266:
The
Xiuchuge in Bingzhou rose to power during the final decades of the Han. In 188 AD, they rebelled and killed the Han provincial inspector, Zhang Yi (張懿). They then proceeded to ally themselves with the Xiluo clan (醯落) of the Right Division of the Southern Xiongnu and killed the chanyu,
145:
period. The Chuge's influence were as such that by the 4th century, they were seen as a distinct group from the rest of the
Xiongnu, and they continued to appear in history until the late
406:
373:
period. Unlike most of their
Xiongnu counterparts, records often simply address them as "Chuge", treating them as if they were a distinct ethnic group, and they had various
248:
418:
203:
and were among the earliest of the
Xiongnu to surrender to the Han dynasty in 121 BC. After their surrender, the Xiutu were relocated into five commanderies, namely
414:
279:
went into exile. After the marquis of Xubu's death, the chanyu position became vacant and a nominal king was installed instead. In the 190s, the Chuge allied with
252:
363:
354:. Several passages in records refer to Liu Yuan and his family members as "Chuge", but at the same time, he claimed to be the grandson of
180:
for "Xiuchuge" (休屠各) and can be used interchangeably. They were spread out in the north and most prevalent in the areas around modern-day
172:
period, they rose to be the most honored and prestigious among the
Xiongnu, and members of the Chuge were elected by the tribes to become
369:
Aside from the Liu clan of Han-Zhao, there were many recorded Chuge-Xiongnu leaders during the
Sixteen Kingdoms and as far as the late
133:
tribe that lived in ancient China. They were described as the most influential among the
Xiongnu tribes that resettled within the
366:
have cast their doubt on Liu Yuan's lineage from the
Southern Xiongnu chanyus and believe it to be a fabrication for legitimacy.
516:
485:
597:
571:
433:
in the late 6th-century before disappearing from history, presumably assimilating into the rest of
Chinese society.
310:
established control in the north. In 214, they were attacked and defeated at
Gaoping County (高平縣; present-day
602:
350:
led the Southern Xiongnu to rebel against the Jin and founded the Han-Zhao dynasty, one of the first of the
480:. Faculty of Asian Studies monographs. Canberra: Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University.
168:, the Chuge were one of the nineteen recorded Xiongnu tribes that resettled in northern China. By the
343:
169:
280:
292:
191:
One common theory among modern Chinese historians is that the Chuge were descendants of the
592:
8:
347:
244:
220:
216:
134:
453:、鮮支種、寇頭種、烏譚種、赤勒種、捍蛭種、黑狼種、赤沙種、鬱鞞種、萎莎種、禿童種、勃蔑種、羌渠種、賀賴種、鐘跂種、大樓種、雍屈種、真樹種、力羯種，凡十九種，皆有部落，不相雜錯。
386:
323:
322:. In 216, Cao Cao had the Southern Xiongnu in Bingzhou divided into Five Divisions in
568:
512:
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38:
402:
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120:
88:
56:
532:
586:
430:
223:; the suffix of "ge" (各) may have been the result of a language habit of the
200:
426:
409:, a general notable for serving five different dynasties, was a Chuge from
378:
370:
196:
177:
146:
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and a direct descendant of the Southern Xiongnu chanyus, who were of the
319:
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164:
422:
334:
In the 250s, the Five Divisions were unified by one of their leaders,
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478:
Northern frontier: the policies and strategy of the later Han Empire
224:
138:
291:, and they later killed Gongsun Xu (公孫續), the son of the defeated
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against the Han dynasty, but were defeated by the Han general,
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In 156, the Xiuchuge were first mentioned rebelling with the
192:
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27:
20:
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390:
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tribe (休屠; also transcribed as Xiuchu), who lived around
251:. They later acted as auxiliaries for the Han general,
137:, and a branch of them, the Liu clan, founded the
584:
559:Tang, Changru (December 2010). "〈魏晋杂胡考 一 屠各〉".
425:. The Chuge eventually became subjects of the
275:clan as the new chanyu, while Qiangqu's son,
475:
338:before being forced to divide again by the
326:and formally abolished the rank of chanyu.
234:
330:Sixteen Kingdoms and Northern dynasties
302:The Chuge eventually retreated west as
157:
125:
93:
61:
585:
16:Xiongnu tribe (2nd c. AD – 5th c. AD)
555:
553:
530:
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14:
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413:in the northwest, and his sons,
271:. They elected a noble from the
524:
494:
443:
362:clan. Modern scholars such as
176:. The name "Chuge" (屠各) is an
115:
83:
51:
1:
436:
7:
476:De Crespigny, Rafe (1984).
346:courts. In 304, Bao's son,
255:who attacked the marauding
149:period of the 6th century.
26:For the Xiongnu noble, see
10:
624:
500:Chen, Yong (August 2009).
429:and were mentioned during
152:
25:
18:
598:Nomadic groups in Eurasia
421:became officials for the
106:
74:
42:
507:(in Chinese). Shanghai:
19:Not to be confused with
563:(in Chinese). Beijing:
318:) by Cao Cao's general
231:) dialect at the time.
235:End of the Han dynasty
431:Northern Zhou dynasty
287:, who controlled the
141:in 304 AD during the
603:Asian royal families
502:《汉赵史论稿——匈奴屠各建国的政治史考察
427:Northern Wei dynasty
158:Origins and theories
531:Chen, Yong (2007).
245:Shuofang Commandery
423:Former Qin dynasty
324:Taiyuan Commandery
533:"去卑监国的败局与屠各刘豹的崛起"
518:978-7-100-06067-7
487:978-0-86784-410-8
457:最豪貴，故得爲單于，統領諸種。)
377:surnames such as
289:Taihang Mountains
162:According to the
65:), also known as
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577:
565:Commercial Press
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548:
547:
545:
543:
528:
522:
509:Commercial Press
498:
492:
491:
473:
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352:Sixteen Kingdoms
261:Beidi Commandery
143:Sixteen Kingdoms
139:Han-Zhao dynasty
127:
117:
108:
95:
85:
76:
63:
53:
44:
623:
622:
618:
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614:
613:
612:
583:
582:
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580:
574:
558:
551:
541:
539:
529:
525:
519:
499:
495:
488:
474:
465:
449:(北狄以部落爲類，其入居塞者有
448:
444:
439:
332:
285:Heishan bandits
237:
160:
155:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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493:
486:
463:
441:
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331:
328:
236:
233:
159:
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15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
620:
609:
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573:9787100074513
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254:
250:
246:
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227:(present-day
226:
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206:
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201:Hexi Corridor
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179:
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150:
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96:
90:
86:
80:
72:
68:
64:
58:
54:
48:
40:
36:
29:
22:
560:
540:. Retrieved
536:
526:
504:
501:
496:
477:
458:
454:
450:
445:
411:Qin province
371:Northern Wei
368:
364:Tang Changru
333:
301:
265:
238:
190:
184:and eastern
178:abbreviation
163:
161:
147:Northern Wei
124:
114:
98:
94:Hsiu-ch'u-ko
92:
82:
66:
60:
50:
34:
32:
593:Han dynasty
344:Western Jin
320:Xiahou Yuan
297:Gongsun Zan
170:Jin dynasty
165:Book of Jin
587:Categories
561:《魏晋南北朝史论丛》
542:10 October
437:References
419:Wang Guang
249:Zhang Huan
135:Great Wall
121:Wade–Giles
89:Wade–Giles
57:Wade–Giles
537:Wenxue100
415:Wang Tong
407:Wang Zhuo
308:Yuan Shao
295:warlord,
281:Zhang Yan
129:) were a
126:Hsiu-ch'u
461:, vol.97
401:(成) and
348:Liu Yuan
263:in 174.
225:Bingzhou
221:Yunzhong
217:Shuofang
84:Xiūchúgè
67:Xiuchuge
608:Xiongnu
459:Jin Shu
375:Chinese
356:Yufuluo
340:Cao Wei
336:Liu Bao
316:Ningxia
304:Cao Cao
283:of the
277:Yufuluo
269:Qiangqu
257:Xianbei
199:in the
174:chanyus
153:History
131:Xiongnu
103:Chinese
71:Chinese
62:Ch'u-ko
39:Chinese
515:
484:
360:Luandi
312:Guyuan
293:Jizhou
253:Xia Yu
241:Wuhuan
229:Shanxi
205:Longxi
182:Shanxi
123::
116:Xiūchú
113::
111:pinyin
105::
99:Xiuchu
91::
81::
79:pinyin
73::
59::
49::
47:pinyin
41::
405:(黃).
403:Huang
399:Cheng
397:(董),
393:(郭),
389:(李),
385:(張),
383:Zhang
381:(畢),
213:Shang
209:Beidi
197:Wuwei
193:Xiutu
186:Gansu
97:) or
52:Chúgè
35:Chuge
28:Xiutu
21:Zhuge
569:ISBN
544:2023
513:ISBN
482:ISBN
417:and
395:Dong
342:and
306:and
273:Xubu
219:and
33:The
451:屠各種
391:Guo
259:at
243:of
75:休屠各
589::
567:.
552:^
535:.
511:.
466:^
455:屠各
387:Li
379:Bi
314:,
299:.
215:,
211:,
207:,
188:.
119:;
109:;
107:休屠
87:;
77:;
55:;
45:;
43:屠各
576:.
546:.
521:.
505:》
490:.
101:(
69:(
37:(
30:.
23:.
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