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complex passed to the Public Works
Department, who had a policy that for any building of magnitude a private architect should be employed. Accordingly with regard to Seacliff, William Blair who was Engineer in Charge of the Middle Island (South Island) entered into communication with the Minister for Public Works who authorised him to communicate with Lawson. Blair had been chairman of the building committee for the Knox Church and had been influential in obtaining for Lawson the design of both that building and the later Otago Boys High School. After a meeting between Blair and Lawson, the architect was formally requested by letter to undertake the work, Lawson replied on 17 July 1878 accepting the commission. Lawson's only previous experience with designing such a building had been that of the Dunedin Benevolent Institution in the 1860s. Lawson decided to design the building in the Scottish Baronial style.
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Church despite it being only 16 years old. As a result the Deacon's Court passed over Lawson who was out of flavour with the session and commissioned
Christchurch architect Thomas Stoddart Lambert who had an association with Lawson to investigate. Lambert found that the pointing of the stonework was inadequate in places which had allowed water to enter. Also water was able to enter the building due to the poor application of flashings around the pinnacles and gables. The most significant issues was found to be the roof-bearing timbers which had been sealed into the walls without proper ventilation and being of Oregon they had consequently rotted. The resulting four months of repairs by a workforce of between 30 and 40 was completed by July 1890 at a cost of more than £1,200.
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depression". In the winters there was visible hardship and distress and people began to leave in particular to
Australia, where Melbourne experienced a boom in the 1880s. Dunedin began to stagnate which caused Lawson's commissions to change from commercial and industrial clients to predominantly residential. There were however a number of important commissions, among them churches at Gore (1881), Kaihkiki, Riversdale (1881), an office building for Martin and Watson (1882). A prestigious commission was that for the Otago boy's High School, construction of which commenced in July 1882. His peers were also affected by the lack of work with his Dunedin based rival David Ross as well as Frederick Burrell in Invercargill both departing for Australia.
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Seacliff Asylum, have been described as
Scottish baronial; however, this is not an accurate description, although that particular form of Gothic may have been at times his inspiration. Lawson's particular skill was mixing various forms of similar architecture to create a building that was in its own way unique, rather than a mere pastiche of an earlier style; having achieved this, he then went on to adapt his architecture to accommodate the climate and materials locally available. Local stone and wood were particular favourites of his, especially the good quality limestone of Oamaru, and these were often used in preference to the excellent bricks equally available. Small Gothic
520:. This is now considered by some experts to be one of his greatest works, though it must be attributed to the partnership. It has been thought that perhaps the house was begun before Lawson arrived, but he departed Dunedin on 8 May 1890, and the foundation stone was laid on 16 August 1890, so there was enough time to be appointed and design the mansion. The principal aspect of the design, the tall Corinthian portico, is practically an exact match to those on Lawson's banks in Oamaru, the pediment of the National Bank in particular is essentially repeated here. Often said to resemble a Grecian temple, the architecture of a bold double-height
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columns are linked by a balustrade. This extinguishes the clean-lined effect one would expect in a classical building of this stature and order and reduces the building's appearance to that of a doll's house. This effect is exacerbated by the windows within the portico (flat topped on the lower floor and round topped on the upper floor); these are disproportionately large and destroy the "temple" effect which the great portico was intended to create. Today, this externally unaltered building is used as an
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1258:, a former pupil at Lawson's Abdie Parish School in Scotland. From 1864 onwards the couple lived in a house on Bellevue Street in Roslyn, Dunedin that Lawson had designed. From Lawson's point of view, this was a good marriage. His father-in-law, George Hepburn, was at the time the second session clerk of First Church, as well as a successful business man and politician with excellent credentials in early Dunedin. Throughout his life Lawson remained a devout Presbyterian, becoming an
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project's clerk of works and Lawson himself – were forced to give evidence to support their competence. The
Commissioners apportioned blame to Lawson for constructional defects and not insisting on proper drainage works being carried out, but also placed blame on the Public Works Department for not paying attention to repeated applications from the architect to deal with drainage problems and warnings from Dr James Hector, the Director of Geological Survey.
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of and by the end of 1861 had moved to
Melbourne with the intention of resuming a full-time career in architecture. In 1861, the first Otago gold rush brought an influx of people to southern New Zealand, including a new generation of emigrants. To service the rapidly expanding population of the region's principal settlement , the 13 year old town of Dunedin the Descon's Court of the presbytery of Otago decided now was the time to build a permanent
1154:, but appears, though of more delicate and simple design, to be of equal value to the floor below. The rusticated pilasters of the lower floor are continued above, but become smooth dressed stone to match the upper facade. The pilasters' capitals are Corinthian, and as at the Bank of New South Wales they support an undecorated entablature. The centre and focal point of the building is marked by a pediment, which again gives the air of a palazzo.
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575:, Canterbury, on 3 December. By the time of his death he had begun to re-establish his reputation, having been elected vice-president of the Otago Institute of Architects. Although much of Lawson's early work has since been either demolished or heavily altered, surviving plans and photographs from the period suggest that the buildings he was working on at this time included a variety of styles. Indeed, Lawson designed principally in both the
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vicinity. During the 1870s and 1880s
Dunedin rose to be the dominant commercial centre in New Zealand largely due to the wealth generated by gold mining. This was in turn reflected in the number of new buildings being constructed. These commissions ensured that the 1870s in particular were Lawson's most productive. This was despite him suffering from ill health which required him to spend two months in Melbourne in 1873 and later in 1874.
271:, at the time New Zealand's largest building. In 1900, shortly before his death, he returned to New Zealand from a self-imposed, ten-year exile to re-establish his name, but his sudden demise prevented a full rehabilitation of his reputation. The great plaudits denied him in his lifetime were not to come until nearly a century after his death, when the glories of Victorian architecture began again to be recognised and appreciated.
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790:, with details carved by Louis Godfrey, who also did much of the woodcarving in the interior. The use of "cathedral glass", coloured but unfigured glass pending the donation of a pictorial window for the rose window is characteristic of Otago's 19th-century churches, where donors were relatively few reflecting the generally "low church" sentiments of the place. Similar examples can be found in Lawson's churches throughout
364:. In the January 1862 they announced a competition with a prize of £50 to select a suitable design what was to become First Church. Lawson heard about the competition either from his younger brother John Lawson who had already emigrated to Otago or via a copy of the Otago Daily Times that had found their way to Melbourne. He decided to enter the competition and was able to submit from Melbourne a set of drawing under the
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major works therefore have to be appraised through his use of the Gothic. First Church thus has to be regarded as his masterpiece. His classical works, though often competently and skillfully executed, were mostly confined to smaller public buildings. He never had the opportunity to refine and hone his classical ideas, and therefore these never had the opportunity to make the same impact as his Gothic works.
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first at the site of temporary building, before structural problems within the permanent building began to manifest themselves even before completion in July 1884 at a cost of £78,000. Finally in 1887 a major landslip occurred which rendered the north wing unsafe and it was eventually to be replaced by wooden buildings. The problems with the design could no longer be ignored.
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until a brief relationship with
Christchurch architect Thomas Lambert in 1889. In 1876 Lawson was involved in the formation of the Dunedin institute of Civil engineers and Architects, which was intended to counter the competition from employees of the Otago Provincial Council eventually went out of existence by the early 1880s.
759:. It is this large circular window which after the spire becomes the focal point of the rear elevations. The whole architectural essay appears here almost European. Inside, instead of the stone vaulted ceiling of a Norman cathedral, there are hammer beams supporting a ceiling of pitched wood and a stone pointed
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The interior of the building is ornate, with imported marbles and
Venetian glass used in the Italianate decoration. As with First Church, there are also numerous carvings by Louis Godfrey. It took 200 men three years to complete the shell and a further twelve years for the interior to be finished. In
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As both he and his wife were members of the congregation and Lawson an elder of the
Presbytery of Otago and Southland these failings of his most prestigious commission must have felt highly embarrassing. When combined with the issues at Seacliff and the economic downturn they were sufficient to cause
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As he had no partners to share the workload his practice employed a number of young architects, including Thomas Forrester, Percy W. Laing and James-Louis Salmond (from 1888) who later went on to establish their own practices. There are no records to suggest that Lawson entered into any partnerships
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At the time of Lawson's work the rival schools of Classical and Gothic architecture were both equally fashionable. In his ecclesiastical commissions, Lawson worked exclusively for the Protestant denominations and thus never received the opportunity to build a great church in the classical style. His
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Robert Lawson was chiefly an architect of his time, designing in the styles then popular. The British emigrants to the colonies wanted architecture to remind them of home, and thus it is not surprising that Lawson's most notable buildings are all in a form of Gothic. Many, such as Larnach Castle and
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himself; however, unlike a true Palladian design, the two floors of the bank are of equal value, only differentiated by the windows of the ground floor being round-topped, while those above are the same size but have flat tops. Of all Lawson's classical designs, the National Bank is perhaps the most
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while he went overseas on a trip from February 1887 to December 1887. The relationship known as Turnbull and Lawson, with Lawson, making periodic visits to Dunedin before permanently returning within 12 months. Major projects undertaken by Lawson during the late 1880s were the Lawrence Presbyterian
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school. He was also involved in assessing and share broking. By 1859 he was secretary of the Steiglitz Prospecting & Mining Company and then its managing director until it was wound up in late 1861. As Lawson came to realise the low probability of success in the gold rush and the precariousness
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Today, Lawson is lauded as the architect of some of New Zealand's finest historic buildings. The Otago Branch of the New Zealand Historic Places Trust has inaugurated a memorial lecture programme, the RA Lawson Lecture, which is presented in Dunedin annually by an eminent local or overseas speaker.
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Since the Star and Garter's completion, many of its windows have either been blocked or enlarged, changes that have been detrimental to the architectural effect Lawson created. The building is now used mainly by a theatre company, although a restaurant at the eastern end of the building retains the
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remains undecorated. The building, while not jarring, has less architectural merit than the National Bank building, even though it was originally intended to be more classical and impressive than its neighbour. The imposing effect the architect sought is lessened at ground level where the portico's
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While working on the elegantly simple National Bank, Lawson was also simultaneously employed on the architecturally vastly different Larnach Castle, which suggests that unlike the many notable architects who graduate through their careers from one style to another, Lawson could produce whatever his
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personal style. It has been hailed as one of New Zealand's finest mansions, described on its completion as: "doubtless the most princely, as it is the most substantial and elegant residence in New Zealand". There is a tradition that Larnach designed his house after Castle Forbes, his father's house
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In 1875 the Otago Provincial Council decided to replace the existing Dunedin Lunatic Asylum on the site of what later became the Otago Boys High School with a new one on an existing government reserve at Seacliff 25 km from Dunedin. Once the council was abolished in 1876 responsibility for the
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were often avoided and replaced by large bay windows, allowing the rooms to be flooded with light rather than creating the darker interiors of true Gothic buildings. Larnach Castle has often been criticised as being clumsy and incongruous, but this derives from the persistent misinterpretation of
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Despite the problems at Seacliff, from the reports in various newspapers many Dunedin people disagreed with the commission's finding and Lawson's reputation among his fellow citizens was intact, though diminished. By 1889 it was apparent that there were issues with dampness on the walls of First
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In 1888 an enquiry into the collapse was set up. In February, realising that he may be in legal trouble, Lawson applied to the enquiry to be allowed counsel to defend him. During the enquiry all involved in the construction – including the contractor, the head of the Public Works Department, the
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As well as designing the permanent building Lawson also designed a temporary wooden building to accommodate sixty male patients and staff above the site for the new permanent building. Construction commenced on site in September 1879 and soon became apparent that parts of the site were unstable,
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As a result of winning the commission to design First Church Lawson was able in 1862 to move to Dunedin and open an architectural practice. During the construction of First Church Lawson built up his practice with commissions obtained to design other churches, public buildings, and houses in the
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project from nearly every corner; the gabled roof line is dominated by a mammoth tower complete with further turrets and a spire. The edifice broadly E-shaped ground plan was 740 feet (230 m) long by 228 feet (69 m) wide. The great tower, actually designed so that the inmates could be
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in Australia. The plans, however, are unquestionably from Lawson's office. The origin of the myth is simply that Larnach Castle has verandahs, doubtless insisted on by Larnach, an obviously colonial addition to its otherwise conventional revivalist design. However these do lend it distinction.
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decided to reduce Bell Hill, on which it was to stand, by some 12 metres (40 ft): the hill had proved a major impediment to transport in the rapidly expanding city. As a result the foundation stone wasn't laid until 15 May 1868. Just before the official opening on 23 November 1873 Lawson
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The building, though castle-like, is not truly castellated although some of the windows are surmounted by crenelated ornament. Its highest point, the dominating tower, is decorated by stone balustrading. The tower has turrets at each corner – an overall composition more redolent of the early
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By the late 1870s following on from the booms bought by the goldfields and then the Vogel Public Works Scheme New Zealand entered a severe economic recession (precipitated by the collapse of the City Bank of Glasgow in 1878) which lasted into the early 1890s and came to be known as the "long
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Lawson designed an estimated 46 church buildings, 21 banks, 134 houses, 16 school buildings, 13 hotels, 15 civic and institutional buildings, and 120 commercial and industrial buildings. Of these 94 survive, including 46 in Dunedin, 43 in the rest of New Zealand and five in Melbourne.
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synod felt the metropolitan church should not have been so privileged over the country districts where congregants had no purpose designed places of worship or only modest ones. The Reverend Dr Burns's championship of the project ensured it was carried through against such objections.
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styles simultaneously throughout his career. His style and manner of architecture can best be explained through an examination of six of his designs, three Gothic and three in the classical style, and each an individual interpretation and use of their common designated style.
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at 367 High Street. This is one of Lawson's last works. Threave has particularly ornate carved verandahs in the Gothic style, but is today better known for its gardens than architecture. The house and gardens were extensively restored in the 1960s and 1970s by then-owner
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where as well as remaining involved in gold mining activities he became the agent for the Melbourne newspaper The Argus and for whom it is believed he also acted as its local correspondent. During this period he occasionally turned his hand to architecture, designing the
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There later became a popular misconception that the Commission of Inquiry had found Lawson to be "negligent and incompetent" despite these words not appearing in its report. The words are however first known to have appeared in the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography.
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Lawson's classical works tended to be confined to public and corporate buildings. It appears that the Gothic style favoured by the Protestants for their churches was also their preferred choice for their houses. Much of Lawson's classical work is in the town of
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1027:, a hard limestone that is ideal for building purposes, especially where ornate moulding is required. The finished stonework has a creamy, sandy colour. Unfortunately, it is not strongly resistant to today's pollution, and can be prone to surface crumbling.
884:. Larnach was interred in the mausoleum himself. While serving as New Zealand's Minister of Finance and of Mines in 1898, he committed suicide in a committee room of the parliamentary building in Wellington, not because of the financial stresses of the
872:, an exemplar of the style. It has been accurately described as a "castellated villa wrapped in a two-storey verandah". The principal facade is dominated by a central tower complete with a stair turret which gives the house its castle-like appearance.
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However, what Lawson created was not a mannerist or indeed Palladian town palazzo at all but a hybrid, while similar, at first glance, to the neo-palladian villas and country houses of the late 18th century found in Italy and England, examples being
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was upon its completion New Zealand's largest building for the next 50 years. Architecturally, this was Lawson at his most exuberant, extravagant and adventurous: Otago Boys High School seems almost severe and restrained in comparison. Turrets on
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Although some have questioned if Larnach Castle was an essay in the revived Scottish baronial manner. The main facade resembles a small, castellated tower house, with the characteristic rubble masonry, turrets and battlements, present at
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were used to create an impression of strength, supporting the more delicately designed floor above; this feeling of strength was further enhanced by double pilasters serving merely to imply a need to support the great weight above.
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observed should they attempt to escape, was almost 50 metres (160 ft) tall. It was later said of the design that "the Victorians might not have wanted their lunatics living with them, but they liked to house them grandly".
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realised while sailing up the harbour that the spire was 15 feet (4.6 m) too short, and had a slight lean. He insisted on the spire being dismantled and rebuilt to the correct specifications, which was completed in 1875.
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17th-century English Renaissance than an earlier true castle. While the school's entrance arch was obviously designed to impart an ecclesiastical or collegiate air, the school has the overall appearance of a prosperous
1231:(1881). The designs still standing (which include all of the works described in detail above) have ensured that Lawson's reputation has fully recovered from the condemnation he received following the Seacliff enquiry.
821:, which has a similar tower, also in Dunedin. This building, less well known than First Church, also designed in the 13th-century Gothic style, but in bluestone, is considered by some to be his finest achievement.
319:. While with Graham he furthered his school education at "Trustees Academy". Lawson then worked as an assistant architect with John Lessels, where he was credited with the design of a college and two mansions.
670:, chancel and transepts. In all, Lawson designed over forty churches in the Gothic style. Like Benjamin Mountfort's, some were constructed entirely of wood; however, the majority were in stone.
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on 15 July 1854, arriving in the city on 1 November in that same year. Like other new arrivals in Australia, he tried many new occupations over the next two years on various goldfields tried
960:. The school's many turrets and towers led to the architect Nathaniel Wales describing it in 1890 as "a semi-ecclesiastical building" in the "Domestic Tudor style of medieval architecture".
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1887 the building was further extended by the addition of a 3,000-square-foot (280 m) ballroom. In 1880, following the death of his first wife, Larnach had Lawson design in Dunedin's
1204:, much of his work would be incongruous, but Lawson realised that he was designing not for the glens and mountains of his homeland, but rather for a new country, with new ideals and vast
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Above this solid and severe facade that Lawson chose instead of the customary two or three floors, the massive blocks of stone support just one floor. This upper floor is not an obvious
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The similarity may reflect an influence, but may also simply be a function of the use of the double height columns while also incorporating a verandah in the Australian tradition.
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is one of Lawson's more adventurous forays into classical architecture. Forsaking Palladian-influenced temple-like columns and porticos, he initially took as his inspiration the
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worship; Greek, Roman, and Italian renaissance architecture was viewed as "pagan" and inappropriate in the design of churches. Thus Lawson was never given opportunities such as
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In 1900, at the age of 67, Lawson came out of his ten-year-long self-imposed exile from New Zealand and returned to Dunedin. Here he entered into practice with his former pupil
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of "Presbyter" by the closing date of 15 March 1862. If this pseudonym was designed to catch the eye of the Presbyterian judges, it was well chosen: his design was successful.
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styles of architecture. He was prolific, and while isolated buildings remain in Scotland and Australia, it is in the Dunedin area that most surviving examples can now be found.
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Built in 1883, located right next to his earlier National Bank, this is also Neoclassical in design, its limestone facade dominated by a great six-columned, unpedimented
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Lawson must have shown an interest in architecture or promise in drawing for he was articled at the age of 15 to architect Andrew Heiton Snr. of Heiton and Heiton in
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This building, completed in 1871, is one of Lawson's successful exercises into classical architecture, designed in a near Palladian style. A perfectly proportioned
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Sometime from 1861 onwards Lawson was introduced to Jessie Sinclair Hepburn. Jessie had been born on 1 July 1843 at Kirkcaldy, Fife in Scotland to Rachel and
1166:. The Star and Garter, though, through Lawson's "pick, mix and match" approach to different forms of classical architecture is in its own way quite unique.
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windows on all sides, which give an illusion of even greater height. It can be seen from much of central Dunedin, and dominates the skyline of lower
936:, Arthur Street, Dunedin, was completed in 1885. Often referred to as Gothic, in fact it is a hybrid of several orders of architecture with obvious
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559:. A number of commercial and residential buildings were erected under their joint names, including the brick house known as "Threave" built for
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Lawson's work in Gothic design, like that of most other architects of this period, was clearly influenced by the style and philosophy of
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Today he is held in high esteem in his adopted country. However, at the time of his death his reputation was at a low ebb following the
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627:, a denomination not known for its love of ornament and decoration, and certainly not the architecture of the more Catholic countries.
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of stained glass. This is flanked by further lights on the lower level, while twin organ pipes emphasise the symmetry of the pulpit.
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952:). The building has long been regarded as one of the finest examples of architecture in Dunedin, built of stone with many window
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style of architecture popular in early 16th century Italy. There are even some minor similarities between this building and the
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was £35,000; it later sold in 1911 for just £6000. Commercial buildings which survive from Lawson's Melbourne years include the
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In the final period of his life Lawson rarely designed alone. Once in Melbourne, he entered into partnership with the architect
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Lawson was born on 1 January 1833 at 49 Hoggs Place, Abbyhill in the village of Grange of Lindores in the parish of Abdie near
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Lawson designed several large private houses, the best known was at first called "The Camp". Today it is better remembered as
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Plan of Seacliff Lunatic Asylum: New Zealand's largest building was completely symmetrical; its external facades belie the
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888:, as previously thought but because of circulating rumours about an affair between his eldest son and his third wife.
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is above the entrance to the building rather than in its traditional place in the centre of the church at the axis of
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Taranaki Stories: Science and Medicine - Give me the Impossible - the story of Truby King and the Plunket Movement.
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The building continued to deteriorate with the tower demolished in 1945 and the remaining structure in 1957.
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Much of Lawson's work is either demolished or much altered. Two of his timber Gothic churches survive at
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Before the Seacliff Commission of Inquiry, Lawson had relocated to Wellington on 26 May 1887 to serve as
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At the age of 21, Lawson armed only with a letter of introduction to one of brother's friend residing in
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1058:. The proportions of the main facade of this building display a Palladian symmetry, almost worthy of
2258:. A map and information guide to the architectural highlights of R.A. Lawson in the city of Dunedin.
2158:(Paperback). Dunedin: Historic Cemeteries Conservation trust of New Zealand. pp. 226, 237–241.
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The First Church: The rear of the building shows the true architecture and extravagant European
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conventional in terms of adherence to classical rules of architecture as defined in Palladio's
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Externally First Church successfully replicates the effect, if on a smaller scale, of the late
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and session clerk of First Church like his father-in-law. He was also closely involved in the
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311:(Scotland). After a short time he was transferred to and completed his apprenticeship under
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The Lawson–Salmond partnership would not last long. In 1902 Lawson died suddenly at
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rising to 54 metres (177 ft). The spire is unusual as it is pierced by two-storeyed
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747:. The cathedral-like design and size can best be appreciated from the rear. There is an
623:. Dunedin had in fact been founded, only thirteen years before Lawson's arrival, by the
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from 240 metres (800 ft) above sea level, the mansion seems perfectly positioned.
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Bank of New South Wales: detailing of the intricate sculpting on the capitals of the
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worship employed by the Presbyterian denomination. The lack of ritual and religious
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House Style and Class in Victorian and Edwardian Dunedin, New Zealand, 1870-1910
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supported by four Corinthian columns, projects from a square building of five
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The expense of the building was not without criticism as some members of the
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him to quickly wind up his affairs and depart for Melbourne on 8 May 1890.
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Mane-Wheoki, Jonathan. (1992). The Architecture of Robert Arthur Lawson.
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states that he did more than any other designer to shape the face of the
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Larnach Castle's Project Site: Welcome to "The Larnach Years" 1871–1898.
1054:-like portico gives the impression of entering a pantheon rather than a
291:. He was the fourth child of Margaret (nee Arthur) and James Lawson, a
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512:. Together they designed Earlsbrae Hall, a large Neoclassical house at
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1208:. Thus, set upon its two-storeyed verandahs, and looking out over the
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First Church, Dunedin: the principal facade, Lawson's first major work
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A visual comparison shows how closely related the two buildings are.
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472:(1888) and a grain and woolstore for Reid, Mclean & Co (1889).
352:
288:
241:
225:
for which he is best remembered, but also other buildings, such as
2232:(Master of Arts in Folklore). Memorial University of Newfoundland.
1888:. No. 11386. Dunedin, New Zealand. 2 November 1900. p. 1
1200:
Lawson's work as Scottish baronial. It is true that in a Scottish
692:-like quality of the church, which shocked its early congregation.
256:. Lawson is acclaimed for his work in both the Gothic revival and
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1178:
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bears the inscription "Bank of New South Wales", while above the
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style was designed in 1862. Construction was delayed after the
662:) are merely hinted at in the design. Thus at First Church the
659:
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enjoyed when the latter recreated great Italianate renaissance
437:
348:
296:
1398:
1883: Bank of New South Wales, Oamaru (now Forrester Gallery).
755:, which are dwarfed by the massive gable containing the great
596:
religions were at this period still heavily influenced by the
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912:
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1670:, New Plymouth District Council. Retrieved 7 February 2008.
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760:
748:
667:
336:
284:
237:
150:
Rachel Ida, James Newburgh, Margaret Lillian, Jessie Lawson
2035:
Forrester Gallery, Oamaru, NZ. Retrieved 7 February 2008.
1682:"Transcriptions from Hawkes Bay and Poverty Bay Newspaper"
1103:
1083:. The columns in the Corinthian order support a divided
798:
in Stuart Street, Dunedin (later used as a home for the
500:: Lawson designed this Greek Revival style mansion with
2100:. Historic Cemeteries Conservation Trust of New Zealand
1074:
1050:, the three central bays being behind the portico. The
2256:
Inspired: The Dunedin Architecture of R.A. Lawson
854:, a local businessman and politician recalled for his
229:, a country house, with which he is also associated.
2176:
Landmarks: Notable historic buildings of New Zealand
248:
and then in 1862 to New Zealand. He died aged 69 in
197:(1 January 1833 – 3 December 1902) was one of
1566:"History of immigration - Depression: 1885 to 1900"
1276:
Margaret Lillian (31 August 1869 - 16 August 1926).
1273:
James Newburgh (31 January 1868 - 20 October 1957).
880:a miniaturised version of First Church as a family
2023:Otago Boys High School. Retrieved on 2008-02-08.
1266:movement. The couple had the following children:
2269:
1702:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1357:1874: Union Bank of Australia (later ANZ Bank),
1130:, which were a reaction to the more ornate high
634:. However, he adapted the style for the form of
431:Designed to house 500 patients and 50 staff the
295:and sawmiller. Lawson was educated at the Abdie
1990:(PDF). BTU Cottbus. Retrieved 7 February 2008.
1955:. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage
1531:. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage
974:
903:: The ecclesiastical entrance arch leads to an
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646:; hence in Lawson's version of the Gothic, the
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2112:
1993:
1684:. Archived from the original on 9 August 2007
1609:Ledgerwood, foreword by Jonathan Mane-Wheoki.
1589:"Economic history - Boom and bust, 1870–1895"
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771:. Above this diffused light enters through a
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2156:R. A. Lawson: Victorian Architect of Dunedin
1279:Jessie Lawson (9 July 1871- 20 August 1878).
1142:stone, so did this hotel. Massive blocks of
1071:client required at any stage in his career.
587:
379:
2131:
2038:
2002:Larnach Castle. Retrieved 7 February 2008.
1860:. No. 9604. 4 December 1902. p. 3
1643:Ledgerwood, pp 185, 187, 195, 215-218, 220.
1626:
1554:Ledgerwood, pp 109, 141, 158, 159, 183, 187
1513:
1510:Ledgerwood, pp 7, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 23-25
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339:before eventually settling in the town of
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2196:Robert Arthur Lawson, architect, 1833-1902
2153:
1846:
1844:
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1603:
1591:. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
1568:. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
1543:
1489:
1473:
1270:Rachel Ida (15 March 1866 - 25 July 1956).
396:
360:church to serve as its principal place of
49:
30:For other people named Robert Lawson, see
2026:
1988:The Country House in Colonial New Zealand
1941:
1924:
1900:
2298:Scottish emigrants to colonial Australia
2092:
1334:St Andrew's Presbyterian Church, Dunedin
1319:1868: The Star and Garter Hotel, Oamaru.
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978:
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683:
536:. The cost of construction to the owner
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414:
406:
370:
1907:Wardle, Peter; Galloway, David (2004).
1841:
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1325:1870: East Taieri Presbyterian church,
1322:1869: Wesleyan Trinity Church, Dunedin.
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1343:. Later occupied by the National Bank.
1104:The Star and Garter Hotel, Oamaru 1867
824:
2313:New Zealand ecclesiastical architects
2222:
2202:(Master of Arts). University of Otago
2192:
2014:
1461:. Dictionary of New Zealand Biography
1237:NZHPT Otago Branch Archives, Dunedin.
712:The church is dominated by its multi-
524:columned portico is derived from the
2323:Burials at Dunedin Northern Cemetery
2262:Lawson: The man behind the name
1953:An Encyclopedia of New Zealand, 1966
1612:
1529:The Encyclopedia of New Zealand 1966
1075:Bank of New South Wales, Oamaru 1883
217:. He is the architect of over forty
2318:19th-century New Zealand architects
2095:"R.A. Lawson's Architectural Works"
1750:Bulletin of New Zealand art history
1441:
1307:For a more comprehensive list, see
207:Dictionary of New Zealand Biography
24:
2216:
2113:Herd, J.; Griffiths, G.J. (1980).
1522:
1283:
948:(a peculiarly English form of the
915:, the central tower is crowned by
806:in the north of the city, and the
617:Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament
25:
2344:
2333:Scottish emigrants to New Zealand
2237:
2060:. Otago Witness. 19 November 1864
1564:Philips, Jock (8 February 2005).
1065:I Quattro Libri dell'Architettura
2328:19th-century Scottish architects
2243:
1241:
1112:The Star and Garter building in
552:, which were completed in 1897.
2178:. Auckland: Godwit Publishing.
2072:
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2005:
1980:
1967:
1872:
1816:
1807:
1798:
1780:
1755:
1711:
1673:
1646:
1587:Easton, Brian (11 March 2010).
1417:Tokomairiro Presbyterian Church
808:Tokomairiro Presbyterian Church
796:former Trinity Methodist Church
778:The building is constructed of
470:Tokomairiro Presbyterian Church
315:who was a leading architect in
136:
1828:vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au
1580:
1557:
1457:Mane-Wheoki, Jonathan (1993).
1412:1885: Otago Boys' High School.
794:. Notable among these are the
488:
13:
1:
2193:Prior, William James (1991).
2085:
1926:10.1080/0028825X.2004.9512922
1913:New Zealand Journal of Botany
1719:"Repairs to the First Church"
1387:East Gore Presbyterian Church
1300:, a miniature replica of the
642:rendered unnecessary a large
264:
55:Robert Arthur Lawson, aged 42
1656:, quoted in Bartle, Rhonda.
1186:dominates the old road from
975:Works in the classical style
892:Otago Boys' High School 1885
886:Colonial Bank of New Zealand
423:of its repetitious interior.
322:
213:architecture of the city of
201:'s pre-eminent 19th century
7:
2154:Ledgerwood, Norman (2013).
1792:Melbourne Mansions Database
986:, now the Forrester Gallery
850:. It was built in 1871 for
10:
2349:
2293:People from Newburgh, Fife
1692:– via Rootschat.com.
1306:
1031:National Bank, Oamaru 1871
839:
677:
674:First Church, Dunedin 1873
548:and the College Church in
463:for Wellington architect
400:
244:, he emigrated in 1854 to
29:
2288:Gothic Revival architects
2139:. Dunedin: John McIndoe.
2117:. Dunedin: John McIndoe.
1394:Dunedin Northern Cemetery
1392:1881: Larnach Mausoleum,
1298:Dunedin Northern Cemetery
1160:Villa di Poggio Imperiale
588:Works in the Gothic style
380:Emigration to New Zealand
302:
188:
166:
162:
158:Margaret and James Lawson
154:
146:
120:
112:
104:
82:
60:
48:
41:
2308:Architects of cathedrals
2093:Entwisle, Peter (2013).
1896:– via Papers Past.
1868:– via Papers Past.
1654:King in a Strange Garden
1434:
998:columns, supporting the
782:, set on foundations of
706:Otago Provincial Council
476:Problems at First Church
275:Early life and education
2303:Architects from Dunedin
2078:Ledgerwood, pp 237-241.
1824:"Former College Church"
1763:"Thursday, May 8, 1890"
1525:"Lawson, Robert Arthur"
1459:"Lawson, Robert Arthur"
1403:Seacliff Lunatic Asylum
1170:hotel's original name.
1087:; the lower section or
984:Bank of New South Wales
956:and corners of lighter
934:Otago Boys' High School
901:Otago Boys' High School
625:Free Church of Scotland
433:Seacliff Lunatic Asylum
411:Seacliff Lunatic Asylum
403:Seacliff Lunatic Asylum
397:Seacliff Lunatic Asylum
269:Seacliff Lunatic Asylum
183:Otago Boys' High School
126:Jessie Sinclair Hepburn
2223:Moyle, Jeremy (2018).
2174:McGill, David (1997).
2033:The Forrester Gallery.
1986:Lochhead, Ian (2001).
1725:. Dunedin. 3 July 1890
1486:Ledgerwood, pp 1, 3-5.
1426:1890: Earlsbrae Hall,
1309:Works of Robert Lawson
1304:
1191:
1116:
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987:
930:
837:
836:, the principal facade
693:
505:
424:
412:
376:
313:James Gillespie Graham
221:, including Dunedin's
1623:Prior, pp 54, 56, 65.
1348:First Church of Otago
1339:1871: Bank of Otago,
1302:First Church of Otago
1291:
1190:to Fairfax (Tokoiti).
1182:Lawson's Tokomairiro
1181:
1111:
993:
982:
899:
832:
817:Lawson also designed
687:
680:First Church, Dunedin
496:
418:
410:
374:
2252:at Wikimedia Commons
2137:Buildings of Dunedin
2135:; Wales, N. (1988).
1975:Buildings of Dunedin
1880:"Partnership Notice"
1663:17 June 2007 at the
1366:Knox Church, Dunedin
1174:Appraisal and legacy
331:he boarded the ship
195:Robert Arthur Lawson
179:Knox Church, Dunedin
43:Robert Arthur Lawson
2115:Discovering Dunedin
1973:Knight, Hardwicke.
1788:"Mansion Earlsbrae"
1523:Knight, Cyril Roy.
1184:Presbyterian Church
825:Larnach Castle 1871
716:tower crowned by a
696:This architectural
2047:Ledgerwood, p 235.
1949:"Larnach's Castle"
1857:Poverty Bay Herald
1428:Essendon, Victoria
1375:, Otago Oeninsula.
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988:
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506:
425:
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377:
108:Scottish / British
2248:Media related to
2165:978-0-473-24403-3
2133:Knight, Hardwicke
1852:"Dunedin Special"
1767:Otago Daily Times
1679:Andrew, Barbara.
1380:Dunedin Town Hall
1292:The mausoleum of
878:Northern Cemetery
763:acts as a simple
538:Collier McCracken
530:plantation houses
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1286:
1284:Works by Lawson
1256:David M. Stuart
1244:
1210:Otago Peninsula
1176:
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950:Neo-Renaissance
894:
852:William Larnach
844:
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800:Fortune Theatre
767:to the central
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601:Oxford Movement
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557:J.Louis Salmond
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468:Church (1886),
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1919:(4): 709–714.
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842:Larnach Castle
840:Main article:
834:Larnach Castle
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802:), the spired
784:basalt breccia
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678:Main article:
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632:Augustus Pugin
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589:
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573:Pleasant Point
561:Watson Shennan
542:Moran and Cato
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502:Frederick Grey
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401:Main article:
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27:NZ architect
2283:1902 deaths
2278:1833 births
2021:Facilities.
1833:27 February
1535:27 February
1352:Moray Place
1327:East Taieri
1227:(1870) and
1132:renaissance
1098:art gallery
1085:entablature
1000:entablature
942:Tudor style
938:renaissance
924:renaissance
819:Knox Church
804:Knox Church
773:rose window
757:rose window
751:flanked by
726:Moray Place
656:Lady Chapel
640:processions
489:Final years
346:Free Church
254:New Zealand
199:New Zealand
105:Nationality
18:R.A. Lawson
2272:Categories
2086:References
1909:"Obituary"
1668:Puke Ariki
1465:7 February
1382:, Dunedin.
1368:, Dunedin.
1361:, Dunedin.
1354:, Dunedin.
1140:rusticated
1089:architrave
1004:architrave
996:Corinthian
954:embrasures
946:Jacobethan
927:balustrade
922:, above a
870:Abbotsford
765:proscenium
594:Protestant
534:Deep South
522:Corinthian
337:goldmining
333:Tongataboo
250:Canterbury
203:architects
113:Occupation
97:Canterbury
89:1902-12-03
67:1833-01-01
2058:"Married"
1959:9 January
1935:220193669
1752:. Vol 13.
1252:Poictiers
1229:East Gore
1125:mannerist
966:Victorian
920:pinnacles
882:mausoleum
714:pinnacled
652:transepts
613:basilicas
605:Christian
577:classical
550:Parkville
366:pseudonym
341:Steiglitz
329:Melbourne
323:Australia
317:Edinburgh
293:carpenter
258:classical
246:Australia
167:Buildings
155:Parent(s)
116:Architect
2104:10 March
2064:31 March
1729:20 April
1698:cite web
1661:Archived
1595:16 April
1572:16 April
1407:Seacliff
1060:Palladio
1044:pediment
1040:prostyle
690:basilica
518:Victoria
514:Essendon
504:in 1890.
353:Catholic
299:school.
289:Scotland
281:Newburgh
242:Scotland
234:Newburgh
232:Born at
219:churches
147:Children
75:Newburgh
2206:5 April
1892:14 June
1864:14 June
1772:29 July
1688:27 June
1225:Kakanui
1128:palazzi
1081:portico
1037:portico
909:turrets
861:Baroona
856:bravura
753:turrets
745:England
700:in the
660:chapels
648:chancel
644:chancel
546:Fitzroy
438:corbels
362:worship
267:of his
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175:Dunedin
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1341:Oamaru
1332:1870:
1206:vistas
1188:Milton
1144:ashlar
1114:Oamaru
1093:frieze
1052:temple
1042:, its
1021:Oamaru
1012:frieze
1008:metope
1002:. The
958:quoins
913:gables
812:Milton
769:pulpit
741:Norman
722:gabled
581:Gothic
349:school
303:Career
297:parish
205:. The
121:Spouse
2230:(PDF)
2200:(PDF)
2098:(PDF)
1931:S2CID
1435:Notes
1260:elder
1121:Hotel
917:Tudor
792:Otago
786:from
718:spire
664:tower
309:Perth
236:, in
135:(
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2180:ISBN
2160:ISBN
2141:ISBN
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2106:2021
2066:2021
1961:2008
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1866:2024
1835:2020
1774:2019
1731:2021
1704:link
1690:2007
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1574:2021
1537:2008
1467:2008
1212:and
1202:glen
1162:and
1056:bank
1048:bays
1010:and
911:and
761:arch
749:apse
668:nave
650:and
579:and
285:Fife
238:Fife
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61:Born
1921:doi
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