5033:
240:
Rich spent his early life in
Springfield, Massachusetts. He grew up in a working-class family and worked in the U.S. Armory while he was in high school. From 1943 to 1946, Rich was in the
5048:
951:
Wang AH, Quigley GJ, Kolpak FJ, Crawford JL, van Boom JH, Van der Marel G, Rich A (1979). "Molecular structure of a left-handed double helical DNA fragment at atomic resolution".
5083:
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He obtained a bachelor's in biochemical sciences from
Harvard University in 1947 and a medical degree from Harvard Medical School in 1949. Rich died on 27 April 2015, aged 90.
5053:
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1171:
Schwartz T, Rould MA, Lowenhaupt K, Herbert A, Rich A (1999). "Crystal structure of the Za domain of the human editing enzyme ADAR1 bound to left-handed Z-DNA".
5043:
577:
1225:
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2008 Welch Award in
Chemistry: "For outstanding contributions to the understanding of the chemical and biochemical mechanisms in maintaining a living cell".
5078:
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409:
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1234:
630:
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Ha SC, Lowenhaupt K, Rich A, Kim YG, Kim KK (2005). "Crystal structure of a junction between B-DNA and Z-DNA reveals two extruded bases".
609:
271:
during his time in
Pauling's lab. He stayed in Pauling's group until 1954. Rich worked as a section chief in physical chemistry at the
207:, a social and discussion group which attacked the question of how DNA encodes proteins. He has over 600 publications to his name.
1271:
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365:
172:
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in 1958. He worked diligently at MIT until his death in 2015. He still went into lab until two months before his death.
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260:
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From 1969 to 1980, he was a biology investigator looking for life on mars with NASA's Viking
Mission to Mars.
1501:
272:
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journal. Whenever Z-DNA forms, there must be two junction boxes that allow the flip back to the canonical
3970:
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1676:
1077:"The Za domain of the editing enzyme dsRNA adenosine deaminase binds left-handed Z-RNA as well as Z-DNA"
4926:
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1916:
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finally crystallised the junction box of B- and Z-DNA. Their results were published in an
October 2005
3165:
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396:
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MIT Article: Alexander Rich, the importance of RNA and the development of nucleic acid hybridization
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3183:
3016:
3925:
2639:
1764:
3193:
1138:"The Zab domain of the human RNA editing enzyme ADAR1 recognizes Z-DNA when surrounded by B-DNA"
667:
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2603:
2107:
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345:
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Skylab
Achievement Award, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC (1974)
4973:
4359:
4341:
4241:
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1997:
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511:"Alexander Rich (1924–2015) Biologist who discovered ribosome clusters and 'left-handed' DNA"
383:
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63:
44:
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1977:
1964:
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960:
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522:
276:
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708:
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Lewis S. Rosenstiel Award in Basic
Biomedical Research, Brandeis Univ., Waltham, MA (1983)
8:
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2130:
1982:
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1823:
1607:
631:"Alexander Rich, the importance of RNA and the development of nucleic acid hybridization"
3864:
1092:
1015:
964:
843:
754:
526:
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James R. Killian
Faculty Achievement Award, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1980)
218:
and was a director beginning in 1987. Rich was co-chairman of the board of directors of
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1959:
1944:
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556:
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75:
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2143:
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1949:
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1027:
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2020:
2010:
1987:
1972:
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1114:
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1039:
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968:
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847:
786:
758:
530:
339:
1184:
479:
Fellow, American
Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC (1965)
4900:
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2005:
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1322:
1081:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
928:
911:
832:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
299:
His work played a pivotal role in the discovery of nucleic acid hybridization.
1211:
910:
Perrigue, Patrick M.; Erdmann, Volker A.; Barciszewski, Jan (1 October 2015).
5017:
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770:
544:
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280:
264:
200:
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3904:
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3253:
2874:
2777:
2439:
2394:
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2268:
2198:
2180:
2172:
2097:
2015:
1885:
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1810:
1728:
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1163:
1154:
1137:
1128:
1101:
1031:
937:
871:
778:
552:
392:
268:
204:
164:
1216:
852:
738:
259:, who inspired him to pursue an academic career. In 1949, he moved to the
4921:
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4609:
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4213:
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4149:
4073:
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3635:
3529:
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3152:
2743:
2673:
2613:
2530:
2488:
2273:
1992:
1954:
1777:
1469:
980:
433:
Linus Pauling Medal, American Chemical Society, Northwest Sections (1995)
1023:
445:
Theodore van Karmen Award for Viking Mars Mission, Washington, DC (1976)
222:, a biopharmaceutical company. He also served on the editorial board of
4715:
4354:
4015:
3791:
3686:
3643:
3258:
3221:
2444:
2245:
2193:
1704:
1110:
467:
Honorary Doctorate, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1981)
427:
Bower Award and Prize, the Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, PA (2000)
3778:
3548:
1898:
1286:
972:
762:
187:
160:
86:
3586:
1136:
Kim YG, Lowenhaupt K, Maas S, Herbert A, Schwartz T, Rich A (2000).
535:
510:
442:
Presidential Award, New York Academy of Science, New York, NY (1977)
1290:
1223:
Alexander Rich video: The Discovery of Polynucleotide Hybridization
310:
306:
284:
219:
196:
461:
Honorary Member, Japanese Biochemical Society, Tokyo, Japan (1986)
458:
Foreign Member, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia (1994)
1075:
Brown BA II, Lowenhaupt K, Wilbert CM, Hanlon EB, Rich A (2000).
485:
Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston, MA (1959)
464:
Foreign Member, French Academy of Sciences, Paris, France (1984)
388:
a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of U.S. Genomics, Inc.
5034:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
1074:
1170:
331:
90:
488:
Fellow, National Research Council, Washington, DC (1949–51).
395:
recognized his outstanding scientific achievements with the
909:
314:
302:
In 1955, Rich and Crick solved the structure of collagen.
5049:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
950:
288:
159:(15 November 1924 – 27 April 2015) was an American
1252:
Cold Spring Harbor Oral History Interview with Alex Rich
1135:
470:
American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA (1980)
5084:
Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates
323:
In 1973, Rich's lab determined the structure of tRNA.
828:"A Multiple Ribosomal Structure in Protein Synthesis"
737:
Rich, Alexander; Crick, F. H. C. (12 November 1955).
351:
5054:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
403:
The Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science
1001:
476:
National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC (1970)
5059:Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
801:"Gobind Khorana and the rise of molecular biology"
1302:
5015:
3587:Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences
430:National Medal of Science, Washington, DC (1995)
410:William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement
275:from 1954 to 1958. He spent a sabbatical at the
109:William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement
825:
279:in Cambridge (1955–1956), where he worked with
1212:2008 Welch Award in Chemistry – Alexander Rich
230:Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics
5044:Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences
1272:
5079:Members of the National Academy of Medicine
1217:Letter from Francis Crick to Alexander Rich
499:
326:In 1979, Rich and co-workers at MIT grew a
294:
1279:
1265:
1240:A Conversation with Alex Rich (10/03/2007)
424:Sigma Xi Proctor Prize, Raleigh, NC (2001)
203:. During this time he was a member of the
5039:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
1153:
1118:
1100:
1054:"2008 Welch Award in Chemistry Recipient"
1046:
927:
861:
851:
819:
736:
692:
572:
570:
534:
2996:
1068:
944:
505:
1566:
1288:United States National Medal of Science
5016:
1056:. The Welch Foundation. Archived from
995:
686:
608:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
567:
263:to perform postdoctoral research with
4116:
4115:
3585:
2995:
2509:
1565:
1301:
1260:
473:Pontifical Academy of Sciences (1978)
366:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
145:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
826:Warner JR, Knopf PM, Rich A (1963).
732:
730:
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
625:
623:
621:
619:
482:Fellow, Guggenheim Foundation (1963)
418:
5064:National Medal of Science laureates
334:. After 26 years of attempts, Rich
13:
352:List of awards and prizes received
261:California Institute of Technology
250:
14:
5095:
1200:
727:
649:
616:
235:
903:
878:
713:Cold Spring Harbor Oral History
916:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
793:
701:
255:At Harvard, Rich studied with
16:American biologist (1924–2015)
1:
5029:Harvard Medical School alumni
2510:
1303:Behavioral and social science
1185:10.1126/science.284.5421.1841
912:"Alexander Rich: In Memoriam"
492:
273:National Institutes of Health
452:
359:National Academy of Sciences
283:and solved the structure of
7:
739:"The Structure of Collagen"
695:"Alexander Rich dies at 90"
668:"Alexander Rich dies at 90"
287:. He became a professor at
171:Professor of Biophysics at
10:
5100:
4191:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
929:10.1016/j.tibs.2015.08.009
378:French Academy of Sciences
214:, Rich was the founder of
4953:
4802:
4651:
4472:
4278:
4126:
4122:
4111:
4045:
3947:
3836:
3747:
3668:
3596:
3592:
3581:
3538:
3447:
3339:
3230:
3166:William Hayward Pickering
3111:
3006:
3002:
2991:
2917:
2809:
2663:
2539:
2520:
2516:
2505:
2416:
2225:
2039:
1857:
1713:
1576:
1572:
1561:
1518:
1459:
1371:
1331:
1312:
1308:
1297:
805:MIT Department of Biology
635:MIT Department of Biology
397:National Medal of Science
361:(appointed 17 April 1978)
313:which read one strand of
305:In 1963, Rich discovered
169:William Thompson Sedgwick
150:
140:
132:
125:
104:National Medal of Science
96:
81:
71:
52:
30:
23:
4615:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
4061:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
1692:Burrhus Frederic Skinner
1228:12 November 2014 at the
295:Contributions to science
113:Welch Award in Chemistry
3926:Cathleen Synge Morawetz
1844:George Ledyard Stebbins
1765:James Augustine Shannon
1207:Rich Laboratory website
179:. Rich earned an A.B. (
5024:American biophysicists
4383:Joseph O. Hirschfelder
4370:Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
3326:Harry George Drickamer
3272:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
2946:M. Frederick Hawthorne
2820:John D. Baldeschwieler
2060:Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
1742:Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
1155:10.1074/jbc.M003477200
1102:10.1073/pnas.240464097
177:Harvard Medical School
4974:Sylvester James Gates
4360:William Alfred Fowler
4342:Robert Rathbun Wilson
4155:Robert Burns Woodward
2967:Geraldine L. Richmond
2715:Howard E. Simmons Jr.
1998:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
1927:Vernon B. Mountcastle
1783:Sterling B. Hendricks
1600:Marshall W. Nirenberg
1595:Theodosius Dobzhansky
1443:William Julius Wilson
1245:21 March 2020 at the
1069:Selected publications
853:10.1073/pnas.49.1.122
384:Institute of Medicine
372:Philosophical Society
212:Hartford, Connecticut
64:Boston, Massachusetts
45:Hartford, Connecticut
4945:Warren M. Washington
4909:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
4818:Jeremiah P. Ostriker
4763:Martin Schwarzschild
4544:Solomon J. Buchsbaum
4536:J. Robert Schrieffer
4506:E. Margaret Burbidge
4350:Nicolaas Bloembergen
4327:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
4206:Vladimir K. Zworykin
3958:John Griggs Thompson
3881:Martin David Kruskal
3721:Kurt Otto Friedrichs
3194:Erwin Wilhelm Müller
3148:Ralph Brazelton Peck
3103:Jack St. Clair Kilby
3030:John Robinson Pierce
2997:Engineering sciences
2928:Jacqueline K. Barton
2783:George M. Whitesides
2702:Dudley R. Herschbach
2640:Richard B. Bernstein
2609:Walter H. Stockmayer
2157:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
2088:G. Evelyn Hutchinson
1978:Stanley Norman Cohen
1965:Rita Levi-Montalcini
1801:Keith Roberts Porter
1664:Alfred H. Sturtevant
1659:Michael Heidelberger
1631:Fritz Albert Lipmann
277:Cavendish Laboratory
117:Lomonosov Gold Medal
4995:Shirley Ann Jackson
4914:Charles P. Slichter
4758:Marshall Rosenbluth
4750:Wallace S. Broecker
4703:Eugene M. Shoemaker
4464:Victor F. Weisskopf
4411:Herbert S. Gutowsky
4393:Edgar Bright Wilson
4234:George Kistiakowsky
3852:Stephen Cole Kleene
3363:George H. Heilmeier
3350:Mildred Dresselhaus
3241:Edward H. Heinemann
3171:Frederick E. Terman
3135:Richard T. Whitcomb
3056:Clarence L. Johnson
3017:Theodore von Kármán
2904:Stephen J. Benkovic
2883:Mostafa A. El-Sayed
2870:Marvin H. Caruthers
2825:Ralph F. Hirschmann
2765:Darleane C. Hoffman
2655:Harden M. McConnell
2596:Frank H. Westheimer
2408:Stanley B. Prusiner
2372:Robert J. Lefkowitz
2131:Howard Martin Temin
1988:Maurice R. Hilleman
1983:Joseph L. Goldstein
1922:Donald A. Henderson
1839:Earl Reece Stadtman
1824:Elizabeth C. Crosby
1788:Orville Alvin Vogel
1618:Donald D. Van Slyke
1567:Biological sciences
1179:(5421): 1841–1845.
1148:(35): 26828–26833.
1093:2000PNAS...9713532B
1087:(25): 13531–13586.
1060:on 19 October 2008.
1024:10.1038/nature04088
1016:2005Natur.437.1183H
1010:(7062): 1183–1186.
965:1979Natur.282..680W
844:1963PNAS...49..122W
755:1955Natur.176..915R
527:2015Natur.521..291S
4867:G. Brent Dalrymple
4685:Arthur L. Schawlow
4592:James A. Van Allen
4483:Philip W. Anderson
4439:Richard P. Feynman
4365:Linus Carl Pauling
4000:Dennis P. Sullivan
3557:John B. Goodenough
3490:Edwin N. Lightfoot
3458:Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
3439:Kenneth N. Stevens
3207:Raymond D. Mindlin
3130:Harold E. Edgerton
2975:A. Paul Alivisatos
2854:Stephen J. Lippard
2833:Ernest R. Davidson
2770:Harold S. Johnston
2604:William S. Johnson
2568:George C. Pimentel
2403:Susan L. Lindquist
2385:Francis S. Collins
2279:Victor A. McKusick
2254:Francisco J. Ayala
2236:Nancy C. Andreasen
2186:Robert A. Weinberg
1960:Har Gobind Khorana
1945:Michael E. DeBakey
1932:George Emil Palade
1904:Wendell L. Roelofs
1894:Howard L. Bachrach
1724:Barbara McClintock
1626:Edward F. Knipling
693:Trafton A (2015).
193:Harvard University
76:Harvard University
5011:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5003:
5002:
4940:Esther M. Conwell
4880:Robert N. Clayton
4872:Riccardo Giacconi
4836:Raymond Davis Jr.
4724:Albert Overhauser
4667:Edwin M. McMillan
4628:Arnold O. Beckman
4605:Paul Ching-Wu Chu
4582:Paul C. Lauterbur
4559:Robert Hofstadter
4511:Maurice Goldhaber
4498:Charles H. Townes
4449:Edward M. Purcell
4416:Frederick Rossini
4270:Wolfgang Panofsky
4201:John H. Van Vleck
4117:Physical sciences
4107:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4069:Solomon W. Golomb
4029:Andrew J. Viterbi
4024:Leonard Kleinrock
3971:Calyampudi R. Rao
3939:Ronald R. Coifman
3847:George F. Carrier
3828:Donald C. Spencer
3823:Saunders Mac Lane
3758:Marshall H. Stone
3708:Shiing-Shen Chern
3615:Solomon Lefschetz
3577:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3514:David J. Wineland
3482:John M. Prausnitz
3423:C. Kumar N. Patel
3418:James L. Flanagan
3386:John Roy Whinnery
3373:H. Guyford Stever
3355:Nick Holonyak Jr.
3318:George W. Housner
3313:Willis M. Hawkins
3308:Daniel C. Drucker
3290:Robert Byron Bird
3282:Bernard M. Oliver
3189:Peter C. Goldmark
3176:Wernher von Braun
3122:George E. Mueller
3095:Nathan M. Newmark
3090:J. Presper Eckert
3069:Claude E. Shannon
3038:Charles S. Draper
2987:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2954:Judith P. Klinman
2838:Gábor A. Somorjai
2749:Isabella L. Karle
2736:George S. Hammond
2697:Gertrude B. Elion
2650:Rudolph A. Marcus
2501:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2427:Ralph L. Brinster
2346:Torsten N. Wiesel
2323:Norman E. Borlaug
2310:Solomon H. Snyder
2305:J. Michael Bishop
2264:Mario R. Capecchi
2144:Salome G. Waelsch
2075:E. Donnall Thomas
1950:Theodor O. Diener
1849:Paul Alfred Weiss
1677:Bernard B. Brodie
1613:George G. Simpson
1557:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1502:Michael I. Posner
1403:Eleanor J. Gibson
1355:George J. Stigler
1323:Neal Elgar Miller
1219:(5 December 1974)
959:(5740): 680–686.
749:(4489): 915–916.
419:Awards and prizes
175:(since 1958) and
154:
153:
127:Scientific career
5091:
4823:Gilbert F. White
4768:George Wetherill
4662:Allan M. Cormack
4620:Jack Steinberger
4600:D. Allan Bromley
4549:H. Richard Crane
4526:Frederick Reines
4516:Helmut Landsberg
4431:George Uhlenbeck
4332:Vladimir Haensel
4294:Allan R. Sandage
4265:Herbert C. Brown
4247:Herbert Friedman
4173:Leon M. Lederman
4145:Julian Schwinger
4124:
4123:
4113:
4112:
4082:Alexandre Chorin
4056:Richard A. Tapia
4037:David B. Mumford
3865:Alberto Calderón
3810:Joseph B. Keller
3797:Michael Freedman
3766:Herman Goldstine
3620:H. Marston Morse
3594:
3593:
3583:
3582:
3522:Rudolf E. Kálmán
3506:Robert S. Langer
3498:Jan D. Achenbach
3331:Herbert E. Grier
3082:Igor I. Sikorsky
3043:Othmar H. Ammann
3004:
3003:
2993:
2992:
2959:Jerrold Meinwald
2728:Norman Hackerman
2707:Glenn T. Seaborg
2622:William O. Baker
2550:F. Albert Cotton
2518:
2517:
2507:
2506:
2484:Mary-Claire King
2377:Bert W. O'Malley
2333:Thomas E. Starzl
2328:Phillip A. Sharp
2315:Charles Yanofsky
2297:Evelyn M. Witkin
2292:James E. Darnell
2118:Paul C. Zamecnik
2083:Mary Ellen Avery
2055:Herbert W. Boyer
2050:Baruj Benacerraf
2021:Joshua Lederberg
2011:Viktor Hamburger
1973:Michael S. Brown
1819:Robert H. Burris
1574:
1573:
1563:
1562:
1510:Mortimer Mishkin
1435:William K. Estes
1419:Roger N. Shepard
1411:Robert K. Merton
1395:George A. Miller
1342:Herbert A. Simon
1310:
1309:
1299:
1298:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1258:
1257:
1196:
1167:
1157:
1132:
1122:
1104:
1062:
1061:
1050:
1044:
1043:
999:
993:
992:
973:10.1038/282680a0
948:
942:
941:
931:
907:
901:
900:
898:
896:
890:history.nasa.gov
882:
876:
875:
865:
855:
823:
817:
816:
814:
812:
797:
791:
790:
763:10.1038/176915a0
734:
725:
724:
722:
720:
705:
699:
698:
690:
684:
683:
681:
679:
664:
647:
646:
644:
642:
627:
614:
613:
607:
599:
597:
595:
589:
583:. Archived from
582:
574:
565:
564:
538:
503:
382:a member of the
376:a member of the
370:a member of the
364:a member of the
357:a member of the
317:simultaneously.
59:
41:15 November 1924
40:
38:
21:
20:
5099:
5098:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5014:
5013:
5012:
4999:
4987:Sean C. Solomon
4949:
4901:Daniel Kleppner
4893:Lonnie Thompson
4888:Ralph A. Alpher
4854:W. Jason Morgan
4841:Charles Keeling
4831:Marvin L. Cohen
4798:
4781:John N. Bahcall
4776:Don L. Anderson
4742:Peter Goldreich
4695:Steven Weinberg
4647:
4577:Walter Elsasser
4554:Herman Feshbach
4468:
4406:Samuel Goudsmit
4398:Chien-Shiung Wu
4337:Frederick Seitz
4304:John A. Wheeler
4289:Robert H. Dicke
4274:
4137:Luis W. Alvarez
4118:
4099:
4087:David Blackwell
4041:
3992:Carl R. de Boor
3963:Karen Uhlenbeck
3943:
3897:Louis Nirenberg
3832:
3805:Ralph E. Gomory
3743:
3739:Donald E. Knuth
3726:Hassler Whitney
3664:
3588:
3569:
3534:
3466:Andreas Acrivos
3443:
3431:Eli Ruckenstein
3410:Hermann A. Haus
3381:Calvin F. Quate
3368:Luna B. Leopold
3335:
3226:
3212:Robert N. Noyce
3202:Emmett N. Leith
3161:Manson Benedict
3143:Rudolf Kompfner
3107:
3061:Warren K. Lewis
2998:
2979:
2913:
2875:Peter B. Dervan
2846:John I. Brauman
2805:
2757:Norman Davidson
2684:John D. Roberts
2659:
2627:Konrad E. Bloch
2573:Richard N. Zare
2535:
2512:
2493:
2450:Sallie Chisholm
2432:Rudolf Jaenisch
2412:
2395:J. Craig Venter
2354:Rita R. Colwell
2221:
2207:David Baltimore
2098:Robert W. Kates
2070:David G. Nathan
2065:Edward B. Lewis
2035:
2031:Harland G. Wood
2026:Roger W. Sperry
1881:Glenn W. Burton
1853:
1829:Arthur Kornberg
1796:Roger Guillemin
1773:Hallowell Davis
1737:Daniel I. Arnon
1729:Albert B. Sabin
1709:
1682:Detlev W. Bronk
1654:Harry F. Harlow
1649:Kenneth S. Cole
1636:William C. Rose
1608:Francis P. Rous
1568:
1549:
1514:
1494:Gordon H. Bower
1455:
1451:Robert M. Solow
1367:
1363:Milton Friedman
1327:
1304:
1293:
1285:
1247:Wayback Machine
1230:Wayback Machine
1203:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1000:
996:
949:
945:
922:(11): 623–624.
908:
904:
894:
892:
884:
883:
879:
824:
820:
810:
808:
799:
798:
794:
735:
728:
718:
716:
707:
706:
702:
691:
687:
677:
675:
674:. 28 April 2015
666:
665:
650:
640:
638:
629:
628:
617:
601:
600:
593:
591:
590:on 3 March 2016
587:
580:
578:"Archived copy"
576:
575:
568:
536:10.1038/521291a
504:
500:
495:
455:
421:
354:
297:
253:
251:Academic career
238:
185:) and an M.D. (
182:magna cum laude
121:
72:Alma mater
67:
61:
57:
48:
42:
36:
34:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5097:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5009:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4989:
4984:
4982:Burton Richter
4979:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4935:Yakir Aharonov
4932:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4903:
4898:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4882:
4877:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4849:Richard Garwin
4846:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4813:Willis E. Lamb
4810:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4752:
4747:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4705:
4700:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4572:Philip Abelson
4569:
4566:
4564:Chen-Ning Yang
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4538:
4533:
4531:Bruno B. Rossi
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4488:Yoichiro Nambu
4485:
4480:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4299:John C. Slater
4296:
4291:
4286:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4186:Jacob Bjerknes
4183:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4139:
4134:
4130:
4128:
4120:
4119:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4018:
4013:
4010:
4005:
4002:
3997:
3994:
3989:
3986:
3984:James G. Glimm
3981:
3978:
3976:Elias M. Stein
3973:
3968:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3928:
3923:
3920:
3918:Shing-Tung Yau
3915:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3899:
3894:
3891:
3886:
3883:
3878:
3875:
3870:
3867:
3862:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3786:
3784:Antoni Zygmund
3781:
3776:
3773:
3771:Isadore Singer
3768:
3763:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3734:Joseph L. Doob
3731:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3715:
3713:George Dantzig
3710:
3705:
3703:John W. Backus
3700:
3697:
3692:
3689:
3684:
3681:
3679:Richard Brauer
3676:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3660:William Feller
3657:
3654:
3649:
3646:
3641:
3638:
3633:
3630:
3625:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3609:
3607:Norbert Wiener
3604:
3600:
3598:
3590:
3589:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3565:Thomas Kailath
3562:
3559:
3554:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3524:
3519:
3516:
3511:
3508:
3503:
3500:
3495:
3492:
3487:
3484:
3479:
3476:
3471:
3468:
3463:
3460:
3455:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3433:
3428:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3412:
3407:
3404:
3399:
3396:
3391:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3302:
3297:
3295:H. Bolton Seed
3292:
3287:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3248:
3246:Donald L. Katz
3243:
3238:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3217:Earl R. Parker
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3071:
3066:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3051:Hugh L. Dryden
3048:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3008:
3000:
2999:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2969:
2964:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2935:
2933:Peter J. Stang
2930:
2925:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2909:Marye Anne Fox
2906:
2901:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2885:
2880:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2864:
2862:Tobin J. Marks
2859:
2856:
2851:
2848:
2843:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2791:Stuart A. Rice
2788:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2759:
2754:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2738:
2733:
2730:
2725:
2723:Donald J. Cram
2720:
2717:
2712:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2692:Ronald Breslow
2689:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2634:
2632:Elias J. Corey
2629:
2624:
2619:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2591:Carl S. Marvel
2588:
2583:
2578:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2563:Roald Hoffmann
2560:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2522:
2514:
2513:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2479:Stanley Falkow
2476:
2473:
2471:Rakesh K. Jain
2468:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2274:Gene E. Likens
2271:
2266:
2261:
2259:George F. Bass
2256:
2251:
2248:
2243:
2241:Peter H. Raven
2238:
2233:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2165:Alexander Rich
2162:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2139:Daniel Nathans
2136:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2113:Folke K. Skoog
2110:
2105:
2103:Salvador Luria
2100:
2095:
2093:Elvin A. Kabat
2090:
2085:
2080:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2006:Katherine Esau
2003:
2000:
1995:
1993:Eric R. Kandel
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1937:Joan A. Steitz
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1911:
1909:Berta Scharrer
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1876:Seymour Benzer
1873:
1870:
1868:Philip Handler
1865:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1755:Erwin Chargaff
1752:
1750:Britton Chance
1747:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1700:Robert Huebner
1697:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1587:C. B. van Niel
1584:
1580:
1578:
1570:
1569:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1545:Albert Bandura
1542:
1539:
1537:Robert Axelrod
1534:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1488:
1483:
1480:
1478:R. Duncan Luce
1475:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1437:
1432:
1429:
1427:Paul Samuelson
1424:
1421:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1387:Patrick Suppes
1384:
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1201:External links
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838:(1): 122–129.
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82:Known for
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60:(aged 90)
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25:Alexander Rich
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4493:Edward Teller
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4378:Hans A. Bethe
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4242:Paul Bartlett
4240:
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4229:Louis Hammett
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4224:Gregory Breit
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3077:Edwin H. Land
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2896:JoAnne Stubbe
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2586:Yuan Tseh Lee
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2581:Harry B. Gray
2579:
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56:27 April 2015
55:
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4969:Sandra Faber
4964:Sidney Drell
4794:Leo Kadanoff
4789:James Cronin
4737:Hans Dehmelt
4672:Robert Pound
4638:Robert Sharp
4454:John Sinfelt
4421:Verner Suomi
4388:Lewis Sarett
4252:Lars Onsager
4196:Henry Eyring
4163:John Bardeen
3905:Richard Karp
3873:Allen Newell
3652:Jerzy Neyman
3277:Tung-Yen Lin
3254:Bill Hewlett
3184:Morris Cohen
2778:John W. Cahn
2679:Karl Folkers
2440:Lucy Shapiro
2390:Elaine Fuchs
2269:Ann Graybiel
2199:Janet Rowley
2181:James Watson
2173:Ruth Patrick
2164:
2016:Philip Leder
1886:Mildred Cohn
1834:Severo Ochoa
1811:E. O. Wilson
1176:
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585:the original
518:
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393:Bill Clinton
340:
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269:James Watson
254:
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205:RNA Tie Club
186:
180:
165:biophysicist
156:
155:
141:Institutions
126:
58:(2015-04-27)
18:
5074:2015 deaths
5069:1924 births
4922:Berni Alder
4729:Frank Press
4610:Walter Kohn
4587:George Pake
4521:Walter Munk
4444:Herman Mark
4426:Henry Taube
4214:Jesse Beams
4168:Peter Debye
4150:Harold Urey
4074:Barry Mazur
3636:John Milnor
3530:Amnon Yariv
3474:Leo Beranek
3300:Ernst Weber
3153:Abel Wolman
2744:Thomas Cech
2674:Elkan Blout
2614:Max Tishler
2531:Roger Adams
2489:Simon Levin
1955:Harry Eagle
1778:Paul Gyorgy
1470:Gary Becker
1142:J Biol Chem
709:"Alex Rich"
257:John Edsall
195:. He was a
5018:Categories
4716:Vera Rubin
4355:Paul Flory
4016:Hyman Bass
3889:John Cocke
3792:Raoul Bott
3695:Kurt Gödel
3687:John Tukey
3644:Paul Cohen
3259:George Low
3222:Simon Ramo
2445:Leroy Hood
2246:Carl Woese
2194:Bruce Ames
1705:Ernst Mayr
493:References
391:President
136:Biophysics
37:1924-11-15
4711:Val Fitch
3779:Peter Lax
3549:Shu Chien
2796:John Ross
2511:Chemistry
1899:Paul Berg
1291:laureates
771:0028-0836
561:205085052
545:0028-0836
453:Academies
311:ribosomes
307:polysomes
267:. He met
242:U.S. Navy
188:cum laude
161:biologist
87:polysomes
4690:Ed Stone
1687:Jay Lush
1243:Archived
1226:Archived
1193:10364558
1164:10843996
1129:11087828
1032:16237447
938:26439533
895:21 March
872:13998950
811:21 March
779:13272717
719:20 March
678:21 March
672:MIT News
641:21 March
604:cite web
594:15 March
553:25993953
509:(2015).
399:in 1995.
348:of DNA.
285:collagen
228:and the
225:Genomics
220:Repligen
216:Alkermes
210:Born in
197:post-doc
1173:Science
1111:2666404
1089:Bibcode
1040:2539819
1012:Bibcode
989:4337955
961:Bibcode
840:Bibcode
787:9611917
751:Bibcode
523:Bibcode
328:crystal
191:) from
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715:. 2016
559:
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515:Nature
405:(2000)
346:B-form
341:Nature
336:et al.
133:Fields
97:Awards
66:, U.S.
47:, U.S.
4954:2010s
4803:2000s
4652:1990s
4473:1980s
4279:1970s
4127:1960s
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1460:2000s
1372:1990s
1332:1980s
1313:1960s
1120:17610
1107:JSTOR
1036:S2CID
985:S2CID
886:"ch7"
783:S2CID
588:(PDF)
581:(PDF)
557:S2CID
408:2001
332:Z-DNA
91:Z-DNA
4991:2014
4978:2012
4960:2011
4931:2009
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4897:2006
4884:2005
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2002:1989
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767:ISSN
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680:2020
643:2020
610:link
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