19:
133:
These characteristics are found in the genomes of various organisms, as well as in the double-stranded RNA that was formerly referred to as the "replicative form" and subsequently thought to be a byproduct of phage RNA replication. Alternatively, they are found in artificial high molecular weight
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family. They typically have two distinct linear dsRNA segments, each approximately 2.0 kbp in length. Segments larger than 10 kbp are unlikely to be linked to specific virus-like particles, as no unique virus-like particles have been identified in samples prepared using various purification
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The widely recognized acidic forms of polyadenylate and polycytidylate can be introduced to these canonical double-stranded RNA species. Because the bases of these polyribonucleotides are protonated at pH values lower than adenine and cytosine's pK values, they assume a well-characterized
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The more or less abundant self-complementary sequences found in all other forms of RNA, including rRNA, mRNA, tRNA, single-stranded viral RNA, and viroid RNA, can likewise form double-helical secondary structures, albeit incomplete and/or irregular.
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Endogenous retroviruses, natural sense-antisense transcript pairs, mitochondrial transcripts, and repetitive nuclear sequences, including short and long interspersed elements (
83:
had noted early on that the 2′ hydroxyl group on each RNA nucleotide would prevent RNA from forming a double helix similar to the one they had described for DNA.
427:
Salazar M, Fedoroff OY, Miller JM, Ribeiro NS, Reid BR (April 1993). "The DNA strand in DNA.RNA hybrid duplexes is neither B-form nor A-form in solution".
37:
but with the replacement of thymine by uracil and the adding of one oxygen atom. Despite the structural similarities, much less is known about dsRNA.
345:"Double-stranded RNA is produced by positive-strand RNA viruses and DNA viruses but not in detectable amounts by negative-strand RNA viruses"
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techniques. For this reason, these large dsRNAs were previously referred to as enigmatic dsRNAs, endogenous dsRNAs, or RNA plasmids.
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A base composition expected for an RNA duplex composed of two complementary, antiparallel strands stabilized by hydrogen bonds and
214:
Whitehead KA, Dahlman JE, Langer RS, Anderson DG (2011-07-15). "Silencing or stimulation? siRNA delivery and the immune system".
611:
521:
637:
502:
Libonati M, Sorrentino S (2001). "Degradation of Double-Stranded RNA by
Mammalian Pancreatic-Type Ribonucleases".
98:
High molecular weight RNA in the 'A' form is referred to as dsRNA and possesses the following characteristics:
251:"Double-stranded RNA under force and torque: similarities to and striking differences from double-stranded DNA"
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Jana S, Chakraborty C, Nandi S, Deb JK (November 2004). "RNA interference: potential therapeutic targets".
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double-stranded polyribonucleotide complexes like poly(A) · poly(U) or poly(I) · poly(C) complexes.
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dsRNA range in size from 1.5 to 20 kbp. Smaller dsRNAs (<2.0 kbp) are frequently associated with
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Schultz U, Kaspers B, Staeheli P (May 2004). "The interferon system of non-mammalian vertebrates".
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632:
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Lipfert J, Skinner GM, Keegstra JM, Hensgens T, Jager T, Dulin D, et al. (October 2014).
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A cooperative type of temperature transition profiles with ionic strength-dependent Tm values;
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Fukuhara T, Moriyama H (2008). "Endornavirus". In Mahy BW, Van
Regenmortel MH (eds.).
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and David R. Davies propose the double helix structure of RNA for the first time.
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The majority of them are consistently present in the host at a low concentration.
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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They do not appear to have a noticeable impact on the phenotype of their host.
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Weber F, Wagner V, Rasmussen SB, Hartmann R, Paludan SR (May 2006).
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A molar absorbance (per phosphodiester group) lower than that of
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with two complementary strands found in cells. It is similar to
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68:. In eukaryotes, dsRNA plays a role in the activation of the
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41:
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Sadeq S, Al-Hashimi S, Cusack CM, Werner A (February 2021).
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Zhang S, Wittig B (June 2015). "Alexander Rich 1924-2015".
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In general, dsRNAs share some significant characteristics:
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An absolute hypochromicity significantly more than ssRNA;
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They are not transcribed from the DNA of the host genome.
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158:), are some of the primary sources of endogenous dsRNA.
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Annual Review of
Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
606:(3rd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press.
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They are effectively carried to the next generation.
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138:double-stranded structure at acidic pH levels.
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508:. Vol. 341. Elsevier. pp. 234–248.
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170:They show a remarkable resistance to RNase A.
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310:Developmental and Comparative Immunology
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40:They form the genetic material of some
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394:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
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553:"Endogenous Double-Stranded RNA"
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48:). dsRNA, such as viral RNA or
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22:Double-stranded RNA structure
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638:Double-stranded RNA viruses
124:single-stranded RNA (ssRNA)
72:against viral infections.
46:double-stranded RNA viruses
27:Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)
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106:Sedimentation coefficients
406:10.1007/s00253-004-1732-1
322:10.1016/j.dci.2003.09.009
604:Encyclopedia of Virology
117:hydrophobic interactions
276:10.1073/pnas.1407197111
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505:Methods in Enzymology
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570:10.3390/ncrna7010015
464:Nature Biotechnology
188:virus-like particles
76:History of discovery
70:innate immune system
441:10.1021/bi00067a007
349:Journal of Virology
267:2014PNAS..11115408L
261:(43): 15408–15413.
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613:978-0-12-374410-4
523:978-0-12-182242-2
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199:References
162:Properties
62:interferon
58:eukaryotes
563:(1): 15.
94:Structure
86:In 1995,
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518:ISBN
480:PMID
445:PMID
410:PMID
375:PMID
326:PMID
291:PMID
232:PMID
154:and
110:20,w
643:RNA
575:PMC
565:doi
510:doi
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437:doi
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365:PMC
357:doi
318:doi
281:PMC
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259:111
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35:DNA
31:RNA
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