54:
70:
745:. However, discrepancies in the records have led to some modern historians asserting that Liu Yuan was of the Chuge tribe (屠各), also known as Xiuchuge (休屠各). While the Chuge were not related to the chanyus, they were the most politically powerful among all the Southern Xiongnu tribes at the time. Regardless of his true lineage, Liu Yuan's framing granted him the legitimacy to win over the support of the
772:. To ensure their loyalty, they were given high ranks and full command over their armies, but this practice also meant that they were also essentially warlords as the Han court had no actual means to restrain them. In 308, the Han conquered Pingyang Commandery, where they shifted their capital to Puzi (蒲子, in modern
511:. The reference to them as separate states should be considered misleading, given that when Liu Yao changed the name of the state from “Han” to “Zhao” in 319, he treated the state as having been continuous from the time that Liu Yuan founded it in 304; instead, he de-established his imperial lineage from the
836:
region. In the west, Liu Cong heavily entrusted his cousin, Liu Yao, to lead the war against
Emperor Min. After several years of campaigning, Liu Yao captured Chang'an in 316, ending the Western Jin dynasty. Both Emperor Huai and Min suffered similar fates; they were forced to serve as cupbearers for
880:
of Han and invited the
Eastern Jin court to assist him, but was ignored. Meanwhile, both Liu Yao and Shi Le combined their forces to oppose Jin Zhun. During the campaign, Liu Yao was acclaimed the new emperor by surviving Han officials fleeing from Pingyang. The rebellion was quickly defeated by the
691:
briefly unified the five divisions before they were gradually forced back into five by the imperial court. Xiongnu revolts also broke out under the
Western Jin, but were swiftly dealt with. The Xiongnu's insurbordination made Bing province an area for concern among some ministers, who suggested that
530:
in 319, which was also known officially as "Zhao" (labeled "Later Zhao" in
Chinese historiography). Since both the Former Zhao and Northern Han were ruled by the same family, the Chinese scholars often conditionally combined them into a single Han-Zhao regime. Numerous Western texts refer to the two
889:
With the rebellion crushed, tension arose between Liu Yao and Shi Le. As Shi Le had cultivated a powerful base on the North China Plain, Liu Yao was convinced that he would take advantage of Han's vulnerability to launch a surprise rebellion. When Shi Le sent his envoy to congratulate him, Liu Yao
973:
When Liu Yuan established the Han, he retained most of the imperial
Chinese government offices such as Grand Marshal, Minister of Works and Minister Over the Masses while mixing a few Xiongnu-influenced titles like the Grand Chanyu, who was second to the emperor. In 314, while reorganizing the
675:“In the past, our ancestors and those of the Han acted like brothers through joy and sorrow. However, since the fall of Han and the rise of Wei and Jin, our titles of chanyus hold no value, and we have not gained a foot of land since. Although we have been bestowed with many noble ranks, our
852:
Within the Han court, Liu Cong also faced strong dissidence from his own ministers. Records depict him as a hedonistic ruler with a violent temperament, but restrained himself under pressure from his officials during his early reign. In his later reign, he had the unusual practice of having
670:
Nonetheless, among the
Xiongnu elite and herdsmen, a keen sense of separate identity from the Chinese was retained. Most herdsmen still kept their horseback raiding and combat skills. Discontent against the Jin rule and of their subordinate position prompted them to seek an independent or
795:
was rejected, Liu Cong took the throne for himself while still appointing Ai as his Crown Prince. He then intensified his attack on
Luoyang, which had been left exposed by the departure of the Jin imperial army and a deadly famine. In 311, Shi Le annihilated the Jin imperial army at the
890:
had the envoy executed, which prompted Shi Le to declare independence. The empire was thus divided into two, with Liu Yao controlling the west and Shi Le controlling the east. As
Pingyang had been devastated by the rebellion, Liu Yao shifted the capital to his base in Chang'an.
827:
in 312. More concerning was Shi Le gaining control of a significant part of the eastern empire after assassinating his fellow warlord, Wang Mi and absorbing his army. Liu Cong, fearing that Shi Le may outright rebel, did not punish him, while Wang Mi's subordinate,
978:" people that would influence future states of the Sixteen Kingdoms. He created the offices of the Left and Right Director of Retainers to manage the 200,000 Chinese households along with the Left and Right Assistant Chanyu to govern the 100,000 tribes.
937:
by 323. At its prime, the Former Zhao's army reportedly numbered at around 285,000 strong. Despite the state's new positioning, Liu Yao maintained interest in integrating with
Chinese culture, as evident by his opening of an
1910:
893:
Unlike his predecessors, Liu Yao distanced the state away from the framing of Han restoration and appealed more to his
Xiongnu ancestry. He renamed the state to Zhao (since one of Liu Yao's previous title was Prince of
869:, threatening Liu Ai's position as Crown Prince. This power struggle culminated in a brutal purge in 317 orchestrated by Liu Can and Liu Cong's consort kins, during which Liu Ai and many key ministers were killed.
716:, and offered him to become their rebellion's leader. Liu Yuan agreed and took advantage of a commission from the desperate Sima Ying who was just being driven out of his base to gather 50,000 Xiongnu warriors. At
1942:
906:, but still saw his state as a continuation of Liu Yuan's Han. Soon after, Shi Le also named his state Zhao, leading to historiographers to distinguish the two states as Former Zhao and Later Zhao.
957:, and during the battle, Liu Yao, supposedly drunk, fell off his horse during a retreat and was captured by Later Zhao soldiers. He was then executed as his Crown Prince,
365:
340:
708:
led to civil wars and widespread famines in northern China. In 304, the Xiongnu elites contacted Liu Yuan, who was serving as a general under the Prince of Chengdu,
797:
872:
After Liu Cong's death in 318, his successor, Liu Can and the rest of the imperial family in Pingyang were massacred in a coup by a powerful consort kin,
954:
2553:
837:
Liu Cong before they were executed out of fear they would rebel. After Emperor Min's capture, the imperial Sima family reestablished itself as the
2607:
2592:
531:
states separately; others referred to the Han state as the “Northern Han”, a confusing nomenclature given that the term also refers to the
1971:
Rein Taagepera "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.", Social Science History Vol. 3, 115–138 (1979)
965:
by Later Zhao forces. The Han-Zhao dynasty was at its end, and the Later Zhao would rule most of northern China for the next 20 years.
760:. To bolster their numbers, Liu Yuan welcomed these Han Chinese and non-Xiongnu rebels to join his ranks, such as the Chinese bandit,
53:
792:
69:
739:
clan. Liu Yuan depicted his state as a restoration of the Han dynasty, as his ancestors were married to Han princesses through
639:
moved them there and split them into "five divisions" (五部). The Xiongnu continued their nomadic lifestyles of the steppes with
536:
2073:
780:) and then to Pingyang city (平陽, also in modern Linfen), pressuring the Jin as they brought themselves closer to Luoyang.
2121:
2042:
1959:
1929:
2255:
2116:
2020:
1996:
2301:
2136:
2096:
895:
551:
704:
finally favored the Xiongnu, as infighting between the Jin princes over control of the developmentally-disabled
2612:
2204:
434:
404:
2531:
2526:
854:
426:
396:
2602:
2587:
961:, hastily succeeded him in Chang'an. In 329, Liu Xi was driven out of his capital and finally killed at
949:
War between the two Zhaos eventually broke out in 324, and in 328, Liu Yao led his forces to secure the
2111:
917:, the last claimant to the Jin throne in the north, and later survived a major tribal rebellion by the
909:
In his early reign, Liu Yao expanded westwards while Shi Le dealt with his own matters in the east. In
623:
and were resettled into the border commanderies. By the 280s, a huge number (approximately 400,000) of
812:
then descended upon Luoyang, capturing the defenseless city and Emperor Huai in an event known as the
2440:
2425:
2270:
2066:
922:
838:
656:
559:
471:
period of Chinese history. In Chinese historiography, it was given two conditional state titles, the
345:
17:
701:
522:
The reason it is also referred to as "Former Zhao" in historiography is to distinguish it from the
586:
coup in 318, the empire, which renamed itself to (Former) Zhao in 319, was split into two between
925:, leading to the relocation of nearly 200,000 of their people to Chang'an. Liu Yao then defeated
598:, retaining Shaanxi and eastern Gansu, while the eastern portion of the empire fell to Shi Le's
2511:
2400:
2176:
2506:
1988:
1982:
664:
2582:
2450:
2186:
2059:
929:, a warlord in Longxi who nominally submitted to Former Zhao, before going on to force the
918:
724:
974:
government, Liu Cong introduced a dual administrative system between the Han Chinese and "
8:
2481:
2476:
2131:
2101:
1682:
1430:
1067:
1025:
813:
788:
648:
555:
488:
252:
173:
149:
2013:"Materials on the history of nomadic peoples in China. 3rd – 5th cc. AD. Issue 2. Jie"
2536:
1726:
820:
705:
452:
2038:
2016:
1992:
1748:
1653:
1047:
958:
910:
819:
Despite the symbolic victory, Jin forces continued to resist in northern China, with
784:
757:
217:
161:
787:. A week into his reign, He attempted to purge all his brothers before one of them,
2597:
2082:
1135:
858:
660:
468:
2032:
994:
723:
Liu Yuan proceeded to proclaim himself the "King of Han," the same title used by
692:
they be resettled outside the frontier, although their proposals were rejected.
632:
2171:
1924:
717:
616:
2576:
953:
region from Later Zhao. Liu Yao and Shi Le's forces came head to head at the
877:
865:, which severely divided the court. He also began empowering his eldest son,
2405:
2306:
2296:
2260:
2141:
1150:
943:
930:
899:
644:
628:
532:
756:
As the Jin civil war continued, more rebellions began breaking out on the
2560:
2516:
2343:
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989:
975:
903:
862:
824:
746:
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98:
2430:
2379:
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2214:
2199:
2126:
2106:
1154:
765:
713:
599:
523:
358:
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self-governing Xiongnu entity. As one of the elite adequately puts it:
663:. He was even considered the post of the Jin forces commander for the
2358:
2353:
2278:
2245:
2194:
1153:
who was thrust into the leadership role when Liu Yao was captured by
805:
709:
111:
2521:
2501:
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2455:
2348:
2338:
2051:
1005:
962:
914:
873:
842:
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571:
125:
115:
800:, depriving Jin of its main force in the north. Han forces led by
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2158:
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688:
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652:
651:, a head of the Left Divison (左部, pinyin Zuǒbù), was educated in
636:
624:
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in the 1st century, the Southern Xiongnu branch submitted to the
587:
563:
542:
During the Han period, the capital was frequently shifted around
508:
464:
276:
197:
185:
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retaliated and killed him. After his offer to his half-brother,
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280:
93:
727:. According to official history, Liu Yuan was the grandson of
2374:
950:
741:
735:
of the Southern Xiongnu, and therefore a member of the royal
676:
579:
575:
567:
460:
383:
2037:. Encounters with Asia. University of Pennsylvania Press.
562:
by 317. At the height of its power, the Han ruled Shanxi,
749:. Liu Yuan honored the emperors of Western, Eastern and
667:
but was later dropped because of his Xiongnu ethnicity.
881:
alliance, and Jin Zhun and his family were all killed.
857:
at a time, and he entrusted political affairs to his
753:, and in 308, he elevated himself to Emperor of Han.
502:
482:
783:Liu Yuan died in 310 and was succeeded by his son
2574:
2554:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms
2015:, Moscow, Oriental Literature, 1990, pp. 14–15,
720:, Liu Yuan declared himself the Grand Chanyu.
2067:
496:
476:
27:Xiongnu-led dynastic state of China (304–329)
2034:Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages
898:, and Zhongshan was in the ancient state of
594:. Liu Yao moved the capital to the west in
313:2,000,000 km (770,000 sq mi)
2074:
2060:
68:
52:
2142:Northern Wei's unification of North China
981:
647:was evident, especially among the elite;
550:. The Han was a driving force during the
1980:
1161:, but he never took the imperial title.
884:
14:
2575:
1164:
537:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
2055:
2005:
1987:. Rutgers University Press. pp.
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507:) for the state proclaimed in 319 by
487:) for the state proclaimed in 304 by
2127:Fu Jian's unification of North China
2081:
2030:
265:• Name change from Han to Zhao
74:Han-Zhao (Former Zhao) after split,
2608:4th-century establishments in China
2593:Former countries in Chinese history
1974:
659:capital, and was proficient in the
515:and claimed ancestry directly from
24:
25:
2624:
2107:Shi Le's conquest of North China
695:
643:and to some extent agriculture.
363:
338:
2097:Upheaval of the Five Barbarians
552:upheaval of the Five Barbarians
1965:
1949:
1935:
1917:
1903:
1172:Han-Zhao emperors family tree
902:), and honoured his ancestor,
615:Following the break-up of the
497:
477:
447:
438:
430:
417:
408:
400:
13:
1:
1896:
968:
933:into submission and invading
661:Chinese-Confucianist classics
610:
913:, he defeated the forces of
876:. Jin Zhun declared himself
832:continued to hold on to the
7:
1884:
1149:Note: Liu Xi was Liu Yao's
687:period, Liu Yuan's father,
546:before finally settling in
503:
483:
255:'s claim of imperial title
10:
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605:
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1984:The Empire of the Steppes
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83:
67:
51:
46:
32:
2256:Southern Liang (397–414)
2172:Northern Liang (397–460)
1100:a month and days in 318
702:War of the Eight Princes
627:herdsmen resided in the
2302:Western Liang (400–421)
1981:Grousset, Rene (1970).
524:similarly-named dynasty
453:dynastic state of China
58:Han-Zhao before split,
2406:Northern Wei (386–535)
2307:Northern Yan (407–436)
2297:Former Liang (318–376)
2261:Southern Yan (398–410)
2122:Huan Wen's Expeditions
2117:Conquest of Wei by Yan
2031:Chen, Sanping (2012).
1126:Guangchu (光初) 318–329
1082:Linjia (麟嘉) 316–318
1080:Jianyuan (建元) 315–316
1078:Jiaping (嘉平) 311–315
1076:Guangxing (光興) 310–311
1038:Herui (河瑞) 309–310
982:Rulers of Han and Zhao
942:in Chang'an taught by
681:
665:conquest of Eastern Wu
554:, as they brought the
292:• Disestablished
2613:329 disestablishments
2344:Western Yan (384–394)
2251:Western Qin (385–431)
2205:Later Liang (386–403)
1036:Yongfeng (永鳳) 308–309
885:Former Zhao (319–329)
679:are all equally low."
673:
570:, and large parts of
467:ethnicity during the
346:Jin dynasty (266–420)
2546:Histories of the Era
2241:Former Yan (337–370)
2223:Later Zhao (319–351)
2200:Former Qin (351–394)
2137:Liu Yu's Expeditions
1678:Liu Cong 劉聰 (d. 318)
1484:(d. 329; r. 318–329)
1425:Liu Yuan 劉淵 (d. 310)
725:Emperor Gaozu of Han
700:Developments in the
2279:Later Qin (384–417)
2246:Later Yan (384–409)
2195:Cheng-Han (304–347)
2132:Battle of Fei River
2102:Disaster of Yongjia
1806:Liu Can 劉粲 (d. 318)
1165:Rulers' family tree
1109:Former Zhao 319–329
1034:Yuanxi (元熙) 304–308
940:Imperial University
839:Eastern Jin dynasty
823:being installed at
814:Disaster of Yongjia
560:Western Jin dynasty
556:Disaster of Yongjia
535:state of the later
435:traditional Chinese
405:traditional Chinese
241:• Established
62:317, northern China
2603:304 establishments
2588:Dynasties of China
2359:Qiao Shu (405–413)
2354:Huan Chu (403–404)
2349:Zhai Wei (388–392)
2167:Han-Zhao (304–329)
1103:Hanchang (漢昌) 318
1002:Duration of reign
798:Battle of Ningping
731:, the penultimate
600:Later Zhao dynasty
558:and demise of the
455:ruled by the Liu (
427:simplified Chinese
421:; 304–329 AD), or
397:simplified Chinese
2570:
2569:
2470:Key personalities
2414:
2413:
2396:Chouchi (296–580)
2339:Duan Qi (350–356)
2334:Ran Wei (350–352)
2315:
2314:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1818:
1807:
1756:
1734:
1718:
1709:
1700:
1690:
1679:
1671:
1662:
1485:
1438:
1426:
1147:
1146:
955:Battle of Luoyang
758:North China Plain
590:and the warlord,
389:
388:
375:
374:
371:
370:
351:
350:
16:(Redirected from
2620:
2324:
2323:
2155:
2154:
2083:Sixteen Kingdoms
2076:
2069:
2062:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2023:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1963:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1939:
1933:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1870:
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1805:
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1707:
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1669:
1659:
1483:
1436:
1427:
1424:
1178:
1177:
1169:
1168:
986:
985:
506:
500:
499:
486:
480:
479:
469:Sixteen Kingdoms
449:
440:
432:
419:
410:
402:
367:
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319:
318:
89:Liting (305–308)
72:
56:
30:
29:
21:
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2410:
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2181:
2151:The 16 Kingdoms
2146:
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2010:
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1966:
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1127:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1056:
1037:
1035:
995:Posthumous name
984:
971:
887:
855:three empresses
845:, south of the
698:
613:
608:
364:
339:
293:
283:
266:
256:
242:
214:
194:
193:• 318–329
182:
170:
169:• 310–318
158:
146:
145:• 304–310
102:
97:
92:
90:
88:
87:Lishi (304–305)
79:
63:
42:
40:
37:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2564:
2557:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2330:
2328:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2079:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2044:978-0812206289
2043:
2025:
2024:
2004:
1997:
1973:
1964:
1956:Zizhi Tongjian
1948:
1934:
1925:Zizhi Tongjian
1916:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1712:
1710:
1703:
1701:
1694:
1692:
1674:
1672:
1665:
1663:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1421:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1163:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1073:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1052:7 days in 310
1050:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1003:
1000:
999:Personal Name
997:
992:
983:
980:
970:
967:
886:
883:
768:former slave,
697:
694:
641:horse breeding
617:Xiongnu Empire
612:
609:
607:
604:
387:
386:
381:
377:
376:
373:
372:
369:
368:
361:
352:
349:
348:
343:
331:
330:
325:
315:
314:
311:
307:
306:
302:
301:
298:
297:
294:
291:
288:
287:
286:21 January 329
284:
279:'s capture by
274:
271:
270:
267:
264:
261:
260:
259:2 November 308
257:
250:
247:
246:
243:
240:
237:
236:
233:
232:
229:
225:
224:
221:
220:
215:
212:
209:
208:
205:
204:
201:
200:
195:
192:
189:
188:
183:
180:
177:
176:
171:
168:
165:
164:
159:
156:
153:
152:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
136:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
109:
105:
104:
103:Shanggui (329)
91:Puzi (308–309)
85:
81:
80:
73:
65:
64:
57:
49:
48:
44:
43:
38:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2625:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2401:Dai (310–376)
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2177:Xia (407–431)
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2046:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2022:
2021:5-02-016543-3
2018:
2014:
2008:
2000:
1998:0-8135-1304-9
1994:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1977:
1968:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1944:
1938:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1920:
1912:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1875:
1849:
1847:
1823:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1787:
1785:
1761:
1759:
1752:
1750:
1730:
1728:
1717:(d. 317)
1708:(d. 310)
1687:
1684:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1647:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1619:
1617:
1609:
1607:
1599:
1597:
1589:
1587:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1561:
1559:
1551:
1549:
1537:
1513:
1511:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1481:
1479:
1435:
1432:
1406:
1403:
1395:
1393:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1341:
1333:
1331:
1323:
1321:
1310:
1308:
1265:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:(Former) Zhao
1199:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
987:
979:
977:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
947:
945:
941:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
907:
905:
901:
897:
891:
882:
879:
878:Heavenly King
875:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
850:
848:
847:Yangtze river
844:
840:
835:
831:
826:
822:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
794:
790:
786:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
754:
752:
748:
744:
743:
738:
734:
730:
726:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
696:Han (304–319)
693:
690:
686:
680:
678:
672:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
633:Bing province
630:
626:
622:
618:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
540:
538:
534:
529:
525:
520:
518:
514:
510:
505:
494:
490:
485:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
444:
436:
428:
424:
420:
414:
406:
398:
394:
385:
382:
380:Today part of
378:
362:
360:
357:
356:
353:
347:
344:
337:
336:
333:
332:
329:
326:
324:
321:
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
299:
295:
289:
285:
282:
278:
272:
268:
262:
258:
254:
248:
244:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
219:
216:
210:
206:
202:
199:
196:
190:
187:
184:
178:
175:
172:
166:
163:
160:
154:
151:
148:
142:
138:
134:
130:
127:
124:
120:
117:
113:
110:
106:
100:
95:
86:
82:
77:
71:
66:
61:
55:
50:
45:
31:
19:
2559:
2552:
2320:Other states
2166:
2112:Wei–Zhao War
2033:
2012:
2011:Taskin V.S.
2007:
1983:
1976:
1967:
1955:
1951:
1937:
1923:
1919:
1905:
1867:Liu Yuangong
1809:
1747:
1725:
1705:Liu Long 刘隆
1689:(r. 310–318)
1681:
1667:Liu Gong 刘恭
1652:
1476:
1437:(r. 304–310)
1429:
1238:
1197:
1151:crown prince
1148:
1108:
1075:
1033:
1012:
972:
948:
931:Former Liang
908:
892:
888:
871:
863:consort kins
851:
818:
782:
755:
740:
722:
699:
682:
674:
669:
645:Sinicization
629:Ordos Desert
614:
541:
533:Northern Han
521:
492:
473:Northern Han
472:
446:
422:
416:
392:
390:
328:Succeeded by
327:
322:
75:
59:
2583:Former Zhao
2561:Book of Jin
2517:Murong Chui
2426:Jin dynasty
2327:Short-lived
1755:(d./r. 329)
1733:(d./r. 329)
1661:(d./r. 310)
1416:Liu Yannian
1157:'s emperor
1013:Han 304–319
990:Temple name
904:Modu Chanyu
821:Emperor Min
747:Han Chinese
706:Emperor Hui
683:During the
657:Western Jin
621:Han dynasty
526:founded by
517:Modu Chanyu
513:Han dynasty
493:Former Zhao
423:Former Zhao
323:Preceded by
213:• 329
181:• 318
157:• 310
41:趙 (319–329)
39:漢 (304–319)
36:Former Zhao
2577:Categories
1897:References
1714:Liu Yi 刘乂
1696:Liu Yu 劉裕
1443:Liu Xiong
1155:Later Zhao
969:Government
946:scholars.
841:in 318 at
677:households
611:Background
584:Jin Zhun's
566:, eastern
491:, and the
463:) clan of
359:Later Zhao
122:Government
2532:Tuoba Tao
2527:Tuoba Gui
2512:Wang Meng
1943:"中央研究院網站"
1911:"中央研究院網站"
1305:Liu Lu 劉綠
1022:Guangwen
1006:Era names
944:Confucian
896:Zhongshan
806:Huyan Yan
710:Sima Ying
504:Qián Zhào
451:), was a
448:Qián Zhào
112:Tengriism
108:Religion
101:(318–329)
96:(309–318)
18:Qian Zhao
2522:Yao Xing
2502:Huan Wen
2482:Liu Cong
2477:Liu Yuan
2461:Goguryeo
2456:Dingling
2419:Involved
1885:See also
1871:(d. 318)
1817:(r. 318)
1699:(d. 310)
1683:Zhāowǔdi
1431:Guangwen
1123:318–329
1072:310–318
1068:Liu Cong
1061:Liezong
1030:304–310
1026:Liu Yuan
963:Shanggui
915:Sima Bao
874:Jin Zhun
843:Jiankang
834:Shandong
825:Chang'an
789:Liu Cong
764:and the
649:Liu Yuan
596:Chang'an
582:. After
572:Shandong
548:Pingyang
489:Liu Yuan
418:Hàn Zhào
393:Han-Zhao
253:Liu Yuan
174:Liu Cong
150:Liu Yuan
126:Monarchy
116:Buddhism
99:Chang'an
94:Pingyang
34:Han-Zhao
2598:Xiongnu
2507:Fu Jian
2497:Ran Min
2446:Xianbei
2436:Xiongnu
2233:Xianbei
2159:Xiongnu
2090:History
1960:vol. 94
1930:vol. 86
1891:Xiongnu
1727:Liu Yin
1478:Liu Yao
1264:Liu Bao
1119:Liu Yao
1096:Liu Can
1064:Zhaowu
935:Chouchi
927:Chen An
867:Liu Can
859:eunuchs
810:Liu Yao
802:Wang Mi
762:Wang Mi
751:Shu Han
729:Yufuluo
689:Liu Bao
685:Cao Wei
653:Luoyang
637:Cao Cao
625:Xiongnu
606:History
588:Liu Yao
564:Shaanxi
509:Liu Yao
484:Běi Hàn
465:Xiongnu
277:Liu Yao
275:•
251:•
228:History
198:Liu Yao
186:Liu Can
132:Emperor
84:Capital
47:304–329
2537:Liu Yu
2492:Shi Hu
2487:Shi Le
2389:States
2368:Tribes
2041:
2019:
1995:
1749:Liu Xi
1670:d. 310
1654:Liu He
1159:Shi Le
1136:Liu Xi
1048:Liu He
1019:Gaozu
959:Liu Xi
911:Longxi
830:Cao Ni
793:Liu Ai
785:Liu He
778:Shanxi
774:Linfen
770:Shi Le
737:Luandi
733:chanyu
655:, the
635:after
592:Shi Le
578:, and
544:Shanxi
528:Shi Le
457:Luandi
445::
443:pinyin
437::
429::
415::
413:pinyin
407::
399::
281:Shi Le
231:
218:Liu Xi
162:Liu He
135:
2441:Qiang
2375:Yuwen
2271:Qiang
1989:56–57
1143:None
951:Henan
923:Qiang
742:heqin
718:Lishi
580:Henan
576:Hebei
568:Gansu
461:Chuge
384:China
2380:Duan
2039:ISBN
2017:ISBN
1993:ISBN
1869:劉元公
1686:昭武皇帝
1140:329
1092:Yin
1055:None
921:and
900:Zhao
861:and
849:.
808:and
631:and
391:The
305:Area
2431:Jie
2289:Han
2215:Jie
1811:Yin
1418:刘延年
1198:Han
766:Jie
712:at
310:316
296:329
269:319
245:304
78:326
2579::
2451:Di
2187:Di
1991:.
1958:,
1928:,
1814:隱帝
1751:劉熙
1729:劉胤
1657:劉和
1480:劉曜
1445:刘雄
1434:光文
1266:劉豹
1132:–
1115:–
1089:–
1044:–
976:Hu
919:Di
816:.
804:,
776:,
714:Ye
602:.
574:,
539:.
519:.
501:;
498:前趙
481:;
478:北漢
441:;
439:前趙
433:;
431:前赵
411:;
409:漢趙
403:;
401:汉赵
114:,
76:c.
60:c.
2075:e
2068:t
2061:v
2047:.
2001:.
1962:.
1945:.
1932:.
1913:.
495:(
475:(
459:/
425:(
395:(
20:)
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