149:
38:
104:, negotiated only with titled men in the areas that they operated in. Queen mothers in Africa, essentially, were not recognized as important and were often referred to in colonial/missionary historical documents as "sisters" of the men in power. The denial of status these women faced facilitated their titles' losses of power - hence, under colonial rule, Queen mothers, like other women on the continent, lost "social, religious, constitutional, and political privileges and rights."
111:'s independence leaders did not include queen mothers in their affairs, choosing instead to only work with the male chiefs. Women's absence in politics and, particularly, traditional institutions has created and worsened an unequal distribution of power and resulted in women's "concerns and rights not being adequately addressed."
639:
Some queen mothers have said that their authority is not as respected as much as the authority of the male chiefs. While many queen mothers and other women in traditional roles have faced obstacles for creating lasting change for women, they continue to organize in order to be represented "in formal
179:
The office of the queen mother is also known as the "stool". In Ghana, queen mothers are selected from the royal family of each town and village. It is the head of the royal family and the elders who choose both the chief and the queen mother, a pair that might be related to one another. The royal
663:
found that it was a good model of how to address the issue of orphans in West Africa, though it did have some limitations. There are approximately 370 queen mothers involved in MKQMA. In addition, the MKQMA, under the leadership of Manye Esther, has developed HIV/AIDS prevention programs and helped
85:
Queen mothers were once important political figures who commanded respect prior to the colonial era. However, the delegation of roles to these figures varied: in some instances, they were considered to be autonomous rulers, in others, they had specific jurisdiction over "women's" issues (or issues
136:
of Ghana, where the tradition of having queen mothers has not been practiced, have been encouraged to "reinstall" queen mothers by advocates of women's empowerment. More women have been installed as queen mothers in the northern part of Ghana, an occurrence which has raised the status of women in
121:
included
Article 277 which defines chieftaincy. Article 277 defines a chief as a person who has been properly nominated from the correct lineage and "enstooled, enskinned or installed as a Chief or a Queen Mother in accordance with the relevant customary law and usage." In the summer of 2010, the
202:
power of the king or chief and may appoint their own ministers. Queen mothers also select candidates for the next chief if the chief's "stool" is vacant. Queen mothers preside over courts which hear cases about disputes brought to the court by women. In their courtrooms, queen mothers and their
393:
The Krobo select queen mothers through a secret election by the elders. After her selection, she is notified of her new role by having white clay smeared on her arm. A ritual installation is performed where she is taught, advised, given a new name and then presented to the chief. Krobo queen
389:
Among the Krobo, there is the "paramount queen mother" and several "lesser" queen mothers ruling under her. Krobo queen mothers have less power than the queen mothers of the Akan tradition do. It is speculated the tradition of the queen mother may have been adopted from the Akan.
68:
fashion; whereas in Uganda, the term may be used to describe women who ruled outright. The amount of power queen mothers currently hold has been diminished since pre-colonial times, though the 21st century has seen their influence grow in certain contexts. Many are members of the
56:
in
African cultures. Though there is no general description of a "queen mother", as their roles have varied by society, political context, and culture, they generally play an important role in local government and "wield social power and influence."
336:; she presided over her husband's harem, served a variety of priestly functions in the kingdom, and was even sometimes an heir to the throne in her own right due to her hereditary background. An important holder of the title was Queen
604:, she is the functionary charged with the responsibility of crowning him. Following this, she also conducts the installations of all of his subordinate chiefs. Due to this, she too claims queen mother as part of her ceremonial style.
283:
serves as the queen mother. Traditionally, this titleholder had religious appeals, served as a counsel to the king, or Ahosu of
Dahomey, and pleaded before him in capital cases. A prominent holder of this title was Queen
1718:
291:
Today the kpojito still holds a position of influence within the kingdom's great council, and also oversees both a significant portion of
Dahomey's day-to-day administration and the ceremonial remnant of the famous
418:. She ruled alongside her son the king, or Qore of Kush, and joined him in serving a variety of priestly functions in his kingdom. Holders of the title were so famous that they were mentioned in both the
589:, is vacant. As part of the coronation ceremonies for a new oba, she also publicly blesses the candidate prior to his installation. For these reasons, she is regarded as the queen mother of the realm.
1514:
229:, became a queen mother. Queen mothers in the Benin tradition are, like those in Western monarchies, the literal mothers of the kings. The classical queen mothers of Benin, each known as an
225:
did not have queen mothers until after the end of the fifteenth century when there was a conflict for the throne. During the conflict, women gained power and the first of their number, Queen
1798:
Lund, Ragnhild; Agyei-Mensah, Samuel (18 April 2008). "Queens as
Mothers: the role of the traditional safety net of care and support for HIV/AIDS orphans and vulnerable children in Ghana".
1461:
Drah, Bright B. (1 January 2014). "Queen mothers, NGOs, and orphans: Transformations in traditional women's political organization in an era of HIV and orphanhood in Manya Klo, Ghana".
114:
In 1988, the
Ashanti Queen Mother Association was formed. It now has around forty-four women leaders from the Ashanti region as members. The group attends to issues relating to women.
194:
In the Akan tradition, queen mothers rule alongside the chief or the king in their area. Queen mothers are considered the spiritual heads of their communities and the keepers of
203:
court officials "wield power over disputants." When necessary, queen mothers can "assume full control of central authority." In some instances (such as during the reign of Queen
526:. Although most of the day-to-day functions of administration are performed by the ingwenyama, the ndlovukati is spiritually prominent due to her officiating during the annual
1726:
625:
Queen mothers today continue to adapt to the changing world and the position has "remained vital." They participate in business and recognize the contributions of
156:
The title of queen mother is an
English compound word used to collectively describe women in traditional African leadership roles. The Akan peoples use the term
1270:
572:
Women of varying ages and ancestries are installed as the "titled mothers of the kings" of the Yoruba. They also have a variety of different functions.
394:
mothers are seen as "mothers" of their community and while there is an emphasis on women's affairs for the queen mother, she helps both men and women.
140:
In 2014, the
Ghanaian Chieftaincy Minister, Henry Seidu Danaa, declared that queen mothers' participation in the House of Chiefs was constitutional.
70:
1522:
651:
In Ghana, queen mothers have started the Manya Krobo Queen
Mothers Association (MKQMA) in order to help children who have been orphaned because of
357:
whose activities followed the precedent set by the queens and empresses of
Ottoman Turkey, whose empire the khedivate had once been part of. Queen
1223:
1424:
122:
National House of Chiefs in Ghana announced the inclusion of 20 queen mothers. Queen mothers are appointed to the house for four-year terms.
1748:
738:
Farrar, Tarikhu (1997). "The Queenmother, Matriarchy, and the Question of Female Political Authority in Precolonial West African Monarchy".
1666:
1570:
1000:
490:, and ruled her own territory in his kingdom. As with the Akans, dynastic succession was vested in her progeny instead of the lamane's.
94:
and marital conflict), in others still, they were simply the literal mothers of prominent figures, and afforded all the status therein.
1329:
1163:
1692:
1393:
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1883:
607:
In addition to these and other women in Yorubaland that hold the title "iya oba", there is also a class of women that are known as
1136:
1053:
1026:
377:. She was usually the reigning king's paternal aunt, and was expected to lead the four women that were ex officio members of the
17:
781:
462:. The Pabir queen mother's role is ceremonial, and her "true power lies in her ability to foment opposition against the king."
617:, these figures oversee women's affairs in the various kingdoms and represent their gender in the privy councils of the kings.
378:
129:
started working with queen mothers to help support welfare efforts for women and children in different parts of West Africa.
1634:
550:, and is generally held in high esteem by the members of the tribe that he rules. A prominent holder of the title was Queen
107:
Post-colonial governments "continued with policies that undermined women's traditional authority": In 1957, as an example,
1111:
Religion and Chieftaincy in Ghana: An Explanation of the Persistence of a Traditional Political Institution in West Africa
1868:
636:
in Ghana. In order to raise awareness of their role in Africa, four queen mothers from Ghana toured the United States.
1246:
1119:
1063:
1036:
251:. This titleholder served as a powerful figure during the reign of either her son or - as was the case with Queen
60:
They are thus an important part of social, political, and cultural institutions across the African continent: the
1888:
585:, for example, is ranked third in the order of precedence. She serves as regent when the "stool" of the king, or
64:, for example, recognize them as important local political actors and often trace inheritance through them in a
1873:
1463:
1198:
1239:
The state of the world's children 2007 : women and children : the double dividend of gender equality
1878:
148:
31:
438:, a famous medieval state that was located in West Africa, the most important woman in the realm was the
942:
133:
1432:
1164:"Queen Mothers: The Unseen Hands in Chieftaincy Conflicts Among the Akan in Ghana: Myth or Reality?"
172:. In the traditions of Yorubaland, a woman who is ritually invested with the title is known as an
1756:
633:
1578:
450:, was a partisan in a plot to overthrow her ex-husband Mansa Sulayman following their divorce.
97:
74:
37:
412:, an ancient state that was located in what is today the Sudan, a queen mother was known as a
1363:
1028:
The Making of an African King: Patrilineal and Matrilineal Struggle among the Effutu of Ghana
118:
1337:
943:"Krobo Queen Mothers: Gender, Power, and Contemporary Female Traditional Authority in Ghana"
1472:
660:
344:
818:
Obeng, Samuel; Stoeltje, Beverly J. (2002). "Women's Voices in Akan Juridical Discourse".
8:
1401:
698:
551:
168:, a word that means "female monarch." In the Benin tradition, queen mothers are known as
1476:
1300:
1823:
1602:"Kathleen M. Fallon, Democracy and the Rise of Women's Movements in Sub-Saharan Africa"
1496:
1217:
963:
843:
835:
763:
755:
244:
1815:
1719:"Chiefs, Queen Mothers and Supporting Staff of Traditional Councils Receive Training"
1500:
1488:
1252:
1242:
1115:
1059:
1032:
967:
847:
789:
767:
419:
301:
1827:
1781:
Final Report for the Implementing AIDS Prevention and Care (IMPACT) Project in Ghana
866:"Ghana: Information on the "Queen Mother" Tradition among the Kwahu People of Ghana"
1807:
1613:
1480:
955:
827:
747:
659:. The group was started by Nana Okleyo. Studies of the association's work in the
370:
348:
332:
327:
313:
222:
326:, one of history's most important nations, the principal consort of the king - or
1643:
1484:
892:
641:
447:
409:
293:
865:
751:
678:
358:
235:, had a great deal of power and were venerated as the protectors of the kings.
65:
1849:
1811:
959:
1862:
1819:
1779:
1492:
1271:"Inclusion of Queen-mothers in House of Chiefs is Constitutional - Dr. Danaa"
703:
601:
539:
443:
423:
323:
1256:
693:
586:
505:
477:
252:
204:
1545:"Queenmothers Foundation Launches Package to Recognise Dedicated Midwives"
1001:"Meet the Queen Mothers: 10,000 amazing women taking back power in Africa"
831:
435:
61:
839:
759:
673:
640:
political processes." They pursue educational opportunities, like the
577:
563:
527:
515:
510:
499:
337:
270:
1618:
1601:
1364:"Asante Traditional Leadership and the Process of Educational Change"
600:
is another example. A titled courtier in the service of the king, or
195:
1544:
343:
Later, in the Egyptian successor state that was itself ruled by the
683:
656:
593:
519:
459:
285:
160:, which means "female ruler". In the Ga tradition, they are called
91:
486:. She was typically the mother or sister of the reigning king, or
164:
or "community mother". In the Pabir tradition, they are known as
1844:
645:
626:
613:
567:
523:
482:
471:
414:
403:
279:
274:
264:
53:
1850:
Video of Female Rulers in Kente at Ashanti Juaben, Ghana, Africa
893:"Uganda: Tracing Uganda's History Through Stories of Motherhood"
611:
or "king of the women". Usually holders of the principal title
487:
353:
317:
297:
189:
126:
101:
1515:"MASLOC Extends Credit Facility to Queenmothers, Market Women"
872:. United States Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services
1241:. UNICEF. New York, NY, USA: United Nations Children's Fund.
582:
547:
522:, she rules the kingdom of Eswatini in what is essentially a
361:
was arguably the most prominent holder of this latter title.
231:
216:
108:
1464:
Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography
480:
kingdoms of Senegambia, a queen mother was referred to as a
1777:
863:
688:
226:
199:
87:
1161:
Owusu-Mensah, I; Asante, W.; Osew, W.K. (September 2015).
296:
military unit. She shares this latter function with Queen
652:
442:, the senior wife and co-ruler of the ruling emperor, or
1083:"Northern Traditional Councils - Role of Queen Mothers"
1055:
Beyond Borders: Thinking Critically About Global Issues
180:
families are made up of the first settlers of an area.
1160:
1693:"Queen Mothers Attend Workshop on Land Tenure Issues"
1571:"Ghana to Become Regional Hub for Breast Cancer Educ"
508:
of Southern Africa, the queen mother is known as the
546:. She serves as an advisor to her son the chief, or
1667:"Upper East Queen Mothers to fight Child Marriages"
86:that involved both men and women together, such as
1642:
1162:
941:
30:"Queenmother" redirects here. For other uses, see
1031:. University Press of America, Inc. p. 237.
446:. One of the most powerful holders of the title,
71:African Queens and Women Cultural Leaders Network
1860:
1797:
864:Resource Information Center (18 October 1999).
1361:
1024:
817:
1635:"A Library Fellow in Equatorial West Africa"
1196:
52:) is a term used to describe certain female
1222:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1137:"The Devolution of the Ghanaian Parliament"
890:
458:Pabir queen mothers are expected to become
1051:
1749:"Queen Mothers: Every Child is Our Child"
1617:
1336:. Saint Michael's College. Archived from
939:
542:, the queen mother is referred to as the
143:
1134:
998:
891:Rwakabukoza, Rebecca (3 December 2015).
147:
36:
1431:. St. Michael's College. Archived from
1400:. St. Michael's College. Archived from
1301:"Idia: The First Queen Mother of Benin"
1236:
999:Mistiaen, Veronique (3 December 2015).
14:
1861:
1632:
1387:
1385:
1362:Owusu-Kwarteng, Nana K. W. B. (2005).
1357:
1355:
1192:
1190:
1107:
1058:. Worth Publishers. pp. 117–118.
782:"Queen Mothers - Advocates for Change"
737:
364:
258:
238:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1324:
1322:
1294:
1292:
1199:"African Queen Mothers Visit Atlanta"
1077:
1075:
935:
933:
307:
207:), they have "acted as war leaders."
1778:Family Health International (2004).
1599:
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1298:
994:
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988:
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984:
931:
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725:
723:
721:
719:
429:
397:
347:, the king - now referred to as the
1382:
1352:
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557:
533:
27:Female traditional rulers in Africa
24:
1753:Unitarian Universalist Association
1577:. 23 December 2015. Archived from
1447:
1422:
1391:
1319:
1289:
1135:Fordjour, Asante (11 March 2010).
1072:
632:Queen mothers have helped support
493:
465:
453:
384:
25:
1900:
1838:
1521:. 26 October 2015. Archived from
1305:Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
981:
910:
854:
804:
716:
210:
183:
132:More recently, areas such as the
1307:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art
1025:Ephirim-Donkor, Anthony (2015).
373:, a queen mother was known as a
247:, a queen mother was known as a
176:or "titled mother of the king".
1884:African traditional governments
1791:
1771:
1741:
1711:
1685:
1659:
1626:
1593:
1563:
1537:
1507:
1416:
1263:
1230:
1154:
1128:
1101:
664:support more than 400 orphans.
514:. Joining her son the king, or
381:, the kingdom's crown council.
1755:. October 2014. Archived from
1655:– via HighBeam Research.
1169:Journal of Pan African Studies
1045:
1018:
884:
774:
127:United Nations Children's Fund
100:from Europe, due to their own
41:Queen mothers in their regalia
13:
1:
1633:Elliot, Carol (1 July 1998).
1606:Canadian Journal of Sociology
1330:"The Power of a Queen Mother"
1052:Rothenberg, Paula S. (2006).
709:
32:Queen mother (disambiguation)
1787:(Report). USAID. p. 29.
1600:Kaye, Julie (22 June 2009).
1485:10.1080/00291951.2013.871331
1429:West African Art and Culture
1398:West African Art and Culture
304:of the Hangbe royal family.
7:
1114:. LIT Verlag. p. 228.
940:Steegstra, Marijke (2009).
667:
351:- had a consort known as a
10:
1905:
1299:Bortolot, Alexander Ives.
752:10.1177/002193479702700501
561:
497:
469:
401:
311:
262:
214:
187:
80:
29:
1869:African women in politics
1812:10.1007/s10708-008-9145-9
977:– via Project Muse.
960:10.2979/aft.2009.55.3.104
1425:"Queen Mothers of Benin"
788:. UNICEF. Archived from
740:Journal of Black Studies
620:
1108:Muller, Louise (2013).
786:West and Central Africa
648:in Ghana or workshops.
634:breast cancer awareness
18:Queen mothers in Africa
1889:African female royalty
1394:"Idia: A Benin Legend"
198:knowledge. They have
153:
144:Description and duties
75:voluntary organization
42:
1874:African queen mothers
1845:Rain Queens of Africa
151:
119:Constitution of Ghana
40:
1879:African noble titles
832:10.1353/at.2002.0008
661:Manya Krobo District
544:Mohumagadi Mma Kgosi
345:Muhammad Ali dynasty
152:Queen mother's stool
1759:on 19 December 2015
1723:Government of Ghana
1697:Ghana Business News
1639:Information Outlook
1581:on 25 December 2015
1477:2014NGTid..68...10D
1435:on 12 December 2015
1340:on 18 December 2015
1203:Atlanta Daily World
375:Mwene Nzimba Mpungu
365:Kongolese tradition
330:- was known as the
259:Dahomeyan tradition
239:Burundian tradition
1551:. 30 November 2015
1197:29 November 2012.
1183:– via EBSCO.
308:Egyptian tradition
245:Kingdom of Burundi
154:
54:traditional rulers
43:
1673:. 8 December 2015
1423:Bedard, Arianne.
1392:Bedard, Arianne.
1277:. 1 February 2014
1087:Ghana News Agency
602:Alake of Egbaland
430:Malinke tradition
420:Alexander Romance
398:Kushite tradition
302:chief of the name
134:Upper West Region
16:(Redirected from
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1832:
1831:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1775:
1769:
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1764:
1745:
1739:
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1736:
1734:
1725:. Archived from
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1709:
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1706:
1704:
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1683:
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1663:
1657:
1656:
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1647:on 14 March 2016
1646:
1641:. Archived from
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1619:10.29173/cjs6330
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1237:UNICEF. (2006).
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771:
735:
699:Ruth, Lady Khama
558:Yoruba tradition
552:Ruth, Lady Khama
534:Tswana tradition
379:Ne Mbanda Mbanda
371:Kingdom of Kongo
349:Khedive of Egypt
333:Great Royal Wife
328:Pharaoh of Egypt
314:Great Royal Wife
223:Kingdom of Benin
21:
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1806:(2–3): 93–106.
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1525:on 4 March 2016
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1404:on 5 March 2016
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1089:. 5 August 2011
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792:on 4 March 2016
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494:Swazi tradition
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466:Serer tradition
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454:Pabir tradition
432:
410:Kingdom of Kush
406:
400:
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385:Krobo tradition
367:
320:
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294:Dahomey Amazons
267:
261:
255:- her stepson.
243:In the defunct
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83:
35:
28:
23:
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15:
12:
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564:Erelu Kuti
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