3694:. This meant that the dictatorship of the proletariat in the Soviet Union could only be "won and maintained by the use of violence against the bourgeoisie". The main problem with this analysis is that the party came to view anyone opposing or holding alternate views of the party as bourgeois. Its worst enemy remained the moderates, which were considered to be "the real agents of the bourgeoisie in the working-class movement, the labor lieutenants of the capitalist class". The term "bourgeoisie" became synonymous with "opponent" and with people who disagreed with the party in general. These oppressive measures led to another reinterpretation of the dictatorship of the proletariat and socialism in general; it was now defined as a purely economic system. Slogans and theoretical works about democratic mass participation and collective decision-making were now replaced with texts which supported authoritarian management. Considering the situation, the party believed it had to use the same powers as the bourgeoisie to transform Russia; there was no alternative. Lenin began arguing that the proletariat, like the bourgeoisie, did not have a single preference for a form of government and because of that, the dictatorship was acceptable to both the party and the proletariat. In a meeting with party officials, Lenin stated—in line with his economist view of socialism—that "Industry is indispensable, democracy is not", further arguing that "we do not promise any democracy or any freedom".
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used to mobilize support for party policies. All CPSU members had to be a member of a local PPO. The size of a PPO varied from three people to several hundred, depending upon its setting. In a large enterprise, a PPO usually had several hundred members. In such cases, the PPO was divided into bureaus based upon production-units. Each PPO was led by an executive committee and an executive committee secretary. Each executive committee is responsible for the PPO executive committee and its secretary. In small PPOs, members met periodically to mainly discuss party policies, ideology, or practical matters. In such a case, the PPO secretary was responsible for collecting party dues, reporting to higher organs, and maintaining the party records. A secretary could be elected democratically through a secret ballot, but that was not often the case; in 1979, only 88 out of the over 400,000 PPOs were elected in this fashion. The remainder were chosen by a higher party organ and ratified by the general meetings of the PPO. The PPO general meeting was responsible for electing delegates to the party conference at either the district- or town-level, depending on where the PPO was located.
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grew rapidly to approximately 3.5 million members. However, party leaders suspected that the mass intake of new members had allowed "social-alien elements" to penetrate the party's ranks and document verifications of membership ensued in 1933 and 1935, removing supposedly unreliable members. Meanwhile, the party closed its ranks to new members from 1933 to
November 1936. Even after the reopening of party recruiting, membership fell to 1.9 million by 1939. Nicholas DeWitt gives 2.307 million members in 1939, including candidate members, compared with 1.535 million in 1929 and 6.3 million in 1947. In 1986, the CPSU had over 19 million members—approximately 10% of the Soviet Union's adult population. Over 44% of party members were classified as industrial workers and 12% as collective farmers. The CPSU had party organizations in 14 of the Soviet Union's 15 republics. The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic itself had no separate Communist Party until 1990 because the CPSU controlled affairs there directly.
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government and social organizations (e.g., trade unions and youth organizations), improvement to the party's structure, the distribution of information and reports within the party". The 19th
Congress abolished the Orgburo and its duties and responsibilities were taken over by the Secretariat. At the beginning, the Orgburo held three meetings a week and reported to the Central Committee every second week. Lenin described the relation between the Politburo and the Orgburo as "the Orgburo allocates forces, while the Politburo decides policy". A decision of the Orgburo was implemented by the Secretariat. However, the Secretariat could make decisions in the Orgburo's name without consulting its members, but if one Orgburo member objected to a Secretariat resolution, the resolution would not be implemented. In the 1920s, if the Central Committee could not convene the Politburo and the Orgburo would hold a joint session in its place.
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relations so that, in the long run, the realm of necessity could be overcome and, with that, genuine social freedom realized". From 1920 to 1921, Soviet leaders and ideologists began differentiating between socialism and communism; hitherto the two terms had been used interchangeably and used to explain the same things. From then, the two terms had different meanings; Russia was in transition from capitalism to socialism—referred to interchangeably under Lenin as the dictatorship of the proletariat, socialism was the intermediate stage to communism and communism was considered the last stage of social development. By now, the party leaders believed that because of Russia's backward state, universal mass participation and true democracy could only take form in the last stage.
3968:, which led to the creation of an inner-party dictatorship. Other points were Russian nationalism, a lack of separation between the party and state bureaucracies, suppression of non-Russian ethnicities, distortion of the economy through the introduction of over-centralization and the collectivization of agriculture. According to CCP researcher Xiao Guisen, Stalin's policies led to "stunted economic growth, tight surveillance of society, a lack of democracy in decision-making, an absence of the rule of law, the burden of bureaucracy, the CPSU's alienation from people's concerns, and an accumulation of ethnic tensions". Stalin's effect on ideology was also criticized; several researchers accused his policies of being "leftist", "dogmatist" and a deviation "from true
3972:." He is criticized for initiating the "bastardization of Leninism", of deviating from true democratic centralism by establishing a one-man rule and destroying all inner-party consultation, of misinterpreting Lenin's theory of imperialism and of supporting foreign revolutionary movements only when the Soviet Union could get something out of it. Yu Sui, a CCP theoretician, said that "the collapse of the Soviet Union and CPSU is a punishment for its past wrongs!" Similarly, Brezhnev, Mikhail Suslov, Alexei Kosygin and Konstantin Chernenko have been criticized for being "dogmatic, ossified, inflexible, bureaucratic ideology and thinking", while Yuri Andropov is depicted by some of having the potential of becoming a new Khrushchev if he had not died early.
3821:. Khrushchev considered these "grey areas", in which the conflict between capitalism and socialism would be fought. He still stressed that the main contradiction in international relations were those of capitalism and socialism. The Soviet Government under Khrushchev stressed the importance of peaceful coexistence, saying that it had to form the basis of Soviet foreign policy. Failure to do, they believed, would lead to nuclear conflict. Despite this, Soviet theorists still considered peaceful coexistence to be a continuation of the class struggle between the capitalist and socialist worlds, but not based on armed conflict. Khrushchev believed that the conflict, in its current phase, was mainly economic.
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3849:, in which he stated that socialism in the Soviet Union would fail because of the backward state of economic development unless a world revolution began. Stalin responded to Trotsky's pamphlet with his article, "October and Comrade Trotsky's Theory of Permanent Revolution". In it, Stalin stated that he did not believe an inevitable conflict between the working class and the peasants would take place, and that "socialism in one country is completely possible and probable". Stalin held the view common among most Bolsheviks at the time; there was a possibility of real success for socialism in the Soviet Union despite the country's backwardness and international isolation. While
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one-party rule, and the Soviet Union was in its peak of influence in world affairs. The immediate causes for the Soviet Union's dissolution were the policies and thoughts of
Mikhail Gorbachev, the CPSU General Secretary. His policies of perestroika and glasnost tried to revitalize the Soviet economy and the social and political culture of the country. Throughout his rule, he put more emphasis on democratizing the Soviet Union because he believed it had lost its moral legitimacy to rule. These policies led to the collapse of the communist regimes in Eastern Europe and indirectly destabilized Gorbachev's and the CPSU's control over the Soviet Union. Archie Brown said:
1889:, which was predicated on the notion that the Soviet Union would not be able to survive in a socialist character when surrounded by hostile governments and therefore concluded that it was necessary to actively support similar revolutions in the more advanced capitalist countries. Stalin, however, argued that such a foreign policy would not be feasible with the capabilities then possessed by the Soviet Union and that it would invite the country's destruction by engaging in armed conflict. Rather, Stalin argued that the Soviet Union should, in the meantime, pursue peaceful coexistence and invite foreign investment in order to develop the country's economy and build
2545:. According to Lenin, the party and the oppressed classes could never become one because the party was responsible for leading the oppressed classes to victory. The basic idea was that a small group of organized people could wield power disproportionate to their size with superior organizational skills. Despite this, until the end of his life, Lenin warned of the danger that the party could be taken over by bureaucrats, by a small clique, or by an individual. Toward the end of his life, he criticized the bureaucratic inertia of certain officials and admitted to problems with some of the party's control structures, which were to supervise organizational life.
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economy from socialism. Xu Zhixin from the CASS Institute of
Eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia, argued that Soviet planners laid too much emphasis on heavy industry, which led to shortages of consumer goods. Unlike his counterparts, Xu argued that the shortages of consumer goods were not an error but "was a consciously planned feature of the system". Other CPSU failures were pursuing the policy of state socialism, the high spending on the military-industrial complex, a low tax base, and the subsidizing of the economy. The CCP argued that when Gorbachev came to power and introduced his economic reforms, they were "too little, too late, and too fast".
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3236:, which was established in 1918. The HPS was established in 1939 as the Moscow Higher Party School and it offered its students a two-year training course for becoming a CPSU official. It was reorganized in 1956 to that it could offer more specialized ideological training. In 1956, the school in Moscow was opened for students from socialist countries outside the Soviet Union. The Moscow Higher Party School was the party school with the highest standing. The school itself had eleven faculties until a 1972 Central Committee resolution demanded a reorganization of the curriculum. The first regional HPS outside
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3880:, Trotsky began countering Bukharin's and Stalin's arguments, writing that socialism in one country was only possible only in the short term, and said that without a world revolution it would be impossible to safeguard the Soviet Union from the "restoration of bourgeois relations". Zinoviev disagreed with Trotsky and Bukharin, and Stalin; he maintained Lenin's position from 1917 to 1922 and continued to say that only a defective form of socialism could be constructed in the Soviet Union without a world revolution. Bukharin began arguing for the creation of an
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socialism in one country was feasible despite the capitalist blockade of the Soviet Union. After the conference, Stalin wrote "Concerning the
Results of the XIV Conference of the RCP(b)", in which he stated that the peasantry would not turn against the socialist system because they had a self-interest in preserving it. Stalin said the contradictions which arose within the peasantry during the socialist transition could "be overcome by our own efforts". He concluded that the only viable threat to socialism in the Soviet Union was a military intervention.
3262:" party committee—commonly referred to as "raikom"—was vested with ultimate authority. It convened at least six times a year to discuss party directives and to oversee the implementation of party policies in their respective districts, to oversee the implementation of party directives at the PPO-level, and to issue directives to PPOs. 75–80 percent of raikom members were full members, while the remaining 20–25 were non-voting, candidate members. Raikom members were commonly from the state sector, party sector, Komsomol or the trade unions.
3674:. However, with the ensuing Russian Civil War and the social and material devastation that followed, its meaning altered from commune-type democracy to rule by iron-discipline. By now, Lenin had concluded that only a proletarian regime as oppressive as its opponents could survive in this world. The powers previously bestowed upon the Soviets were now given to the Council of People's Commissars, the central government, which was, in turn, to be governed by "an army of steeled revolutionary Communists ". In a letter to
3117:). In practice, the Secretariat had a major say in the running of the departments; for example, five of eleven secretaries headed their own departments in 1978. Normally, specific secretaries were given supervising duties over one or more departments. Each department established its own cells—called sections—which specialized in one or more fields. During the Gorbachev era, a variety of departments made up the Central Committee apparatus. The Party Building and Cadre Work Department assigned party personnel in the
1853:" and began a period of a market economy under Communist dictation. The Bolsheviks believed at this time that Russia, being among the most economically undeveloped and socially backward countries in Europe, had not yet reached the necessary conditions of development for socialism to become a practical pursuit and that this would have to wait for such conditions to arrive under capitalist development as had been achieved in more advanced countries such as England and Germany. On 30 December 1922, the Russian SFSR
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3649:, Lenin argued that this did not necessarily have to change under the dictatorship of the proletariat. The reasoning came from practical considerations; the majority of the country's inhabitants were not communists, neither could the party reintroduce parliamentary democracy because that was not in synchronization with its ideology and would lead to the party losing power. He, therefore, concluded that the form of government has nothing to do with the nature of the dictatorship of the proletariat.
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Soviet leadership's source of legitimacy. The decline in the
Central Committee's standing began in the 1920s; it was reduced to a compliant body of the Party leadership during the Great Purge. According to party rules, the Central Committee was to convene at least twice a year to discuss political matters—but not matters relating to military policy. The body remained largely symbolic after Stalin's consolidation; leading party officials rarely attended meetings of the Central Committee.
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was represented as the only truth in Soviet society; the party rejected the notion of multiple truths. Marxism–Leninism was used to justify CPSU rule and Soviet policy, but it was not used as a means to an end. The relationship between ideology and decision-making was at best ambivalent; most policy decisions were made in the light of the continued, permanent development of
Marxism–Leninism. Marxism–Leninism as the only truth could not—by its very nature—become outdated.
3809:"Peaceful coexistence" was an ideological concept introduced under Khrushchev's rule. While the concept has been interpreted by fellow communists as proposing an end to the conflict between the systems of capitalism and socialism, Khrushchev saw it as a continuation of the conflict in every area except in the military field. The concept said that the two systems were developed "by way of diametrically opposed laws", which led to "opposite principles in foreign policy".
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2429:, which overthrew Gorbachev but failed to preserve the Soviet Union. When Gorbachev resumed control (21 August 1991) after the coup's collapse, he resigned from the CPSU on 24 August 1991 and operations were handed over to Ivashko. On 29 August 1991 the activity of the CPSU was suspended throughout the country, on 6 November Yeltsin banned the activities of the party in Russia and Gorbachev resigned from the presidency on 25 December; the following day the
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3487:(which views the state as an oppressive organ of the ruling class), had no qualms of forcing change upon the country. He viewed the dictatorship of the proletariat, rather than the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie, to be the dictatorship of the majority. The repressive powers of the state were to be used to transform the country, and to strip of the former ruling class of their wealth. Lenin believed that the transition from the
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3942:(CCP) examined "core (political) life and death issues" so that it could learn from them and not make the same mistakes. Following the CPSU's demise and the Soviet Union's collapse, the CCP's analysis began examining systematic causes. Several leading CCP officials began hailing Khrushchev's rule, saying that he was the first reformer and that if he had continued after 1964, the Soviet Union would not have witnessed the
6431:"Постановление Конституционного Суда РФ от 30 ноября 1992 г. N 9-П "По делу о проверке конституционности Указов Президента РФ от 23 августа 1991 года N 79 "О приостановлении деятельности Коммунистической партии РСФСР", от 25 августа 1991 года N 90 "Об имуществе КПСС и Коммунистической партии РСФСР" и от 6 ноября 1991 года N 169 "О деятельности КПСС и КП РСФСР", а также о проверке конституционности КПСС и КП РСФСР""
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continued with economic reform. Nonetheless, Gorbachev accepted that the people sought a different road and consented to the Soviet Union's dissolution in 1991. He said that because of its peaceful collapse, the fall of Soviet communism is "one of the great success stories of 20th-century politics". According to Lars T. Lih, the Soviet Union collapsed because people stopped believing in its ideology. He wrote:
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3746:, also from the SDP, held a highly dogmatic view; he said that there was no crisis within Marxist theory. Both of them denied or belittled the role of class contradictions in society after the crisis. In contrast, Lenin believed that the resurgence was the beginning of a new phase of capitalism; this stage was created because of a strengthening of class contradiction, not because of its reduction.
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country. He rationalized this by saying that the state could exist in a communist society as long as the Soviet Union was encircled by capitalism. However, with the establishment of socialist regimes in
Eastern Europe, Stalin said that socialism in one country was only possible in a large country like the Soviet Union and that to survive, the other states had to follow the Soviet line.
2780:. It was mandated to meet at least twice a year to act as the party's supreme governing body. Membership of the Central Committee increased from 71 full members in 1934 to 287 in 1976. Central Committee members were elected to the seats because of the offices they held, not on their personal merit. Because of this, the Central Committee was commonly considered an indicator for
3953:
reform after Stalin's death brought fundamental changes to the Stalin–Soviet
Socialist Model. This model, with its problems and contradictions accumulating by day, was finally in crisis, and the people of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe lost their confidence in it. The way out was to abandon the Stalin–Soviet Socialist Model and seek another road for social development.
1901:. In 1925, the name of the party was changed to the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), reflecting that the republics outside of Russia proper were no longer part of an all-encompassing Russian state. The acronym was usually transliterated as VKP(b), or sometimes VCP(b). Stalin sought to formalize the party's ideological outlook into a philosophical hybrid of the
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district level was that the oblast had its own
Secretariat and had more departments at its disposal. The oblast's party committee in turn elected delegates to the republican-level Congress, which was held every five years. The Congress then elected the Central Committee of the republic, which in turn elected a First Secretary and a Politburo. Until 1990, the
1727:) and condemned the provisional government, calling for the advancement of the revolution towards the transformation of the ongoing war into a war of the working class against capitalism. The rebellion proved not yet to be over, as tensions between the social forces aligned with the soviets (councils) and those with the provisional government now led by
3314:(Young Communist League). Ultimately, as an adult, if one had shown the proper adherence to party discipline—or had the right connections, one would become a member of the Communist Party itself. Membership of the party carried obligations as it expected Komsomol and CPSU members to pay dues and to carry out appropriate assignments and "social tasks" (
3087:. In a bid to further centralize the powers of the CCC, a Presidium of the CCC, which functioned in a similar manner to the Politburo in relation to the Central Committee, was established in 1923. At the 18th Congress, party rules regarding the CCC were changed; it was now elected by the Central Committee and was subordinate to the Central Committee.
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3258:(PPO) was the district level. Every two years, the local PPO would elect delegates to the district-level party conference, which was overseen by a secretary from a higher party level. The conference elected a Party Committee and First Secretary and re-declared the district's commitment to the CPSU's program. In between conferences, the "
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Secretariat concurrently held a seat in the Politburo. According to a Soviet textbook on party procedures, the Secretariat's role was that of "leadership of current work, chiefly in the realm of personnel selection and in the organization of the verification of fulfillment of party-state decisions". "Selections of personnel" (
3872:' writings on the subject. Stalin countered that Engels' writings reflected "the era of pre-monopoly capitalism, the pre-imperialist era when there were not yet the conditions of an uneven, abrupt development of the capitalist countries". From 1925, Bukharin began writing extensively on the subject and in 1926, Stalin wrote
3441:. Marxism–Leninism stressed the importance of the worldwide conflict between capitalism and socialism; the Soviet press wrote about progressive and reactionary forces while claiming that socialism was on the verge of victory and that the "correlations of forces" were in the Soviet Union's favor. The ideology professed
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was responsible for the smooth running of operations. The raikom was headed by the local apparat—the local agitation department or industry department. A raikom usually had no more than 4 or 5 departments, each of which was responsible for overseeing the work of the state sector but would not interfere in their work.
2381:. The elections were democratic, but most elected CPD members opposed any more radical reform. The elections featured the highest electoral turnout in Russian history; no election before or since had a higher participation rate. An organized opposition was established within the legislature under the name
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Lenin, supporting Marx's theory of the state, believed democracy to be unattainable anywhere in the world before the proletariat seized power. According to Marxist theory, the state is a vehicle for oppression and is headed by a ruling class. He believed that by his time, the only viable solution was
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At the 1939 18th Congress, Stalin abandoned the idea that the state would wither away. In its place, he expressed confidence that the state would exist, even if the Soviet Union reached communism, as long as it was encircled by capitalism. Two key concepts were created in the latter half of his rule;
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rarely, if ever wrote about how the socialist mode of production would function, these tasks were left for Lenin to solve. Lenin's main contribution to Marxist thought is the concept of the vanguard party of the working class. He conceived the vanguard party as a highly knit, centralized organization
3428:
if it safeguarded the interests of a collective. For instance, the 1977 Constitution stated that every person had the right to express his or her opinion, but the opinion could only be expressed if it was in accordance with the "general interests of Soviet society". The number of rights granted to an
3347:
The All-Union Leninist Communist Youth League, commonly referred to as Komsomol, was the party's youth wing. The Komsomol acted under the direction of the CPSU Central Committee. It was responsible for indoctrinating youths in communist ideology and organizing social events. It was closely modeled on
3305:
Membership of the party was not open. To become a party member, one had to be approved by various committees, and one's past was closely scrutinized. As generations grew up having known nothing before the Soviet Union, party membership became something one generally achieved after passing a series of
3074:
in September 1920, but rules organizing its procedure were not enacted before the 10th Congress. The 10th Congress formally established the CCC on all party levels and stated that it could only be elected at a party congress or a party conference. The CCC and the CCs were formally independent but had
3055:
The Organizational Bureau, or Orgburo, existed from 1919 to 1952 and was one of three leading bodies of the party when the Central Committee was not in session. It was responsible for "organizational questions, the recruitment, and allocation of personnel, the coordination of activities of the party,
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as Chairman of the Council of Ministers. During this period, the informal position of Second Secretary—later formalized as Deputy General Secretary—was established. The Second Secretary became responsible for chairing the Secretariat in place of the General Secretary. When the General Secretary could
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The Political Bureau (Politburo), known as the Presidium from 1952 to 1966, was the highest party organ when the Congress and the Central Committee were not in session. Until the 19th Conference in 1988, the Politburo alongside the Secretariat controlled appointments and dismissals nationwide. In the
2804:
Under Lenin, the Central Committee functioned much as the Politburo did during the post-Stalin era, serving as the party's governing body. However, as the membership in the Central Committee increased, its role was eclipsed by the Politburo. Between Congresses, the Central Committee functioned as the
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was that of the vanguard party. In a capitalist society, the party was to represent the interests of the working class and all of those who were exploited by capitalism in general; however, it was not to become a part of that class. Lenin decided that the party's sole responsibility was to articulate
2512:
Lenin believed that democratic centralism safeguarded both party unity and ideological correctness. He conceived of the system after the events of 1917 when several socialist parties "deformed" themselves and actively began supporting nationalist sentiments. Lenin intended that the devotion to policy
1961:
to the international community. The Western powers, however, remained committed to maintaining peace and avoiding another war breaking out, many considering the Soviet Union's warnings to be an unwanted provocation. After many unsuccessful attempts to create an anti-fascist alliance among the Western
1941:
came to power in Germany, violently suppressing the revolutionary organizers and posing a direct threat to the Soviet Union that ideologically supported them. The threat of fascist sabotage and imminent attack greatly exacerbated the already existing tensions within the Soviet Union and the Communist
1861:(USSR), of which Lenin was elected leader. On 9 March 1923, Lenin suffered a stroke, which incapacitated him and effectively ended his role in government. He died on 21 January 1924, only thirteen months after the founding of the Soviet Union, of which he would become regarded as the founding father.
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begun under Brezhnev and continued under Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko. The main economic failure was that the political leadership did not pursue any reforms to tackle the economic malaise that had taken hold, dismissing certain techniques as capitalist, and never disentangling the planned
3565:
became the highest state award and portraits of Lenin were hung in public squares, workplaces and elsewhere. The increasing bureaucracy which followed the introduction of a state socialist economy was at complete odds with the Marxist notion of "the withering away of the state". Stalin explained the
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Marxism–Leninism was the cornerstone of Soviet ideology. It explained and legitimized the CPSU's right to rule while explaining its role as a vanguard party. For instance, the ideology explained that the CPSU's policies, even if they were unpopular, were correct because the party was enlightened. It
3265:
Day-to-day responsibility of the raikom was handed over to a Politburo, which usually composed of 12 members. The district-level First Secretary chaired the meetings of the local Politburo and the raikom, and was the direct link between the district and the higher party echelons. The First Secretary
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system. The State and Legal Department supervised the armed forces, KGB, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the trade unions, and the Procuracy. Before 1989, the Central Committee had several departments, but some were abolished that year. Among these departments was the Economics Department that was
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The Secretariat headed the CPSU's central apparatus and was solely responsible for the development and implementation of party policies. It was legally empowered to take over the duties and functions of the Central Committee when it was not in the plenum (did not hold a meeting). Many members of the
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centralism", which referred to high-handed formulae without knowledge or discussion. In democratic centralism, decisions are taken after discussions, but once the general party line has been formed, discussion on the subject must cease. No member or organizational institution may dissent on a policy
2077:
held in 1956, Khrushchev denounced Stalin's crimes, being careful to omit any reference to complicity by any sitting Presidium members. His economic policies, while bringing about improvements, were not enough to fix the fundamental problems of the Soviet economy. The standard of living for ordinary
1896:
Ultimately, Stalin gained the greatest support within the party, and Trotsky, who was increasingly viewed as a collaborator with outside forces in an effort to depose Stalin, was isolated and subsequently expelled from the party and exiled from the country in 1928. Stalin's policies henceforth would
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in August 1903 at the Party's second conference. Martov's followers were called the Mensheviks (which means minority in Russian); and Lenin's, the Bolsheviks (majority). (The two factions were in fact of fairly equal numerical size.) The split became more formalized in 1914, when the factions became
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In my opinion, the fundamental cause of the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and East European countries at the end of the 1980s and beginning of the 1990s was the loss of dynamism of the Stalin–Soviet Socialist Model ... The demerits of this model were institutional and fundamental—not a single
3927:
When in 1991 the Soviet Union collapsed not with a bang but a whimper, this unexpected outcome was partly the result of the previous disenchantments of the narrative of class leadership. The Soviet Union had always been based on the fervent belief in this narrative in its various permutations. When
3794:
The loss by imperialism of its dominating role in world affairs and the utmost expansion of the sphere in which the laws of socialist foreign policy operate are a distinctive feature of the present stage of social development. The main direction of this development is toward even greater changes in
3749:
Lenin did not know when the imperialist stage of capitalism began; he said it would be foolish to look for a specific year, however, said it began at the beginning of the 20th century (at least in Europe). Lenin believed that the economic crisis of 1900 accelerated and intensified the concentration
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and reducing their influence in the Party. In 1925, the party had 1,025,000 members in a Soviet population of 147 million. In 1927, membership had risen to 1,200,000. During the collectivization campaign and industrialization campaigns of the first five-year plan from 1929 to 1933, party membership
3005:
To be elected to the Politburo, a member had to serve in the Central Committee. The Central Committee elected the Politburo in the aftermath of a party Congress. Members of the Central Committee were given a predetermined list of candidates for the Politburo having only one candidate for each seat;
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was also elected in the same manner as the Politburo and the Secretariat by the plenums of the Central Committee. In between Central Committee plenums, the Politburo and the Secretariat were legally empowered to make decisions on its behalf. The Central Committee or the Politburo and/or Secretariat
1916:
By the end of the 1920s, diplomatic relations with Western countries were deteriorating to the point that there was a growing fear of another allied attack on the Soviet Union. Within the country, the conditions of the NEP had enabled growing inequalities between increasingly wealthy strata and the
1757:
to eliminate the socialists from the provisional government. As the general consensus within the soviets moved leftward, less militant forces began to abandon them, leaving the Bolsheviks in a stronger position. By October, the Bolsheviks were demanding the full transfer of power to the soviets and
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The expectations of, again most notably, Lithuanians, Estonians, and Latvians were enormously enhanced by what they saw happening in the 'outer empire' , and they began to believe that they could remove themselves from the 'inner empire'. In truth, a democratized Soviet Union was incompatible with
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This system remained identical at all other levels of the CPSU hierarchy. The other levels were cities, oblasts (regions) and republics. The district-level elected delegates to a conference held at least every three years to elect the party committee. The only difference between the oblast and the
2996:
as Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars chaired the Politburo's meetings. This tradition lasted until Khrushchev's consolidation of power. In the first post-Stalin years, when Malenkov chaired Politburo meetings, Khrushchev as First Secretary signed all Central Committee documents
2945:
distributed the Politburo's orders to the Central Committee departments and through the personnel overlap which existed within the Politburo and the Secretariat. This personnel overlap gave the CPSU General Secretary a way of strengthening his position within the Politburo through the Secretariat.
2819:
The Central Auditing Commission (CAC) was elected by the party Congresses and reported only to the party Congress. It had about as many members as the Central Committee. It was responsible for supervising the expeditious and proper handling of affairs by the central bodies of the Party; it audited
2737:
The Congresses also provided the party leadership with formal legitimacy by providing a mechanism for the election of new members and the retirement of old members who had lost favor. The elections at Congresses were all predetermined and the candidates who stood for seats to the Central Committee
2517:
ills and bourgeois deformation of socialism. Lenin supported the notion of a highly centralized vanguard party, in which ordinary party members elected the local party committee, the local party committee elected the regional committee, the regional committee elected the Central Committee, and the
3922:
However, Brown said that the system did not need to collapse or to do so in the way it did. The democratization from above weakened the party's control over the country and put it on the defensive. Brown added that a different leader than Gorbachev would probably have oppressed the opposition and
3824:
The emphasis on peaceful coexistence did not mean that the Soviet Union accepted a static world with clear lines. It continued to uphold the creed that socialism was inevitable and they sincerely believed that the world had reached a stage in which the "correlations of forces" were moving towards
3812:
Peaceful coexistence was steeped in Leninist and Stalinist thought. Lenin believed that international politics were dominated by class struggle; in the 1940s Stalin stressed the growing polarization which was occurring in the capitalist and socialist systems. Khrushchev's peaceful coexistence was
3479:
and needed to be educated to reach such a state. Lenin believed that the vanguard party could initiate policies in the name of the working class even if the working class did not support them. The vanguard party would know what was best for the workers because the party functionaries had attained
3288:
The primary party organization (PPO) was the lowest level in the CPSU hierarchy. PPOs were organized cells consisting of three or more members. A PPO could exist anywhere; for example, in a factory or a student dormitory. They functioned as the party's "eyes and ears" at the lowest level and were
2901:
General Secretary of the Central Committee was the title given to the overall leader of the party. The office was synonymous with the leader of the Soviet Union after Joseph Stalin's consolidation of power in the 1920s. Stalin used the office of General Secretary to create a strong power base for
2717:
The Congress, nominally the highest organ of the party, was convened every five years. Leading up to the October Revolution and until Stalin's consolidation of power, the Congress was the party's main decision-making body. However, after Stalin's ascension, the Congresses became largely symbolic.
2262:
The Politburo did not want another elderly and frail leader after its previous three leaders, and elected Gorbachev as CPSU General Secretary on 11 March 1985, one day after Chernenko's death. When Gorbachev acceded to power, the Soviet Union was stagnating but was stable and might have continued
3999:
system. Others criticized the special privileges bestowed on the CPSU elite, the nomenklatura system—which some said had decayed continuously since Stalin's rule—and the relationship between the Soviet military and the CPSU. Unlike in China, the Soviet military was a state institution whereas in
3912:
There were few, if any, who believed that the Soviet Union was on the verge of collapse by 1985. The economy was stagnating, but stable enough for the Soviet Union to continue. The political situation was calm because of twenty years of systematic repression against any threat to the country and
3628:
was replaced because of Russia's level of development with—according to their own assessments—dictatorship. The reasoning was Russia's lack of development, its status as the sole socialist state in the world, its encirclement by imperialist powers, and its internal encirclement by the peasantry.
3126:
process. In their place, Gorbachev called for the creations of commissions with the same responsibilities as departments, but giving more independence from the state apparatus. This change was approved at the 19th Conference, which was held in 1988. Six commissions were established by late 1988.
3040:
The powers of the Secretariat were weakened under Mikhail Gorbachev, and the Central Committee Commissions took over the functions of the Secretariat in 1988. Yegor Ligachev, a Secretariat member, said that the changes completely destroyed the Secretariat's hold on power and made the body almost
2349:
were visiting foreign countries. In their place, Yegor Ligachev led the party organization and told journalists that the article was "a benchmark for what we need in our ideology today". Upon Gorbachev's return, the article was discussed at length during a Politburo meeting; it was revealed that
2253:
and his supporters suppressed the paragraph in the letter which called for Gorbachev's elevation. Andropov died on 9 February 1984 and was succeeded by Chernenko. The elderly Cherneko was in poor health throughout his short leadership and was unable to consolidate power; effective control of the
1921:
was implemented in 1928. The plan doubled the industrial workforce, proletarianizing many of the peasants by removing them from their land and assembling them into urban centers. Peasants who remained in agricultural work were also made to have a similarly proletarian relationship to their labor
3888:
to develop. In contrast to Trotsky and Bukharin, in 1938, Stalin said that a world revolution was impossible and that Engels was wrong on the matter. At the 18th Congress, Stalin took the theory to its inevitable conclusion, saying that the communist mode of production could be conceived in one
3864:
held in 1925, which stated that "we cannot complete the building of socialism due to our technological backwardness". Despite this cynical attitude, Zinoviev and Kamenev believed that a defective form of socialism could be constructed. At the 14th Conference, Stalin reiterated his position that
3710:
Imperialism is capitalism at the stage of development at which the dominance of monopolies and finance capital is established; in which the export of capital has acquired pronounced importance; in which the division of the world among the international trusts as begun; in which divisions of all
3652:
Bukharin and Trotsky agreed with Lenin; both said that the revolution had destroyed the old but had failed to create anything new. Lenin had now concluded that the dictatorship of the proletariat would not alter the relationship of power between men, but would rather "transform their productive
2236:
during most of Brezhnev's reign. He had appointed several reformers to leadership positions in the KGB, many of whom later became leading officials under Gorbachev. Andropov supported increased openness in the press, particularly regarding the challenges facing the Soviet Union. Andropov was in
10745:
3937:
The first research into the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc was very simple and did not take into account several factors. However, these examinations became more advanced by the 1990s, and unlike most Western scholarship, which focuses on the role of Gorbachev and his reform
3574:
We stand for the strengthening of the dictatorship of the proletariat, which represents the mightiest and most powerful authority of all forms of State that have ever existed. The highest development of the State power for the withering away of State power —this is the Marxian formula. Is this
3499:
would comprise and be led by the working class alone, Lenin argued that a socialist revolution did not necessarily need to be led or to comprise the working class alone. Instead, he said that a revolution needed to be led by the oppressed classes of society, which in the case of Russia was the
3090:
CCC members could not concurrently be members of the Central Committee. To create an organizational link between the CCC and other central-level organs, the 9th All-Russian Conference created the joint CC–CCC plenums. The CCC was a powerful organ; the 10th Congress allowed it to expel full and
2165:
held in 1966, the names of the office of First Secretary and the body of the Presidium reverted to their original names: General Secretary and Politburo, respectively. At the start of his premiership, Kosygin experimented with economic reforms similar to those championed by Malenkov, including
2109:
Khrushchev was ousted on 14 October 1964 in a Central Committee plenum that officially cited his inability to listen to others, his failure in consulting with the members of the Presidium, his establishment of a cult of personality, his economic mismanagement, and his anti-party reforms as the
1837:
and transferring estates and imperial lands to workers' and peasants' soviets. In this context, in 1918, RSDLP(b) became All-Russian Communist Party (bolsheviks). Outside of Russia, social-democrats who supported the Soviet government began to identify as communists, while those who opposed it
1734:
The Bolsheviks had rapidly increased their political presence from May onward through the popularity of their program, notably calling for an immediate end to the war, land reform for the peasants, and restoring food allocation to the urban population. This program was translated to the masses
434:
10676:
10671:
10666:
10661:
10656:
10651:
10646:
10641:
3975:
While the CCP concur with Gorbachev's assessment that the CPSU needed internal reform, they do not agree on how it was implemented, criticizing his idea of "humanistic and democratic socialism", of negating the leading role of the CPSU, of negating Marxism, of negating the analysis of class
431:
11015:
11010:
11005:
11000:
10995:
10773:
10702:
9957:
3918:
denial of the Baltic states' independence for, to the extent that those Soviet republics became democratic, their opposition to remaining in a political entity whose center was Moscow would become increasingly evident. Yet, it was not preordained that the entire Soviet Union would break up.
2191:
held in 1976, political, economic and social problems within the Soviet Union began to mount, and the Brezhnev administration found itself in an increasingly difficult position. The previous year, Brezhnev's health began to deteriorate. He became addicted to painkillers and needed to take
422:
3963:
While most CCP researchers criticize the CPSU's economic policies, many have criticized what they see as "Soviet totalitarianism". They accuse Joseph Stalin of creating a system of mass terror and intimidation, annulling the democracy component of democratic centralism and emphasizing
439:
9962:
9937:
3537:" in 1924 was an important moment in Soviet ideological discourse. According to Stalin, the Soviet Union did not need a socialist world revolution to construct a socialist society. Four years later, Stalin initiated his "Second Revolution" with the introduction of state socialism and
3122:
responsible for the economy as a whole, one for machine building, one for the chemical industry, etc. The party abolished these departments to remove itself from the day-to-day management of the economy in favor of government bodies and a greater role for the market, as a part of the
442:
441:
440:
3644:
system since this did not change the overall situation. These systems, even if they were ruled by a small clique or ruled through mass participation, were all dictatorships of the bourgeoisie who implemented policies in defense of capitalism. However, there was a difference; after
2452:(CPRF). Today a wide range of parties in Russia present themselves as successors of CPSU. Several of them have used the name "CPSU". However, the CPRF is generally seen (due to its massive size) as the heir of the CPSU in Russia. Additionally, the CPRF was initially founded as the
2977:, Stalin ordered the creation of the Bureau of the Presidium, which acted as the standing committee of the Presidium. On 6 March 1953, one day after Stalin's death, a new and smaller Presidium was elected, and the Bureau of the Presidium was abolished in a joint session with the
426:
1954:, which had long been a political arm of Tsarism before the revolution, was ruthlessly repressed, organized religion was generally removed from public life and made into a completely private matter, with many churches, mosques and other shrines being repurposed or demolished.
3658:
the proletariat is still so divided, so degraded, so corrupted in parts ... that an organization taking in the whole proletariat cannot directly exercise proletarian dictatorship. It can be exercised only by a vanguard that has absorbed the revolutionary energy of the class.
9922:
2518:
Central Committee elected the Politburo, Orgburo, and the Secretariat. Lenin believed that the party needed to be ruled from the center and have at its disposal power to mobilize party members at will. This system was later introduced in communist parties abroad through the
429:
438:
430:
2413:, the CPSU Deputy General Secretary) were removed. Later that year, the party began work on a new program with a working title, "Towards a Humane, Democratic Socialism". According to Brown, the program reflected Gorbachev's journey from an orthodox communist to a European
432:
3730:(published in 1917). It was written in response to the theoretical crisis within Marxist thought, which occurred due to capitalism's recovery in the 19th century. According to Lenin, imperialism was a specific stage of development of capitalism; a stage he referred to as
1770:, had become socially isolated and had no enthusiastic support on the streets. On 7 November (25 October, old style), the Bolsheviks led an armed insurrection, which overthrew the Kerensky provisional government and left the soviets as the sole governing force in Russia.
425:
424:
1926:, which turned feudal-style farms into collective farms which would be in a cooperative nature under the direction of the state. These two shifts changed the base of Soviet society towards a more working-class alignment. The plan was fulfilled ahead of schedule in 1932.
437:
435:
433:
423:
421:
428:
9952:
9867:
2820:
the accounts of the Treasury and the enterprises of the Central Committee. It was also responsible for supervising the Central Committee apparatus, making sure that its directives were implemented and that Central Committee directives complied with the party Statute.
2753:
A Conference, officially referred to as an All-Union Conference, was convened between Congresses by the Central Committee to discuss party policy and to make personnel changes within the Central Committee. 19 conferences were convened during the CPSU's existence. The
436:
427:
443:
10204:
9877:
9927:
9892:
3075:
to make decisions through the party committees at their level, which led them in practice to lose their administrative independence. At first, the primary responsibility of the CCs was to respond to party complaints, focusing mostly on party complaints of
9932:
9907:
9897:
3976:
contradictions and class struggle, and of negating the "ultimate socialist goal of realizing communism". Unlike the other Soviet leaders, Gorbachev is criticized for pursuing the wrong reformist policies and for being too flexible and too rightist. The
2350:
nearly half of its members were sympathetic to the letter and opposed further reforms which could weaken the party. The meeting lasted for two days, but on 5 April a Politburo resolution responded with a point-by-point rebuttal to Andreyeva's article.
1917:
remaining poor. The combination of these tensions led the party leadership to conclude that it was necessary for the government's survival to pursue a new policy that would centralize economic activity and accelerate industrialization. To do this, the
9882:
3757:
The 1986 Party Program claimed the Tsarist regime collapsed because the contradictions of imperialism, which he held to be the gap "between the social nature of production and the private capitalist form of appropriation" manifesting itself in wars,
9912:
9872:
2368:
Despite the deep-seated opposition to further reform, the CPSU remained hierarchical; the conservatives acceded to Gorbachev's demands in deference to his position as the CPSU General Secretary. The 19th Conference approved the establishment of the
10867:
10862:
10568:
10450:
10327:
2097:
and unrest in Poland, where the local citizenry now felt confident enough to rebel against Soviet control. Khrushchev also failed to improve Soviet relations with the West, partially because of a hawkish military stance. In the aftermath of the
10872:
10435:
10312:
10307:
10302:
2315:, the democratization of the Soviet Union brought mixed blessings to Gorbachev; it helped him to weaken his conservative opponents within the party but brought out accumulated grievances which had been suppressed during the previous decades.
419:
3754:, Lenin wrote; "the twentieth century marks the turning point from the old capitalism to the new, from the domination of capital in general to the domination of finance capital". Lenin defines imperialism as the monopoly stage of capitalism.
10558:
10440:
10317:
10259:
10254:
10249:
10244:
10239:
9887:
11030:
11025:
11020:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10179:
2405:. Following this, the central party apparatus did not play a practical role in Soviet affairs. Gorbachev had become independent from the Politburo and faced few constraints from party leaders. In the summer of 1990 the party convened the
10234:
10229:
10224:
10219:
3366:. The First Secretary and the Second Secretary were commonly members of the Central Committee but were never elected to the Politburo. However, at the republican level, several Komsomol first secretaries were appointed to the Politburo.
10214:
10209:
1833:, the world's first constitutionally socialist state, was established. The Bolsheviks were the majority within the soviets and began to fulfill their campaign promises by signing a damaging peace to end the war with the Germans in the
456:
11289:
11070:
11065:
11060:
11055:
11050:
11045:
11040:
11035:
1323:. This principle, conceived by Lenin, entails democratic and open discussion of policy issues within the party, followed by the requirement of total unity in upholding the agreed policies. The highest body within the CPSU was the
10445:
10322:
1382:, which allowed for capitalist practices to resume under the Communist Party dictation in order to develop the necessary conditions for socialism to become a practical pursuit in the economically undeveloped country. In 1929, as
11294:
11279:
11284:
10166:
2069:, in a power struggle. In 1955, Khrushchev achieved the demotion of Malenkov and secured his own position as Soviet leader. Early in his rule and with the support of several members of the Presidium, Khrushchev initiated the
3091:
candidate Central Committee members and members of their subordinate organs if two-thirds of attendants at a CC–CCC plenum voted for such. At its first such session in 1921, Lenin tried to persuade the joint plenum to expel
1942:
Party. A wave of paranoia overtook Stalin and the party leadership and spread through Soviet society. Seeing potential enemies everywhere, leaders of the government security apparatuses began severe crackdowns known as the
1703:, and a dual-power structure between the soviets and the provisional government was in place until such a time that their differences would be reconciled in a post-provisional government. Lenin was at this time in exile in
10847:
11314:
10932:
10927:
10922:
10917:
10912:
10907:
3240:
was established in 1946 and by the early 1950s there were 70 Higher Party Schools. During the reorganization drive of 1956, Khrushchev closed 13 of them and reclassified 29 as inter-republican and inter-oblast schools.
13158:
2436:
On 30 November 1992, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation recognized the ban on the activities of the primary organizations of the Communist Party, formed on a territorial basis, as inconsistent with the
10857:
10852:
10842:
10837:
3041:
superfluous. Because of this, the Secretariat rarely met during the next two years. It was revitalized at the 28th Party Congress in 1990, and the Deputy General Secretary became the official head of the Secretariat.
3006:
for this reason, the election of the Politburo was usually passed unanimously. The greater the power held by the sitting CPSU General Secretary, the higher the chance that the Politburo membership would be approved.
1745:
demonstrations so that even by the end of August, the principal paper of the Bolsheviks had a print run of only 50,000 copies. Despite this, their ideas gained them increasing popularity in elections to the soviets.
10902:
10897:
10892:
1699:, which was largely dominated by the interests of the military, former nobility, major capitalists business owners and democratic socialists. Alongside it, grassroots general assemblies spontaneously formed, called
10977:
10972:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10952:
10947:
10942:
10937:
10887:
10882:
10877:
2733:
over the next five years to ordinary CPSU members and the general public. The information provided was general, ensuring that party leadership retained the ability to make specific policy changes as they saw fit.
3742:(SDP) considered capitalism's revitalization as proof that it was evolving into a more humane system, adding that the basic aims of socialists were not to overthrow the state but to take power through elections.
458:
14151:
3403:
was essential and from Stalin until Gorbachev, official discourse considered that private social and economic activity retarding the development of collective consciousness and the economy. Gorbachev supported
2208:
movement in Poland. As problems grew at home and abroad, Brezhnev was increasingly ineffective in responding to the growing criticism of the Soviet Union by Western leaders, most prominently by US Presidents
10495:
10490:
10485:
10480:
10475:
10470:
2153:
in virtually every arena except one: continued opposition to Stalinist methods of terror and political violence. Khrushchev's policies were criticized as voluntarism, and the Brezhnev period saw the rise of
2400:
The CPSU's demise began in March 1990, when state bodies eclipsed party elements in power. From then until the Soviet Union's disestablishment, Gorbachev ruled the country through the newly created post of
1970:
with Germany, later jointly invading and partitioning Poland to fulfil a secret protocol of the pact, as well as occupying the Baltic States, this pact would be broken in June 1941 when the German military
8470:
10465:
10460:
10455:
10372:
10367:
10362:
10357:
10352:
10347:
3323:
In 1918, party membership was approximately 200,000. In the late 1920s under Stalin, the party engaged in an intensive recruitment campaign, the "Lenin Levy", resulting in new members referred to as the
418:
3669:
In early Bolshevik discourse, the term "dictatorship of the proletariat" was of little significance, and the few times it was mentioned it was likened to the form of government which had existed in the
2970:, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers under Gorbachev. Ryzhkov said that Politburo meetings lasted only 15 minutes because the people close to Brezhnev had already decided what was to be approved.
13363:
10540:
10535:
10530:
10525:
10520:
10515:
10510:
10505:
10500:
2478:, the Central Committee, and the Council of Ministers to hinder any attempts to create a one-man dominance over the Soviet political system. By contrast, Stalin's period as leader was characterized by
3399:
referred to the party as "The leading and guiding force of Soviet society, and the nucleus of its political system, of all state and public organizations, is the Communist Party of the Soviet Union".
10613:
10608:
10603:
10598:
10593:
10588:
10342:
10337:
10332:
3609:
Either the dictatorship of the landowners and capitalists or the dictatorship of the proletariat ... There is no middle course ... There is no middle course anywhere in the world, nor can there be.
2984:
Until 1990, the CPSU General Secretary acted as the informal chairman of the Politburo. During the first decades of the CPSU's existence, the Politburo was officially chaired by the Chairman of the
706:
14302:
10417:
10412:
10407:
10402:
10397:
10392:
10387:
10382:
10377:
10583:
10578:
10573:
3227:
10563:
10046:
3778:
presented as "the first people's revolution of the imperialist epoch" and the October Revolution is said to have been rooted in "the nationwide movement against imperialist war and for peace."
2266:
Gorbachev conducted a significant personnel reshuffling of the CPSU leadership, forcing old party conservatives out of office. In 1985 and early 1986 the new leadership of the party called for
10987:
2814:
2739:
2417:. The freedoms of thought and organization which Gorbachev allowed led to a rise in nationalism in the Soviet republics, indirectly weakening the central authorities. In response to this, a
12961:
11080:
10691:
10623:
9849:
3065:
2950:, Politburo member from 1965 to 1978, accused Brezhnev of turning the Politburo into a "second echelon" of power. He accomplished this by discussing policies before Politburo meetings with
2365:. In turn, conservative delegates attacked Gorbachev and the reformers. According to Brown, there had not been as much open discussion and dissent at a party meeting since the early 1920s.
3549:
by de-privatizing agriculture and creating peasant cooperatives rather than making it the responsibility of the state. With the initiation of his "Second Revolution", Stalin launched the "
2718:
CPSU leaders used Congresses as a propaganda and control tool. The most noteworthy Congress since the 1930s was the 20th Congress, in which Khrushchev denounced Stalin in a speech titled "
420:
10264:
2758:
held in 1952 removed the clause in the party's statute which stipulated that a party Conference could be convened. The clause was reinstated at the 23rd Congress, which was held in 1966.
166:
3588:
on the subject of "subjective factors"; Stalin said that party members of all ranks had to profess fanatic adherence to the party's line and ideology, if not, those policies would fail.
13983:
11224:
9917:
3825:
socialism. With the establishment of socialist regimes in Eastern Europe and Asia, Soviet foreign policy planners believed that capitalism had lost its dominance as an economic system.
3624:
was by 1917, already a failure according to its original aim, which was to act as an inspiration for a world revolution. The initial anti-statist posture and the active campaigning for
2659:
2453:
1514:
1946:. In total, hundreds of thousands of people, many of whom were posthumously recognized as innocent, were arrested and either sent to prison camps or executed. Also during this time, a
11234:
2784:
to study the strength of the different institutions. The Politburo was elected by and reported to the Central Committee. Besides the Politburo, the Central Committee also elected the
2093:
but failed to establish the close, party-to-party relations that he wanted. While the Thaw reduced political oppression at home, it led to unintended consequences abroad, such as the
11564:
3682:
Dictatorship means nothing more nor less than authority untrammeled by any laws, absolutely unrestricted by any rules whatever, and based directly on force. The term 'dictatorship'
2974:
2037:, causing conflict both with the Western powers and with the Stalin administration who opposed such a provocative move. Furthermore, the Yugoslav communists actively supported the
2334:
1493:
A number of causes contributed to CPSU's loss of control and the dissolution of the Soviet Union during the early 1990s. Some historians have written that Gorbachev's policy of "
455:
13356:
11189:
3475:
that was led by intellectuals rather than by the working class itself. The CPSU was open only to a small number of workers because the workers in Russia still had not developed
2603:
2192:
increasingly more potent medications to attend official meetings. Because of the "trust in cadres" policy implemented by his administration, the CPSU leadership evolved into a
14056:
2742:
were approved beforehand by the Politburo and the Secretariat. A Congress could also provide a platform for the announcement of new ideological concepts. For instance, at the
2225:
as the beginning of the end of capitalism, found its country falling far behind the West in its economic development. Brezhnev died on 10 November 1982, and was succeeded by
14295:
13928:
11329:
11274:
9942:
9902:
9658:
3987:
The CPSU was also criticized for not taking enough care in building the primary party organization and not having inner-party democracy. Others, more radically, concur with
3328:, from both the working class and rural areas. This represented an attempt to "proletarianize" the party and an attempt by Stalin to strengthen his base by outnumbering the
2942:
1758:
for total rejection of the Kerensky led provisional government's legitimacy. The provisional government, insistent on maintaining the universally despised war effort on the
5104:
Marxism–Leninism remained the official ideology of the Communist Party from around the 1920s until 1991, but its practice varied throughout the history of the Soviet Union.
1735:
through simple slogans that patiently explained their solution to each crisis the revolution created. Up to July, these policies were disseminated through 41 publications,
1684:
of 1917, the party worked underground as organized anti-Tsarist groups. By the time of the revolution, many of the party's central leaders, including Lenin, were in exile.
11968:
11951:
11458:
10824:
9739:
9675:
5058:
5053:
2896:
2885:
2789:
2767:
2142:
1986:
was dissolved in 1943 after it was concluded that such an organization had failed to prevent the rise of fascism and the global war necessary to defeat it. After the 1945
1874:
1352:
1328:
985:
597:
582:
78:
5594:
However, the USSR created an entirely new dimension of interwar European reality, one in which Russia devised rules of the game and set the agenda, namely, the Comintern.
2832:—the forerunner of the CPSU. How the Statute was to be structured and organized led to a schism within the party, leading to the establishment of two competing factions;
2287:'acceleration'). Gorbachev reinvigorated the party ideology, adding new concepts and updating older ones. Positive consequences of this included the allowance of
1998:
that would be administered by communists loyal to Stalin's administration. The party also sought to expand its sphere of influence beyond the occupied territories, using
13830:
12995:
11998:
10106:
10101:
10096:
10091:
10086:
3861:
3567:
2873:
2869:
857:
13349:
11349:
10832:
10041:
10036:
10031:
10026:
10021:
5077:
2849:
2829:
2506:
2354:
3297:
3202:
was 130,000. This Vienna-based newspaper published its last issue in 1912 and was succeeded the same year by a new newspaper dominated by the Bolsheviks, also called
2828:
The Statute (also referred to as the Rules, Charter and Constitution) was the party's by-laws and controlled life within the CPSU. The 1st Statute was adopted at the
10081:
10076:
10071:
10066:
2865:
2502:
14288:
13957:
10156:
10151:
10146:
10141:
10136:
10131:
10126:
10121:
10116:
10111:
10061:
10056:
10051:
6386:
3071:
2861:
2857:
2755:
2743:
2647:
2441:, but upheld the dissolution of the governing structures of the CPSU and the governing structures of its republican organization—the Communist Party of the RSFSR.
2406:
2188:
2162:
2074:
1849:(NEP), a system of state capitalism that started the process of industrialization and post-war recovery. The NEP ended a brief period of intense rationing called "
2158:. While Stalin was never rehabilitated during this period, the most conservative journals in the country were allowed to highlight positive features of his rule.
15054:
11941:
11468:
11453:
2554:
1517:(RSFSR). After the CPSU's demise, the Communist Parties of the Union Republics became independent and underwent various separate paths of reform. In Russia, the
2541:
and plan the long-term interests of the oppressed classes. It was not responsible for the daily grievances of those classes; that was the responsibility of the
14106:
12461:
11961:
10427:
9859:
9839:
3977:
3104:
3015:
2785:
2102:, Khrushchev's position within the party was substantially weakened. Shortly before his eventual ousting, he tried to introduce economic reforms championed by
1336:
1200:
613:
152:
8480:
1913:. Stalin's position as General Secretary became the top executive position within the party, giving Stalin significant authority over party and state policy.
1749:
The factions within the soviets became increasingly polarized in the later summer after armed demonstrations by soldiers at the call of the Bolsheviks and an
11987:
11956:
10294:
9834:
8760:
8255:
3466:
In Marxist philosophy, Leninism is the body of political theory for the democratic organization of a revolutionary vanguard party and the achievement of a
2925:
2915:
2496:
Democratic centralism is an organizational principle conceived by Lenin. According to Soviet pronouncements, democratic centralism was distinguished from "
2475:
2370:
1332:
1266:
694:
608:
35:
6387:"Постановление Верховного Совета СССР от 29 августа 1991 г. № 2371-I «О ситуации, возникшей в стране в связи с имевшим место государственным переворотом»"
14974:
13923:
11946:
11898:
10013:
3375:
2841:
2833:
2777:
2712:
2249:, to important positions. He also supported a crackdown on absenteeism and corruption. Andropov had intended to let Gorbachev succeed him in office, but
1834:
1324:
882:
577:
3620:
dictatorship since the war was heading into a final conflict between the "progressive forces of socialism and the degenerate forces of capitalism". The
3584:
began making a direct link with Stalin and stability in society, saying that the country would crumble without the leader. Stalin deviated greatly from
3395:
Despite having evolved over the years, Marxism–Leninism had several central tenets. The main tenet was the party's status as the sole ruling party. The
2166:
prioritizing light industry over heavy industry to increase the production of consumer goods. Similar reforms were introduced in Hungary under the name
14969:
12693:
3902:
1534:
587:
5532:// «Майские чтения» 2006 – ежегодная Всероссийская конференция, проводимая кафедрой культурологии Пермского государственного технического университета
2021:, causing an extreme shift in the global balance of forces and greatly escalating tensions between the communists and the Western powers, fueling the
14939:
13918:
12195:
9651:
1509:
and subsequent loss of faith by the general populace in communist ideology. In the final years of the CPSU's existence, the Communist Parties of the
1398:, and Lenin, became formalized by Stalin as the party's guiding ideology and would remain so throughout the rest of its existence. The party pursued
1115:
3868:
In late 1925, Stalin received a letter from a party official which stated that his position of "Socialism in One Country" was in contradiction with
3002:
not chair the meetings of the Politburo, the Second Secretary would take his place. This system survived until the dissolution of the CPSU in 1991.
1470:
once again. Gorbachev and his allies envisioned the introduction of an economy similar to Lenin's earlier New Economic Policy through a program of "
15084:
15074:
15059:
12854:
2973:
The Politburo was abolished and replaced by a Presidium in 1952 at the 19th Congress. In the aftermath the 19th Congress and the 1st Plenum of the
15009:
13952:
13823:
8768:
1454:
and growing disillusionment. After the younger, vigorous Mikhail Gorbachev assumed leadership in 1985 (following two short-term elderly leaders,
654:
3152:) was the leading newspaper in the Soviet Union. The Organizational Department of the Central Committee was the only organ empowered to dismiss
14934:
14924:
12974:
8764:
3488:
3307:
3029:) in this instance meant the maintenance of general standards and the criteria for selecting various personnel. "Verification of fulfillment" (
5430:
3580:
the "two camps" theory and the "capitalist encirclement" theory. The threat of capitalism was used to strengthen Stalin's personal powers and
3495:
would last for a long period. According to some authors, Leninism was by definition authoritarian. In contrast to Marx, who believed that the
1933:, to open diplomatic relations with the Soviet government. In 1933, after years of unsuccessful workers' revolutions (including a short-lived
457:
15079:
15069:
15049:
15044:
11893:
11506:
2373:(CPD) and allowed for contested elections between the CPSU and independent candidates. Other organized parties were not allowed. The CPD was
474:
225:
3750:
of industry and banking, which led to the transformation of the finance capital connection to industry into the monopoly of large banks. In
2254:
party organization remained with Gorbachev. When Chernenko died on 10 March 1985, his succession was already settled in favor of Gorbachev.
15064:
15039:
14979:
14919:
14831:
14046:
13995:
11559:
11378:
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9644:
3726:
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825:
5119:" The translation of the phrase in Russian is also the translation of the original phrase in German: "Proletarians of all nations, unite!"
3984:—but instead he, step-by-step, and ultimately, eroded the ruling party's dominance in ideological, political and organizational aspects".
14800:
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was established within the central party leadership of the CPSU and that a "corrupt and privileged class" had developed because of the
3352:, Secretariat, and the Politburo. The Komsomol participated in nationwide policy-making by appointing members to the collegiums of the
1966:
in its struggle against a nationalist military coup which received supported from Germany and Italy, in 1939 the Soviet Union signed a
1360:
1193:
1110:
1000:
531:
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Lenin justified these policies by claiming that all states were class states by nature and that these states were maintained through
3215:
2719:
2683:
2597:
2568:
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2449:
1676:
named the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks), and Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Mensheviks). Prior to the
1518:
1331:
was the highest body. Because the Central Committee met twice a year, most day-to-day duties and responsibilities were vested in the
543:
170:
3804:, a Soviet foreign policy analyst, referring to series of events (which he believed) would lead to the ultimate victory of socialism
2725:
Despite delegates to Congresses losing their powers to criticize or remove party leadership, the Congresses functioned as a form of
2073:, which effectively ended the Stalinist mass terror of the prior decades and reduced socio-economic oppression considerably. At the
15019:
15014:
14994:
14201:
13271:
12768:
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12145:
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contradictory? Yes, it is contradictory. But this contradiction springs from life itself and reflects completely Marxist dialectic.
3161:
1947:
1368:
1120:
1085:
815:
553:
3857:—together with Stalin—opposed Trotsky's theory of permanent revolution, their views on the way socialism could be built diverged.
14445:
13207:
13189:
12168:
11975:
11842:
4037:
2448:
in 1991, Russian adherents to the CPSU tradition, particularly as it existed before Gorbachev, reorganized themselves within the
2346:
1741:
being the main paper, with a readership of 320,000. This was roughly halved after the repression of the Bolsheviks following the
1135:
1125:
795:
644:
2501:
after it has been agreed upon by the party's governing body; to do so would lead to expulsion from the party (formalized at the
2456:
in 1990 (sometime before the abolition of the CPSU) and was seen by critics as a "Russian-nationalist" counterpart to the CPSU.
13913:
12686:
11866:
11711:
4776:
4711:
4648:
4583:
4513:
4448:
4384:
4314:
4249:
4182:
4124:
2374:
1664:
1497:" (political openness) was the root cause, noting that it weakened the party's control over society. Gorbachev maintained that
1293:
869:
711:
156:
3734:. The Marxist movement was split on how to solve capitalism's resurgence after the great depression of the late 19th century.
3429:
individual was decided by the state, and the state could remove these rights if it saw fit. Soviet Marxism–Leninism justified
2997:
into force. From 1954 until 1958, Khrushchev chaired the Politburo as First Secretary, but in 1958 he dismissed and succeeded
2860:
adopted the 2nd Statute. It was nearly five times as long as the 1st Statute and contained 66 articles. It was amended at the
2801:
on its behalf could issue nationwide decisions; decisions on behalf of the party were transmitted from the top to the bottom.
2187:, a passive weakening of animosity with the West with the goal of improving political and economic relations. However, by the
1173:
15029:
15004:
14999:
14989:
14929:
14161:
14000:
13539:
13240:
13019:
12353:
11854:
11820:
11808:
11803:
11694:
9562:
9284:
8989:
4943:
3232:
The Higher Party School (HPS) was the organ responsible for teaching cadres in the Soviet Union. It was the successor of the
2291:
and a call for the establishment of "socialist pluralism" (literally, socialist democracy). Gorbachev introduced a policy of
1348:
1186:
12280:
3274:
was the only republic that did not have its own republican branch, being instead represented by the CPSU Central Committee.
2482:. Regardless of leadership style, all political power in the Soviet Union was concentrated in the organization of the CPSU.
2426:
1305:
15099:
15024:
14984:
14269:
14259:
14146:
13873:
13193:
12390:
12158:
11443:
9609:
5015:
3542:
3357:
1923:
1270:
1100:
344:
3839:
The concept of "Socialism in One Country" was conceived by Stalin in his struggle against Leon Trotsky and his concept of
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11871:
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respectively. The last party statute, which existed until the dissolution of the CPSU, was adopted at the 22nd Congress.
2123:
1858:
1344:
790:
521:
6393:
3980:
said, "What Gorbachev in fact did was not to transform the CPSU by correct principles—indeed the Soviet Communist Party
1885:, each with highly contrasting visions for the future direction of the country. Trotsky sought to implement a policy of
15034:
14496:
14181:
14036:
13721:
13277:
13078:
12717:
12318:
12313:
12033:
11981:
9364:
5587:
5375:
5354:
5025:
3739:
3353:
2390:
2201:
2090:
1882:
1854:
980:
820:
749:
664:
536:
5679:
2389:. An unintended consequence of these reforms was the increased anti-CPSU pressure; in March 1990, at a session of the
2311:) in 1986, which led to a wave of unintended democratization. According to the British researcher of Russian affairs,
14949:
14944:
14836:
14191:
14136:
13454:
13048:
12929:
12882:
12827:
12679:
12570:
12521:
12454:
12265:
11993:
11595:
11499:
11164:
9484:
9261:
5251:
4928:
3413:
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2985:
1367:
chairman of the CPSU Politburo and chief executive of the Soviet Union. The tension between the party and the state (
852:
548:
14509:
14372:
14352:
14206:
13898:
13497:
12943:
12776:
12600:
12588:
12412:
12402:
12358:
12173:
11849:
11798:
11681:
11463:
11390:
8525:
5706:
4933:
2382:
1105:
1041:
864:
738:
3168:
was approached about the possibility of running the new paper because of his previous work on Ukrainian newspaper
14475:
14236:
14176:
14051:
13962:
13863:
13592:
13129:
12923:
12605:
12593:
12449:
12434:
12348:
12250:
11832:
11652:
11244:
4948:
3898:
3885:
3602:
3550:
3546:
3467:
2978:
2677:
2479:
2445:
2205:
1479:
1296:. In 1903, that party split into a Menshevik ("minority") and Bolshevik ("majority") faction; the latter, led by
975:
684:
8263:
3180:, where it continued until the publication of the sixth issue in November 1909, when the operation was moved to
2393:, the party was forced to relinquish its political monopoly of power, in effect turning the Soviet Union into a
14954:
14465:
14357:
14216:
14081:
13940:
13878:
13063:
13005:
12745:
12546:
12526:
12223:
11837:
11662:
11590:
11354:
11169:
9589:
9537:
9507:
9461:
9438:
9412:
9389:
9356:
9338:
9312:
9276:
9239:
9212:
9191:
9158:
9131:
9108:
9085:
9062:
9039:
9012:
8966:
8936:
8913:
8886:
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8831:
5639:
5299:
2585:
2342:
1696:
1475:
1130:
1080:
785:
775:
13341:
9623:
2966:
among others, who held seats both in the Politburo and the Secretariat. Mazurov's claim was later verified by
14754:
13935:
13137:
12965:
12762:
12617:
12444:
12308:
12260:
12021:
11815:
11689:
11672:
11324:
11254:
11229:
4995:
3484:
3070:
The Central Control Commission (CCC) functioned as the party's supreme court. The CCC was established at the
2955:
2689:
2665:
2574:
2402:
2006:
and providing training and funding to promote communist elements abroad, leading to the establishment of the
1046:
1015:
526:
479:
13151:
1277:, which had previously granted the CPSU a monopoly over the political system. The party's main ideology was
14585:
14221:
13893:
13168:
13054:
12819:
12213:
11888:
11783:
11584:
11492:
11239:
11214:
11204:
4980:
3492:
3449:
2671:
2641:
2615:
2438:
2418:
2094:
1759:
1363:, or two of the three offices concurrently, but never all three at the same time. The party leader was the
1304:
of 1917. Its activities were suspended on Soviet territory 74 years later, on 29 August 1991, soon after a
1061:
493:
469:
400:
244:
3614:— Lenin, claiming that people had only two choices between two different, but distinct class dictatorships
3470:
as a political prelude to the establishment of the socialist mode of production developed by Lenin. Since
14455:
14071:
14061:
13947:
13903:
13839:
13119:
13069:
12834:
12494:
12476:
12242:
12100:
12061:
12028:
11718:
11706:
11622:
11524:
11219:
5113:"Workers of the world, unite!" is the most common English translation of the original phrase in German: "
2653:
2377:; one-third of the seats were appointed by the CPSU and other public organizations to sustain the Soviet
2175:
2119:
1967:
1801:
1463:
1415:
1356:
1030:
990:
965:
805:
449:
12671:
14640:
14382:
14166:
14076:
14031:
13858:
13398:
13262:
13234:
13183:
13110:
12737:
12489:
12466:
12439:
11448:
11408:
11199:
11179:
11174:
10174:
9529:
9430:
9150:
9100:
9031:
9004:
8981:
8878:
8853:
7288:
5684:
5437:
5020:
5005:
4970:
3646:
3621:
3283:
3255:
2941:
post-Stalin period, the Politburo controlled the Central Committee apparatus through two channels; the
2868:, the 3rd Statute was adopted with only minor amendments being made. New statutes were approved at the
2621:
2591:
2580:
1510:
1051:
501:
8521:
5456:
3813:
based on practical changes which had occurred; he accused the old "two camp" theory of neglecting the
2049:, which marked the beginning of international sectarian division within the world communist movement.
14450:
14226:
14126:
13990:
13421:
13297:
12889:
12782:
12531:
12504:
12407:
11209:
7454:
7417:
6787:
6630:
5579:
4923:
3731:
3412:'s opinions of the New Economic Policy of the 1920s, and supported complete state ownership over the
2635:
2038:
1010:
14736:
13610:
12499:
5415:
3678:
in late 1920, Lenin explained his new interpretation of the term "dictatorship of the proletariat":
42:
14862:
14542:
14315:
14231:
14131:
14111:
14021:
13640:
13588:
13143:
13125:
12612:
11396:
9123:
8958:
8841:
8813:
8517:
4953:
3834:
3534:
3452:. All policies were justifiable if it contributed to the Soviet Union's achievement of that stage.
3396:
2312:
1934:
1890:
1286:
1274:
764:
759:
754:
46:
14280:
5553:
14392:
14141:
14086:
14026:
13312:
12914:
12873:
11861:
9077:
8823:
5798:
5171:
5136:
4990:
4985:
4085:
3939:
3775:
3641:
3637:
2519:
2085:, in part a consequence of his public denunciation of Stalin. Khrushchev improved relations with
2014:
1983:
1963:
1951:
1640:
1613:
1586:
1559:
847:
679:
9169:
5506:
3083:. At the 11th Congress, the brief of the CCs was expanded; it became responsible for overseeing
1308:
by conservative CPSU leaders against the reforming Soviet president and party general secretary
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14857:
13648:
13211:
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12133:
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and, the State Committee for Physical Culture and Sports. The organization's newspaper was the
2167:
1987:
17:
13630:
3210:. The paper's main goal was to promote Marxist–Leninist philosophy and expose the lies of the
14959:
14826:
14805:
14562:
14186:
14121:
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11632:
9618:
9550:
The Political Thought of Joseph Stalin: A Study in Twentieth Century Revolutionary Patriotism
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9185:
5241:
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3092:
3084:
2929:
2853:
2747:
2730:
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2329:
In reaction to these changes, a conservative movement gained momentum in 1987 in response to
2222:
2197:
2046:
1763:
1688:
1320:
31:
13754:
13547:
8781:
McDonough, Terrence (1995). "Lenin, Imperialism, and the Stages of Capitalist Development".
14041:
13764:
13706:
13467:
12813:
12422:
12285:
12105:
11903:
11617:
9801:
9722:
9204:
9054:
8783:
7642:
5709:[A Handbook on the History of the Communist Party and the Soviet Union 1898–1991].
4781:
3969:
3840:
3814:
3787:
3496:
3434:
3386:
3362:
2250:
2196:. At the end of Brezhnev's rule, problems continued to amount; in 1979 he consented to the
2110:
reasons he was no longer fit to remain as head of the party. He was succeeded in office by
2106:, a Soviet economist, which tried to implement market mechanisms into the planned economy.
2099:
1976:
1972:
1918:
1910:
1886:
1459:
1387:
1278:
898:
359:
305:
290:
256:
14759:
13658:
12509:
1213:
8:
14066:
13888:
13625:
12649:
12378:
12183:
12112:
11920:
11769:
11647:
11569:
11542:
9577:
7292:
6430:
5664:
4889:
4080:
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3554:
3476:
3438:
3214:. In 1975, the paper reached a circulation of 10.6 million. It is currently owned by the
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2430:
2362:
2282:
1846:
1677:
1506:
1379:
1167:
995:
674:
13744:
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13472:
5203:
The Soviet Republics of Armenia, Estonia, and Georgia all boycotted the 1991 referendum.
2318:
2171:
2078:
citizens did increase; 108 million people moved into new housing between 1956 and 1965.
1929:
The success of industrialization in the Soviet Union led Western countries, such as the
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11657:
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9771:
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9521:
9476:
9422:
9375:
9249:
9224:
9142:
9023:
8845:
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4001:
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2288:
1826:
1815:
1728:
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389:
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9453:
9434:
9408:
9385:
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China it is a party (and state) institution. The CCP criticizes the CPSU of pursuing
3943:
3850:
3585:
3581:
3233:
3076:
2394:
2322:
2246:
2218:
2138:
2082:
2058:
2018:
1842:
1462:, who quickly died in succession), rapid steps were taken to transform the tottering
1443:
1431:
1423:
1309:
1005:
324:
294:
221:
109:
13808:
5541:
3095:
from the party; instead of expelling him, Shliapnikov was given a severe reprimand.
2848:). The 1st Statute was based upon Lenin's idea of a centralized vanguard party. The
2470:
The style of governance in the party alternated between collective leadership and a
14887:
14701:
14630:
14460:
13908:
13769:
13734:
13653:
13482:
13462:
13434:
11414:
11384:
9813:
9499:
5494:
5186:
4861:
3884:
economic model, while Trotsky said that the Soviet Union had to participate in the
3869:
3854:
3735:
3703:
3675:
3625:
3409:
3110:
3037:) of party and state decisions meant that the Secretariat instructed other bodies.
3030:
3022:
2998:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2296:
2273:
1906:
1767:
1700:
1692:
1631:
1604:
1577:
1550:
1439:
1411:
1407:
924:
893:
309:
216:
88:
13487:
5227:"Указ Президента РСФСР от 6 ноября 1991 г. № 169 «О деятельности КПСС и КП РСФСР»"
3988:
3533:, refers to Stalin's thoughts and policies. Stalin's introduction of the concept "
14575:
14547:
14537:
14517:
14410:
14254:
14241:
13729:
13696:
13686:
13515:
13429:
13373:
12536:
11749:
11701:
11607:
11420:
11372:
9789:
9710:
9613:
9548:
9517:
9348:
9120:
Closer to the Masses: Stalinist Culture, Social Revolution, and Soviet Newspapers
9097:
The Birth of the Propaganda State: Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilization, 1917–1929
4875:
4518:
3711:
territories of the globe among the biggest capitalist powers has been completed.
3538:
3400:
3325:
3185:
2967:
2963:
2386:
2378:
2242:
2238:
2134:
2111:
2086:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2042:
2030:
1792:
1750:
1451:
1419:
1403:
1399:
1316:
1262:
1254:
1221:
with a large sign promoting the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Moscow, 1975
9606:
3928:
the binding power of the narrative dissolved, the Soviet Union itself dissolved.
3876:, which contains his best-known writings on the subject. With the publishing of
3632:
Marx and Lenin did not care if a bourgeois state was ruled in accordance with a
3424:
rather than the importance of the individual. Individuals only had the right to
1957:
The Soviet Union was the first to warn of the impending danger of invasion from
1566:
Rossiyskaya sotsial-demokraticheskaya rabochaya partiya (bol'shevikov); RSDRP(b)
14706:
14681:
14676:
14580:
14552:
14532:
14400:
14096:
13676:
13552:
13520:
13510:
13444:
13371:
12556:
12484:
11764:
11754:
9753:
9692:
9628:
8978:
Origins of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered, 1933–1938
8950:
8788:
8475:
8471:"Everything You Think You Know About the Collapse of the Soviet Union Is Wrong"
5571:
5530:Индивидуальная форма политической презентации власти в позднюю сталинскую эпоху
3691:
3562:
3329:
3207:
2959:
2951:
2947:
2920:
2358:
2338:
2115:
2103:
2026:
1784:
1724:
1672:
1467:
1447:
1300:, is the direct ancestor of the CPSU and is the party that seized power in the
1297:
1218:
181:
99:
13779:
13759:
13572:
14913:
14691:
14666:
14635:
14625:
14615:
14522:
14425:
14420:
14405:
14347:
13701:
13681:
13615:
13505:
13439:
13248:
12988:
12417:
11402:
9795:
9777:
9759:
9747:
9716:
9698:
9322:
9294:
8946:
5576:
Russian Foreign Policy in the Twenty-First Century and the Shadow of the Past
4903:
4129:
3860:
According to Bukharin, Zinoviev, and Kamenev supported the resolution of the
3763:
3716:— Lenin, citing the main features of capitalism in the age of imperialism in
3671:
3442:
3433:; the Soviet media portrayed every victory of the state as a victory for the
3405:
2989:
2781:
2330:
2226:
2214:
2155:
2150:
1930:
1870:
1850:
1754:
1731:(1881–1970, in power 1917), came into explosive tensions during that summer.
1708:
1668:
1483:
1455:
1435:
1383:
1375:
1327:, which convened every five years. When the Congress was not in session, the
1282:
1145:
1020:
916:
83:
7447:
7406:
6780:
6623:
5707:"Справочник по истории Коммунистической партии и Советского Союза 1898–1991"
5649:
5529:
5487:"Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR: Characteristics and Consequences"
5279:
3198:, the government run newspaper. At the time, the average reading figure for
2345:". The publication was planned to occur when both Gorbachev and his protege
1994:, the Party held to a doctrine of establishing socialist governments in the
14696:
14671:
14610:
14492:
14091:
13739:
13605:
13377:
13317:
13220:
12937:
12790:
12300:
12121:
11515:
9581:
7443:
7402:
6776:
6619:
5606:
3996:
3743:
3165:
3118:
2992:, Molotov, Stalin, and Malenkov. After 1922, when Lenin was incapacitated,
2497:
2210:
2193:
1995:
1991:
1958:
1938:
1878:
1807:
1788:
1712:
1258:
70:
9074:
Subverting the System: Gorbachev's Reform of the Party's Apparat 1986–1991
7000:
6998:
6996:
6994:
6981:
6979:
6977:
6975:
6973:
5627:
Color Design Workbook: A Real World Guide to Using Color in Graphic Design
5416:"Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe: From Marxism to the Mainstream?"
3561:, the town of Lenin's birth was renamed Ulyanov (Lenin's birth-name), the
2928:
resolution to execute 346 "enemies of the CPSU and Soviet Power" who led "
2425:. In reaction to this, conservative elements within the CPSU launched the
1778:
14645:
14590:
14367:
14171:
14016:
13406:
13322:
13201:
13102:
12701:
12163:
12125:
12117:
11739:
11723:
11637:
11579:
7023:
7021:
7019:
7017:
7015:
7013:
6934:
6924:
6922:
6920:
6918:
6905:
6903:
6890:
6888:
3771:
3430:
3211:
3123:
3080:
2993:
2542:
2531:
2409:. A new Politburo was elected, previous incumbents (except Gorbachev and
1943:
1716:
1704:
1471:
1090:
930:
8796:
5714:
5451:
4869:
3557:
centered upon himself. The name of the city of Petrograd was changed to
3420:, Marxism–Leninism stressed the role of the individual as a member of a
2856:
to Article 2 of the Statute. The 1st Statute lasted until 1919 when the
2421:, in which most of the union republics voted to preserve the union in a
2263:
largely unchanged into the 21st century if not for Gorbachev's reforms.
2178:", all non-conformist reform attempts in the Soviet Union were stopped.
1555:Российская социал-демократическая рабочая партия (большевиков); РСДРП(б)
14661:
13525:
13411:
12847:
12153:
9607:
Executive Bodies of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1917–1991)
8529:
6991:
6970:
3965:
3421:
3417:
3348:
the CPSU; nominally the highest body was the Congress, followed by the
2933:
2268:
1999:
1660:
1374:
After the founding of the Soviet Union in 1922, Lenin had introduced a
1140:
266:
204:
149:
14152:
People's Freedom Party "For Russia without Lawlessness and Corruption"
11484:
9273:
The Truth of Authority: Ideology and Communication in the Soviet Union
9141:
Lih, Lars T. (2006). "The Soviet Union and the road to communism". In
7010:
6958:
6946:
6915:
6900:
6885:
5514:
5486:
3724:
The Marxist theory on imperialism was conceived by Lenin in his book,
3664:— Lenin, explaining why the regime had become increasingly dictatorial
2815:
Central Auditing Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
2183:
1707:
where he, with other dissidents in exile, managed to arrange with the
14570:
14415:
14311:
13883:
13557:
13307:
12373:
12368:
12190:
12083:
11913:
11574:
9991:
9967:
9554:
9330:
9304:
9231:
9226:
Education in the Soviet Union: Policies and Institutions since Stalin
3992:
3759:
3558:
3518:
3509:
3471:
3066:
Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
2045:, further frustrating the Soviet government. These tensions led to a
2007:
2003:
1898:
1742:
1720:
1522:
1395:
911:
372:
366:
280:
252:
3795:
the correlation of forces in the world arena in favor of socialism.
3766:, were strongest in Russia. Imperialism was held to have caused the
3514:
2061:
rose to the top post by overcoming political adversaries, including
14310:
12804:
12363:
11908:
11642:
11602:
11319:
9947:
8928:
5498:
3881:
3633:
3461:
3342:
3311:
3194:
2537:
2325:, the last leader of the CPSU and the Soviet Union, as seen in 1986
2292:
2022:
1962:
countries, including trying to rally international support for the
1902:
1811:
1515:
Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
1494:
1427:
937:
906:
270:
209:
41:"VKP" redirects here. For a Serbian rowing club from Belgrade, see
5226:
3356:, the Ministry of Higher and Specialized Secondary Education, the
2852:, despite a majority of Menshevik delegates, added the concept of
2357:
in June 1988. He criticized leading party conservatives—Ligachev,
2237:
office briefly, but he appointed a number of reformers, including
1667:(RSDLP). This faction arose out of the split between followers of
14362:
13302:
13254:
13085:
12255:
11759:
10550:
9844:
9425:(2006). "Chronology/Introduction". In Suny, Ronald Grigor (ed.).
8623:
3445:
and party members were consequently not allowed to be religious.
3050:
2797:
2034:
1521:
emerged and has been regarded as the inheritor of the CPSU's old
1391:
1340:
618:
8211:
8209:
8207:
8205:
8203:
7231:
5304:
2129:
14810:
14731:
9984:
8570:
7695:
7693:
7691:
7666:
7664:
7662:
7660:
7248:
7246:
7053:
7051:
6661:
3237:
3181:
3144:
3138:
3109:
The leader of a department was usually given the title "head" (
2257:
1737:
1371:) for the shifting focus of power was never formally resolved.
196:
185:
8702:
8700:
8698:
7929:
7927:
7925:
6678:
6676:
6651:
6649:
3437:
as a whole. Largely, Soviet nationalism was based upon ethnic
2729:. They were occasions for the party leadership to express the
1620:
Vsesoyuznaya kommunisticheskaya partiya (bol'shevikov); VKP(b)
12865:
12178:
12056:
11330:
Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Soviet Navy
9574:
The Twenty-fifth Congress of the CPSU: Assessment and Context
8200:
6482:
6480:
5893:
5891:
5866:
5864:
3259:
1593:
Rossiyskaya kommunisticheskaya partiya (bol'shevikov); RKP(b)
1442:
powers and unaddressed inefficiencies in the economy, led to
1095:
11459:
League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class
8226:
8224:
8190:
8188:
8186:
8173:
8171:
7688:
7676:
7657:
7258:
7243:
7135:
7063:
7048:
5980:
5978:
2897:
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
2886:
Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
2768:
Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
13332:
An asterisk indicates a party no longer espousing communism
13329:
Italics indicates a current ruling party or communist state
13031:
12996:
African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde
12957:
12906:
12752:
12290:
12066:
9629:
Articles related to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
8739:
8717:
8715:
8695:
8671:
8661:
8659:
8657:
8644:
8642:
8640:
8638:
8613:
8611:
8609:
8594:
8558:
8441:
8417:
8141:
8102:
8069:
8009:
7980:
7968:
7922:
7498:
7496:
7494:
7492:
7479:
7477:
7475:
7473:
6750:
6673:
6646:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6149:
6147:
6145:
5630:. Gloucester, Massachusetts: Rockport Publishers. pp.
5187:[kəmʊnʲɪsʲˈtʲitɕɪskəjəˈpartʲɪjəsɐˈvʲetskəvəsɐˈjuzə]
4917:
3932:
3177:
2513:
required by centralism would protect the parties from such
14057:
Constitutional Democratic Party – Party of Popular Freedom
11449:
General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia
8407:
8405:
8403:
8401:
8399:
8386:
8384:
8382:
8369:
8367:
8365:
8363:
8361:
8359:
8346:
8344:
8158:
8156:
8131:
8129:
8092:
8090:
8088:
8086:
8084:
8047:
8045:
8032:
8030:
8028:
8026:
8024:
7999:
7997:
7995:
7946:
7944:
7942:
7912:
7910:
7908:
7906:
6873:
6861:
6477:
5927:
5903:
5888:
5876:
5861:
5849:
5837:
5813:
2830:
2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
1691:(1868–1918, reigned 1894–1917) abdicated in March 1917, a
12275:
12095:
8236:
8221:
8183:
8168:
7778:
7643:"Stalin: 50 years after the death of a tyrant – Part one"
7322:
6839:
6837:
6812:
6810:
6808:
6806:
6697:
6695:
6693:
6691:
6583:
6581:
6579:
6566:
6564:
6562:
6549:
6547:
6545:
6543:
6518:
6516:
6514:
6512:
6499:
6497:
6495:
6467:
6465:
6452:
6450:
6448:
6446:
6444:
6442:
6440:
6074:
6062:
6026:
6014:
5990:
5975:
5963:
5951:
2233:
1482:, the banning of the party by later last RSFSR President
9170:"The Soviet Union: Gorbachev, perestroika and socialism"
8727:
8712:
8683:
8654:
8635:
8606:
8582:
8522:"Reform, Coup and Collapse: The End of the Soviet State"
8307:
8305:
8303:
8301:
7710:
7708:
7489:
7470:
7312:
7310:
7082:
7080:
7078:
6367:
6350:
6283:
6171:
6142:
5381:
2746:, Khrushchev announced that the Soviet Union would see "
2632:
Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Central Committee)
2565:
Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Central Committee)
2174:
in Czechoslovakia, who called for the establishment of "
1715:
back to Russia through the continent amidst the ongoing
1609:Всесоюзная коммунистическая партия (большевиков); ВКП(б)
1582:Российская коммунистическая партия (большевиков); РКП(б)
11469:
Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania
11454:
League of Russian Revolutionary Social Democracy Abroad
9666:
9199:
Lowenhardt, John; van Ree, Erik; Ozinga, James (1992).
9198:
8429:
8396:
8379:
8356:
8341:
8329:
8299:
8297:
8295:
8293:
8291:
8289:
8287:
8285:
8283:
8281:
8153:
8126:
8114:
8081:
8057:
8042:
8021:
7992:
7956:
7939:
7903:
7893:
7891:
7889:
7887:
7885:
7883:
7868:
7858:
7856:
7854:
7852:
7850:
7848:
7811:
7809:
7807:
7805:
7803:
7801:
7799:
7797:
7795:
7793:
7756:
7754:
7752:
7750:
7748:
7746:
7744:
7742:
7740:
7727:
7725:
7723:
7613:
7611:
7609:
7607:
7605:
7603:
7601:
7599:
7597:
7584:
7582:
7580:
7578:
7565:
7563:
7550:
7548:
7546:
7544:
7542:
7540:
7527:
7525:
7523:
7521:
7519:
7517:
7515:
7513:
7511:
7370:
7368:
7355:
7353:
7351:
7349:
7038:
7036:
7027:
7004:
6985:
6964:
6952:
6940:
6928:
6909:
6894:
6340:
6338:
6336:
6334:
6321:
6319:
6317:
6315:
6313:
6300:
6298:
6273:
6271:
6269:
6267:
6265:
6252:
6250:
6248:
6246:
6244:
6242:
6217:
6215:
6190:
6188:
6186:
6132:
6130:
6128:
6115:
6113:
5776:
5774:
5624:
Adams, Sean; Morioka, Noreen; Stone, Terry Lee (2006).
5542:Избирательное законодательство и выборы в 1937–1987 гг.
5268:
The world's great dailies: profiles of fifty newspapers
2555:
Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1975:
in the largest land invasion in history, beginning the
1474:", or restructuring, but their reforms, along with the
14270:
Russian political movements and non-registered parties
8548:
8546:
7221:
7219:
7217:
7215:
7176:
7154:
7152:
7150:
7125:
7123:
7121:
7119:
7092:
6849:
6834:
6822:
6803:
6728:
6726:
6724:
6722:
6688:
6593:
6576:
6559:
6540:
6509:
6492:
6462:
6437:
5915:
5825:
5749:
5747:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5321:
5319:
3105:
Departments of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
3016:
Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1402:, under which all industries were nationalized, and a
13958:
Workers' Party for the Political Liberation of Russia
13838:
12702:
Current and former ruling parties of communist states
8256:"Program of the CPSU, 27th Congress, 1986 – Part One"
7833:
7705:
7452:[Higher Party School of the CC of the CPSU].
7334:
7307:
7200:
7075:
6098:
6086:
6050:
6038:
6002:
5939:
5759:
5176:
5141:
1869:
After Lenin's death, a power struggle ensued between
1857:
former territories of the Russian Empire to form the
1645:
1618:
1591:
1564:
1505:
was doomed to failure anyway. Others have blamed the
1478:
led to a decline in the party's power, and after the
1426:. By 1980, various factors, including the continuing
13159:
Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe
11320:
All-Union Leninist Young Communist League (Komsomol)
9572:
Zimmerman, William (1977). Dallin, Alexander (ed.).
8761:
Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War
8317:
8278:
7880:
7845:
7821:
7790:
7766:
7737:
7720:
7623:
7594:
7575:
7560:
7537:
7508:
7380:
7365:
7346:
7188:
7104:
7033:
6411:
6331:
6310:
6295:
6262:
6239:
6227:
6212:
6200:
6183:
6159:
6125:
6110:
5771:
5339:
4851:
3249:
2936:, plotting and spying activities" (signed by Stalin)
2916:
Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
36:
Communist Party of the Soviet Union (disambiguation)
9471:White, Steven; Pravda, Alex; Gitelman, Zvi (1990).
9470:
8925:
Soviet Marxism–Leninism: The Decline of an Ideology
8543:
7212:
7164:
7147:
7116:
6785:[Central Auditing Commission of the CPSU].
6738:
6719:
6707:
6528:
5744:
5368:
Soviet Marxism-Leninism: The Decline of an Ideology
5316:
5310:
3376:
Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
2713:
Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1547:
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)
9223:
8897:
3903:Predictions of the dissolution of the Soviet Union
3596:
3448:Marxism–Leninism believed in the feasibility of a
3408:to a degree but based his policies on Lenin's and
2341:, a university lecturer, wrote an article titled "
1647:Kommunisticheskaya partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza; KPSS
1535:History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
5623:
4959:
3228:Education system under the CPSU Central Committee
2137:era is commonly referred to by historians as the
1281:. The party was outlawed under Russian President
14911:
12855:African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde
12364:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
5349:. New York: Cavendish Square Publishing. p. 17.
3525:, refers to the thoughts and policies of Stalin.
2474:. Collective leadership split power between the
2232:Andropov, a staunch anti-Stalinist, chaired the
2221:. The CPSU, which had wishfully interpreted the
2052:
1486:and subsequent first President of the successor
13953:Union of Socialists-Revolutionaries Maximalists
9619:Program of the CPSU, 27th Party Congress (1986)
9353:China's Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaptation
9022:Hanson, Stephen (2006). "The Brezhnev Era". In
8773:
8769:Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union
15055:Defunct political parties in Georgia (country)
12753:People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola
9401:Soviet Politics: Continuity and Contradictions
9377:Soviet Politics: Continuity and Contradictions
8765:Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union
5662:
5554:"2nd International Congress of Brussels, 1891"
5266:Merrill, John C. and Harold A. Fisher (1980).
3277:
2879:
2808:
2796:leader of the Soviet Union. In 1919–1952, the
1636:Коммунистическая партия Советского Союза; КПСС
1217:A neighborhood in the Kozhukhovsky Bay of the
14296:
13824:
13357:
12687:
11500:
11325:Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization
9652:
9001:The Origins of the Stalinist Political System
8516:
7397:
7395:
5740:. London: The Camelot Press ltd. p. 808.
5713:(in Russian). 4 February 2014. Archived from
5677:
5474:communism is a more radical leftist ideology.
5436:from the original on 21 May 2018 – via
5164:
5129:
3315:
3310:and, at the age of 14, might graduate to the
2505:). Because of this stance, Lenin initiated a
1711:government safe passage through Germany in a
1476:institution of free multi-candidate elections
1194:
27:Founding and ruling party of the Soviet Union
14832:American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee
14047:Communist Party of the Republic of Tatarstan
9943:Political Administration of the Armed Forces
8945:
7699:
7682:
7670:
7264:
7252:
7237:
7141:
7069:
7057:
6756:
6682:
6667:
6655:
6628:[All-Union Conference of the CPSU].
5221:
5219:
5178:Kommunisticheskaya partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza
5114:
3752:Imperialism: the Highest Stage of Capitalism
3727:Imperialism: the Highest Stage of Capitalism
3718:Imperialism: the Highest Stage of Capitalism
3272:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
2648:Communist Party of Lithuania and Byelorussia
2258:Gorbachev and the party's demise (1985–1991)
1831:Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
14801:Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public
7283:
7281:
7279:
7277:
7275:
7273:
6771:
6769:
6767:
6765:
5667:. Fundamental'naya Elektronnaya Biblioteka.
5246:. Manchester University Press. p. 20.
4069:
3828:
3244:
2509:, which was approved at the 10th Congress.
2149:The Brezhnev era began with a rejection of
1845:was drawing to a close, Lenin proposed the
1406:was implemented. After recovering from the
30:"CPSU" redirects here. For other uses, see
14975:1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
14842:National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry
14303:
14289:
13831:
13817:
13364:
13350:
12694:
12680:
11507:
11493:
9659:
9645:
8468:
7438:
7436:
7392:
6614:
6612:
6610:
6608:
3843:. In 1924, Trotsky published his pamphlet
2604:Communist Party of the Karelia-Finland SSR
1654:
1201:
1187:
69:
14970:1912 establishments in the Russian Empire
14796:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
11427:State Committee on the State of Emergency
9571:
9496:The Party Statutes of the Communist World
9347:
9270:
9201:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Politburo
8780:
8745:
8733:
8721:
8706:
8689:
8677:
8665:
8648:
8629:
8617:
8600:
8588:
8576:
8564:
8242:
8230:
8215:
8194:
8177:
7328:
6587:
6570:
6553:
5243:The Communist Party in Post-Soviet Russia
5216:
5116:Proletarier aller Länder, vereinigt Euch!
4912:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
3216:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
3188:. During the Russian Civil War, sales of
2720:The Personality Cult and its Consequences
2466:Collective leadership in the Soviet Union
2450:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
2081:Khrushchev's foreign policies led to the
1864:
1519:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
1292:The party started in 1898 as part of the
1285:'s decree on 6 November 1991, citing the
14940:Political parties disestablished in 1991
12724:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
11474:Union of Russian Social Democrats Abroad
9221:
7502:
7483:
7442:
7401:
7270:
6775:
6762:
6618:
5398:
5396:
5166:Коммунистическая партия Советского Союза
4966:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
4918:Communist parties within the Warsaw Pact
4012:
3933:According to the Chinese Communist Party
3513:
3296:
3162:Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party
2919:
2902:himself. The office was formally titled
2485:
2317:
2128:
1369:Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union
1265:of the Soviet Union until 1990 when the
1212:
62:Коммунистическая партия Советского Союза
15085:Defunct political parties in Uzbekistan
15075:Defunct political parties in Tajikistan
15060:Defunct political parties in Kyrgyzstan
12835:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party
11514:
9546:
9516:
9048:
8512:
8510:
8508:
8506:
8504:
8502:
8500:
8498:
8447:
8435:
8423:
8411:
8390:
8373:
8350:
8162:
8147:
8135:
8120:
8108:
8096:
8075:
8063:
8051:
8036:
8015:
8003:
7986:
7974:
7962:
7950:
7933:
7916:
7433:
6605:
6522:
6503:
6486:
6471:
6456:
5933:
5921:
5909:
5897:
5882:
5870:
5855:
5843:
5831:
5819:
5794:"Recognition of the Soviet Union, 1933"
5735:
5609:. "The Cominform and World Communism".
5570:
3781:
3541:. In the early 1930s, he initiated the
2333:'s dismissal as First Secretary of the
1829:, the soviets united federally and the
14:
15010:Communist parties in Georgia (country)
14912:
13914:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
13070:Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
11533:Index of Soviet Union–related articles
9493:
9254:Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Volume II
9071:
9021:
8464:
8462:
8460:
8458:
8456:
7316:
7098:
6879:
6867:
6855:
6843:
6828:
6816:
6104:
6092:
6080:
6068:
6056:
6044:
6032:
6020:
6008:
5996:
5984:
5969:
5957:
5945:
3958:— Lu Nanqun, a Sovietologist from CASS
3221:
1838:retained the social-democratic label.
1695:was established and administered by a
1665:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
1601:All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
1294:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
14935:Political parties established in 1912
14925:Communist parties in the Soviet Union
14284:
13812:
13345:
13175:Seychelles People's Progressive Front
12769:People's Revolutionary Party of Benin
12675:
11488:
9640:
9627:
9447:
9398:
9373:
9321:
9293:
9248:
9167:
9117:
9094:
8975:
8922:
8895:
8870:
8840:
8812:
8335:
8323:
8311:
7897:
7874:
7862:
7839:
7827:
7815:
7784:
7772:
7760:
7731:
7714:
7645:. In Defence of Marxism. 20 July 2005
7629:
7617:
7588:
7569:
7554:
7531:
7386:
7374:
7359:
7340:
7206:
7110:
7086:
7042:
7028:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
7005:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
6986:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
6965:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
6953:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
6941:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
6929:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
6910:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
6895:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
6782:Центральная ревизионная комиссия КПСС
6744:
6732:
6713:
6701:
6599:
6534:
6417:
6373:
6361:
6344:
6325:
6304:
6289:
6277:
6256:
6233:
6221:
6206:
6194:
6177:
6165:
6153:
6136:
6119:
5413:
5402:
5393:
5387:
5333:
5290:Lewis Stegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov.
5239:
5185:
5089:May 1917 (separate VII congress held)
4976:People's Revolutionary Party of Benin
4089:
3892:
3647:the failures of the world revolutions
3160:began as a project by members of the
3059:
2170:; however, with the rise to power of
1420:liberalized Soviet society in general
15080:Defunct political parties in Ukraine
15070:Defunct political parties in Moldova
15050:Defunct political parties in Estonia
15045:Defunct political parties in Belarus
13874:Jewish Communist Party (Poalei Zion)
13194:Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party
11444:Bloc of Communists and Non-Partisans
10868:CC of the 7th Conf. (Apr.–Aug. 1917)
9421:
8998:
8495:
7225:
7194:
7182:
7170:
7158:
7129:
5780:
5765:
5753:
5370:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 1–2.
5016:Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party
4007:
2890:
2761:
2559:
2204:and supported the oppression of the
2181:During his rule, Brezhnev supported
1599:31 December 1925 – 14 October 1952:
1574:Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
1390:, a fusion of the original ideas of
345:Bloc of Communists and Non-Partisans
15065:Defunct political parties in Latvia
15040:Defunct communist parties in Russia
14980:Banned communist parties in Ukraine
14920:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
14791:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
14446:Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair
14117:National Republican Party of Russia
14102:Mari National Rebirth Party "Ushem"
13669:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
13227:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
13055:Vanguard of the Malagasy Revolution
9668:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
9140:
8552:
8453:
5092:8 March 1918 (official name change)
3697:
3380:
3176:was published on 3 October 1908 in
2660:Communist Party of the Russian SFSR
2654:Communist Party of Moldavia–Moldova
2454:Communist Party of the Russian SFSR
1937:) and spiraling economic calamity,
1897:later become collectively known as
1859:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
1628:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1626:14 October 1952 – 6 November 1991:
1245:, and sometimes referred to as the
1227:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
59:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
24:
14497:Commonwealth of Independent States
14182:Russian Democratic Reform Movement
14001:Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party
13722:League of Communists of Yugoslavia
13540:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party
13278:League of Communists of Yugoslavia
13241:Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party
13020:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party
7449:Высшая партийная школа при ЦК КПСС
5605:
5190:. Abbreviated in Russian as КПСС,
5026:League of Communists of Yugoslavia
4944:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party
3740:Social Democratic Party of Germany
2459:
2391:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
2198:Soviet intervention in Afghanistan
2091:League of Communists of Yugoslavia
1659:The origin of the CPSU was in the
1394:philosopher and economic theorist
1335:, (previously the Presidium), the
236:
45:. For the ISO 639-3 code vkp, see
25:
15111:
15090:Political parties in Turkmenistan
14965:Formerly ruling communist parties
14837:Union of Councils for Soviet Jews
14202:Social Democratic Party of Russia
14192:Russian Party of Social Democracy
14147:Party of Workers' Self-Government
14137:Party of Russian Unity and Accord
13840:Defunct Russian political parties
13455:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
12930:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
9600:
9520:(2006). "The Khrushchev Era". In
5738:History of the Russian Revolution
5678:Jeff Berliner (6 November 1991).
5311:White, Pravda & Gitelman 1990
5233:
4929:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
3529:Stalinism, while not an ideology
3414:commanding heights of the economy
3250:Republican and local organization
1572:8 March 1918 – 31 December 1925:
14753:
14730:
14373:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc
14353:Antisemitism in the Soviet Union
13899:Party of Revolutionary Communism
13536:Hungarian Working People's Party
13498:Socialist Unity Party of Germany
13040:Lao People's Revolutionary Party
13015:Hungarian Working People's Party
12944:Socialist Unity Party of Germany
12656:
12655:
12643:
11464:Siberian Social-Democratic Union
9300:Soviet politics: an Introduction
8955:How the Soviet Union is Governed
8844:(2006). "The Gorbachev Era". In
8526:British Broadcasting Corporation
8248:
7635:
5665:"The International (in Russian)"
5011:Lao People's Revolutionary Party
4939:Hungarian Working People's Party
4934:Socialist Unity Party of Germany
4896:
4882:
4868:
4854:
4836:
4828:
4821:
4820:
4800:
4799:
4766:
4758:
4751:
4750:
4730:
4729:
4701:
4693:
4686:
4666:
4638:
4630:
4623:
4622:
4602:
4601:
4573:
4565:
4558:
4557:
4537:
4536:
4503:
4495:
4488:
4487:
4467:
4466:
4438:
4430:
4423:
4403:
4402:
4374:
4366:
4359:
4358:
4338:
4337:
4304:
4296:
4289:
4288:
4268:
4267:
4239:
4231:
4224:
4223:
4202:
4201:
4172:
4164:
4056:
3306:stages. Children would join the
2480:an extensive cult of personality
2383:Inter-Regional Group of Deputies
1800:
1777:
1762:because of treaty ties with its
1386:became the leader of the party,
1161:
500:
453:
416:
15020:Communist parties in Kyrgyzstan
15015:Communist parties in Kazakhstan
14995:Communist parties in Azerbaijan
14476:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
14177:Russian Communist Workers Party
14037:Buryat-Mongolian People's Party
13963:Zionist Socialist Workers Party
13864:Constitutional Democratic Party
9526:The Cambridge History of Russia
9473:Developments in Soviet Politics
9427:The Cambridge History of Russia
9147:The Cambridge History of Russia
9028:The Cambridge History of Russia
8871:Eaton, Katherine Bliss (2004).
8850:The Cambridge History of Russia
8754:
6423:
6379:
5786:
5729:
5699:
5671:
5656:
5617:
5599:
5564:
5546:
5535:
5520:
5479:
5444:
5407:
5360:
5197:
5157:
5148:
5122:
5107:
5098:
3907:
3899:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
3886:international division of labor
3603:Dictatorship of the proletariat
3597:Dictatorship of the proletariat
3468:dictatorship of the proletariat
2979:Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
2750:"— a position later retracted.
2678:Communist Party of Turkmenistan
2548:
2446:dissolution of the Soviet Union
1545:16 August 1917 – 8 March 1918:
1480:dissolution of the Soviet Union
1416:decentralized economic planning
1253:), was the founding and ruling
1233:), at some points known as the
14466:Freedom Sunday for Soviet Jews
13941:Left Socialist-Revolutionaries
13879:Jewish Socialist Workers Party
11355:Group of Democratic Centralism
9357:University of California Press
9327:Soviet politics in Perspective
9277:University of Pittsburgh Press
9118:Lenoe, Matthew Edward (2004).
8874:Daily Life in the Soviet Union
5680:"Yeltsin bans Communist Party"
5284:
5273:
5260:
5068:
5043:
4960:Other ruling communist parties
4837:
4829:
4767:
4759:
4702:
4694:
4687:
4667:
4639:
4631:
4574:
4566:
4504:
4496:
4439:
4431:
4424:
4375:
4367:
4305:
4297:
4240:
4232:
4173:
4165:
3098:
3009:
2986:Council of People's Commissars
2981:and the Council of Ministers.
2586:Communist Party of Byelorussia
2525:
2343:I Cannot Forsake My Principles
1378:, commonly referred to as the
1351:and held the office of either
13:
1:
14325:
13936:Socialist Revolutionary Party
13190:Supreme Revolutionary Council
12196:Political abuse of psychiatry
11988:Congress of People's Deputies
10863:CC of the 6th Conf. (1912–17)
10848:CC of the 1st Conf. (1905–06)
9963:Transportation-Communications
9958:Trade and Consumers' Services
9938:Planning and Financial Organs
7458:(in Russian). bse.sci-lib.com
7421:(in Russian). bse.sci-lib.com
6791:(in Russian). bse.sci-lib.com
6634:(in Russian). bse.sci-lib.com
3684:has no other meaning but this
3489:capitalist mode of production
3292:
3206:, which was headquartered in
2690:Communist Party of Uzbekistan
2666:Communist Party of Tajikistan
2610:Communist Party of Kazakhstan
2575:Communist Party of Azerbaijan
2419:referendum took place in 1991
2403:President of the Soviet Union
2371:Congress of People's Deputies
2223:financial crisis of the 1970s
2053:Post-Stalin years (1953–1985)
1996:post-war occupied territories
1719:. In April, Lenin arrived in
1525:legacy into the present day.
1267:Congress of People's Deputies
1116:Political abuse of psychiatry
695:Congress of People's Deputies
15030:Communist parties in Moldova
15005:Communist parties in Estonia
15000:Communist parties in Belarus
14990:Communist parties in Armenia
14930:Parties of one-party systems
13984:Communist Party of the RSFSR
13894:Party of Narodnik Communists
13593:Polish United Workers' Party
13130:Polish United Workers' Party
12820:Communist Party of Kampuchea
9174:Journal of Communist Studies
8787:. Vol. 59, no. 3.
8774:Articles and journal entries
5210:
5031:
4981:Communist Party of Kampuchea
4949:Polish United Workers' Party
3503:
3493:socialist mode of production
3450:communist mode of production
2909:
2772:The Central Committee was a
2672:Communist Party of Turkestan
2642:Communist Party of Lithuania
2433:dissolved the Soviet Union.
2095:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
2033:, acquired the territory of
494:Politics of the Soviet Union
470:Politics of the Soviet Union
401:Workers of the world, unite!
7:
15100:Far-left politics in Russia
15025:Communist parties in Latvia
14985:Communist parties in Russia
14107:Movement of Women of Russia
14062:Democratic Choice of Russia
13948:Union of the Russian People
12359:Academy of Medical Sciences
8469:Aron, Leon (20 June 2011).
7289:"Soviet Union: Secretariat"
6625:Всесоюзная конференция КПСС
5280:Britannica Komsomol article
5177:
5142:
5065:First Secretary (1953-1966)
4847:
3978:CCP Organization Department
3591:
3566:reasoning behind it at the
3455:
3369:
3336:
3301:CPSU membership card (1989)
3278:Primary party organizations
3254:The lowest organ above the
3114:
3034:
3026:
2880:Central Committee apparatus
2809:Central Auditing Commission
2740:Central Auditing Commission
2706:
2616:Communist Party of Kirgizia
2176:socialism with a human face
1646:
1619:
1592:
1565:
655:Central Executive Committee
450:Hymn of the Bolshevik Party
10:
15116:
15095:Far-left political parties
14641:Menachem Mendel Schneerson
14383:Anti-cosmopolitan campaign
14217:Stalin Bloc – For the USSR
14082:Future of Russia–New Names
14077:Fatherland Socialist Party
13869:Party of Democratic Reform
13399:Party of Labour of Albania
13263:Communist Party of Vietnam
12966:Workers' Party of Ethiopia
12797:African Independence Party
12738:Party of Labour of Albania
11409:Bloc of Soviet Oppositions
11403:Union of Marxist-Leninists
9530:Cambridge University Press
9431:Cambridge University Press
9271:Remington, Thomas (1988).
9190:: CS1 maint: url-status (
9151:Cambridge University Press
9101:Cambridge University Press
9032:Cambridge University Press
9005:Cambridge University Press
8982:Cambridge University Press
8879:Greenwood Publishing Group
8854:Cambridge University Press
8758:
5685:United Press International
5663:A. V. Lunacharskiy (ed.).
5485:Kowalewski, David (1980).
5438:Friedrich Ebert Foundation
5292:Stalinism As A Way Of Life
5021:Communist Party of Vietnam
4996:Workers' Party of Ethiopia
4971:Party of Labour of Albania
3896:
3832:
3785:
3762:, and exploitation of the
3701:
3642:constitutional monarchical
3600:
3507:
3485:Marx's theory of the state
3459:
3384:
3373:
3340:
3284:Primary party organization
3281:
3256:primary party organization
3225:
3136:
3102:
3072:9th All-Russian Conference
3063:
3048:
3044:
3013:
2988:; first by Lenin, then by
2913:
2894:
2883:
2823:
2812:
2765:
2710:
2684:Communist Party of Ukraine
2622:Communist Party of Khorezm
2598:Communist Party of Georgia
2592:Communist Party of Estonia
2581:Communist Party of Bukhara
2569:Communist Party of Armenia
2552:
2529:
2489:
2463:
2335:CPSU Moscow City Committee
2029:, under the leadership of
2017:emerged victorious in the
1909:into what would be called
1532:
1528:
1511:federal subjects of Russia
40:
29:
15035:Defunct communist parties
14875:
14850:
14819:
14783:
14776:
14745:
14722:
14715:
14654:
14603:
14561:
14504:
14491:
14484:
14438:
14391:
14340:
14333:
14322:
14260:List of political parties
14250:
14127:Party of Economic Freedom
14009:
13971:
13846:
13720:
13667:
13639:
13587:
13534:
13496:
13453:
13422:Bulgarian Communist Party
13420:
13397:
13388:
13384:
13298:List of communist parties
13293:
13270:
13247:
13233:
13219:
13208:National Liberation Front
13200:
13182:
13167:
13150:
13136:
13118:
13100:
13077:
13062:
13047:
13029:
13004:
12987:
12973:
12950:
12936:
12922:
12904:
12890:Congolese Party of Labour
12881:
12863:
12846:
12826:
12812:
12803:
12789:
12783:Bulgarian Communist Party
12775:
12761:
12744:
12730:
12716:
12707:
12637:
12581:
12555:
12475:
12398:
12389:
12334:
12241:
12204:
12144:
12047:
12009:
11929:
11791:
11782:
11732:
11680:
11671:
11523:
11436:
11342:
11307:
11267:
11152:
11145:
11079:
10986:
10823:
10814:
10772:
10744:
10701:
10689:
10622:
10549:
10426:
10293:
10284:
10277:
10165:
10012:
10005:
9976:
9933:Organisational-party Work
9858:
9827:
9738:
9683:
9674:
9634:
9494:Williams, Simons (1984).
9222:Matthews, Marvyn (1983).
9072:Harris, Jonathan (2005).
7455:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
7418:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
6788:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
6631:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
5580:Columbia University Press
5366:Evans, Alfred B. (1993).
5345:Lansford, Thomas (2007).
5165:
5130:
4924:Bulgarian Communist Party
4517:
4318:
4128:
4084:
4079:
4076:
4004:in its foreign policies.
3732:state monopoly capitalism
3316:
3130:
2748:communism in twenty years
2636:Communist Party of Latvia
2300:
2277:
1948:campaign against religion
1680:, the first phase of the
1635:
1608:
1581:
1554:
1239:All-Union Communist Party
1011:Material balance planning
712:1989 Legislative election
465:
407:
395:
382:
352:International affiliation
351:
338:
330:
318:
243:
231:
215:
203:
191:
176:
162:
145:
125:
105:
95:
77:
68:
56:
14950:Soviet internal politics
14945:Banned communist parties
14316:1990s post-Soviet aliyah
14232:Union of Women of Russia
14162:People's Patriotic Union
14132:Party of Peace and Unity
14112:National Bolshevik Party
14052:Conceptual Party "Unity"
13996:Liberal Democratic Party
13641:Romanian Communist Party
13144:Romanian Communist Party
9923:Light- and Food Industry
9124:Harvard University Press
9078:Rowman & Littlefield
8959:Harvard University Press
8896:Eisen, Jonathan (1990).
8805:
7700:Fainsod & Hough 1979
7683:Fainsod & Hough 1979
7671:Fainsod & Hough 1979
7448:
7407:
7265:Fainsod & Hough 1979
7253:Fainsod & Hough 1979
7238:Fainsod & Hough 1979
7142:Fainsod & Hough 1979
7070:Fainsod & Hough 1979
7058:Fainsod & Hough 1979
6781:
6757:Fainsod & Hough 1979
6683:Fainsod & Hough 1979
6668:Fainsod & Hough 1979
6656:Fainsod & Hough 1979
6624:
5052:Presiding member of the
5036:
4954:Romanian Communist Party
4070:Supreme Soviet elections
3991:assessment, saying that
3874:On Questions of Leninism
3835:Socialism in one country
3829:Socialism in one country
3535:Socialism in One Country
3521:, while not an ideology
3245:Lower-level organization
2727:elite-mass communication
2217:, and UK Prime Minister
1973:invaded the Soviet Union
1935:Bavarian Soviet Republic
1922:through the policies of
1891:socialism in one country
1825:In the aftermath of the
1814:and a key figure in the
1444:stagnant economic growth
1412:reforms were implemented
1287:1991 Soviet coup attempt
1275:1977 Soviet Constitution
826:Administrator of Affairs
47:Korlai Portuguese Creole
14456:Jackson–Vanik amendment
14142:Party of Social Justice
14072:Fatherland – All Russia
14027:Baltic Republican Party
13847:Constitutional monarchy
13111:Workers' Party of Korea
12915:Communist Party of Cuba
12874:Chinese Communist Party
12650:Soviet Union portal
9168:White, Stephen (1992).
8824:Oxford University Press
8632:, pp. 63 & 65.
5799:Office of the Historian
5457:Encyclopædia Britannica
5006:Workers' Party of Korea
4991:Communist Party of Cuba
4986:Chinese Communist Party
4086:Soviet of Nationalities
3940:Chinese Communist Party
3776:1905 Russian Revolution
3483:Lenin, in light of the
2906:between 1953 and 1966.
2520:Communist International
2353:Gorbachev convened the
2114:as First Secretary and
1984:Communist International
1952:Russian Orthodox Church
1950:was waged in which the
1903:original ideas of Lenin
1835:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
1768:Imperial German victory
1751:attempted military coup
1655:Early years (1898–1924)
1539:
1235:Russian Communist Party
1168:Soviet Union portal
680:Soviet of Nationalities
320:Political position
112:; 112 years ago
14883:Russian Jews in Israel
14207:Socialist United Party
13649:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
13372:Leaders of the ruling
13212:Yemeni Socialist Party
12542:Stalinist architecture
12296:Science and technology
12206:Ideological repression
12134:Soviet Airborne Forces
12072:Destruction battalions
9828:Decision-making bodies
9547:van Ree, Erik (2003).
9399:Smith, Gordon (1991).
9374:Smith, Gordon (1988).
9049:Harding, Neil (1996).
8923:Evans, Alfred (1993).
8906:University of Michigan
8260:eurodos.home.xs4all.nl
5736:Trotsky, Leon (1934).
5154:Used from 1939 to 1952
5115:
5080:(faction of the RSDLP)
5061:(1922-1952, 1966-1991)
5056:(1912-1922, 1952-1953)
3955:
3930:
3920:
3797:
3713:
3688:
3661:
3611:
3577:
3526:
3302:
2975:19th Central Committee
2937:
2776:elected at the annual
2439:Constitution of Russia
2326:
2289:"pluralism of thought"
2202:communist regime there
2200:to save the embattled
2168:New Economic Mechanism
2146:
2143:CPSU General Secretary
2057:After Stalin's death,
1865:Stalin era (1924–1953)
1791:and the leader of the
1697:provisional government
1466:in the direction of a
1464:Soviet economic system
1247:Soviet Communist Party
1222:
1111:Ideological repression
1001:Science and technology
132:; 32 years ago
43:Veslački Klub Partizan
14955:Neo-Stalinist parties
14827:Jewish Defense League
14806:Moscow Helsinki Group
14187:Russian Party of Life
13589:Polish Workers' Party
13152:São Tomé and Príncipe
13126:Polish Workers' Party
12324:List of metro systems
11877:Collective leadership
9992:Bolshevik / Kommunist
9953:Science and Education
9868:Administrative Organs
9835:Politburo / Presidium
9448:Swain, Geoff (2006).
9095:Kenez, Peter (1985).
8999:Gill, Graeme (2002).
8784:Science & Society
8579:, pp. 51–52, 54.
5611:International Affairs
4013:Presidential election
3982:needed transformation
3950:
3925:
3915:
3897:Further information:
3792:
3708:
3680:
3656:
3607:
3572:
3517:
3426:freedom of expression
3358:Ministry of Education
3300:
3172:. The first issue of
3093:Alexander Shliapnikov
2930:counter-revolutionary
2923:
2895:Further information:
2854:democratic centralism
2492:Democratic centralism
2486:Democratic centralism
2355:19th Party Conference
2321:
2132:
1513:were united into the
1321:democratic centralism
1216:
544:Collective leadership
32:CPSU (disambiguation)
13707:Konstantin Chernenko
12286:Net material product
12229:Censorship of images
12146:Political repression
12106:Soviet Border Troops
12039:First Deputy Premier
11623:1965 economic reform
11618:Soviet space program
10843:3rd (Apr.–Dec. 1905)
10559:7th (Jan.–Mar. 1919)
9802:Konstantin Chernenko
9723:Konstantin Chernenko
9055:Macmillan Publishers
8976:Getty, John (1987).
8819:The Gorbachev Factor
8791:. pp. 339–367.
8520:(17 February 2011).
5414:March, Luke (2009).
5240:March, Luke (2002).
4782:Konstantin Chernenko
3841:permanent revolution
3819:liberation movements
3815:non-aligned movement
3788:Peaceful coexistence
3782:Peaceful coexistence
3497:socialist revolution
3363:Komsomolskaya Pravda
3035:proverka ispolneniia
2337:. On 13 March 1988,
2251:Konstantin Chernenko
2124:Council of Ministers
2100:Cuban Missile Crisis
1919:first five-year plan
1887:permanent revolution
1460:Konstantin Chernenko
1263:sole governing party
1121:Political repression
1086:Censorship of images
816:First Deputy Premier
554:Presidential Council
360:Second International
340:National affiliation
306:Democratic socialism
291:Socialist patriotism
130:6 November 1991
14067:Dignity and Charity
13889:Union of October 17
13631:Mieczysław Rakowski
13626:Wojciech Jaruzelski
12354:Academy of Sciences
12169:Population transfer
12113:Soviet Armed Forces
11976:Congress of Soviets
11957:Presidium/Politburo
11921:Soviet anti-Zionism
11770:West Siberian Plain
11648:Revolutions of 1989
11585:Great Patriotic War
11570:New Economic Policy
11361:Workers' Opposition
10988:Auditing Commission
10278:Leadership sittings
9740:General Secretaries
9578:Stanford University
9522:Suny, Ronald Grigor
9423:Suny, Ronald Grigor
9250:Motyl, Alexander J.
9143:Suny, Ronald Grigor
9024:Suny, Ronald Grigor
8900:The Glasnost Reader
8846:Suny, Ronald Grigor
8450:, pp. 134–135.
8426:, pp. 129–130.
8218:, pp. 344–347.
8150:, pp. 165–166.
8111:, pp. 162–163.
8078:, pp. 160–161.
8018:, pp. 158–159.
7989:, pp. 157–158.
7977:, pp. 155–156.
7936:, pp. 154–155.
7787:, pp. 206–212.
7293:Library of Congress
7240:, pp. 417–418.
6882:, pp. 404–408.
6870:, pp. 399–404.
6670:, pp. 455–456.
6376:, pp. 344–349.
6364:, pp. 344–348.
6292:, pp. 327–328.
6180:, pp. 319–320.
6156:, pp. 317–318.
6083:, pp. 310–314.
6071:, pp. 309–310.
6035:, pp. 235–238.
6023:, pp. 299–230.
5987:, pp. 297–298.
5972:, pp. 296–299.
5960:, pp. 292–296.
5912:, pp. 288–289.
5900:, pp. 284–287.
5885:, pp. 282–284.
5873:, pp. 278–280.
5858:, pp. 268–269.
5846:, pp. 274–276.
5822:, pp. 274–275.
5717:on 9 September 2014
5390:, pp. 501–502.
4890:Soviet Union portal
4081:Soviet of the Union
3760:economic recessions
3555:cult of personality
3477:class consciousness
3439:Russian nationalism
3354:Ministry of Culture
3317:общественная работа
3222:Higher Party School
2692:(Central Committee)
2686:(Central Committee)
2680:(Central Committee)
2674:(Central Committee)
2668:(Central Committee)
2662:(Central Committee)
2656:(Central Committee)
2650:(Central Committee)
2644:(Central Committee)
2638:(Central Committee)
2618:(Central Committee)
2612:(Central Committee)
2606:(Central Committee)
2600:(Central Committee)
2594:(Central Committee)
2588:(Central Committee)
2577:(Central Committee)
2571:(Central Committee)
2536:A central tenet of
2472:cult of personality
2431:Soviet of Republics
2363:Mikhail Solomentsev
2141:, a term coined by
1977:Great Patriotic War
1968:non-aggression pact
1883:Minister of Defence
1847:New Economic Policy
1753:by commanding Gen.
1682:Russian Revolutions
1678:February Revolution
1507:economic stagnation
1450:, and further with
1380:New Economic Policy
1261:. The CPSU was the
1136:Suppressed research
1126:Population transfer
996:New Economic Policy
675:Soviet of the Union
645:Congress of Soviets
110:5 January 1912
14687:Benjamin Netanyahu
14265:Politics of Russia
14212:Spiritual Heritage
14010:Post-Soviet period
13904:Popular Socialists
13755:Dragoslav Marković
13659:Nicolae Ceaușescu
12981:New Jewel Movement
11999:Military Collegium
11867:Capital punishment
11745:Caucasus Mountains
11658:Post-Soviet states
11538:Russian Revolution
11146:Wider organisation
11081:Control Commission
10694:Control Commission
9850:Control Commission
9772:Vyacheslav Molotov
9766:Nikolay Krestinsky
9612:8 May 2021 at the
9477:Palgrave MacMillan
9405:St. Martin's Press
9382:St. Martin's Press
9256:. Academic Press.
7415:(newspaper)].
6489:, p. 183–184.
5999:, p. 296–297.
5936:, p. 289–290.
5493:. 39 (4): p. 426.
5491:The Russian Review
5086:(split with RSDLP)
5001:New Jewel Movement
4002:Soviet imperialism
3893:Reasons for demise
3853:, Lev Kamenev and
3846:Lessons of October
3802:Nikolay Inozemtsev
3768:Russo-Japanese War
3622:Russian Revolution
3547:Soviet agriculture
3527:
3435:communist movement
3303:
3192:were curtailed by
3156:editors. In 1905,
3060:Control Commission
2943:General Department
2938:
2347:Alexander Yakovlev
2327:
2147:
1827:October Revolution
1816:October Revolution
1729:Alexander Kerensky
1488:Russian Federation
1349:head of government
1343:(until 1952). The
1306:failed coup d'état
1302:October Revolution
1223:
870:Procurator General
858:Military Collegium
413:The Internationale
14907:
14906:
14901:
14900:
14871:
14870:
14772:
14771:
14768:
14767:
14760:Nicolae Ceaușescu
14737:Władysław Gomułka
14621:George H. W. Bush
14599:
14598:
14528:Mikhail Gorbachev
14471:Operation Solomon
14434:
14433:
14278:
14277:
14122:Our Home – Russia
14032:Beer Lovers Party
13929:internationalists
13806:
13805:
13802:
13801:
13797:
13796:
13793:
13792:
13712:Mikhail Gorbachev
13692:Nikita Khrushchev
13611:Władysław Gomułka
13581:
13580:
13374:Communist parties
13339:
13338:
13288:
13287:
13284:
13283:
13094:
13093:
12898:
12897:
12842:
12841:
12669:
12668:
12633:
12632:
12625:Hammer and sickle
12567:and their groups
12565:Soviet dissidents
12344:Communist Academy
12261:Economic planning
12237:
12236:
12130:Soviet Air Forces
12049:Security services
11969:General Secretary
11952:Central Committee
11894:Political parties
11826:Brezhnev Doctrine
11821:Foreign relations
11778:
11777:
11719:Autonomous okrugs
11633:Soviet–Afghan War
11613:Sino-Soviet split
11555:Russian Civil War
11482:
11481:
11391:United Opposition
11338:
11337:
11303:
11302:
11263:
11262:
11141:
11140:
11137:
11136:
10825:Central Committee
10810:
10809:
10685:
10684:
10624:Control Committee
10287:Central Committee
10273:
10272:
10006:National meetings
10001:
10000:
9878:Chemical Industry
9808:Mikhail Gorbachev
9784:Nikita Khrushchev
9729:Mikhail Gorbachev
9705:Nikita Khrushchev
9676:Central Committee
9564:978-1-135-78604-5
9454:Pearson Education
9286:978-0-8229-3590-2
9205:St Martin's Press
8991:978-0-521-33570-6
8748:, pp. 74–75.
8709:, pp. 67–69.
8680:, pp. 65–66.
8603:, pp. 60–61.
8567:, pp. 49–51.
8338:, pp. 71–72.
7877:, pp. 78–79.
7408:"Правда" (газета)
7185:, pp. 84–85.
6943:, pp. 37–38.
6704:, pp. 25–26.
6602:, pp. 62–64.
5768:, pp. 22–24.
5613:. 24, 3: 339–349.
5175:
5140:
5059:General Secretary
5054:Central Committee
4845:
4844:
4320:Nikita Khrushchev
4206:
4067:
4066:
4043:Mikhail Gorbachev
4008:Electoral history
3944:Era of Stagnation
3851:Grigoriy Zinoviev
3817:and the national
3586:classical Marxism
3582:Soviet propaganda
3397:1977 Constitution
3350:Central Committee
3234:Communist Academy
2891:General Secretary
2790:General Secretary
2762:Central Committee
2703:
2702:
2395:liberal democracy
2323:Mikhail Gorbachev
2286:
2247:Mikhail Gorbachev
2219:Margaret Thatcher
2139:Era of Stagnation
2083:Sino-Soviet split
2059:Nikita Khrushchev
2047:Tito–Stalin split
2019:Chinese Civil War
1875:General Secretary
1810:, founder of the
1787:, founder of the
1644:
1617:
1590:
1563:
1432:nuclear arms race
1424:Nikita Khrushchev
1353:General Secretary
1329:Central Committee
1310:Mikhail Gorbachev
1211:
1210:
1153:
1152:
1006:Era of Stagnation
948:
947:
833:
832:
721:
720:
627:
626:
598:General Secretary
583:Central Committee
488:
487:
475:Political parties
459:
444:
235:19,487,822 (1989
222:Little Octobrists
163:Succeeded by
16:(Redirected from
15107:
14888:Yisrael BaAliyah
14781:
14780:
14758:
14757:
14735:
14734:
14720:
14719:
14702:Nehemiah Levanon
14631:Henry M. Jackson
14586:Eduard Kuznetsov
14502:
14501:
14489:
14488:
14461:Helsinki Accords
14338:
14337:
14327:
14305:
14298:
14291:
14282:
14281:
13991:Democratic Union
13909:Russian Assembly
13833:
13826:
13819:
13810:
13809:
13770:Milanko Renovica
13745:Dušan Dragosavac
13735:Stevan Doronjski
13654:Gheorghe Apostol
13585:
13584:
13473:Alexander Dubček
13463:Klement Gottwald
13435:Valko Chervenkov
13395:
13394:
13391:
13390:
13386:
13385:
13366:
13359:
13352:
13343:
13342:
13161:
13098:
13097:
12998:
12902:
12901:
12857:
12837:
12810:
12809:
12714:
12713:
12710:
12709:
12696:
12689:
12682:
12673:
12672:
12659:
12658:
12648:
12647:
12646:
12396:
12395:
12304:
12159:Collectivization
11904:Marxism–Leninism
11789:
11788:
11678:
11677:
11509:
11502:
11495:
11486:
11485:
11415:Anti-Party Group
11385:Right Opposition
11305:
11304:
11265:
11264:
11153:Republican-level
11150:
11149:
10821:
10820:
10699:
10698:
10291:
10290:
10282:
10281:
10225:11th (Dec. 1921)
10010:
10009:
9928:Machine Industry
9893:Defence Industry
9814:Vladimir Ivashko
9762:(Mar.–Dec. 1919)
9681:
9680:
9661:
9654:
9647:
9638:
9637:
9625:
9624:
9595:
9568:
9543:
9518:Taubman, William
9513:
9500:BRILL Publishers
9490:
9467:
9444:
9418:
9403:(2nd ed.).
9395:
9370:
9349:Shambaugh, David
9344:
9318:
9290:
9267:
9245:
9229:
9218:
9195:
9189:
9181:
9164:
9137:
9114:
9091:
9068:
9045:
9018:
8995:
8972:
8942:
8919:
8903:
8892:
8867:
8837:
8800:
8749:
8743:
8737:
8731:
8725:
8719:
8710:
8704:
8693:
8687:
8681:
8675:
8669:
8663:
8652:
8646:
8633:
8627:
8621:
8615:
8604:
8598:
8592:
8586:
8580:
8574:
8568:
8562:
8556:
8550:
8541:
8540:
8538:
8536:
8514:
8493:
8492:
8490:
8488:
8483:on 11 April 2014
8479:. Archived from
8466:
8451:
8445:
8439:
8433:
8427:
8421:
8415:
8409:
8394:
8388:
8377:
8371:
8354:
8348:
8339:
8333:
8327:
8321:
8315:
8309:
8276:
8275:
8273:
8271:
8262:. Archived from
8252:
8246:
8240:
8234:
8228:
8219:
8213:
8198:
8192:
8181:
8175:
8166:
8160:
8151:
8145:
8139:
8133:
8124:
8118:
8112:
8106:
8100:
8094:
8079:
8073:
8067:
8061:
8055:
8049:
8040:
8034:
8019:
8013:
8007:
8001:
7990:
7984:
7978:
7972:
7966:
7960:
7954:
7948:
7937:
7931:
7920:
7914:
7901:
7895:
7878:
7872:
7866:
7860:
7843:
7837:
7831:
7825:
7819:
7813:
7788:
7782:
7776:
7770:
7764:
7758:
7735:
7729:
7718:
7712:
7703:
7697:
7686:
7680:
7674:
7668:
7655:
7654:
7652:
7650:
7639:
7633:
7627:
7621:
7615:
7592:
7586:
7573:
7567:
7558:
7552:
7535:
7529:
7506:
7500:
7487:
7481:
7468:
7467:
7465:
7463:
7440:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7426:
7399:
7390:
7384:
7378:
7372:
7363:
7357:
7344:
7338:
7332:
7326:
7320:
7314:
7305:
7304:
7302:
7300:
7285:
7268:
7262:
7256:
7250:
7241:
7235:
7229:
7223:
7210:
7204:
7198:
7192:
7186:
7180:
7174:
7168:
7162:
7156:
7145:
7139:
7133:
7127:
7114:
7108:
7102:
7096:
7090:
7084:
7073:
7067:
7061:
7055:
7046:
7040:
7031:
7025:
7008:
7002:
6989:
6983:
6968:
6962:
6956:
6950:
6944:
6938:
6932:
6926:
6913:
6907:
6898:
6892:
6883:
6877:
6871:
6865:
6859:
6853:
6847:
6841:
6832:
6826:
6820:
6814:
6801:
6800:
6798:
6796:
6773:
6760:
6754:
6748:
6742:
6736:
6730:
6717:
6711:
6705:
6699:
6686:
6680:
6671:
6665:
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4862:Communism portal
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4023:Party candidate
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3970:Marxism–Leninism
3959:
3870:Friedrich Engels
3855:Nikolai Bukharin
3805:
3736:Eduard Bernstein
3720:
3704:Anti-imperialism
3698:Anti-imperialism
3676:Gavril Myasnikov
3665:
3626:direct democracy
3615:
3543:collectivization
3539:central planning
3410:Nikolai Bukharin
3387:Marxism–Leninism
3381:Marxism–Leninism
3319:
3318:
3085:party discipline
2999:Nikolai Bulganin
2956:Andrei Kirilenko
2934:right-Trotskyite
2560:
2427:August 1991 coup
2411:Vladimir Ivashko
2302:
2281:
2279:
2229:on 12 November.
2172:Alexander Dubček
2039:Greek communists
1964:Spanish Republic
1924:collectivization
1911:Marxism–Leninism
1907:orthodox Marxism
1841:In 1921, as the
1804:
1781:
1723:(renamed former
1649:
1639:
1637:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1595:
1585:
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1440:Western European
1408:Second World War
1388:Marxism–Leninism
1279:Marxism–Leninism
1203:
1196:
1189:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1101:Collectivization
961:
960:
925:De-Stalinization
899:Marxism–Leninism
894:Soviet democracy
888:
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791:State Committees
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640:
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572:
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504:
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310:Market socialism
257:Marxism–Leninism
238:
146:Preceded by
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120:
118:
113:
89:Vladimir Ivashko
73:
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14576:Natan Sharansky
14557:
14548:Adolf Shayevich
14538:David Dragunsky
14518:Leonid Brezhnev
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14255:Portal:Politics
14246:
14242:Women of Russia
14227:Union of Greens
14005:
13979:Communist Party
13967:
13848:
13842:
13837:
13807:
13798:
13789:
13785:Milan Pančevski
13765:Vidoje Žarković
13730:Josip Broz Tito
13716:
13697:Leonid Brezhnev
13687:Georgy Malenkov
13663:
13635:
13621:Stanisław Kania
13601:Bolesław Bierut
13591:
13577:
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13516:Walter Ulbricht
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13468:Antonín Novotný
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12271:Five-year plans
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11937:Communist Party
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11884:Passport system
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11608:Khrushchev Thaw
11587:(World War II)
11565:Creation treaty
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11397:Left-Right Bloc
11373:Left Opposition
11350:Ban on factions
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10833:1st (1898–1903)
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10690:Elected by the
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10220:10th (May 1921)
10190:4th (Nov. 1907)
10185:3rd (Aug. 1907)
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9790:Leonid Brezhnev
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9711:Leonid Brezhnev
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9614:Wayback Machine
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9528:. Vol. 3.
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9429:. Vol. 3.
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9149:. Vol. 3.
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9030:. Vol. 3.
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8951:Hough, Jerry F.
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8852:. Vol. 3.
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7205:
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7197:, pp. 167.
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6424:
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6402:
6400:
6399:on 14 July 2021
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5842:
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5792:
5791:
5787:
5783:, p. xvii.
5779:
5772:
5764:
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5734:
5730:
5720:
5718:
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5704:
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5690:
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5676:
5672:
5661:
5657:
5642:
5622:
5618:
5604:
5600:
5590:
5582:. p. 408.
5572:Legvold, Robert
5569:
5565:
5552:
5551:
5547:
5540:
5536:
5527:Кимерлинг А. С.
5525:
5521:
5484:
5480:
5471:
5463:
5461:
5460:. 15 April 2009
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4876:Politics portal
4874:
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4533:
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4519:Leonid Brezhnev
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3862:14th Conference
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3772:First World War
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3706:
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3613:
3605:
3599:
3594:
3512:
3506:
3500:peasant class.
3480:consciousness.
3464:
3458:
3401:State socialism
3389:
3383:
3378:
3372:
3345:
3339:
3326:Lenin Enrolment
3295:
3286:
3280:
3252:
3247:
3230:
3224:
3186:Austria-Hungary
3141:
3135:
3115:zaveduiuschchii
3107:
3101:
3068:
3062:
3053:
3047:
3018:
3012:
2968:Nikolai Ryzhkov
2964:Dmitriy Ustinov
2918:
2912:
2904:First Secretary
2899:
2893:
2888:
2882:
2874:18th Congresses
2826:
2817:
2811:
2774:collective body
2770:
2764:
2715:
2709:
2704:
2557:
2551:
2534:
2528:
2507:ban on factions
2494:
2488:
2468:
2462:
2460:Governing style
2415:social democrat
2387:Andrei Sakharov
2379:one-party state
2375:elected in 1989
2260:
2243:Nikolay Ryzhkov
2112:Leonid Brezhnev
2087:Josip Broz Tito
2067:Georgy Malenkov
2063:Lavrentiy Beria
2055:
2031:Josip Broz Tito
1867:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1805:
1797:
1796:
1793:Bolshevik party
1782:
1709:Imperial German
1663:faction of the
1657:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1452:Leonid Brezhnev
1404:command economy
1400:state socialism
1317:communist party
1315:The CPSU was a
1255:political party
1243:Bolshevik Party
1207:
1178:
1174:Other countries
1162:
1160:
1155:
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921:
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843:
835:
834:
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731:
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637:
629:
628:
623:
569:
567:Communist Party
559:
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14726:
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14717:
14713:
14712:
14710:
14709:
14707:Yehuda Lapidot
14704:
14699:
14694:
14689:
14684:
14682:Yitzhak Shamir
14679:
14677:Menachem Begin
14674:
14669:
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14588:
14583:
14581:Yuli Edelstein
14578:
14573:
14567:
14565:
14559:
14558:
14556:
14555:
14553:Emomali Rahmon
14550:
14545:
14540:
14535:
14533:Mikhail Suslov
14530:
14525:
14520:
14514:
14512:
14506:Pro-government
14499:
14486:
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14179:
14174:
14169:
14167:People's Union
14164:
14159:
14157:People's Party
14154:
14149:
14144:
14139:
14134:
14129:
14124:
14119:
14114:
14109:
14104:
14099:
14097:Liberal Russia
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14087:Green Alliance
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13677:Vladimir Lenin
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13555:
13550:
13544:
13542:
13532:
13531:
13529:
13528:
13523:
13521:Erich Honecker
13518:
13513:
13511:Otto Grotewohl
13508:
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13494:
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13490:
13485:
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13445:Petar Mladenov
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13017:
13011:
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13008:
13002:
13001:
12993:
12991:
12985:
12984:
12979:
12977:
12971:
12970:
12956:
12954:
12948:
12947:
12942:
12940:
12934:
12933:
12928:
12926:
12924:Czechoslovakia
12920:
12919:
12912:
12910:
12899:
12896:
12895:
12887:
12885:
12879:
12878:
12871:
12869:
12861:
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12852:
12850:
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12807:
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12793:
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12773:
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12708:
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12387:
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12383:
12382:
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12366:
12361:
12356:
12351:
12346:
12340:
12338:
12332:
12331:
12329:
12328:
12327:
12326:
12321:
12319:Rail transport
12316:
12314:Railway system
12306:
12298:
12293:
12288:
12283:
12278:
12273:
12268:
12263:
12258:
12253:
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12110:
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12103:
12093:
12088:
12087:
12086:
12076:
12075:
12074:
12064:
12059:
12053:
12051:
12045:
12044:
12042:
12041:
12036:
12034:Deputy Premier
12031:
12026:
12025:
12024:
12017:Heads of state
12013:
12011:
12007:
12006:
12004:
12003:
12002:
12001:
11991:
11985:
11982:Supreme Soviet
11979:
11973:
11972:
11971:
11966:
11965:
11964:
11959:
11949:
11944:
11933:
11931:
11927:
11926:
11924:
11923:
11918:
11917:
11916:
11911:
11906:
11899:State ideology
11896:
11891:
11886:
11881:
11880:
11879:
11869:
11864:
11859:
11858:
11857:
11847:
11846:
11845:
11835:
11830:
11829:
11828:
11818:
11813:
11812:
11811:
11806:
11795:
11793:
11786:
11780:
11779:
11776:
11775:
11773:
11772:
11767:
11765:Ural Mountains
11762:
11757:
11755:North Caucasus
11752:
11747:
11742:
11736:
11734:
11730:
11729:
11727:
11726:
11721:
11716:
11715:
11714:
11704:
11699:
11698:
11697:
11686:
11684:
11675:
11669:
11668:
11666:
11665:
11660:
11655:
11650:
11645:
11640:
11635:
11630:
11625:
11620:
11615:
11610:
11605:
11600:
11599:
11598:
11593:
11582:
11577:
11572:
11567:
11562:
11557:
11552:
11551:
11550:
11545:
11535:
11529:
11527:
11521:
11520:
11512:
11511:
11504:
11497:
11489:
11480:
11479:
11477:
11476:
11471:
11466:
11461:
11456:
11451:
11446:
11440:
11438:
11434:
11433:
11431:
11430:
11424:
11418:
11412:
11406:
11400:
11394:
11388:
11382:
11379:Workers' Group
11376:
11370:
11367:Workers' Truth
11364:
11358:
11352:
11346:
11344:
11340:
11339:
11336:
11335:
11333:
11332:
11327:
11322:
11317:
11311:
11309:
11301:
11300:
11298:
11297:
11292:
11287:
11282:
11277:
11271:
11269:
11261:
11260:
11258:
11257:
11252:
11247:
11242:
11237:
11235:Transcaucasian
11232:
11227:
11222:
11217:
11212:
11207:
11202:
11197:
11192:
11190:Karelo-Finnish
11187:
11182:
11177:
11172:
11167:
11162:
11156:
11154:
11147:
11143:
11142:
11139:
11138:
11135:
11134:
11132:
11131:
11129:28th (1990–91)
11126:
11124:16th (1930–34)
11121:
11119:15th (1927–30)
11116:
11114:14th (1925–27)
11111:
11109:13th (1924–25)
11106:
11104:12th (1923–24)
11101:
11099:11th (1922–23)
11096:
11094:10th (1921–22)
11091:
11085:
11083:
11077:
11076:
11074:
11073:
11071:27th (1986–90)
11068:
11066:26th (1981–86)
11063:
11061:25th (1976–81)
11058:
11056:24th (1971–76)
11053:
11051:23rd (1966–71)
11048:
11046:22nd (1961–66)
11043:
11041:20th (1956–61)
11038:
11036:19th (1952–56)
11033:
11031:18th (1939–52)
11028:
11026:17th (1934–39)
11023:
11021:16th (1930–34)
11018:
11016:15th (1927–30)
11013:
11011:14th (1925–27)
11008:
11006:13th (1924–25)
11003:
11001:10th (1921–24)
10998:
10992:
10990:
10984:
10983:
10981:
10980:
10978:28th (1990–91)
10975:
10973:27th (1986–90)
10970:
10968:26th (1981–86)
10965:
10963:25th (1976–81)
10960:
10958:24th (1971–76)
10955:
10953:23rd (1966–71)
10950:
10948:22nd (1961–66)
10945:
10943:20th (1956–61)
10940:
10938:19th (1952–56)
10935:
10933:18th (1939–52)
10930:
10928:17th (1934–39)
10925:
10923:16th (1930–34)
10920:
10918:15th (1927–30)
10915:
10913:14th (1925–27)
10910:
10908:13th (1924–25)
10905:
10903:12th (1923–24)
10900:
10898:11th (1922–23)
10895:
10893:10th (1921–22)
10890:
10885:
10880:
10875:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10840:
10835:
10829:
10827:
10818:
10812:
10811:
10808:
10807:
10805:
10804:
10802:16th (1930–34)
10799:
10797:15th (1927–30)
10794:
10792:14th (1925–27)
10789:
10787:13th (1924–25)
10784:
10782:12th (1923–24)
10778:
10776:
10770:
10769:
10767:
10766:
10764:14th (1925–27)
10761:
10759:13th (1924–25)
10756:
10754:12th (1923–24)
10750:
10748:
10742:
10741:
10739:
10738:
10736:28th (1990–91)
10733:
10731:16th (1930–34)
10728:
10726:15th (1927–30)
10723:
10721:14th (1925–27)
10718:
10716:13th (1924–25)
10713:
10711:12th (1923–24)
10707:
10705:
10696:
10687:
10686:
10683:
10682:
10680:
10679:
10677:27th (1986–90)
10674:
10672:26th (1981–86)
10669:
10667:25th (1976–81)
10664:
10662:24th (1971–76)
10659:
10657:23rd (1966–71)
10654:
10652:22nd (1961–66)
10649:
10647:20th (1956–61)
10644:
10642:19th (1952–56)
10639:
10637:18th (1939–52)
10634:
10632:17th (1934–39)
10628:
10626:
10620:
10619:
10617:
10616:
10614:18th (1939–52)
10611:
10609:17th (1934–39)
10606:
10604:16th (1930–34)
10601:
10599:15th (1927–30)
10596:
10594:14th (1925–27)
10591:
10589:13th (1924–25)
10586:
10584:12th (1923–24)
10581:
10579:11th (1922–23)
10576:
10574:10th (1921–22)
10571:
10566:
10561:
10555:
10553:
10547:
10546:
10544:
10543:
10541:28th (1990–91)
10538:
10536:27th (1986–90)
10533:
10531:26th (1981–86)
10528:
10526:25th (1976–81)
10523:
10521:24th (1971–76)
10518:
10516:23rd (1966–71)
10513:
10511:22nd (1961–66)
10508:
10506:20th (1956–61)
10503:
10501:19th (1952–56)
10498:
10496:18th (1939–52)
10493:
10491:17th (1934–39)
10488:
10486:16th (1930–34)
10483:
10481:15th (1927–30)
10478:
10476:14th (1925–27)
10473:
10471:13th (1924–25)
10468:
10466:12th (1923–24)
10463:
10461:11th (1922–23)
10458:
10456:10th (1921–22)
10453:
10448:
10443:
10438:
10432:
10430:
10424:
10423:
10421:
10420:
10418:28th (1990–91)
10415:
10413:27th (1986–90)
10410:
10408:26th (1981–86)
10405:
10403:25th (1976–81)
10400:
10398:24th (1971–76)
10395:
10393:23rd (1966–71)
10390:
10388:22nd (1961–66)
10385:
10383:20th (1956–61)
10380:
10378:19th (1952–56)
10375:
10373:18th (1939–52)
10370:
10368:17th (1934–39)
10365:
10363:16th (1930–34)
10360:
10358:15th (1927–30)
10355:
10353:14th (1925–27)
10350:
10348:13th (1924–25)
10345:
10343:12th (1923–24)
10340:
10338:11th (1922–23)
10335:
10333:10th (1921–22)
10330:
10325:
10320:
10315:
10310:
10308:Oct.–Dec. 1917
10305:
10303:Aug.–Oct. 1917
10299:
10297:
10288:
10285:Elected by the
10279:
10275:
10274:
10271:
10270:
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9925:
9920:
9915:
9910:
9908:Heavy Industry
9905:
9900:
9898:Foreign Cadres
9895:
9890:
9885:
9880:
9875:
9870:
9864:
9862:
9856:
9855:
9853:
9852:
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9842:
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9831:
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9824:
9822:
9821:
9811:
9805:
9799:
9793:
9787:
9781:
9775:
9769:
9763:
9757:
9754:Yakov Sverdlov
9751:
9744:
9742:
9736:
9735:
9733:
9732:
9726:
9720:
9714:
9708:
9702:
9696:
9693:Vladimir Lenin
9689:
9687:
9678:
9672:
9671:
9664:
9663:
9656:
9649:
9641:
9635:
9632:
9631:
9622:
9621:
9616:
9602:
9601:External links
9599:
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9396:
9390:
9371:
9366:978-0520254923
9365:
9345:
9339:
9323:Sakwa, Richard
9319:
9313:
9295:Sakwa, Richard
9291:
9285:
9268:
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8947:Fainsod, Merle
8943:
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8893:
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8789:Guilford Press
8777:
8775:
8772:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8750:
8746:Shambaugh 2008
8738:
8734:Shambaugh 2008
8726:
8722:Shambaugh 2008
8711:
8707:Shambaugh 2008
8694:
8690:Shambaugh 2008
8682:
8678:Shambaugh 2008
8670:
8666:Shambaugh 2008
8653:
8649:Shambaugh 2008
8634:
8630:Shambaugh 2008
8622:
8618:Shambaugh 2008
8605:
8601:Shambaugh 2008
8593:
8589:Shambaugh 2008
8581:
8577:Shambaugh 2008
8569:
8565:Shambaugh 2008
8557:
8555:, p. 731.
8542:
8494:
8476:Foreign Policy
8452:
8440:
8438:, p. 130.
8428:
8416:
8414:, p. 129.
8395:
8393:, p. 128.
8378:
8376:, p. 127.
8355:
8353:, p. 126.
8340:
8328:
8316:
8277:
8266:on 27 May 2019
8247:
8245:, p. 354.
8243:McDonough 1995
8235:
8233:, p. 353.
8231:McDonough 1995
8220:
8216:McDonough 1995
8199:
8197:, p. 339.
8195:McDonough 1995
8182:
8180:, p. 352.
8178:McDonough 1995
8167:
8165:, p. 166.
8152:
8140:
8138:, p. 165.
8125:
8123:, p. 163.
8113:
8101:
8099:, p. 162.
8080:
8068:
8066:, p. 160.
8056:
8054:, p. 161.
8041:
8039:, p. 159.
8020:
8008:
8006:, p. 158.
7991:
7979:
7967:
7965:, p. 156.
7955:
7953:, p. 155.
7938:
7921:
7919:, p. 133.
7902:
7879:
7867:
7844:
7842:, p. 767.
7832:
7820:
7789:
7777:
7765:
7736:
7719:
7717:, p. 212.
7704:
7702:, p. 407.
7687:
7685:, p. 405.
7675:
7673:, p. 406.
7656:
7634:
7622:
7593:
7574:
7559:
7536:
7507:
7505:, p. 186.
7488:
7486:, p. 185.
7469:
7432:
7391:
7379:
7364:
7345:
7343:, p. 202.
7333:
7331:, p. 106.
7329:Remington 1988
7321:
7306:
7269:
7267:, p. 420.
7257:
7255:, p. 418.
7242:
7230:
7211:
7209:, p. 246.
7199:
7187:
7175:
7163:
7146:
7144:, p. 249.
7134:
7115:
7103:
7101:, p. 121.
7091:
7089:, p. 185.
7074:
7072:, p. 432.
7062:
7060:, p. 430.
7047:
7032:
7009:
7007:, p. 102.
6990:
6988:, p. 101.
6969:
6957:
6945:
6933:
6914:
6899:
6884:
6872:
6860:
6858:, p. 398.
6848:
6846:, p. 396.
6833:
6831:, p. 394.
6821:
6819:, p. 393.
6802:
6761:
6759:, p. 462.
6749:
6737:
6718:
6706:
6687:
6685:, p. 458.
6672:
6660:
6658:, p. 455.
6645:
6604:
6592:
6588:Zimmerman 1977
6575:
6571:Zimmerman 1977
6558:
6554:Zimmerman 1977
6539:
6527:
6525:, p. 181.
6508:
6506:, p. 179.
6491:
6476:
6474:, p. 187.
6461:
6459:, p. 186.
6436:
6422:
6420:, p. 349.
6410:
6378:
6366:
6349:
6347:, p. 330.
6330:
6328:, p. 329.
6309:
6307:, p. 328.
6294:
6282:
6280:, p. 327.
6261:
6259:, p. 326.
6238:
6236:, p. 325.
6226:
6224:, p. 323.
6211:
6209:, p. 322.
6199:
6197:, p. 320.
6182:
6170:
6168:, p. 319.
6158:
6141:
6139:, p. 317.
6124:
6122:, p. 316.
6109:
6107:, p. 315.
6097:
6095:, p. 313.
6085:
6073:
6061:
6059:, p. 309.
6049:
6047:, p. 308.
6037:
6025:
6013:
6011:, p. 299.
6001:
5989:
5974:
5962:
5950:
5948:, p. 292.
5938:
5926:
5924:, p. 289.
5914:
5902:
5887:
5875:
5860:
5848:
5836:
5834:, p. 276.
5824:
5812:
5785:
5770:
5758:
5756:, p. xvi.
5743:
5728:
5698:
5670:
5655:
5640:
5616:
5598:
5589:978-0231512176
5588:
5563:
5545:
5534:
5519:
5499:10.2307/128810
5478:
5443:
5406:
5392:
5380:
5376:978-0275947637
5359:
5355:978-0761426288
5338:
5336:, p. 206.
5315:
5303:
5283:
5272:
5259:
5252:
5232:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5196:
5156:
5147:
5143:Internatsionál
5131:Интернациона́л
5121:
5106:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5090:
5087:
5081:
5074:
5067:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4893:
4879:
4865:
4849:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4834:
4826:
4818:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4797:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4779:
4773:
4772:
4764:
4756:
4748:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4727:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4699:
4691:
4684:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4664:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4636:
4628:
4620:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4607:
4599:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4571:
4563:
4555:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4534:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4501:
4493:
4485:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4464:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4436:
4428:
4421:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4408:
4400:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4372:
4364:
4356:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4335:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4302:
4294:
4286:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4265:
4260:
4258:
4255:
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4246:
4245:
4237:
4229:
4221:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4198:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4170:
4162:
4160:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
3983:
3949:
3934:
3931:
3909:
3906:
3894:
3891:
3833:Main article:
3830:
3827:
3791:
3786:Main article:
3783:
3780:
3707:
3702:Main article:
3699:
3696:
3692:class struggle
3685:
3655:
3606:
3601:Main article:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3570:held in 1930;
3563:Order of Lenin
3508:Main article:
3505:
3502:
3460:Main article:
3457:
3454:
3385:Main article:
3382:
3379:
3374:Main article:
3371:
3368:
3341:Main article:
3338:
3335:
3330:Old Bolsheviks
3308:Young Pioneers
3294:
3291:
3282:Main article:
3279:
3276:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3226:Main article:
3223:
3220:
3208:St. Petersburg
3170:Kyivan Thought
3137:Main article:
3134:
3129:
3103:Main article:
3100:
3097:
3064:Main article:
3061:
3058:
3049:Main article:
3046:
3043:
3014:Main article:
3011:
3008:
2960:Fyodor Kulakov
2952:Mikhail Suslov
2948:Kirill Mazurov
2914:Main article:
2911:
2908:
2892:
2889:
2884:Main article:
2881:
2878:
2825:
2822:
2813:Main article:
2810:
2807:
2782:Sovietologists
2778:party congress
2766:Main article:
2763:
2760:
2711:Main article:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2558:
2553:Main article:
2550:
2547:
2530:Main article:
2527:
2524:
2490:Main article:
2487:
2484:
2464:Main article:
2461:
2458:
2423:different form
2359:Andrei Gromyko
2339:Nina Andreyeva
2259:
2256:
2239:Yegor Ligachev
2116:Alexei Kosygin
2104:Evsei Liberman
2054:
2051:
1873:, the party's
1866:
1863:
1806:
1799:
1798:
1785:Vladimir Lenin
1783:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1725:St. Petersburg
1687:After Emperor
1673:Vladimir Lenin
1656:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1624:
1597:
1570:
1541:
1538:
1533:Main article:
1530:
1527:
1468:market economy
1448:Alexei Kosygin
1430:, and ongoing
1325:Party Congress
1298:Vladimir Lenin
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
991:Kosygin reform
988:
986:Five-Year Plan
983:
981:Consumer goods
978:
970:
969:
959:
956:
955:
952:
951:
946:
945:
944:
943:
942:
941:
927:
922:
920:
919:
914:
909:
903:
901:
896:
886:
881:
880:
877:
876:
873:
872:
867:
865:People's Court
862:
861:
860:
850:
844:
841:
840:
837:
836:
831:
830:
829:
828:
823:
821:Deputy Premier
818:
810:
809:
801:
800:
799:
798:
793:
788:
780:
779:
771:
770:
768:
767:
762:
757:
752:
750:Official names
746:
743:
742:
732:
729:
728:
725:
724:
719:
718:
717:
716:
715:
714:
709:
699:
698:
690:
689:
688:
687:
682:
677:
669:
668:
665:Supreme Soviet
660:
659:
658:
657:
649:
648:
638:
635:
634:
631:
630:
625:
624:
622:
621:
616:
611:
605:
602:
601:
593:
592:
591:
590:
585:
580:
570:
565:
564:
561:
560:
557:
556:
551:
546:
541:
540:
539:
537:Vice President
534:
524:
518:
515:
514:
511:
510:
506:
505:
497:
496:
486:
485:
483:
482:
477:
472:
466:
463:
462:
409:
405:
404:
397:
393:
392:
384:
380:
379:
377:
376:
370:
364:
355:
353:
349:
348:
342:
336:
335:
332:
328:
327:
322:
316:
315:
313:
312:
298:
283:
273:
259:
249:
247:
241:
240:
233:
229:
228:
226:Young Pioneers
219:
213:
212:
207:
201:
200:
193:
189:
188:
182:Staraya Square
178:
174:
173:
164:
160:
159:
147:
143:
142:
127:
123:
122:
107:
103:
102:
100:Vladimir Lenin
97:
93:
92:
81:
75:
74:
66:
65:
61:
58:
57:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15112:
15101:
15098:
15096:
15093:
15091:
15088:
15086:
15083:
15081:
15078:
15076:
15073:
15071:
15068:
15066:
15063:
15061:
15058:
15056:
15053:
15051:
15048:
15046:
15043:
15041:
15038:
15036:
15033:
15031:
15028:
15026:
15023:
15021:
15018:
15016:
15013:
15011:
15008:
15006:
15003:
15001:
14998:
14996:
14993:
14991:
14988:
14986:
14983:
14981:
14978:
14976:
14973:
14971:
14968:
14966:
14963:
14961:
14958:
14956:
14953:
14951:
14948:
14946:
14943:
14941:
14938:
14936:
14933:
14931:
14928:
14926:
14923:
14921:
14918:
14917:
14915:
14894:
14891:
14889:
14886:
14884:
14881:
14880:
14878:
14874:
14864:
14863:Jewish Agency
14861:
14859:
14856:
14855:
14853:
14849:
14843:
14840:
14838:
14835:
14833:
14830:
14828:
14825:
14824:
14822:
14820:United States
14818:
14812:
14809:
14807:
14804:
14802:
14799:
14797:
14794:
14792:
14789:
14788:
14786:
14782:
14779:
14777:Organisations
14775:
14761:
14756:
14751:
14750:
14748:
14744:
14738:
14733:
14728:
14727:
14725:
14721:
14718:
14714:
14708:
14705:
14703:
14700:
14698:
14695:
14693:
14692:Simcha Dinitz
14690:
14688:
14685:
14683:
14680:
14678:
14675:
14673:
14670:
14668:
14667:Yitzhak Rabin
14665:
14663:
14660:
14659:
14657:
14653:
14647:
14644:
14642:
14639:
14637:
14636:Charles Vanik
14634:
14632:
14629:
14627:
14626:George Shultz
14624:
14622:
14619:
14617:
14616:Ronald Reagan
14614:
14612:
14609:
14608:
14606:
14604:United States
14602:
14592:
14589:
14587:
14584:
14582:
14579:
14577:
14574:
14572:
14569:
14568:
14566:
14564:
14560:
14554:
14551:
14549:
14546:
14544:
14543:Yakov Fishman
14541:
14539:
14536:
14534:
14531:
14529:
14526:
14524:
14523:Yuri Andropov
14521:
14519:
14516:
14515:
14513:
14511:
14507:
14503:
14500:
14498:
14494:
14490:
14487:
14483:
14477:
14474:
14472:
14469:
14467:
14464:
14462:
14459:
14457:
14454:
14452:
14449:
14447:
14444:
14443:
14441:
14437:
14427:
14426:Georgian Jews
14424:
14422:
14421:Bukharan Jews
14419:
14417:
14414:
14412:
14409:
14407:
14406:Mountain Jews
14404:
14402:
14399:
14398:
14396:
14394:
14393:Jewish groups
14390:
14384:
14381:
14379:
14378:Slánský trial
14376:
14374:
14371:
14369:
14366:
14364:
14361:
14359:
14358:Joseph Stalin
14356:
14354:
14351:
14349:
14348:The Holocaust
14346:
14345:
14343:
14339:
14336:
14332:
14321:
14317:
14314:movement and
14313:
14306:
14301:
14299:
14294:
14292:
14287:
14286:
14283:
14271:
14268:
14266:
14263:
14261:
14258:
14256:
14253:
14252:
14249:
14243:
14240:
14238:
14235:
14233:
14230:
14228:
14225:
14223:
14220:
14218:
14215:
14213:
14210:
14208:
14205:
14203:
14200:
14198:
14195:
14193:
14190:
14188:
14185:
14183:
14180:
14178:
14175:
14173:
14170:
14168:
14165:
14163:
14160:
14158:
14155:
14153:
14150:
14148:
14145:
14143:
14140:
14138:
14135:
14133:
14130:
14128:
14125:
14123:
14120:
14118:
14115:
14113:
14110:
14108:
14105:
14103:
14100:
14098:
14095:
14093:
14090:
14088:
14085:
14083:
14080:
14078:
14075:
14073:
14070:
14068:
14065:
14063:
14060:
14058:
14055:
14053:
14050:
14048:
14045:
14043:
14040:
14038:
14035:
14033:
14030:
14028:
14025:
14023:
14020:
14018:
14015:
14014:
14012:
14008:
14002:
13999:
13997:
13994:
13992:
13989:
13985:
13982:
13981:
13980:
13977:
13976:
13974:
13972:Soviet period
13970:
13964:
13961:
13959:
13956:
13954:
13951:
13949:
13946:
13942:
13939:
13938:
13937:
13934:
13930:
13927:
13925:
13922:
13920:
13917:
13916:
13915:
13912:
13910:
13907:
13905:
13902:
13900:
13897:
13895:
13892:
13890:
13887:
13885:
13882:
13880:
13877:
13875:
13872:
13870:
13867:
13865:
13862:
13860:
13857:
13856:
13854:
13852:
13845:
13841:
13834:
13829:
13827:
13822:
13820:
13815:
13814:
13811:
13786:
13783:
13781:
13778:
13776:
13773:
13771:
13768:
13766:
13763:
13761:
13758:
13756:
13753:
13751:
13750:Mitja Ribičič
13748:
13746:
13743:
13741:
13738:
13736:
13733:
13731:
13728:
13727:
13725:
13723:
13719:
13713:
13710:
13708:
13705:
13703:
13702:Yuri Andropov
13700:
13698:
13695:
13693:
13690:
13688:
13685:
13683:
13682:Joseph Stalin
13680:
13678:
13675:
13674:
13672:
13670:
13666:
13660:
13657:
13655:
13652:
13650:
13647:
13646:
13644:
13642:
13638:
13632:
13629:
13627:
13624:
13622:
13619:
13617:
13616:Edward Gierek
13614:
13612:
13609:
13607:
13604:
13602:
13599:
13598:
13596:
13594:
13590:
13586:
13583:
13574:
13571:
13569:
13566:
13564:
13561:
13559:
13556:
13554:
13551:
13549:
13548:Mátyás Rákosi
13546:
13545:
13543:
13541:
13537:
13533:
13527:
13524:
13522:
13519:
13517:
13514:
13512:
13509:
13507:
13506:Wilhelm Pieck
13504:
13503:
13501:
13499:
13495:
13489:
13488:Karel Urbánek
13486:
13484:
13481:
13479:
13476:
13474:
13471:
13469:
13466:
13464:
13461:
13460:
13458:
13456:
13452:
13446:
13443:
13441:
13440:Todor Zhivkov
13438:
13436:
13433:
13431:
13428:
13427:
13425:
13423:
13419:
13413:
13410:
13408:
13405:
13404:
13402:
13400:
13396:
13393:
13392:
13387:
13383:
13379:
13375:
13367:
13362:
13360:
13355:
13353:
13348:
13347:
13344:
13331:
13328:
13327:
13324:
13321:
13319:
13316:
13314:
13311:
13309:
13306:
13304:
13301:
13299:
13296:
13295:
13292:
13279:
13275:
13273:
13269:
13265:
13264:
13259:
13257:
13256:
13250:
13249:North Vietnam
13246:
13242:
13238:
13236:
13232:
13228:
13224:
13222:
13218:
13213:
13209:
13205:
13203:
13199:
13195:
13191:
13187:
13185:
13181:
13176:
13172:
13170:
13166:
13160:
13155:
13153:
13149:
13145:
13141:
13139:
13135:
13131:
13127:
13123:
13121:
13117:
13113:
13112:
13107:
13105:
13104:
13099:
13096:
13088:
13087:
13082:
13080:
13076:
13071:
13067:
13065:
13061:
13056:
13052:
13050:
13046:
13042:
13041:
13036:
13034:
13033:
13028:
13021:
13018:
13016:
13013:
13012:
13009:
13007:
13003:
12997:
12992:
12990:
12989:Guinea-Bissau
12986:
12982:
12978:
12976:
12972:
12967:
12963:
12959:
12955:
12953:
12949:
12945:
12941:
12939:
12935:
12931:
12927:
12925:
12921:
12917:
12916:
12911:
12909:
12908:
12903:
12900:
12892:
12891:
12886:
12884:
12880:
12876:
12875:
12870:
12868:
12867:
12862:
12856:
12851:
12849:
12845:
12836:
12831:
12829:
12825:
12821:
12817:
12815:
12811:
12808:
12806:
12802:
12798:
12794:
12792:
12788:
12784:
12780:
12778:
12774:
12770:
12766:
12764:
12760:
12755:
12754:
12749:
12747:
12743:
12739:
12735:
12733:
12729:
12725:
12721:
12719:
12715:
12712:
12711:
12706:
12697:
12692:
12690:
12685:
12683:
12678:
12677:
12674:
12662:
12654:
12652:
12651:
12640:
12639:
12636:
12626:
12623:
12619:
12616:
12615:
12614:
12611:
12607:
12604:
12603:
12602:
12599:
12595:
12592:
12591:
12590:
12587:
12586:
12584:
12580:
12572:
12569:
12568:
12566:
12563:
12562:
12560:
12558:
12554:
12548:
12545:
12543:
12540:
12538:
12535:
12533:
12530:
12528:
12525:
12523:
12522:Printed media
12520:
12518:
12515:
12511:
12508:
12507:
12506:
12503:
12501:
12498:
12496:
12493:
12491:
12488:
12486:
12483:
12482:
12480:
12478:
12474:
12468:
12465:
12463:
12460:
12456:
12455:Cyrillisation
12453:
12451:
12448:
12447:
12446:
12443:
12441:
12438:
12436:
12433:
12429:
12426:
12424:
12423:Working class
12421:
12419:
12418:Soviet people
12416:
12415:
12414:
12411:
12409:
12406:
12404:
12401:
12400:
12397:
12394:
12392:
12388:
12380:
12377:
12376:
12375:
12372:
12370:
12367:
12365:
12362:
12360:
12357:
12355:
12352:
12350:
12347:
12345:
12342:
12341:
12339:
12337:
12333:
12325:
12322:
12320:
12317:
12315:
12312:
12311:
12310:
12307:
12305:
12299:
12297:
12294:
12292:
12289:
12287:
12284:
12282:
12279:
12277:
12274:
12272:
12269:
12267:
12266:Energy policy
12264:
12262:
12259:
12257:
12254:
12252:
12249:
12248:
12246:
12244:
12240:
12230:
12227:
12225:
12222:
12220:
12217:
12215:
12212:
12211:
12209:
12207:
12203:
12197:
12194:
12192:
12189:
12185:
12182:
12181:
12180:
12177:
12175:
12172:
12170:
12167:
12165:
12162:
12160:
12157:
12155:
12152:
12151:
12149:
12147:
12143:
12135:
12131:
12127:
12123:
12119:
12116:
12115:
12114:
12111:
12107:
12104:
12102:
12099:
12098:
12097:
12094:
12092:
12089:
12085:
12082:
12081:
12080:
12077:
12073:
12070:
12069:
12068:
12065:
12063:
12060:
12058:
12055:
12054:
12052:
12050:
12046:
12040:
12037:
12035:
12032:
12030:
12027:
12023:
12020:
12019:
12018:
12015:
12014:
12012:
12008:
12000:
11997:
11996:
11995:
11994:Supreme Court
11992:
11989:
11986:
11983:
11980:
11977:
11974:
11970:
11967:
11963:
11960:
11958:
11955:
11954:
11953:
11950:
11948:
11945:
11943:
11940:
11939:
11938:
11935:
11934:
11932:
11928:
11922:
11919:
11915:
11912:
11910:
11907:
11905:
11902:
11901:
11900:
11897:
11895:
11892:
11890:
11887:
11885:
11882:
11878:
11875:
11874:
11873:
11870:
11868:
11865:
11863:
11860:
11856:
11853:
11852:
11851:
11848:
11844:
11841:
11840:
11839:
11836:
11834:
11831:
11827:
11824:
11823:
11822:
11819:
11817:
11814:
11810:
11807:
11805:
11802:
11801:
11800:
11797:
11796:
11794:
11790:
11787:
11785:
11781:
11771:
11768:
11766:
11763:
11761:
11758:
11756:
11753:
11751:
11748:
11746:
11743:
11741:
11738:
11737:
11735:
11731:
11725:
11722:
11720:
11717:
11713:
11710:
11709:
11708:
11705:
11703:
11700:
11696:
11693:
11692:
11691:
11688:
11687:
11685:
11683:
11679:
11676:
11674:
11670:
11664:
11661:
11659:
11656:
11654:
11651:
11649:
11646:
11644:
11641:
11639:
11636:
11634:
11631:
11629:
11626:
11624:
11621:
11619:
11616:
11614:
11611:
11609:
11606:
11604:
11601:
11597:
11596:The Holocaust
11594:
11592:
11589:
11588:
11586:
11583:
11581:
11578:
11576:
11573:
11571:
11568:
11566:
11563:
11561:
11558:
11556:
11553:
11549:
11546:
11544:
11541:
11540:
11539:
11536:
11534:
11531:
11530:
11528:
11526:
11522:
11517:
11510:
11505:
11503:
11498:
11496:
11491:
11490:
11487:
11475:
11472:
11470:
11467:
11465:
11462:
11460:
11457:
11455:
11452:
11450:
11447:
11445:
11442:
11441:
11439:
11435:
11428:
11425:
11422:
11419:
11416:
11413:
11410:
11407:
11404:
11401:
11398:
11395:
11392:
11389:
11386:
11383:
11380:
11377:
11374:
11371:
11368:
11365:
11362:
11359:
11356:
11353:
11351:
11348:
11347:
11345:
11341:
11331:
11328:
11326:
11323:
11321:
11318:
11316:
11313:
11312:
11310:
11306:
11296:
11293:
11291:
11288:
11286:
11283:
11281:
11278:
11276:
11273:
11272:
11270:
11266:
11256:
11253:
11251:
11248:
11246:
11243:
11241:
11238:
11236:
11233:
11231:
11228:
11226:
11223:
11221:
11218:
11216:
11213:
11211:
11208:
11206:
11203:
11201:
11198:
11196:
11193:
11191:
11188:
11186:
11183:
11181:
11178:
11176:
11173:
11171:
11168:
11166:
11163:
11161:
11158:
11157:
11155:
11151:
11148:
11144:
11130:
11127:
11125:
11122:
11120:
11117:
11115:
11112:
11110:
11107:
11105:
11102:
11100:
11097:
11095:
11092:
11090:
11089:9th (1920–21)
11087:
11086:
11084:
11082:
11078:
11072:
11069:
11067:
11064:
11062:
11059:
11057:
11054:
11052:
11049:
11047:
11044:
11042:
11039:
11037:
11034:
11032:
11029:
11027:
11024:
11022:
11019:
11017:
11014:
11012:
11009:
11007:
11004:
11002:
10999:
10997:
10996:8th (1919–21)
10994:
10993:
10991:
10989:
10985:
10979:
10976:
10974:
10971:
10969:
10966:
10964:
10961:
10959:
10956:
10954:
10951:
10949:
10946:
10944:
10941:
10939:
10936:
10934:
10931:
10929:
10926:
10924:
10921:
10919:
10916:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10889:
10888:9th (1920–21)
10886:
10884:
10883:8th (1919–20)
10881:
10879:
10878:7th (1918–19)
10876:
10874:
10873:6th (1917–18)
10871:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10858:5th (1907–12)
10856:
10854:
10853:4th (1906–07)
10851:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10838:2nd (1903–05)
10836:
10834:
10831:
10830:
10828:
10826:
10822:
10819:
10813:
10803:
10800:
10798:
10795:
10793:
10790:
10788:
10785:
10783:
10780:
10779:
10777:
10775:
10771:
10765:
10762:
10760:
10757:
10755:
10752:
10751:
10749:
10747:
10743:
10737:
10734:
10732:
10729:
10727:
10724:
10722:
10719:
10717:
10714:
10712:
10709:
10708:
10706:
10704:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10688:
10678:
10675:
10673:
10670:
10668:
10665:
10663:
10660:
10658:
10655:
10653:
10650:
10648:
10645:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10629:
10627:
10625:
10621:
10615:
10612:
10610:
10607:
10605:
10602:
10600:
10597:
10595:
10592:
10590:
10587:
10585:
10582:
10580:
10577:
10575:
10572:
10570:
10569:9th (1920–21)
10567:
10565:
10564:8th (1919–20)
10562:
10560:
10557:
10556:
10554:
10552:
10548:
10542:
10539:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10524:
10522:
10519:
10517:
10514:
10512:
10509:
10507:
10504:
10502:
10499:
10497:
10494:
10492:
10489:
10487:
10484:
10482:
10479:
10477:
10474:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10452:
10451:9th (1920–21)
10449:
10447:
10446:8th (1919–20)
10444:
10442:
10441:7th (1918–19)
10439:
10437:
10436:6th (1917–18)
10434:
10433:
10431:
10429:
10425:
10419:
10416:
10414:
10411:
10409:
10406:
10404:
10401:
10399:
10396:
10394:
10391:
10389:
10386:
10384:
10381:
10379:
10376:
10374:
10371:
10369:
10366:
10364:
10361:
10359:
10356:
10354:
10351:
10349:
10346:
10344:
10341:
10339:
10336:
10334:
10331:
10329:
10328:9th (1920–21)
10326:
10324:
10323:8th (1919–20)
10321:
10319:
10318:7th (1918–19)
10316:
10314:
10313:6th (1917–18)
10311:
10309:
10306:
10304:
10301:
10300:
10298:
10296:
10292:
10289:
10283:
10280:
10276:
10266:
10263:
10261:
10258:
10256:
10253:
10251:
10248:
10246:
10243:
10241:
10238:
10236:
10233:
10231:
10228:
10226:
10223:
10221:
10218:
10216:
10213:
10211:
10208:
10206:
10203:
10201:
10198:
10196:
10193:
10191:
10188:
10186:
10183:
10181:
10178:
10176:
10173:
10172:
10170:
10168:
10164:
10158:
10155:
10153:
10150:
10148:
10145:
10143:
10140:
10138:
10135:
10133:
10130:
10128:
10125:
10123:
10120:
10118:
10115:
10113:
10110:
10108:
10105:
10103:
10100:
10098:
10095:
10093:
10090:
10088:
10085:
10083:
10080:
10078:
10075:
10073:
10070:
10068:
10065:
10063:
10060:
10058:
10055:
10053:
10050:
10048:
10045:
10043:
10040:
10038:
10035:
10033:
10030:
10028:
10025:
10023:
10020:
10019:
10017:
10015:
10011:
10008:
10004:
9994:
9993:
9989:
9987:
9986:
9982:
9981:
9979:
9975:
9969:
9966:
9964:
9961:
9959:
9956:
9954:
9951:
9949:
9946:
9944:
9941:
9939:
9936:
9934:
9931:
9929:
9926:
9924:
9921:
9919:
9918:International
9916:
9914:
9911:
9909:
9906:
9904:
9901:
9899:
9896:
9894:
9891:
9889:
9886:
9884:
9881:
9879:
9876:
9874:
9871:
9869:
9866:
9865:
9863:
9861:
9857:
9851:
9848:
9846:
9843:
9841:
9838:
9836:
9833:
9832:
9830:
9826:
9819:
9815:
9812:
9809:
9806:
9803:
9800:
9797:
9796:Yuri Andropov
9794:
9791:
9788:
9785:
9782:
9779:
9778:Joseph Stalin
9776:
9773:
9770:
9767:
9764:
9761:
9760:Elena Stasova
9758:
9755:
9752:
9749:
9748:Elena Stasova
9746:
9745:
9743:
9741:
9737:
9730:
9727:
9724:
9721:
9718:
9717:Yuri Andropov
9715:
9712:
9709:
9706:
9703:
9700:
9699:Joseph Stalin
9697:
9694:
9691:
9690:
9688:
9686:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9673:
9669:
9662:
9657:
9655:
9650:
9648:
9643:
9642:
9639:
9633:
9626:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9611:
9608:
9605:
9604:
9593:
9587:
9583:
9579:
9575:
9570:
9566:
9560:
9556:
9552:
9551:
9545:
9541:
9535:
9531:
9527:
9523:
9519:
9515:
9511:
9505:
9501:
9497:
9492:
9488:
9486:9781349208197
9482:
9478:
9474:
9469:
9465:
9459:
9455:
9451:
9446:
9442:
9436:
9432:
9428:
9424:
9420:
9416:
9410:
9406:
9402:
9397:
9393:
9387:
9383:
9379:
9378:
9372:
9368:
9362:
9358:
9354:
9350:
9346:
9342:
9336:
9332:
9328:
9324:
9320:
9316:
9310:
9306:
9302:
9301:
9296:
9292:
9288:
9282:
9278:
9274:
9269:
9265:
9263:0-12-227230-7
9259:
9255:
9251:
9247:
9243:
9237:
9233:
9228:
9227:
9220:
9216:
9210:
9206:
9202:
9197:
9193:
9187:
9179:
9175:
9171:
9166:
9162:
9156:
9152:
9148:
9144:
9139:
9135:
9129:
9125:
9121:
9116:
9112:
9106:
9102:
9098:
9093:
9089:
9083:
9079:
9075:
9070:
9066:
9060:
9056:
9052:
9047:
9043:
9037:
9033:
9029:
9025:
9020:
9016:
9010:
9006:
9002:
8997:
8993:
8987:
8983:
8979:
8974:
8970:
8964:
8960:
8956:
8952:
8948:
8944:
8940:
8934:
8930:
8926:
8921:
8917:
8911:
8907:
8902:
8901:
8894:
8890:
8884:
8880:
8876:
8875:
8869:
8865:
8859:
8855:
8851:
8847:
8843:
8842:Brown, Archie
8839:
8835:
8829:
8825:
8821:
8820:
8815:
8814:Brown, Archie
8811:
8810:
8798:
8794:
8790:
8786:
8785:
8779:
8778:
8770:
8766:
8762:
8747:
8742:
8736:, p. 72.
8735:
8730:
8724:, p. 71.
8723:
8718:
8716:
8708:
8703:
8701:
8699:
8692:, p. 67.
8691:
8686:
8679:
8674:
8668:, p. 65.
8667:
8662:
8660:
8658:
8651:, p. 66.
8650:
8645:
8643:
8641:
8639:
8631:
8626:
8620:, p. 64.
8619:
8614:
8612:
8610:
8602:
8597:
8591:, p. 60.
8590:
8585:
8578:
8573:
8566:
8561:
8554:
8549:
8547:
8531:
8527:
8523:
8519:
8518:Brown, Archie
8513:
8511:
8509:
8507:
8505:
8503:
8501:
8499:
8482:
8478:
8477:
8472:
8465:
8463:
8461:
8459:
8457:
8449:
8444:
8437:
8432:
8425:
8420:
8413:
8408:
8406:
8404:
8402:
8400:
8392:
8387:
8385:
8383:
8375:
8370:
8368:
8366:
8364:
8362:
8360:
8352:
8347:
8345:
8337:
8332:
8326:, p. 71.
8325:
8320:
8314:, p. 72.
8313:
8308:
8306:
8304:
8302:
8300:
8298:
8296:
8294:
8292:
8290:
8288:
8286:
8284:
8282:
8265:
8261:
8257:
8251:
8244:
8239:
8232:
8227:
8225:
8217:
8212:
8210:
8208:
8206:
8204:
8196:
8191:
8189:
8187:
8179:
8174:
8172:
8164:
8159:
8157:
8149:
8144:
8137:
8132:
8130:
8122:
8117:
8110:
8105:
8098:
8093:
8091:
8089:
8087:
8085:
8077:
8072:
8065:
8060:
8053:
8048:
8046:
8038:
8033:
8031:
8029:
8027:
8025:
8017:
8012:
8005:
8000:
7998:
7996:
7988:
7983:
7976:
7971:
7964:
7959:
7952:
7947:
7945:
7943:
7935:
7930:
7928:
7926:
7918:
7913:
7911:
7909:
7907:
7900:, p. 79.
7899:
7894:
7892:
7890:
7888:
7886:
7884:
7876:
7871:
7865:, p. 78.
7864:
7859:
7857:
7855:
7853:
7851:
7849:
7841:
7836:
7830:, p. 77.
7829:
7824:
7818:, p. 76.
7817:
7812:
7810:
7808:
7806:
7804:
7802:
7800:
7798:
7796:
7794:
7786:
7781:
7775:, p. 83.
7774:
7769:
7763:, p. 82.
7762:
7757:
7755:
7753:
7751:
7749:
7747:
7745:
7743:
7741:
7734:, p. 81.
7733:
7728:
7726:
7724:
7716:
7711:
7709:
7701:
7696:
7694:
7692:
7684:
7679:
7672:
7667:
7665:
7663:
7661:
7644:
7638:
7632:, p. 67.
7631:
7626:
7620:, p. 66.
7619:
7614:
7612:
7610:
7608:
7606:
7604:
7602:
7600:
7598:
7591:, p. 65.
7590:
7585:
7583:
7581:
7579:
7572:, p. 70.
7571:
7566:
7564:
7557:, p. 69.
7556:
7551:
7549:
7547:
7545:
7543:
7541:
7534:, p. 68.
7533:
7528:
7526:
7524:
7522:
7520:
7518:
7516:
7514:
7512:
7504:
7503:Matthews 1983
7499:
7497:
7495:
7493:
7485:
7484:Matthews 1983
7480:
7478:
7476:
7474:
7457:
7456:
7451:
7445:
7439:
7437:
7420:
7419:
7414:
7410:
7404:
7398:
7396:
7389:, p. 27.
7388:
7383:
7377:, p. 45.
7376:
7371:
7369:
7362:, p. 37.
7361:
7356:
7354:
7352:
7350:
7342:
7337:
7330:
7325:
7319:, p. 53.
7318:
7313:
7311:
7294:
7290:
7284:
7282:
7280:
7278:
7276:
7274:
7266:
7261:
7254:
7249:
7247:
7239:
7234:
7228:, p. 95.
7227:
7222:
7220:
7218:
7216:
7208:
7203:
7196:
7191:
7184:
7179:
7173:, p. 84.
7172:
7167:
7161:, p. 83.
7160:
7155:
7153:
7151:
7143:
7138:
7132:, p. 81.
7131:
7126:
7124:
7122:
7120:
7113:, p. 58.
7112:
7107:
7100:
7095:
7088:
7083:
7081:
7079:
7071:
7066:
7059:
7054:
7052:
7045:, p. 26.
7044:
7039:
7037:
7030:, p. 87.
7029:
7024:
7022:
7020:
7018:
7016:
7014:
7006:
7001:
6999:
6997:
6995:
6987:
6982:
6980:
6978:
6976:
6974:
6967:, p. 45.
6966:
6961:
6955:, p. 38.
6954:
6949:
6942:
6937:
6931:, p. 99.
6930:
6925:
6923:
6921:
6919:
6912:, p. 98.
6911:
6906:
6904:
6897:, p. 85.
6896:
6891:
6889:
6881:
6876:
6869:
6864:
6857:
6852:
6845:
6840:
6838:
6830:
6825:
6818:
6813:
6811:
6809:
6807:
6790:
6789:
6784:
6778:
6772:
6770:
6768:
6766:
6758:
6753:
6747:, p. 94.
6746:
6741:
6735:, p. 93.
6734:
6729:
6727:
6725:
6723:
6716:, p. 27.
6715:
6710:
6703:
6698:
6696:
6694:
6692:
6684:
6679:
6677:
6669:
6664:
6657:
6652:
6650:
6633:
6632:
6627:
6621:
6615:
6613:
6611:
6609:
6601:
6596:
6589:
6584:
6582:
6580:
6572:
6567:
6565:
6563:
6555:
6550:
6548:
6546:
6544:
6537:, p. 71.
6536:
6531:
6524:
6519:
6517:
6515:
6513:
6505:
6500:
6498:
6496:
6488:
6483:
6481:
6473:
6468:
6466:
6458:
6453:
6451:
6449:
6447:
6445:
6443:
6441:
6432:
6426:
6419:
6414:
6395:
6388:
6382:
6375:
6370:
6363:
6358:
6356:
6354:
6346:
6341:
6339:
6337:
6335:
6327:
6322:
6320:
6318:
6316:
6314:
6306:
6301:
6299:
6291:
6286:
6279:
6274:
6272:
6270:
6268:
6266:
6258:
6253:
6251:
6249:
6247:
6245:
6243:
6235:
6230:
6223:
6218:
6216:
6208:
6203:
6196:
6191:
6189:
6187:
6179:
6174:
6167:
6162:
6155:
6150:
6148:
6146:
6138:
6133:
6131:
6129:
6121:
6116:
6114:
6106:
6101:
6094:
6089:
6082:
6077:
6070:
6065:
6058:
6053:
6046:
6041:
6034:
6029:
6022:
6017:
6010:
6005:
5998:
5993:
5986:
5981:
5979:
5971:
5966:
5959:
5954:
5947:
5942:
5935:
5930:
5923:
5918:
5911:
5906:
5899:
5894:
5892:
5884:
5879:
5872:
5867:
5865:
5857:
5852:
5845:
5840:
5833:
5828:
5821:
5816:
5801:
5800:
5795:
5789:
5782:
5777:
5775:
5767:
5762:
5755:
5750:
5748:
5739:
5732:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5702:
5687:
5686:
5681:
5674:
5666:
5659:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5628:
5620:
5612:
5608:
5607:Healey, Denis
5602:
5595:
5591:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5567:
5559:
5555:
5549:
5543:
5538:
5531:
5528:
5523:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5482:
5475:
5459:
5458:
5453:
5447:
5439:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5417:
5410:
5404:
5399:
5397:
5389:
5384:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5363:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5342:
5335:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5313:, p. 68.
5312:
5307:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5287:
5281:
5276:
5270:. pp. 242–249
5269:
5263:
5255:
5253:9780719060441
5249:
5245:
5244:
5236:
5228:
5222:
5220:
5215:
5200:
5193:
5188:
5179:
5173:
5163:Russian:
5160:
5151:
5144:
5138:
5128:Russian:
5125:
5117:
5110:
5101:
5091:
5088:
5085:
5082:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5071:
5060:
5055:
5051:
5046:
5042:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4904:Russia portal
4894:
4891:
4880:
4877:
4871:
4866:
4863:
4852:
4835:
4827:
4819:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4798:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4765:
4757:
4749:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4728:
4721:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4700:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4637:
4629:
4621:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4600:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4572:
4564:
4556:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4535:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4502:
4494:
4486:
4479:
4476:
4473:
4465:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4437:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4401:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4373:
4365:
4357:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4336:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4303:
4295:
4287:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4266:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4238:
4230:
4222:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4199:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4171:
4163:
4161:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4130:Joseph Stalin
4126:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4095:Party leader
4094:
4093:
4087:
4082:
4075:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4005:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3989:Milovan Đilas
3985:
3981:
3979:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3960:
3954:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3938:efforts, the
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3904:
3900:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3866:
3863:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3836:
3826:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3806:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3764:working class
3761:
3755:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3721:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3695:
3693:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3672:Paris Commune
3666:
3660:
3654:
3650:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3638:parliamentary
3635:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3610:
3604:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3576:
3571:
3569:
3568:16th Congress
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3551:Cult of Lenin
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3478:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3453:
3451:
3446:
3444:
3443:state atheism
3440:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3406:privatization
3402:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3377:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3344:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3321:
3313:
3309:
3299:
3290:
3285:
3275:
3273:
3267:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3140:
3133:
3128:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3096:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3081:bureaucratism
3078:
3073:
3067:
3057:
3052:
3042:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3027:podbor kadrov
3024:
3017:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2990:Aleksey Rykov
2987:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2907:
2905:
2898:
2887:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2866:11th Congress
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2821:
2816:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2759:
2757:
2756:19th Congress
2751:
2749:
2745:
2744:22nd Congress
2741:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2714:
2699:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2546:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2523:
2522:(Comintern).
2521:
2516:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2503:10th Congress
2499:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2407:28th Congress
2404:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2385:by dissident
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2331:Boris Yeltsin
2324:
2320:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2264:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2227:Yuri Andropov
2224:
2220:
2216:
2215:Ronald Reagan
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2189:25th Congress
2186:
2185:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2163:23rd Congress
2159:
2157:
2156:neo-Stalinism
2152:
2151:Khrushchevism
2144:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2076:
2075:20th Congress
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2041:during their
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2025:. In Europe,
2024:
2020:
2016:
2013:In 1949, the
2011:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1931:United States
1927:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1871:Joseph Stalin
1862:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1851:war communism
1848:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1771:
1769:
1766:and fears of
1765:
1761:
1760:Eastern Front
1756:
1755:Lavr Kornilov
1752:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1669:Julius Martov
1666:
1662:
1648:
1642:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1484:Boris Yeltsin
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1456:Yuri Andropov
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1436:United States
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1384:Joseph Stalin
1381:
1377:
1376:mixed economy
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1361:head of state
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1289:as a reason.
1288:
1284:
1283:Boris Yeltsin
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1215:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1159:
1158:
1147:
1146:Soviet Empire
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1021:War communism
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
973:
972:
971:
968:
967:
963:
962:
954:
953:
940:
939:
935:
934:
933:
932:
928:
926:
923:
918:
917:Khrushchevism
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
904:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
891:
890:
889:
884:
879:
878:
871:
868:
866:
863:
859:
856:
855:
854:
853:Supreme Court
851:
849:
846:
845:
839:
838:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
813:
812:
811:
808:
807:
803:
802:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
783:
782:
781:
778:
777:
773:
772:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
747:
745:
744:
741:
740:
736:
735:
727:
726:
713:
710:
708:
705:
704:
703:
702:
701:
700:
697:
696:
692:
691:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
672:
671:
670:
667:
666:
662:
661:
656:
653:
652:
651:
650:
647:
646:
642:
641:
633:
632:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
606:
604:
603:
600:
599:
595:
594:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
575:
574:
573:
568:
563:
562:
555:
552:
550:
549:State Council
547:
545:
542:
538:
535:
533:
530:
529:
528:
525:
523:
520:
519:
513:
512:
508:
507:
503:
499:
498:
495:
492:
491:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
467:
464:
451:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
391:
385:
381:
374:
371:
368:
365:
361:
357:
356:
354:
350:
346:
343:
337:
333:
329:
326:
323:
321:
317:
311:
307:
302:
299:
296:
292:
287:
284:
282:
277:
274:
272:
268:
263:
260:
258:
254:
251:
250:
248:
246:
242:
234:
230:
227:
223:
220:
218:
214:
211:
208:
206:
202:
199:
198:
194:
190:
187:
183:
179:
175:
172:
168:
165:
161:
158:
154:
151:
148:
144:
128:
124:
121:
108:
104:
101:
98:
94:
90:
85:
84:Elena Stasova
82:
80:
76:
72:
67:
55:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
14960:Eastern Bloc
14790:
14784:Soviet Union
14697:Avraham Burg
14672:Shimon Peres
14611:Jimmy Carter
14505:
14493:Soviet Union
14451:1970s aliyah
14328:1970 – 2000)
14092:Khostug Tyva
13978:
13884:Labour Group
13775:Boško Krunić
13740:Lazar Mojsov
13668:
13606:Edward Ochab
13568:Károly Grósz
13478:Gustáv Husák
13378:Eastern Bloc
13318:Eastern Bloc
13261:
13253:
13226:
13221:Soviet Union
13109:
13101:
13084:
13038:
13030:
12938:East Germany
12913:
12905:
12888:
12872:
12864:
12791:Burkina Faso
12751:
12641:
12413:Demographics
12403:Antisemitism
12256:Central Bank
12174:Forced labor
12122:Spetsnaz GRU
11942:organisation
11936:
11850:Human rights
11799:Constitution
11682:Subdivisions
11560:Russian SFSR
11516:Soviet Union
11308:Other organs
11225:Russian SFSR
11170:Byelorussian
9990:
9983:
9977:Publications
9883:Construction
9820:, Aug. 1991)
9817:
9667:
9582:Hoover Press
9573:
9549:
9525:
9495:
9472:
9449:
9426:
9400:
9376:
9352:
9326:
9299:
9272:
9253:
9225:
9200:
9186:cite journal
9177:
9173:
9146:
9119:
9096:
9073:
9050:
9027:
9000:
8977:
8954:
8924:
8899:
8873:
8849:
8818:
8782:
8755:Bibliography
8741:
8729:
8685:
8673:
8625:
8596:
8584:
8572:
8560:
8533:. Retrieved
8485:. Retrieved
8481:the original
8474:
8448:van Ree 2003
8443:
8436:van Ree 2003
8431:
8424:van Ree 2003
8419:
8412:van Ree 2003
8391:van Ree 2003
8374:van Ree 2003
8351:van Ree 2003
8331:
8319:
8268:. Retrieved
8264:the original
8259:
8250:
8238:
8163:Harding 1996
8148:Harding 1996
8143:
8136:Harding 1996
8121:Harding 1996
8116:
8109:Harding 1996
8104:
8097:Harding 1996
8076:Harding 1996
8071:
8064:Harding 1996
8059:
8052:Harding 1996
8037:Harding 1996
8016:Harding 1996
8011:
8004:Harding 1996
7987:Harding 1996
7982:
7975:Harding 1996
7970:
7963:Harding 1996
7958:
7951:Harding 1996
7934:Harding 1996
7917:van Ree 2003
7870:
7835:
7823:
7780:
7768:
7678:
7647:. Retrieved
7637:
7625:
7460:. Retrieved
7453:
7444:Staff writer
7423:. Retrieved
7416:
7412:
7403:Staff writer
7382:
7336:
7324:
7297:. Retrieved
7260:
7233:
7202:
7190:
7178:
7166:
7137:
7106:
7094:
7065:
6960:
6948:
6936:
6875:
6863:
6851:
6824:
6793:. Retrieved
6786:
6777:Staff writer
6752:
6740:
6709:
6663:
6636:. Retrieved
6629:
6620:Staff writer
6595:
6590:, p. 3.
6573:, p. 2.
6556:, p. 1.
6530:
6523:Harding 1996
6504:Harding 1996
6487:Harding 1996
6472:Harding 1996
6457:Harding 1996
6425:
6413:
6401:. Retrieved
6394:the original
6381:
6369:
6285:
6229:
6202:
6173:
6161:
6100:
6088:
6076:
6064:
6052:
6040:
6028:
6016:
6004:
5992:
5965:
5953:
5941:
5934:Taubman 2006
5929:
5922:Taubman 2006
5917:
5910:Taubman 2006
5905:
5898:Taubman 2006
5883:Taubman 2006
5878:
5871:Taubman 2006
5856:Taubman 2006
5851:
5844:Taubman 2006
5839:
5832:Taubman 2006
5827:
5820:Taubman 2006
5815:
5803:. Retrieved
5797:
5788:
5761:
5737:
5731:
5719:. Retrieved
5715:the original
5710:
5701:
5689:. Retrieved
5683:
5673:
5658:
5626:
5619:
5610:
5601:
5593:
5575:
5566:
5557:
5548:
5537:
5526:
5522:
5490:
5481:
5469:
5462:. Retrieved
5455:
5446:
5426:
5422:
5409:
5383:
5367:
5362:
5346:
5341:
5306:
5291:
5286:
5275:
5267:
5262:
5242:
5235:
5199:
5191:
5159:
5150:
5124:
5109:
5100:
5084:January 1912
5070:
5049:
5045:
4807:183,892,271
4786:183,897,278
4737:174,770,398
4716:174,734,459
4673:161,443,605
4653:161,355,959
4609:152,843,228
4588:152,771,739
4544:143,595,678
4523:143,570,976
4474:139,391,455
4453:139,210,431
4410:133,431,524
4389:133,214,652
4345:120,539,860
4324:120,479,249
4275:110,782,009
4254:110,788,377
4210:100,603,567
4187:100,621,225
4053:
3997:nomenklatura
3986:
3974:
3962:
3956:
3951:
3936:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3908:Western view
3877:
3873:
3867:
3859:
3844:
3838:
3823:
3811:
3808:
3798:
3793:
3756:
3751:
3748:
3744:Karl Kautsky
3725:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3709:
3689:
3681:
3668:
3662:
3657:
3651:
3631:
3618:
3612:
3608:
3578:
3573:
3530:
3528:
3522:
3482:
3465:
3447:
3394:
3390:
3361:
3346:
3322:
3304:
3287:
3268:
3264:
3253:
3231:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3189:
3173:
3169:
3166:Leon Trotsky
3157:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3131:
3119:nomenklatura
3108:
3089:
3077:factionalism
3069:
3054:
3039:
3019:
3004:
2983:
2972:
2939:
2903:
2900:
2862:9th Congress
2858:8th Congress
2850:4th Congress
2845:
2837:
2827:
2818:
2803:
2793:
2771:
2752:
2736:
2724:
2716:
2697:
2549:Organization
2543:trade unions
2535:
2511:
2498:bureaucratic
2495:
2469:
2443:
2435:
2399:
2367:
2352:
2328:
2313:Archie Brown
2309:transparency
2308:
2304:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2231:
2211:Jimmy Carter
2194:gerontocracy
2182:
2180:
2160:
2148:
2108:
2080:
2056:
2012:
1992:World War II
1981:
1959:Nazi Germany
1956:
1939:Adolf Hitler
1928:
1915:
1895:
1879:Leon Trotsky
1868:
1840:
1824:
1808:Leon Trotsky
1789:Soviet Union
1748:
1736:
1733:
1713:sealed train
1686:
1658:
1627:
1600:
1573:
1546:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1373:
1364:
1345:party leader
1314:
1291:
1259:Soviet Union
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1219:Moskva River
1106:Human rights
1096:Gulag system
1071:
1042:Demographics
1029:
964:
936:
929:
804:
774:
739:Constitution
737:
693:
663:
643:
596:
566:
300:
285:
275:
261:
217:Pioneer wing
195:
177:Headquarters
51:
14646:Meir Kahane
14591:Iosif Begun
14510:antisemitic
14368:Six-Day War
14172:Right Cause
14042:Civic Union
14017:Adyghe Hase
13780:Stipe Šuvar
13760:Ali Šukrija
13573:Rezső Nyers
13563:János Kádár
13483:Miloš Jakeš
13407:Enver Hoxha
13323:Warsaw Pact
13202:South Yemen
13103:North Korea
12718:Afghanistan
12517:Phraseology
12462:Prohibition
12450:Linguistics
12435:Drug policy
12428:1989 census
12349:Cybernetics
12251:Agriculture
12164:Great Purge
12126:Soviet Navy
12118:Soviet Army
11990:(1989–1991)
11984:(1938–1991)
11978:(1922–1936)
11962:Secretariat
11833:Gun control
11740:Caspian Sea
11724:Closed city
11653:Dissolution
11638:Perestroika
11580:Great Purge
11268:Local-level
11165:Azerbaijani
10746:Secretariat
10428:Secretariat
10265:19th (1988)
10260:18th (1941)
10255:17th (1932)
10250:16th (1929)
10245:15th (1926)
10240:14th (1925)
10235:13th (1924)
10230:12th (1922)
10157:28th (1990)
10152:27th (1986)
10147:26th (1981)
10142:25th (1976)
10137:24th (1971)
10132:23rd (1966)
10127:22nd (1961)
10122:21st (1959)
10117:20th (1956)
10112:19th (1952)
10107:18th (1939)
10102:17th (1934)
10097:16th (1930)
10092:15th (1927)
10087:14th (1925)
10082:13th (1924)
10077:12th (1923)
10072:11th (1922)
10067:10th (1921)
9913:Information
9873:Agriculture
9860:Departments
9840:Secretariat
7649:24 February
7317:Harris 2005
7099:Harris 2005
6880:Simons 1984
6868:Simons 1984
6856:Simons 1984
6844:Simons 1984
6829:Simons 1984
6817:Simons 1984
6105:Hanson 2006
6093:Hanson 2006
6081:Hanson 2006
6069:Hanson 2006
6057:Hanson 2006
6045:Hanson 2006
6033:Hanson 2006
6021:Hanson 2006
6009:Hanson 2006
5997:Hanson 2006
5985:Hanson 2006
5970:Hanson 2006
5958:Hanson 2006
5946:Hanson 2006
5805:16 February
5429:: 126–143.
5078:August 1903
4149:89,063,169
4134:89,844,271
3993:a new class
3774:, with the
3431:nationalism
3212:bourgeoisie
3124:perestroika
3099:Departments
3010:Secretariat
2994:Lev Kamenev
2844:(literally
2836:(literally
2786:Secretariat
2532:Vanguardism
2526:Vanguardism
2515:revisionist
1990:victory of
1944:Great Purge
1705:Switzerland
1689:Nicholas II
1499:perestroika
1472:perestroika
1337:Secretariat
1091:Great Purge
1057:Phraseology
976:Agriculture
931:Perestroika
806:Premiership
636:Legislature
614:Secretariat
14914:Categories
14746:Pro-Jewish
14723:Pro-Soviet
14662:Golda Meir
14401:Ashkenazim
14334:Background
14222:Styr Nyxas
14197:Sakha Omuk
13924:mensheviks
13919:bolsheviks
13526:Egon Krenz
13412:Ramiz Alia
13272:Yugoslavia
13169:Seychelles
13079:Mozambique
13049:Madagascar
12848:Cape Verde
12557:Opposition
12547:Television
12527:Propaganda
12500:Literature
12374:Naukograds
12369:Sharashkas
12303:(currency)
12281:Inventions
12224:Censorship
12154:Red Terror
11838:Government
11712:Autonomous
11695:Autonomous
11628:Stagnation
11591:Evacuation
11240:Turkestani
11215:Lithuanian
10815:Elected by
10215:9th (1920)
10210:8th (1919)
10205:7th (1917)
10200:6th (1912)
10195:5th (1908)
10180:2nd (1906)
10175:1st (1905)
10167:Conference
10062:9th (1920)
10057:8th (1919)
10052:7th (1918)
10047:6th (1917)
10042:5th (1907)
10037:4th (1906)
10032:3rd (1905)
10027:2nd (1903)
10022:1st (1898)
9948:Propaganda
9591:0817968431
9539:0521811449
9509:9024729750
9463:0582771900
9440:0521811449
9414:0333535766
9391:0312007957
9340:0415071534
9314:041500506X
9241:0043701140
9214:0312047843
9160:0521811449
9133:0674013190
9110:0521313988
9087:074252678X
9064:0333664825
9041:0521811449
9014:0674410300
8968:0674410300
8938:0275947637
8915:0453006957
8888:0313316287
8863:0521811449
8833:0192880527
8759:See also:
8530:BBC Online
8336:Evans 1993
8324:Evans 1993
8312:Evans 1993
8270:12 January
7898:Smith 1991
7875:Smith 1991
7863:Smith 1991
7840:Smith 1991
7828:Smith 1991
7816:Smith 1991
7785:Sakwa 1990
7773:Smith 1991
7761:Smith 1991
7732:Smith 1991
7715:Sakwa 1990
7630:Smith 1988
7618:Smith 1988
7589:Smith 1988
7570:Smith 1988
7555:Smith 1988
7532:Smith 1988
7387:Swain 2006
7375:Kenez 1985
7360:Swain 2006
7341:Lenoe 2004
7295:. May 1989
7207:Eisen 1990
7111:Eaton 2004
7087:Brown 1996
7043:Getty 1987
6745:Sakwa 1998
6733:Sakwa 1998
6714:Getty 1987
6702:Getty 1987
6600:Evans 1993
6535:Smith 1988
6418:Brown 2006
6403:22 October
6374:Brown 2006
6362:Brown 2006
6345:Brown 2006
6326:Brown 2006
6305:Brown 2006
6290:Brown 2006
6278:Brown 2006
6257:Brown 2006
6234:Brown 2006
6222:Brown 2006
6207:Brown 2006
6195:Brown 2006
6178:Brown 2006
6166:Brown 2006
6154:Brown 2006
6137:Brown 2006
6120:Brown 2006
5721:24 January
5691:24 January
5641:159253192X
5403:White 1992
5388:Motyl 2001
5334:Sakwa 1990
5300:0300084803
5294:. p. 374.
3966:centralism
3634:republican
3422:collective
3418:liberalism
3293:Membership
2842:Mensheviks
2834:Bolsheviks
2731:party line
2444:After the
2303:, meaning
2301:гла́сность
2278:ускоре́ние
2269:uskoreniye
2206:Solidarity
2145:Gorbachev.
2027:Yugoslavia
2015:communists
2000:proxy wars
1438:and other
1141:Red Terror
1131:Propaganda
1081:Censorship
1072:Repression
786:Ministries
776:Government
730:Governance
516:Leadership
267:Bolshevism
232:Membership
205:Youth wing
137:1991-11-06
117:1912-01-05
79:Leadership
14893:Channel 9
14876:Aftermath
14571:Ida Nudel
14416:Krymchaks
14312:Refusenik
13851:Civil War
13558:Imre Nagy
13553:Ernő Gerő
13313:Comintern
13308:Cominform
12618:Republics
12606:Republics
12594:Republics
12445:Languages
12309:Transport
12191:Holodomor
12084:Militsiya
12022:President
11914:Stalinism
11816:Elections
11690:Republics
11673:Geography
11663:Nostalgia
11575:Stalinism
11423:(1990–91)
11411:(1932–33)
11393:(1926–27)
11387:(1924–33)
11381:(1923–30)
11375:(1923–27)
11369:(1921–23)
11363:(1920–21)
11357:(1919–21)
11343:Groupings
11250:Ukrainian
11220:Moldavian
10774:Collegium
10703:Presidium
10295:Politburo
9810:(1985–91)
9804:(1984–85)
9798:(1982–84)
9792:(1964–82)
9786:(1953–64)
9780:(1922–52)
9774:(1921–22)
9768:(1919–21)
9756:(1918–19)
9750:(1917–18)
9731:(1985–91)
9725:(1984–85)
9719:(1982–84)
9713:(1964–82)
9707:(1953–64)
9701:(1924–53)
9695:(1912–24)
9555:Routledge
9331:Routledge
9305:Routledge
9232:Routledge
7226:Gill 2002
7195:Gill 2002
7183:Gill 2002
7171:Gill 2002
7159:Gill 2002
7130:Gill 2002
5781:Suny 2006
5766:Suny 2006
5754:Suny 2006
5507:0036-0341
5347:Communism
5211:Citations
5172:romanized
5137:romanized
5032:Footnotes
4815:521 / 750
4794:551 / 750
4745:526 / 750
4724:549 / 750
4681:534 / 750
4661:562 / 767
4617:534 / 750
4596:562 / 767
4552:568 / 750
4531:573 / 767
4482:490 / 750
4461:604 / 791
4418:485 / 640
4397:563 / 738
4353:485 / 639
4332:565 / 708
4283:519 / 638
4262:580 / 678
4218:509 / 657
4195:576 / 682
4157:409 / 574
4142:461 / 569
4090:Position
4077:Election
4020:Election
3738:from the
3559:Leningrad
3519:Stalinism
3510:Stalinism
3504:Stalinism
3472:Karl Marx
3416:. Unlike
3150:The Truth
2926:Politburo
2910:Politburo
2864:. At the
2476:Politburo
2043:civil war
2010:in 1947.
2008:Cominform
2004:espionage
1899:Stalinism
1843:Civil War
1743:July Days
1721:Petrograd
1717:World War
1661:Bolshevik
1641:romanized
1614:romanized
1587:romanized
1560:romanized
1523:Bolshevik
1434:with the
1396:Karl Marx
1333:Politburo
1319:based on
1271:Article 6
1269:modified
1047:Education
1016:Transport
912:Stalinism
842:Judiciary
685:Presidium
609:Politburo
527:President
480:Elections
375:(1947–56)
373:Cominform
369:(1919–43)
367:Comintern
362:(1912–14)
347:(1936–91)
301:1985-1991
286:1961–1991
281:Stalinism
276:1924–1956
262:1903-1924
253:Communism
192:Newspaper
150:Bolshevik
13064:Mongolia
12952:Ethiopia
12805:Cambodia
12777:Bulgaria
12661:Category
12214:Religion
12101:Chairmen
11947:Congress
11909:Leninism
11889:Propiska
11784:Politics
11643:Glasnost
11603:Cold War
11543:February
11437:See also
11280:Okrugkom
11200:Khorezmi
11185:Georgian
11180:Estonian
11175:Bukharan
11160:Armenian
10817:Congress
10014:Congress
9610:Archived
9351:(2008).
9325:(1998).
9297:(1990).
9252:(2001).
9051:Leninism
8953:(1979).
8929:ABC-CLIO
8816:(1996).
8797:40403507
8553:Lih 2006
7462:27 March
7425:27 March
7299:28 March
6795:27 March
6638:27 March
5650:60393965
5574:(2007).
5431:Archived
5050:De facto
4848:See also
3882:autarkic
3878:Leninism
3770:and the
3592:Concepts
3462:Leninism
3456:Leninism
3370:Ideology
3343:Komsomol
3337:Komsomol
3312:Komsomol
3195:Izvestia
2846:minority
2838:majority
2794:de facto
2788:and the
2738:and the
2707:Congress
2538:Leninism
2305:openness
2293:glasnost
2135:Brezhnev
2120:Chairman
2023:Cold War
1812:Red Army
1693:republic
1503:glasnost
1501:without
1495:glasnost
1428:Cold War
1365:de facto
1347:was the
1339:and the
1062:Religion
938:Glasnost
907:Leninism
883:Ideology
796:Cabinets
578:Congress
331:Religion
325:Far-left
271:Leninism
245:Ideology
210:Komsomol
167:UCP–CPSU
14363:Zionism
13376:of the
13303:Comecon
13255:Vietnam
13184:Somalia
13138:Romania
13086:FRELIMO
13006:Hungary
12975:Grenada
12732:Albania
12582:Symbols
12495:Fashion
12477:Culture
12391:Society
12336:Science
12301:Rouble
12243:Economy
12219:Science
12029:Premier
12010:Offices
11872:Leaders
11792:General
11760:Siberia
11733:Regions
11707:Oblasts
11548:October
11525:History
11315:Statute
11295:Partkom
11245:Turkmen
11210:Latvian
11205:Kirghiz
10692:Central
10551:Orgburo
9903:General
9888:Culture
9845:Orgburo
9685:Leaders
9524:(ed.).
9450:Trotsky
9145:(ed.).
9026:(ed.).
8848:(ed.).
8535:4 April
8487:4 April
4810:99.95%
4789:99.94%
4054:Elected
4032:Result
3491:to the
3111:Russian
3051:Orgburo
3045:Orgburo
3031:Russian
3023:Russian
2824:Statute
2798:Orgburo
2297:Russian
2285:
2274:Russian
2184:détente
2161:At the
2122:of the
2035:Trieste
1701:soviets
1643::
1632:Russian
1616::
1605:Russian
1589::
1578:Russian
1562::
1551:Russian
1529:History
1357:Premier
1341:Orgburo
1273:of the
1257:of the
1031:Culture
966:Economy
957:Society
707:Speaker
619:Orgburo
588:History
522:Leaders
383:Colours
155:of the
153:faction
135: (
115: (
106:Founded
96:Founder
86:(first)
14851:Israel
14811:Pamyat
14655:Israel
14563:Jewish
14485:People
14439:Events
14411:Karaim
14341:Causes
14022:Alania
13120:Poland
12746:Angola
12601:Emblem
12589:Anthem
12537:Sports
12490:Cinema
12485:Ballet
12467:Racism
12440:Family
11930:Bodies
11518:topics
11429:(1991)
11417:(1957)
11405:(1932)
11399:(1930)
11290:Raikom
11285:Gorkom
11195:Kazakh
9985:Pravda
9818:acting
9588:
9561:
9536:
9506:
9483:
9460:
9437:
9411:
9388:
9363:
9337:
9311:
9283:
9260:
9238:
9211:
9157:
9130:
9107:
9084:
9061:
9038:
9011:
8988:
8965:
8935:
8912:
8885:
8860:
8830:
8795:
8767:, and
7413:Pravda
5648:
5638:
5586:
5515:128810
5513:
5505:
5472:
5464:22 May
5452:"Left"
5374:
5353:
5298:
5250:
4740:99.9%
4719:99.9%
4676:99.8%
4656:99.8%
4612:99.8%
4591:99.7%
4547:99.8%
4526:99.8%
4477:99.6%
4456:99.5%
4413:99.7%
4392:99.6%
4348:99.8%
4327:99.8%
4278:99.7%
4257:99.7%
4213:99.2%
4190:99.2%
4152:99.4%
4137:99.3%
4116:Seats
4110:Votes
4104:Seats
4098:Votes
4050:72.9%
4047:1,329
4026:Votes
3531:per se
3523:per se
3238:Moscow
3204:Pravda
3200:Pravda
3190:Pravda
3182:Vienna
3174:Pravda
3158:Pravda
3154:Pravda
3145:Pravda
3139:Pravda
3132:Pravda
2962:, and
2840:) and
2698:
2245:, and
1988:Allied
1881:, the
1877:, and
1855:joined
1764:Allies
1738:Pravda
1446:under
1422:under
1414:which
1392:German
1052:Family
509:
408:Anthem
396:Slogan
387:
295:Soviet
197:Pravda
186:Moscow
126:Banned
91:(last)
18:RCP(b)
14858:Nativ
14716:Other
14237:Unity
12962:COPWE
12883:Congo
12866:China
12763:Benin
12532:Radio
12510:Opera
12505:Music
12408:Crime
12179:Gulag
12057:Cheka
11702:Krais
11421:Soyuz
11275:Obkom
11255:Uzbek
11230:Tajik
9968:Women
8806:Books
8793:JSTOR
7411:[
6397:(PDF)
6390:(PDF)
5511:JSTOR
5434:(PDF)
5419:(PDF)
5037:Notes
3640:or a
3260:raion
2792:—the
1905:with
157:RSDLP
13859:Bund
13849:and
13235:Tuva
13032:Laos
12958:Derg
12907:Cuba
12613:Flag
12571:List
12379:List
12291:OGAS
12184:List
12067:NKVD
11855:LGBT
11843:List
11809:1977
11804:1936
9586:ISBN
9559:ISBN
9534:ISBN
9504:ISBN
9481:ISBN
9458:ISBN
9435:ISBN
9409:ISBN
9386:ISBN
9361:ISBN
9335:ISBN
9309:ISBN
9281:ISBN
9258:ISBN
9236:ISBN
9209:ISBN
9192:link
9155:ISBN
9128:ISBN
9105:ISBN
9082:ISBN
9059:ISBN
9036:ISBN
9009:ISBN
8986:ISBN
8963:ISBN
8933:ISBN
8910:ISBN
8883:ISBN
8858:ISBN
8828:ISBN
8537:2014
8489:2014
8272:2020
7651:2016
7464:2014
7427:2014
7301:2014
6797:2014
6640:2014
6405:2020
5807:2022
5723:2020
5693:2020
5646:OCLC
5636:ISBN
5584:ISBN
5503:ISSN
5466:2022
5372:ISBN
5351:ISBN
5296:ISBN
5248:ISBN
5192:KPSS
5183:IPA:
4841:1st
4833:1st
4777:1984
4771:1st
4763:1st
4712:1979
4706:1st
4698:1st
4649:1974
4643:1st
4635:1st
4584:1970
4578:1st
4570:1st
4514:1966
4508:1st
4500:1st
4449:1962
4443:1st
4435:1st
4385:1958
4379:1st
4371:1st
4315:1954
4309:1st
4301:1st
4250:1950
4244:1st
4236:1st
4228:100
4207:115
4183:1946
4177:1st
4169:1st
4125:1937
4119:+/–
4107:+/–
4038:1990
3901:and
3553:"—a
3178:Lvov
3079:and
2872:and
2870:17th
2361:and
2283:lit.
2213:and
2133:The
2071:Thaw
2065:and
2002:and
1982:The
1671:and
1540:Name
1458:and
1418:and
1241:and
1231:CPSU
1225:The
765:1977
760:1936
755:1924
532:list
334:None
237:est.
171:CPRF
34:and
12828:PRK
12096:KGB
12091:MGB
12079:MVD
12062:GPU
11862:Law
5495:doi
5470:...
5423:IPG
4734:13
4627:34
4606:11
4562:78
4541:31
4471:41
4363:34
4342:15
4293:10
3545:of
3320:).
2722:".
2307:or
2234:KGB
2118:as
2089:'s
1359:or
1251:SCP
848:Law
390:Red
14916::
14326:c.
13210:,
13192:,
13128:,
12964:,
12814:DK
12128:•
12124:•
9584:.
9580:.
9576:.
9557:.
9553:.
9532:.
9502:.
9498:.
9479:.
9475:.
9456:.
9452:.
9433:.
9407:.
9384:.
9380:.
9359:.
9355:.
9333:.
9329:.
9307:.
9303:.
9279:.
9275:.
9234:.
9230:.
9207:.
9203:.
9188:}}
9184:{{
9176:.
9172:.
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9103:.
9099:.
9080:.
9076:.
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9034:.
9007:.
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8984:.
8980:.
8961:.
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8949:;
8931:.
8927:.
8908:.
8904:.
8881:.
8877:.
8856:.
8826:.
8822:.
8763:,
8714:^
8697:^
8656:^
8637:^
8608:^
8545:^
8528:.
8524:.
8497:^
8473:.
8455:^
8398:^
8381:^
8358:^
8343:^
8280:^
8258:.
8223:^
8202:^
8185:^
8170:^
8155:^
8128:^
8083:^
8044:^
8023:^
7994:^
7941:^
7924:^
7905:^
7882:^
7847:^
7792:^
7739:^
7722:^
7707:^
7690:^
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7510:^
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6721:^
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