10102:(6): 655–677.
10082:
10063:(2): 137–148.
10043:
9994:
9943:
9894:
9865:(5): 403–416.
9845:
9826:
9807:
9782:
9756:
9729:(3): 438–449.
9713:
9664:
9615:
9588:(11): 967–77.
9569:
9510:
9485:
9466:
9417:
9399:
9381:
9363:
9345:
9316:(3): 313–317.
9296:
9245:
9216:(5): 527–537.
9196:
9153:
9135:
9092:
9074:
9071:. 10 May 2021.
9056:
8999:
8952:
8905:
8843:
8784:
8725:
8660:
8619:
8570:
8521:
8472:
8423:
8374:
8325:
8290:
8261:(7): 1427–64.
8241:
8192:
8151:
8108:
8067:
8012:
7971:
7916:
7859:
7802:
7745:
7724:10.1038/ni1352
7702:
7661:
7604:
7553:
7496:
7439:
7390:
7357:Science's STKE
7347:
7288:
7239:
7210:(7): 1672–80.
7190:
7155:
7106:
7057:
7028:(3): 299–306.
7008:
6971:Biology Direct
6957:
6898:
6825:
6768:
6709:
6674:
6639:
6580:
6543:(10): 747–57.
6523:
6467:
6438:(12): 919–31.
6418:
6387:(5): 3946–53.
6367:
6315:
6266:
6225:
6176:
6127:
6068:
6054:10.1038/ng1452
6027:
5968:
5925:
5868:
5817:
5760:
5717:
5653:
5610:
5569:
5526:
5477:
5434:
5377:
5326:
5277:
5256:(2): 199–208.
5236:
5209:(7): 599–606.
5190:
5141:
5134:
5109:
5068:
5017:
4966:
4915:
4864:
4813:
4764:
4707:
4656:
4605:
4553:
4544:
4503:
4454:
4419:
4370:
4319:
4304:
4278:
4193:
4095:
4041:
3995:
3939:
3924:
3898:
3847:
3812:Molecular Cell
3798:
3746:
3717:(6): 1834–47.
3694:
3517:
3459:
3406:
3368:
3317:
3261:
3217:
3160:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3090:Viruses portal
3079:
3076:Biology portal
3063:
3060:
3000:
2997:
2969:Craig C. Mello
2864:
2863:RNAi discovery
2861:
2859:
2856:
2835:
2832:
2807:
2804:
2790:
2787:
2775:
2772:
2661:Apis mellifera
2600:
2597:
2507:
2504:
2490:
2487:
2462:
2459:
2429:
2426:
2388:
2385:
2376:
2373:
2347:
2344:
2269:
2266:
2246:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2032:LODER polymer
2030:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1856:Solid tumours
1854:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1674:Solid tumours
1672:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1622:Solid tumours
1620:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1531:GalNAc ligands
1421:
1418:
1338:
1335:
1325:Gene knockdown
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1272:analysis, the
1262:
1259:
1239:F-box proteins
1192:
1189:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1089:
1087:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1057:
1054:
1042:basidiomycetes
1009:model organism
952:
949:
896:
893:
880:RNA polymerase
778:
775:
718:phosphorylated
625:A full-length
541:
538:
530:epigenetically
478:Main article:
475:
472:
426:enzyme called
365:Main article:
338:
335:
260:Bioinformatics
221:gene silencing
194:
191:
80:Craig C. Mello
64:co-suppression
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13468:
13457:
13454:
13452:
13449:
13447:
13444:
13442:
13439:
13438:
13436:
13429:
13418:
13413:
13409:
13404:
13400:
13396:
13391:
13387:
13382:
13379:
13376:
13371:
13368:
13363:
13359:
13355:
13350:
13347:
13343:
13338:
13335:
13330:
13327:
13326:comet mission
13325:
13319:
13316:
13311:
13307:
13302:
13298:
13293:
13290:
13285:
13282:
13281:
13275:
13272:
13267:
13264:
13259:
13255:
13250:
13246:
13241:
13238:
13236:
13230:
13227:
13222:
13219:
13214:
13211:
13207:
13202:
13199:
13194:
13191:
13186:
13183:
13178:
13175:
13170:
13167:understanding
13166:
13161:
13160:
13158:
13154:
13153:
13148:
13144:
13142:
13134:
13129:
13127:
13122:
13120:
13115:
13114:
13111:
13104:
13100:
13097:
13094:
13091:
13088:
13085:
13083:
13079:
13077:
13076:
13071:
13068:
13066:
13063:
13060:
13056:
13053:
13050:
13047:
13043:
13042:
13037:
13034:
13032:
13031:
13026:
13023:
13021:
13020:
13015:
13012:
13011:
12998:
12994:
12988:
12980:
12976:
12971:
12966:
12962:
12958:
12954:
12950:
12946:
12942:
12938:
12934:
12930:
12924:
12916:
12912:
12908:
12904:
12900:
12896:
12889:
12881:
12877:
12873:
12869:
12865:
12861:
12857:
12853:
12846:
12838:
12834:
12829:
12824:
12821:(9): 819–29.
12820:
12816:
12812:
12805:
12797:
12790:
12786:
12782:
12778:
12774:
12770:
12766:
12762:
12758:
12754:
12750:
12743:
12735:
12731:
12727:
12723:
12719:
12715:
12711:
12707:
12703:
12699:
12692:
12677:
12673:
12666:
12658:
12654:
12650:
12646:
12642:
12641:10.1038/35888
12638:
12634:
12630:
12626:
12622:
12618:
12611:
12603:
12599:
12595:
12591:
12586:
12581:
12578:(9): 1293–9.
12577:
12573:
12572:FASEB Journal
12569:
12562:
12560:
12551:
12547:
12542:
12537:
12534:(3): 479–90.
12533:
12529:
12525:
12518:
12510:
12506:
12501:
12496:
12493:(4): 611–20.
12492:
12488:
12484:
12477:
12469:
12465:
12461:
12457:
12453:
12449:
12442:
12434:
12430:
12425:
12420:
12415:
12410:
12406:
12402:
12398:
12394:
12390:
12383:
12375:
12371:
12367:
12363:
12359:
12355:
12351:
12347:
12340:
12332:
12326:
12322:
12315:
12306:
12301:
12298:(6): 861–77.
12297:
12293:
12289:
12287:
12278:
12270:
12266:
12262:
12258:
12254:
12250:
12246:
12242:
12235:
12227:
12223:
12218:
12213:
12209:
12205:
12201:
12197:
12193:
12186:
12178:
12174:
12169:
12164:
12159:
12154:
12150:
12146:
12142:
12138:
12134:
12127:
12119:
12115:
12110:
12105:
12100:
12095:
12091:
12087:
12083:
12076:
12068:
12062:
12058:
12057:
12049:
12041:
12035:
12031:
12026:
12025:
12016:
12008:
12004:
12000:
11996:
11991:
11986:
11982:
11978:
11975:(3): 205–12.
11974:
11970:
11966:
11959:
11951:
11947:
11943:
11937:
11933:
11929:
11925:
11918:
11910:
11906:
11902:
11898:
11894:
11890:
11883:
11875:
11871:
11867:
11863:
11859:
11855:
11851:
11847:
11840:
11832:
11828:
11824:
11820:
11815:
11810:
11806:
11802:
11798:
11794:
11790:
11786:
11782:
11781:
11776:
11769:
11767:
11765:
11756:
11752:
11748:
11744:
11740:
11736:
11732:
11728:
11724:
11720:
11716:
11715:
11707:
11700:
11692:
11688:
11683:
11678:
11674:
11670:
11666:
11662:
11659:(2): 231–45.
11658:
11654:
11650:
11643:
11635:
11631:
11626:
11621:
11617:
11613:
11609:
11602:
11594:
11590:
11585:
11580:
11575:
11570:
11566:
11562:
11558:
11554:
11550:
11548:
11539:
11531:
11527:
11522:
11517:
11513:
11509:
11506:(5): 840–50.
11505:
11501:
11497:
11490:
11482:
11478:
11474:
11470:
11466:
11462:
11457:
11452:
11448:
11444:
11440:
11436:
11432:
11431:
11422:
11420:
11411:
11407:
11403:
11399:
11395:
11391:
11387:
11383:
11376:
11368:
11364:
11360:
11356:
11352:
11348:
11345:(2): 248–59.
11344:
11340:
11333:
11325:
11321:
11317:
11313:
11309:
11305:
11301:
11297:
11293:
11289:
11281:
11273:
11269:
11265:
11261:
11257:
11253:
11250:(6): 746–54.
11249:
11245:
11238:
11230:
11226:
11221:
11216:
11213:(2): 231–42.
11212:
11208:
11204:
11197:
11189:
11185:
11180:
11175:
11170:
11165:
11161:
11157:
11153:
11146:
11138:
11134:
11130:
11126:
11122:
11118:
11114:
11110:
11103:
11101:
11099:
11097:
11095:
11093:
11091:
11089:
11087:
11085:
11083:
11081:
11079:
11070:
11066:
11061:
11056:
11052:
11048:
11045:(R1): R21–7.
11044:
11040:
11036:
11029:
11021:
11017:
11012:
11007:
11002:
10997:
10993:
10989:
10985:
10981:
10977:
10970:
10962:
10958:
10953:
10948:
10945:(6): 487–95.
10944:
10940:
10936:
10929:
10921:
10917:
10912:
10907:
10903:
10899:
10895:
10891:
10887:
10880:
10872:
10868:
10863:
10858:
10854:
10850:
10846:
10842:
10838:
10831:
10823:
10819:
10815:
10811:
10807:
10803:
10799:
10795:
10788:
10779:
10774:
10770:
10766:
10762:
10755:
10753:
10751:
10749:
10747:
10745:
10743:
10741:
10739:
10730:
10726:
10721:
10716:
10712:
10708:
10704:
10697:
10689:
10685:
10680:
10675:
10672:(2): 125–33.
10671:
10667:
10663:
10656:
10648:
10644:
10640:
10636:
10633:(5): 507–17.
10632:
10628:
10621:
10613:
10609:
10604:
10599:
10595:
10591:
10587:
10580:
10572:
10568:
10563:
10558:
10554:
10550:
10546:
10542:
10538:
10531:
10523:
10519:
10516:(4): 227–34.
10515:
10511:
10504:
10496:
10492:
10487:
10482:
10477:
10472:
10468:
10464:
10460:
10453:
10451:
10449:
10447:
10438:
10434:
10430:
10426:
10423:(6): 414–22.
10422:
10418:
10410:
10402:
10398:
10394:
10390:
10387:(1): 131–40.
10386:
10382:
10375:
10367:
10363:
10359:
10355:
10351:
10347:
10344:(4): 562–73.
10343:
10339:
10332:
10324:
10320:
10316:
10312:
10307:
10302:
10298:
10294:
10290:
10283:
10275:
10271:
10266:
10261:
10257:
10253:
10249:
10245:
10241:
10234:
10226:
10222:
10217:
10212:
10208:
10204:
10200:
10193:
10185:
10181:
10177:
10173:
10166:
10158:
10154:
10150:
10146:
10142:
10138:
10134:
10127:
10119:
10115:
10110:
10105:
10101:
10097:
10093:
10086:
10078:
10074:
10070:
10066:
10062:
10058:
10054:
10047:
10039:
10035:
10031:
10027:
10022:
10017:
10013:
10009:
10005:
9998:
9990:
9986:
9981:
9976:
9971:
9966:
9962:
9958:
9954:
9947:
9939:
9935:
9930:
9925:
9921:
9917:
9913:
9909:
9905:
9898:
9890:
9886:
9881:
9876:
9872:
9868:
9864:
9860:
9856:
9849:
9841:
9840:The Scientist
9837:
9830:
9822:
9818:
9811:
9803:
9799:
9794:
9789:
9785:
9779:
9775:
9771:
9767:
9760:
9752:
9748:
9744:
9740:
9736:
9732:
9728:
9724:
9717:
9709:
9705:
9700:
9695:
9691:
9687:
9683:
9679:
9675:
9668:
9660:
9656:
9651:
9646:
9642:
9638:
9635:(9): 543–52.
9634:
9630:
9626:
9619:
9611:
9607:
9603:
9599:
9595:
9591:
9587:
9583:
9576:
9574:
9565:
9561:
9556:
9551:
9547:
9543:
9538:
9533:
9529:
9525:
9521:
9514:
9499:
9495:
9489:
9481:
9477:
9470:
9462:
9458:
9454:
9450:
9445:
9440:
9436:
9432:
9428:
9421:
9413:
9409:
9403:
9395:
9391:
9385:
9377:
9373:
9367:
9359:
9355:
9349:
9341:
9337:
9332:
9327:
9323:
9319:
9315:
9311:
9307:
9300:
9292:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9268:
9264:
9260:
9256:
9249:
9241:
9237:
9232:
9227:
9223:
9219:
9215:
9211:
9207:
9200:
9192:
9188:
9184:
9180:
9176:
9172:
9168:
9164:
9157:
9149:
9145:
9139:
9131:
9127:
9123:
9119:
9115:
9111:
9107:
9103:
9096:
9088:
9084:
9078:
9070:
9066:
9060:
9052:
9048:
9044:
9040:
9035:
9030:
9026:
9022:
9018:
9014:
9010:
9003:
8995:
8991:
8987:
8983:
8979:
8975:
8971:
8967:
8963:
8956:
8948:
8944:
8940:
8936:
8932:
8928:
8924:
8920:
8916:
8909:
8901:
8897:
8893:
8889:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8865:
8861:
8857:
8850:
8848:
8839:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8811:
8807:
8803:
8799:
8795:
8788:
8780:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8752:
8748:
8744:
8740:
8736:
8729:
8721:
8717:
8713:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8695:
8691:
8687:
8683:
8679:
8675:
8671:
8664:
8656:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8639:(2): 464–71.
8638:
8634:
8630:
8623:
8615:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8597:
8593:
8590:(6): 988–93.
8589:
8585:
8581:
8574:
8566:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8548:
8544:
8540:
8536:
8532:
8525:
8517:
8513:
8508:
8503:
8499:
8495:
8491:
8487:
8483:
8476:
8468:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8450:
8446:
8442:
8438:
8434:
8427:
8419:
8415:
8410:
8405:
8401:
8397:
8393:
8389:
8385:
8378:
8370:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8352:
8348:
8344:
8340:
8336:
8329:
8321:
8317:
8313:
8309:
8305:
8301:
8294:
8286:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8268:
8264:
8260:
8256:
8252:
8245:
8237:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8219:
8215:
8211:
8207:
8203:
8196:
8188:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8170:
8166:
8162:
8155:
8147:
8143:
8139:
8135:
8131:
8127:
8123:
8119:
8112:
8104:
8100:
8095:
8090:
8086:
8082:
8078:
8071:
8063:
8059:
8055:
8051:
8047:
8043:
8039:
8035:
8031:
8027:
8023:
8016:
8008:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7991:(5): 843–54.
7990:
7986:
7982:
7975:
7967:
7963:
7959:
7955:
7951:
7947:
7943:
7939:
7935:
7931:
7927:
7920:
7912:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7894:
7890:
7886:
7882:
7878:
7874:
7870:
7863:
7855:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7837:
7833:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7817:
7813:
7806:
7798:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7780:
7776:
7772:
7768:
7764:
7760:
7756:
7749:
7741:
7737:
7733:
7729:
7725:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7706:
7698:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7680:
7676:
7672:
7665:
7657:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7639:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7619:
7615:
7608:
7600:
7596:
7592:
7588:
7584:
7580:
7576:
7572:
7568:
7564:
7557:
7549:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7531:
7527:
7523:
7519:
7515:
7511:
7507:
7500:
7492:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7474:
7470:
7466:
7462:
7458:
7454:
7450:
7443:
7435:
7431:
7427:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7409:
7405:
7401:
7394:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7370:
7366:
7363:(339): pe27.
7362:
7358:
7351:
7343:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7315:
7311:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7292:
7284:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7243:
7235:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7201:
7194:
7186:
7182:
7178:
7174:
7171:(8): 449–59.
7170:
7166:
7159:
7151:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7133:
7129:
7125:
7121:
7117:
7110:
7102:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7084:
7080:
7076:
7072:
7068:
7061:
7053:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7035:
7031:
7027:
7023:
7019:
7012:
7004:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6961:
6953:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6902:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6867:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6848:(1): 127–35.
6847:
6843:
6836:
6829:
6821:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6772:
6764:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6713:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6690:(2): 217–28.
6689:
6685:
6678:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6655:(2): 175–86.
6654:
6650:
6643:
6635:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6584:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6527:
6519:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6486:Retrovirology
6483:
6476:
6474:
6472:
6463:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6422:
6414:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6371:
6363:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6322:
6320:
6311:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6286:(8): 1174–7.
6285:
6281:
6277:
6270:
6262:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6229:
6221:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6180:
6172:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6131:
6123:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6072:
6064:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6031:
6023:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5972:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5941:(2): 137–46.
5940:
5936:
5929:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5872:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5821:
5813:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5764:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5733:(2): 96–125.
5732:
5728:
5721:
5713:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5657:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5620:Nat Cell Biol
5614:
5606:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5573:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5536:Nat Cell Biol
5530:
5522:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5481:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5450:(6): 287–93.
5449:
5445:
5438:
5430:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5381:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5330:
5322:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5281:
5273:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5240:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5197:
5195:
5186:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5161:(3): 314–20.
5160:
5156:
5152:
5145:
5137:
5131:
5126:
5125:
5116:
5114:
5105:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5088:(4): 631–40.
5087:
5083:
5079:
5072:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5021:
5013:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4970:
4962:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4919:
4911:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4868:
4860:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4817:
4809:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4784:(3): 363–70.
4783:
4779:
4775:
4768:
4760:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4711:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4660:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4609:
4601:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4576:(1): 92–105.
4575:
4571:
4567:
4560:
4558:
4548:
4540:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4507:
4499:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4458:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4435:(3): 118–26.
4434:
4430:
4423:
4415:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4374:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4323:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4282:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4259:(4): 189–97.
4258:
4254:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4197:
4185:
4177:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4102:
4100:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4048:
4046:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4002:
4000:
3991:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3966:(5): 807–18.
3965:
3961:
3957:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3902:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3851:
3843:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3818:(5): 807–18.
3817:
3813:
3809:
3802:
3794:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3769:(5): 637–60.
3768:
3764:
3760:
3753:
3751:
3742:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3701:
3699:
3690:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3615:(5): 674–82.
3614:
3610:
3606:
3598:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3521:
3513:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3463:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3422:(6): 545–53.
3421:
3417:
3410:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3321:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3240:(4): 607–20.
3239:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3222:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3180:(3): 334–58.
3179:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3131:(3): 543–64.
3130:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3080:
3077:
3071:
3066:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2985:antisense RNA
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2958:antisense RNA
2955:
2951:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2898:United States
2895:
2891:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2547:alpha-amylase
2544:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2414:measles virus
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2384:
2382:
2381:Arctic apples
2375:Biotechnology
2372:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2265:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2242:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
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2026:siG12D LODER
2025:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2014:
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2008:
2005:
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1616:KSP and VEGF
1615:
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1561:transthyretin
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1509:designation,
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1279:
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1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1235:gene networks
1232:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1205:morphogenesis
1202:
1198:
1188:
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1177:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
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1125:
1121:
1105:
1093:
1088:
1079:
1078:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:S. cerevisiae
1031:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:
996:
995:
990:
985:
983:
979:
974:
970:
969:plasmodesmata
966:
962:
958:
945:
941:
937:
934:or exogenous
933:
928:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
892:
890:
885:
881:
877:
876:complementary
874:
870:
865:
863:
862:cell division
859:
855:
851:
847:
846:
840:
836:
835:fission yeast
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
808:
804:
803:messenger RNA
800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
774:
772:
768:
763:
760:
756:
752:
748:
745:
741:
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734:
730:
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723:
719:
715:
711:
706:
703:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
665:complementary
662:
661:endonucleases
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
637:
632:
628:
624:
620:
613:
608:
604:
600:
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531:
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450:
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433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
374:(miRNAs) are
373:
368:
361:
360:
355:
351:
348:
343:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
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304:
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298:
292:
290:
286:
282:
277:
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269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
214:
210:
209:
205:protein from
204:
199:
190:
188:
184:
180:
179:cell division
176:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
105:
103:
102:Antisense RNA
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
38:
34:
30:
19:
13428:
13378:made visible
13323:
13287:2010: First
13278:
13234:
13217:
13206:Nanocircuits
13150:
13140:
13081:
13073:
13039:
13028:
13017:
12996:
12987:
12944:
12940:
12923:
12898:
12894:
12888:
12855:
12851:
12845:
12818:
12814:
12804:
12756:
12752:
12742:
12701:
12697:
12691:
12679:. Retrieved
12675:
12665:
12624:
12620:
12610:
12575:
12571:
12531:
12527:
12517:
12490:
12486:
12476:
12451:
12447:
12441:
12396:
12392:
12382:
12349:
12345:
12339:
12320:
12314:
12295:
12291:
12285:
12277:
12244:
12240:
12234:
12199:
12195:
12185:
12140:
12136:
12126:
12089:
12085:
12075:
12055:
12048:
12023:
12015:
11972:
11968:
11958:
11923:
11917:
11895:(2): 723–8.
11892:
11888:
11882:
11849:
11845:
11839:
11784:
11778:
11718:
11712:
11699:
11656:
11652:
11642:
11615:
11611:
11601:
11556:
11552:
11546:
11538:
11503:
11499:
11489:
11434:
11428:
11385:
11381:
11375:
11342:
11338:
11332:
11291:
11287:
11280:
11247:
11243:
11237:
11210:
11206:
11196:
11159:
11155:
11145:
11112:
11108:
11042:
11038:
11028:
10983:
10979:
10969:
10942:
10939:Gene Therapy
10938:
10928:
10893:
10889:
10879:
10844:
10840:
10830:
10797:
10793:
10787:
10768:
10764:
10710:
10706:
10696:
10669:
10665:
10655:
10630:
10626:
10620:
10593:
10589:
10579:
10544:
10540:
10530:
10513:
10509:
10503:
10466:
10462:
10420:
10416:
10409:
10384:
10380:
10374:
10341:
10337:
10331:
10296:
10292:
10282:
10247:
10243:
10233:
10206:
10202:
10192:
10178:(2): 141–5.
10175:
10171:
10165:
10140:
10136:
10126:
10099:
10095:
10085:
10060:
10056:
10046:
10011:
10007:
9997:
9960:
9957:Biomedicines
9956:
9946:
9914:(1): 41–51.
9911:
9907:
9897:
9862:
9858:
9848:
9839:
9829:
9820:
9810:
9765:
9759:
9726:
9722:
9716:
9681:
9677:
9667:
9632:
9628:
9618:
9585:
9581:
9527:
9523:
9513:
9501:. Retrieved
9497:
9488:
9479:
9469:
9434:
9430:
9420:
9411:
9402:
9393:
9384:
9375:
9366:
9357:
9348:
9313:
9309:
9299:
9262:
9258:
9248:
9213:
9209:
9199:
9166:
9162:
9156:
9147:
9138:
9105:
9101:
9095:
9086:
9077:
9068:
9059:
9019:(1): 18–26.
9016:
9012:
9002:
8969:
8965:
8955:
8922:
8918:
8908:
8866:(1): 11–21.
8863:
8859:
8801:
8797:
8787:
8742:
8738:
8728:
8677:
8673:
8663:
8636:
8632:
8622:
8587:
8583:
8573:
8538:
8534:
8524:
8489:
8485:
8475:
8440:
8436:
8426:
8391:
8387:
8377:
8342:
8338:
8328:
8303:
8299:
8293:
8258:
8254:
8244:
8212:(2): 81–99.
8209:
8205:
8195:
8168:
8164:
8154:
8121:
8117:
8111:
8084:
8080:
8070:
8029:
8025:
8015:
7988:
7984:
7974:
7933:
7929:
7919:
7876:
7873:FEBS Letters
7872:
7862:
7819:
7815:
7805:
7762:
7758:
7748:
7718:(6): 563–7.
7715:
7711:
7705:
7681:(1): 151–7.
7678:
7674:
7664:
7621:
7618:FEBS Letters
7617:
7607:
7566:
7562:
7556:
7513:
7509:
7499:
7456:
7452:
7442:
7410:(5): 880–9.
7407:
7403:
7393:
7360:
7356:
7350:
7305:
7301:
7291:
7256:
7252:
7242:
7207:
7203:
7193:
7168:
7164:
7158:
7123:
7119:
7109:
7074:
7070:
7060:
7025:
7021:
7011:
6974:
6970:
6960:
6915:
6911:
6901:
6889:. Retrieved
6882:the original
6845:
6841:
6828:
6785:
6781:
6771:
6726:
6722:
6712:
6687:
6683:
6677:
6652:
6648:
6642:
6597:
6593:
6583:
6540:
6536:
6526:
6489:
6485:
6435:
6431:
6421:
6384:
6380:
6370:
6338:(1): 13–21.
6335:
6331:
6283:
6279:
6269:
6245:(3): 235–8.
6242:
6238:
6228:
6193:
6189:
6179:
6144:
6140:
6130:
6088:(1): 152–7.
6085:
6081:
6071:
6044:
6040:
6030:
5985:
5981:
5971:
5938:
5934:
5928:
5885:
5881:
5871:
5830:
5826:
5820:
5777:
5773:
5763:
5730:
5726:
5720:
5672:
5666:
5656:
5623:
5619:
5613:
5589:(3): 242–5.
5586:
5582:
5572:
5542:(6): 633–6.
5539:
5535:
5529:
5497:(1): 38–44.
5494:
5490:
5480:
5447:
5443:
5437:
5394:
5390:
5380:
5339:
5335:
5329:
5297:(5): 530–5.
5294:
5290:
5280:
5253:
5249:
5239:
5206:
5202:
5158:
5155:EMBO Reports
5154:
5144:
5123:
5085:
5081:
5071:
5030:
5026:
5020:
4986:(4): 231–9.
4983:
4979:
4969:
4932:
4928:
4918:
4881:
4877:
4867:
4833:(5): 30–46.
4830:
4826:
4816:
4781:
4777:
4767:
4724:
4720:
4710:
4669:
4665:
4659:
4618:
4614:
4608:
4573:
4569:
4547:
4523:(1): 69–81.
4520:
4516:
4506:
4471:
4467:
4457:
4432:
4428:
4422:
4387:
4383:
4373:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4287:
4281:
4256:
4252:
4219:10.2741/2364
4210:
4206:
4196:
4182:{{
4174:{{
4167:
4165:,
4111:
4107:
4057:
4053:
4011:
4007:
3963:
3959:
3907:
3901:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3815:
3811:
3801:
3766:
3762:
3714:
3710:
3654:
3650:
3612:
3608:
3581:(1): 25–33.
3578:
3574:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3397:. Retrieved
3393:the original
3388:
3383:Daneholt B.
3330:
3326:
3320:
3285:
3281:
3237:
3233:
3177:
3173:
3163:
3128:
3122:
3112:
3041:
3037:solid tumors
3002:
2988:
2980:
2976:
2961:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2918:pigmentation
2886:
2837:
2809:
2792:
2777:
2753:
2749:
2746:G. morsitans
2745:
2735:
2734:and four of
2731:
2725:
2719:
2718:two each of
2713:
2707:
2704:M. domestica
2703:
2697:
2691:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2668:of insects.
2659:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2599:Insecticides
2582:
2581:provided by
2543:antioxidants
2532:
2509:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2471:Amyloid beta
2464:
2455:
2451:
2434:chemotherapy
2431:
2390:
2378:
2365:hypertension
2349:
2333:heterozygous
2306:
2287:
2271:
2248:
2239:
2229:NCT01872065
2203:NCT01814839
2177:NCT01780077
2125:NCT01739244
2110:Naked siRNA
2099:NCT01776658
2084:Naked siRNA
2073:NCT00306904
2070:Opko Health
2058:Naked siRNA
2052:Bevasiranib
2047:NCT01676259
2021:NCT01445899
2006:Naked siRNA
1995:NCT00802347
1972:NCT00554359
1957:Naked siRNA
1946:NCT01064505
1931:Naked siRNA
1920:NCT00395057
1905:Naked siRNA
1894:NCT00716014
1879:Naked siRNA
1868:NCT00689065
1842:NCT01617967
1816:NCT01437059
1790:NCT00927459
1764:NCT00658086
1749:Naked siRNA
1738:NCT01518881
1712:NCT01262235
1686:NCT00938574
1660:NCT01591356
1634:NCT01158079
1580:
1565:
1550:
1536:
1492:
1473:
1469:
1445:
1429:
1413:
1398:transfection
1370:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1323:
1315:Applications
1302:
1283:PIWI protein
1270:phylogenetic
1264:
1224:
1220:
1194:
1181:herpes virus
1178:
1174:
1169:
1157:
1155:
1127:
1117:
1099:
1091:
1059:
1033:
1030:S. castellii
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
998:
992:
986:
960:
956:
954:
920:
899:The type of
898:
866:
843:
839:chromodomain
812:
764:
707:
696:
684:
680:
677:guide strand
676:
658:
640:
634:
622:
564:
562:
551:
550:and R2D2 in
545:
543:
534:
527:
523:
505:
498:
487:(3′UTRs) of
483:
466:, miRNA and
463:
457:
447:
415:
408:cell nucleus
403:
370:
357:
310:
308:
301:
300:and R2D2 in
295:
293:
278:
252:ribonuclease
249:
218:
206:
187:insecticides
171:cell culture
168:
137:
115:(miRNA) and
106:
91:
71:
70:(PTGS), and
67:
63:
47:
43:
42:
29:
13417:GLP-1 Drugs
13306:Higgs boson
13226:Dark energy
12092:(5): e133.
11791:: 293–311.
11725:: 573–589.
10771:(1): 1–12.
10713:(1): 84–9.
9265:: 201–214.
8883:2445/138257
8345:(9): e366.
8171:(1): 1–12.
8087:(1): 3–16.
7022:Virus Genes
4551:miRBase.org
4213:: 3975–82.
3046:) in 2018.
3009:Hepatitis C
2973:Andrew Fire
2939:virologists
2902:Netherlands
2828:microarrays
2625:Bombyx mori
2612:Lepidoptera
2605:insecticide
2406:hepatitis B
2402:hepatitis A
2361:amyloidosis
2338:(HeFH) and
2223:Recruiting
2197:Recruiting
2171:Recruiting
2145:Recruiting
2119:Recruiting
2093:Recruiting
2041:Recruiting
1989:Recruiting
1914:Terminated
1836:Recruiting
1784:Terminated
1769:PRO-040201
1732:Recruiting
1717:TKM–100201
1706:Recruiting
1691:TKM–080301
1654:Recruiting
1608:Identifier
1570:, Dicerna,
1515:orphan drug
1420:Medications
1295:crown group
1226:Arabidopsis
1141:plants via
1067:orthologous
1038:ascomycetes
973:methylation
901:RNA editing
807:translation
805:to prevent
785:The enzyme
767:translation
691:-dependent
645:PIWI domain
402:known as a
388:development
376:genomically
285:translation
160:Argonaute 2
133:transposons
76:Andrew Fire
13435:Categories
13375:black hole
13096:RNAi tools
13090:GenomeRNAi
12681:30 October
9503:11 January
9144:"Givlaari"
8703:1874/15573
8670:Bernards R
8306:(1): 2–4.
6891:4 December
6196:: 817–46.
5583:Cell Cycle
4570:Genome Res
4390:: bau103.
3399:25 January
3104:References
3056:Inclisiran
3035:to target
3013:transgenic
2981:C. elegans
2908:colors in
2894:transgenic
2881:transgenes
2847:microarray
2795:irrigation
2680:genes and
2637:Spodoptera
2619:Drosophila
2579:resistance
2555:aflatoxins
2353:hemophilia
2346:Conjugates
2329:inclisiran
2182:ALN–TTRsc
2104:SYL040012
2067:Completed
2044:Silenseed
1966:Completed
1940:Completed
1899:AGN211745
1888:Completed
1821:ALN–TTR02
1810:Completed
1795:ALN–PCS02
1758:Completed
1743:ALN–RSV01
1680:Completed
1628:Completed
1613:ALN–VSP02
1553:vutrisiran
1525:(ALA) and
1465:vutrisiran
1461:inclisiran
1431:Drosophila
1410:lentiviral
1377:interferon
1362:algorithms
1348:C. elegans
1278:eukaryotes
1247:cell cycle
1221:C. elegans
1213:stem cells
1201:intergenic
1170:C. elegans
1158:Drosophila
961:Drosophila
957:C. elegans
921:C. elegans
854:centromere
565:C. elegans
553:Drosophila
547:C. elegans
464:C. elegans
459:Drosophila
311:C. elegans
303:Drosophila
297:C. elegans
256:base pairs
156:nucleotide
140:eukaryotes
125:nucleotide
37:Lentiviral
13308:discovery
13247:in action
13245:Evolution
13190:Stem cell
12749:Hannon GJ
12086:PLOS Biol
11831:204702574
11805:0066-4170
11739:2327-056X
11618:: 57–68.
11481:227181536
11465:0031-949X
11115:: 77–96.
10038:219586624
9963:(4): 45.
9723:Pharm Res
9546:2296-858X
9461:232482623
9412:Daily Med
9358:Daily Med
9191:208791867
9130:219592948
9069:Daily Med
9043:1744-2818
8986:1533-4406
8939:0028-4793
8900:205102839
8124:: 19–53.
4468:Genes Dev
4184:retracted
4176:retracted
3563:205215974
3424:CiteSeerX
3052:lumasiran
3048:Givosiran
3044:patisiran
3011:virus in
2890:antisense
2877:wild-type
2563:rapeseeds
2535:allergens
2520:terpenoid
2447:migration
2342:(ASCVD).
2294:Persomics
2122:Sylentis
2096:Sylentis
1925:QPI-1007
1917:Allergan
1847:CALAA-01
1538:Lumasiran
1503:givosiran
1495:givosiran
1475:Patisiran
1457:lumasiran
1453:givosiran
1449:patisiran
1285:, and an
1265:Based on
1261:Evolution
1251:oncogenes
905:adenosine
848:disrupts
740:magnesium
722:conserved
649:Argonaute
627:Argonaute
595:small RNA
515:sequences
424:RNase III
416:pre-miRNA
412:stem-loop
404:pri-miRNA
372:MicroRNAs
352:of a pre-
347:stem-loop
241:stem-loop
233:cytoplasm
229:Argonaute
152:molecules
13373:2019: A
13354:GW170817
13297:HPTN 052
13099:Archived
13075:NY Times
13055:Archived
12997:Novartis
12979:20305636
12933:Alabi CA
12929:Davis ME
12915:16815477
12895:Life Sci
12880:25034627
12872:14585643
12837:16424918
12781:12097900
12726:11373684
12602:12917676
12594:16816104
12468:18610513
12374:43229760
12269:31234985
12226:12354959
12177:16593734
12118:15138502
11999:15708535
11950:16594612
11909:16153609
11874:11030533
11866:16025102
11823:31610134
11755:38499958
11747:27741406
11691:21078327
11634:27436086
11593:23133513
11553:PLOS ONE
11530:25802407
11473:33245254
11410:23733295
11402:23322250
11367:45212581
11359:22861122
11316:29541880
11272:21588259
11264:15107863
11229:17177799
11188:17110445
11137:28803811
11129:22432611
11069:21459775
11020:15811941
10961:16319945
10920:20962218
10871:19532137
10814:16136043
10729:15472715
10688:12536201
10647:15267222
10612:15080188
10571:25380780
10541:Database
10522:16402679
10495:30577479
10469:(1): 6.
10437:23062009
10401:25598342
10366:86214047
10358:16405000
10323:34511611
10315:16900331
10274:16699041
10225:12203116
10203:Oncogene
10184:15195925
10157:20399824
10118:20331529
10077:16466822
10030:32521132
9989:28792479
9938:27959715
9889:33378609
9802:25409604
9743:17252188
9708:30838421
9659:26281785
9610:24150415
9564:36325384
9453:33789010
9390:"Oxlumo"
9340:25446301
9291:26366103
9240:29915990
9183:20226990
9122:32521139
9051:35875890
8994:33789010
8947:32521132
8892:29972753
8838:15240889
8779:15123829
8720:18460980
8712:11910072
8655:16154556
8614:16611941
8565:16845046
8516:15215364
8467:15215362
8418:15980542
8369:27673562
8320:12480342
8285:11917006
8236:16691418
8187:16989803
8146:13010154
8138:16669754
8103:16325172
8054:12931144
7966:43395657
7958:12869753
7911:16154568
7854:24115437
7797:24115438
7740:23467688
7732:16715068
7697:16364746
7675:Virology
7656:16563388
7591:16107852
7548:16107851
7491:16556799
7434:32439482
7426:16611236
7385:33972766
7377:16772641
7342:17071740
7283:16731914
7234:10747034
7185:11485817
7101:17090584
7052:16732482
7003:16545108
6952:16549791
6878:22639035
6870:16786437
6820:19745116
6763:11016957
6704:12742588
6669:14698430
6634:16287976
6575:16789197
6567:11378384
6518:16409629
6492:(1): 3.
6462:17139332
6413:15556947
6362:16369484
6310:15272117
6261:10847677
6220:12045112
6171:16705157
6122:15615848
6063:15475954
6022:17085592
5963:23813417
5955:12733640
5912:12193640
5863:42997104
5855:16931764
5812:14704433
5755:29910065
5747:16825762
5697:10749213
5663:Hannon G
5648:36630239
5640:16284622
5605:16418578
5556:15908945
5521:15574516
5472:41117614
5464:16138829
5429:15800629
5372:31558409
5364:15550672
5321:16527750
5272:14567917
5231:12400060
5223:15170178
5185:16439995
5104:16271387
5063:41436233
5055:14512631
5012:25636176
4961:22539927
4910:24653674
4859:25987950
4808:21931505
4759:18668037
4694:18668040
4643:15685193
4600:18955434
4539:15066283
4498:15231716
4449:17197185
4414:25380780
4384:Database
4365:25287167
4357:15118162
4314:16957365
4273:17350266
4245:23014413
4237:17485351
4163:33214285
4136:17158288
4090:46620298
4082:17124291
4036:46285020
4028:17218517
3990:16603715
3934:26662984
3893:42526536
3885:12016304
3842:26257286
3793:27184117
3741:15800213
3689:19158789
3639:15811921
3597:10778853
3555:19158785
3497:11201747
3446:15614608
3363:23785494
3355:16410517
3312:23950525
3256:16271386
3204:10228554
3195:11146801
3155:24402564
3062:See also
2975:'s 1998
2910:petunias
2900:and the
2871:Example
2799:vascular
2750:A. pisum
2696:has two
2690:pathway
2674:has two
2587:against
2524:gossypol
2522:product
2439:oncogene
2371:(NASH).
2321:BioNtech
2275:plasmids
2208:ARC-520
2156:RXi-109
2151:Unknown
2078:SYL1001
1605:Company
1596:Disease
1467:(2022).
1459:(2020),
1455:(2019),
1451:(2018),
1353:S. pombe
1311:system.
1197:intronic
1151:bacteria
1143:grafting
1134:homologs
1114:Immunity
1102:May 2020
1046:lineages
991:such as
989:protozoa
932:microRNA
858:anaphase
845:S. pombe
819:histones
795:microRNA
771:P-bodies
755:tyrosine
747:stacking
744:aromatic
733:divalent
727:surface
697:in vitro
693:helicase
633:species
587:(RdRP).
378:encoded
367:MicroRNA
354:microRNA
337:MicroRNA
333:(RdRP).
266:. These
183:medicine
150:(dsRNA)
113:microRNA
88:nematode
72:quelling
13397:brings
13324:Rosetta
13156:journal
13152:Science
13141:Science
13072:, from
13027:, from
13016:, from
12970:2855406
12949:Bibcode
12789:4361399
12761:Bibcode
12706:Bibcode
12657:4355692
12649:9486653
12629:Bibcode
12550:9267028
12509:7758115
12448:Science
12433:7878039
12401:Bibcode
12354:Bibcode
12292:Plant J
12261:1484489
12145:Bibcode
12007:9934291
11814:9939233
11661:Bibcode
11584:3484993
11561:Bibcode
11521:4408792
11324:3918937
11296:Bibcode
11179:1838705
11060:3095054
10988:Bibcode
10911:3003593
10862:2835271
10822:6978101
10562:4224276
10486:6351902
10265:1472172
9980:5618303
9929:5778873
9880:7787219
9793:7149983
9751:9995555
9699:6486631
9650:4756474
9590:Bibcode
9555:9618588
9331:4339446
9282:4562648
9231:6132435
9210:Patient
9013:Amyloid
8806:Bibcode
8747:Bibcode
8682:Bibcode
8674:Science
8605:1464853
8556:1538817
8409:1160180
8360:5056990
8227:2583075
8034:Bibcode
8007:8252621
7938:Bibcode
7930:Science
7902:1350842
7881:Bibcode
7845:3875315
7824:Bibcode
7816:Science
7788:3853215
7767:Bibcode
7759:Science
7647:7094296
7626:Bibcode
7599:4431035
7571:Bibcode
7539:1388260
7518:Bibcode
7482:1509097
7461:Bibcode
7453:Science
7333:1693862
7310:Bibcode
7274:1472586
7150:9303318
7141:1170100
7092:1669714
7043:7088519
6994:1462988
6943:1458760
6920:Bibcode
6850:Bibcode
6811:3786161
6790:Bibcode
6782:Science
6731:Bibcode
6625:1287990
6602:Bibcode
6545:Bibcode
6509:1363733
6453:2953463
6404:2947832
6353:2950615
6301:1370607
6211:1823043
6162:1489094
6090:Bibcode
6013:1859931
5990:Bibcode
5920:2613813
5890:Bibcode
5882:Science
5835:Bibcode
5827:Science
5803:3244756
5782:Bibcode
5774:Science
5705:9091863
5677:Bibcode
5564:6085169
5512:1370689
5420:4694588
5399:Bibcode
5344:Bibcode
5336:Science
5299:Bibcode
5176:1456892
5035:Bibcode
5027:Science
4952:3336189
4901:3949217
4850:4434036
4799:3168173
4750:2745094
4729:Bibcode
4702:4429008
4674:Bibcode
4651:4430576
4623:Bibcode
4591:2612969
4405:4224276
4337:Bibcode
4329:Science
4228:2851543
4144:9483460
4116:Bibcode
4108:Science
4062:Bibcode
4054:Science
4008:Science
3981:1440910
3865:Bibcode
3857:Science
3833:4560963
3784:5084781
3732:1072799
3680:2702667
3659:Bibcode
3630:1370754
3535:Bibcode
3505:4371481
3477:Bibcode
3454:2966105
3335:Bibcode
3327:Science
3290:Bibcode
3282:Science
3212:9448271
3133:Bibcode
2873:petunia
2858:History
2789:Topical
2631:Locusta
2567:amylose
2437:(i.e.,
2313:BNT162b
2309:Moderna
2133:CTNNB1
2130:CEQ508
2015:Active
1902:VEGFR1
1862:Active
1700:Cancer
1665:Atu027
1602:Status
1590:Target
1402:plasmid
1400:with a
1389:embryos
1385:oocytes
1299:exosome
1276:of all
1092:updated
909:inosine
889:mammals
860:during
815:genomes
742:and by
631:archaea
508:miRBase
418:by the
245:nucleus
208:Giardia
173:and in
129:viruses
13415:2023:
13406:2022:
13401:to all
13393:2021:
13384:2020:
13365:2018:
13352:2017:
13340:2016:
13332:2015:
13321:2014:
13313:2013:
13304:2012:
13295:2011:
13277:2009:
13269:2008:
13261:2007:
13252:2006:
13243:2005:
13235:Spirit
13232:2004:
13224:2003:
13216:2002:
13204:2001:
13196:2000:
13188:1999:
13180:1998:
13172:1997:
13163:1996:
13030:Nature
12977:
12967:
12941:Nature
12913:
12878:
12870:
12852:Lancet
12835:
12787:
12779:
12753:Nature
12734:710341
12732:
12724:
12698:Nature
12655:
12647:
12621:Nature
12600:
12592:
12548:
12507:
12466:
12431:
12421:
12372:
12346:Nature
12327:
12267:
12259:
12224:
12217:159885
12214:
12175:
12168:386288
12165:
12116:
12109:406394
12106:
12063:
12036:
12005:
11997:
11948:
11938:
11907:
11872:
11864:
11829:
11821:
11811:
11803:
11753:
11745:
11737:
11689:
11632:
11591:
11581:
11528:
11518:
11479:
11471:
11463:
11408:
11400:
11365:
11357:
11322:
11314:
11288:Planta
11270:
11262:
11227:
11186:
11176:
11135:
11127:
11067:
11057:
11018:
11011:556303
11008:
10959:
10918:
10908:
10869:
10859:
10820:
10812:
10727:
10686:
10645:
10610:
10569:
10559:
10520:
10493:
10483:
10435:
10399:
10364:
10356:
10321:
10313:
10272:
10262:
10223:
10182:
10155:
10116:
10075:
10036:
10028:
9987:
9977:
9936:
9926:
9887:
9877:
9821:Forbes
9800:
9790:
9780:
9749:
9741:
9706:
9696:
9657:
9647:
9608:
9562:
9552:
9544:
9459:
9451:
9338:
9328:
9289:
9279:
9238:
9228:
9189:
9181:
9163:Lancet
9128:
9120:
9049:
9041:
8992:
8984:
8945:
8937:
8898:
8890:
8836:
8829:478580
8826:
8777:
8770:409921
8767:
8718:
8710:
8653:
8612:
8602:
8563:
8553:
8514:
8507:441580
8504:
8465:
8458:441546
8455:
8416:
8406:
8367:
8357:
8318:
8283:
8276:101826
8273:
8234:
8224:
8185:
8144:
8136:
8101:
8062:992057
8060:
8052:
8026:Nature
8005:
7964:
7956:
7909:
7899:
7852:
7842:
7795:
7785:
7738:
7730:
7695:
7654:
7644:
7597:
7589:
7563:Nature
7546:
7536:
7510:Nature
7489:
7479:
7432:
7424:
7383:
7375:
7340:
7330:
7281:
7271:
7232:
7225:310235
7222:
7183:
7148:
7138:
7099:
7089:
7050:
7040:
7001:
6991:
6950:
6940:
6876:
6868:
6818:
6808:
6761:
6751:
6702:
6667:
6632:
6622:
6573:
6565:
6516:
6506:
6460:
6450:
6411:
6401:
6360:
6350:
6308:
6298:
6259:
6218:
6208:
6169:
6159:
6120:
6113:544066
6110:
6061:
6020:
6010:
5961:
5953:
5918:
5910:
5861:
5853:
5810:
5800:
5753:
5745:
5703:
5695:
5668:Nature
5646:
5638:
5603:
5562:
5554:
5519:
5509:
5470:
5462:
5427:
5417:
5391:Nature
5370:
5362:
5319:
5270:
5229:
5221:
5183:
5173:
5132:
5102:
5061:
5053:
5010:
4959:
4949:
4935:: 39.
4908:
4898:
4884:: 75.
4857:
4847:
4806:
4796:
4757:
4747:
4721:Nature
4700:
4692:
4666:Nature
4649:
4641:
4615:Nature
4598:
4588:
4537:
4496:
4489:478188
4486:
4447:
4412:
4402:
4363:
4355:
4312:
4302:
4271:
4243:
4235:
4225:
4161:
4157:,
4142:
4134:
4088:
4080:
4034:
4026:
3988:
3978:
3932:
3922:
3891:
3883:
3840:
3830:
3791:
3781:
3739:
3729:
3687:
3677:
3651:Nature
3637:
3627:
3595:
3561:
3553:
3527:Nature
3503:
3495:
3469:Nature
3452:
3444:
3426:
3361:
3353:
3310:
3254:
3210:
3202:
3192:
3153:
3124:Planta
3017:cancer
2977:Nature
2923:fungus
2906:flower
2658:, and
2640:spp.,
2634:spp.,
2622:spp.,
2559:onions
2539:tomato
2512:Cotton
2428:Cancer
2317:Pfizer
2311:. and
2298:Sanofi
2279:CRISPR
2142:I, II
2107:ADRB2
2090:I, II
2081:TRPV1
1986:I, II
1928:CASP2
1873:TD101
1798:PCSK9
1642:EphA2
1599:Phase
1406:siRNAs
1366:siRNAs
1358:siRNAs
1243:tumors
1147:siRNAs
1050:niches
965:siRNAs
917:siRNAs
884:siRNAs
873:siRNAs
736:cation
729:pocket
714:domain
702:5′ end
647:of an
641:Right:
581:siRNAs
577:siRNAs
573:siRNAs
569:siRNAs
558:siRNAs
493:miRNAs
454:siRNAs
449:siRNAs
428:Drosha
392:siRNAs
327:siRNAs
323:siRNAs
319:siRNAs
315:siRNAs
281:siRNAs
268:siRNAs
264:siRNAs
13410:debut
13256:proof
13237:rover
12876:S2CID
12785:S2CID
12730:S2CID
12653:S2CID
12598:S2CID
12424:42583
12370:S2CID
12265:S2CID
12003:S2CID
11870:S2CID
11827:S2CID
11787:(1).
11751:S2CID
11721:(1).
11709:(PDF)
11477:S2CID
11437:(6).
11406:S2CID
11363:S2CID
11320:S2CID
11268:S2CID
11133:S2CID
10818:S2CID
10362:S2CID
10319:S2CID
10034:S2CID
9747:S2CID
9457:S2CID
9187:S2CID
9126:S2CID
8896:S2CID
8716:S2CID
8142:S2CID
8058:S2CID
7962:S2CID
7736:S2CID
7595:S2CID
7430:S2CID
7381:S2CID
6977:: 7.
6885:(PDF)
6874:S2CID
6838:(PDF)
6754:17198
6571:S2CID
5959:S2CID
5916:S2CID
5859:S2CID
5751:S2CID
5701:S2CID
5644:S2CID
5560:S2CID
5468:S2CID
5368:S2CID
5227:S2CID
5059:S2CID
4698:S2CID
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