Northern Wei - Knowledge

2944:) unveiled in 485, the state redistributed abandoned or uncultivated land to commoner subjects attached with obligations of tax duty in the forms of grain, cloth, and labor service. In principle, each household was entitled to lands proportional to its labor power. Specifically, two types of land with tenure were assigned to a household: the first was open land for crop cultivation (40 mu ) for each adult male in the household, and half those amounts for adult females which was returnable after the recipient reached a specific advanced age or died. The second was the land to support textile production (10 or 20 mu, with the same gender distribution principle as open land) in one of two forms, namely, "mulberry lands" in silk-producing areas, and "hemp lands" in regions where sericulture was infeasible. Importantly, mulberry land was inheritable because of the long-term investment and care mulberry orchards required. Households possessing slaves and plow oxen were entitled to substantially larger allocations. The open land allocations would be doubled or tripled in areas where the land was less fertile or the population sparse. Sale of these land grants was forbidden, although subleasing was permitted under some circumstances. Land allocations would be adjusted annually to account for changes in the composition of the household and its number of oxen. 3513:

regime from the invasion of Rouran and consisted of numerous ethnic groups, such as Xianbei, Gaoche, and Xiongnu as well as Han Chinese. Tribes were the basic social units, although grouped into militarized garrisons. The upper-class military elites who occupied governing offices mainly included the middle-to-low aristocrats of the Xianbei, other tribe chiefs, and Han strongmen. The internal conflict between upper-class military elites and lower-class soldiers and ethnic settlers was on the basis of the vulnerable economic base (heavily relied on livestock production and the support from the central government) and harsh environmental conditions in Six Garrison areas. The struggle for survival drove military officers of Six Garrisons to implement unfair policies biased to their own ethnic groups at the cost of others. The cause of these wars was the growing rift between the governing aristocracy which was increasingly adopting Han-style sedentary policies and lifestyles and their nomadic tribal armies who continued to preserve the old steppe way of life.

3485:. Oaths were pledged in alliances between paramount commanders who joined their fortress villages together in leagues. The magnates retained the services and fealty of their thrall retainers after the fighting was over. Subject to the emperor was overtaken by the concept of village membership. Magnates had both unrelated bondsmen, private clients and fellow clan kinsmen in their armies. 50 to 60 square leagues of farmland in Hebei's southwest Taihang mountain foothills were taken as a fief by thousands of members of the Han Chinese aristocratic Zhaojun Li clan under the leader of a cadet leader of the clan, Li Xianfu. Clan loyalties were extensively utilized by local magnates. Li Xianfu was appointed as zongzhu (宗主) (clan chief) by the clan collectively in spite of him not inheriting the officer and rank of his father which went to his elder brother. Local level order was controlled by Li Xiangu and other magnates and the Northern Wei Xianbei monarchs had to rely on them. The Northern Wei gave them title of governors officially in their fiefs. 3489:

control of the Northern Wei state itself. Particularly after the 460s when Liu Song held Huaibei and Shandong were taken by the Northern Wei they needed soldiers and tax revenue. Nobles, officials and meritorious generals received large amounts of lihu (隸戶) or tongli (僮隸) (bondservants) from war captives in according with Xianbei nomad tradition during wars. These bondservants, compared to the past, made up a large part of the farming population under Northern Wei. The zahu (雜戶) (service households) made out of artisans, weavers, salt makers, entertainers, clerks were also turned into hereditary occupations among war captives captured by Northern Wei, while privately entertainers and craftsmen were also attached to magnate families. The few independent farmers under Northern Wei were subjected to the demands of corvée labor from the states due to the fact that Xianbei noble and Han Chinese aristocratic households controlled the majority of the population as retainers.

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successful, become a Liang vassal. He commissioned his general Chen Qingzhi (陳慶之) with an army to escort Yuan Hao back to Northern Wei. Despite the small size of Chen's army, he won battle after battle, and in spring 529, after Chen captured Suiyang (modern Shangqiu). Yuan Hao, with Emperor Wu's approve, proclaimed himself the emperor of Northern Wei. In summer 529, troops under Erzhu unable to stand up to Chen Qingzhi, forcing Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei to flee the capital Luoyang. After capturing Luoyang, Yuan Hao secretly wanted to rebel against Liang: when Chen Qingzhi requested Emperor Wu to send reinforcements, Yuan Hao sent Emperor Wu a submission advising against it, and Emperor Wu, believing Yuan Hao, did not send additional troops. Soon, Erzhu and Emperor Xiaozhuang counterattacked, and Luoyang fell. Yuan Hao fled and was killed in flight, and Chen's own army was destroyed, although Chen himself was able to flee back to Liang.

3545: 3527: 2598: 4425: 3326: 3886: 3694:, not wishing to remain a puppet emperor and highly wary of the Erzhu clan's widespread power and questionable loyalty and intentions towards the throne (after all, this man had ordered a massacre of the court and put to death a previous emperor and empress before), killed Erzhu Rong in 530 in an ambush at the palace, which led to a resumption of civil war, initially between Erzhu's clan and Emperor Xiaozhuang, and then, after their victory over Emperor Xiaozhuang in 531, between the Erzhu clan and those who resisted their rule. In the aftermath of these wars, two generals set in motion the actions that would result in the splitting of the Northern Wei into the Eastern and Western Wei. 4027: 4003: 4015: 3678: 1148: 3536: 3987: 2786:

modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu) to Liang. However, in summer 525, Emperor Wu's son Prince Xiao Zong (蕭綜), grew suspicions that he was actually the son of Southern Qi's emperor Xiao Baojuan (because his mother Consort Wu was formerly Xiao Baojuan's concubine and had given birth to him only seven months after she became Emperor Wu's concubine), surrendered Pengcheng to Northern Wei, ending Liang's advances in the northeast, although in summer 526, Shouyang fell to Liang troops after Emperor Wu successfully reemployed the damming strategy. For the next several years, Liang continued to make minor gains on the borders with Northern Wei.

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neighborhood elder (linzhang) while five neighborhoods were grouped into a village and headed by one village elder (lizhang). Finally, over five villages, there was one ward elder (dangzhang). The three elders, appointed by the government, were responsible for detecting and re-registering population outside of state accounts, requisitioning corvee labor and taxes, and taking care of the poor and orphaned under their jurisdiction. This policy significantly bolstered the state's control over the common people.

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private fiefs (home jurisdictions) with large military authority and civil authority as entrusted to them by the Xianbei emperor. The Xianbei emperor also turned their own Xianbei nomad warriors into a hereditary military caste and extinguish their tribal loyalties. To the consternation of the Xianbei nobles, Han Chinese aristocrats started to be appointed to government positions by the Northern Wei emperors when the Central Plains population regrew in the middle of the 5th century.

103: 95: 3670: 2729: 3185: 3176: 5927: 3814:. Its most important legacy was the sweeping reforms introduced under Empress Dowager Feng and continued under her successors. While the dynasty officially ended in 557, these reforms, especially the equal-field landholding system, lasted until the mid-eight century CE. The reforms completely reshaped China's political development as they reverted the trends associated with feudalism in earlier times ( 3493:

corvée. These were the regions for the reforms under Empress Dowager Wenming (438-90) when she tried to turn the state into a Han Chinese style bureaucratic centralized empire. She reigned as regent for her grandson Emperor Xiaowen and brought into the Northern Wei government Han Chinese aristocrats. The capital was moved to the Central Plain's Luoyang away from Pingcheng in 493 by Emperor Xiaowen.

2770:. In fall 506, Wei Rui attacked the Northern Wei army stationed at Luokou for nearly a year without advancing. However, when Wei army gathered, Xiao Hong Prince of Linchuan, the Liang commander and younger brother of Emperor Wu, escaped in fear, causing his army to collapse without a battle. Northern Wei forces next attacked the fortress of Zhongli (鍾離, in modern 2810:

precipitated soon thereafter when Emperor Xiaozhuang ambushed and killed Erzhu Rong and was in turn overthrown by Erzhu Rong's nephew Erzhu Zhao and cousin Erzhu Shilong. However, Yuan Yue realized that the Erzhus then became firmly in control of Luoyang and that he would be unable to defeat them, and so returned to Liang in winter 530.

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capable Liu Song general Mao Dezu (毛德祖), but were meanwhile able to capture Luoyang and Xuchang (許昌, in modern Xuchang, Henan) in spring 423, cutting off the path of any Liu Song relief force for Hulao. In summer 423, Hulao fell. The campaign then ceased, with Northern Wei now in control of much of modern Henan and western Shandong.

3825:, for example, pointed out that these reforms brought about the "infrastructure of a regenerated empire" and new rulers after Northern Wei, such as Yang Jian of the Sui dynasty, would inherit "the bulk of the agricultural resources and the peasant manpower" made available via the reforms to reunify the whole of China. 3388:. Kongzi was honored in sacrifices by the Northern Wei Xianbei dynasty. Kongzi was honored by Yuoba Si, the Mingyuan emperor. Han dynasty emperors, Shang dynasty ruler Bigan, Emperor Yao and Emperor Shun were honored by Yuoba Si, the Mingyuan Emperor. Kongzi was honored extensively by Tuoba Hong, the Xiaowen Emperor. 5047:(A dissertation presented by Qiaomei Tang to The Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of East Asian Languages and Civilizations). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University. pp. 151, 152, 153. 3488:

In Shanxi and Hebei the magnate clans became even more powerful and local society was dominated by them and they experienced increased solidarity due to Northern Wei patronage. These arrangement with local Han Chinese aristocratic magnate clans led to a lack of soldiers and revenue directly under the

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Local society in northern China was not governed by civil bureaucrats but by military clientage during the reign of the Northern Wei Xianbei emperors, with the local Han Chinese aristocratic families jointly ruling and controlling power with them. The Han Chinese aristocrat families ruled over their

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In 524, while Northern Wei is plagued by agrarian rebellions to the north and west, Emperor Wu launched a number of attacks on Wei's southern territory. Liang forces largely met little resistance. In spring 525, the Northern Wei general Yuan Faseng (元法僧) surrendered the key city of Pengcheng (彭城, in

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In 396, Murong Chui personally led another campaign against Wei, but though he was initially successful, the Yan troops withdrew after he became deathly ill, and he soon died on his way back. Shortly after Murong Bao ascended the throne, Tuoba Gui began an invasion on Later Yan. During the invasion,

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In 523, nomadic Rouran tribes suffered a major famine due to successive years of drought. In April, the Rouran Khan sent troops to raid the Wei territory. People of the town rose up and killed the town's commander. Rebellion soon broke out against across the region. In Woye, Poliuhan Baling (破六韓拔陵)

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The fall of Northern Wei began with rebellions staged by Six Garrison populations. This rebellion was rooted in the internal struggle within the Six Garrisons between upper-class military elites and lower-class soldiers and ethnic settlers. Six Garrisons were established to protect the Northern Wei

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The Northern Wei attempted to back up its thinly stretched Xianbei warriors by conscription Han Chinese free subjects into their military in 473 but this only let to the magnates gaining more private client retainers as the Han Chinese farmers chose to became retainers to evade the conscription and

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temples started appearing everywhere, displacing Taoism as the state religion. The temples were often created to appear extremely lavish and extravagant on the outside of the temples. Also from 460 onwards the emperors started erecting huge statues of the Buddha carved near their capital Pingcheng

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continued the northern campaigns of his father. In 430, under the able general Dao Yanzhi, Liu Song recovered the four cities of Luoyang, Hulao, Huatai and Qiao'ao south of the Yellow River. However, the emperor's unwillingness to advance past this line caused the destruction of the empire's ally,

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dynasties respectively. While the rule of Tuoba clan ended in the mid-6th century CE, its important policies, in particular the political recentralization reforms under Empress Dowager Feng and ethnic integration under Emperor Xiaowen, had a long-lasting impact on later periods of Chinese history.

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In 532, with Northern Wei again in civil war after the general Gao Huan rose against the Erzhus, Emperor Wu against sent an army to escort Yuan Yue back to Northern Wei, and subsequently, Gao Huan welcomed Yuan Yue, but then decided against making Yuan Yue emperor. Subsequently, Emperor Xiaowu of

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overthrowing Empress Dowager Hu, a number of Northern Wei officials, including Yuan Yue, Yuan Yu, and Yuan Hao fled and surrendered territories they controlled to Liang. In winter 528, Emperor Wu created Yuan Hao the Prince of Wei—intending to have him lay claim to the Northern Wei throne and, if

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ordered his troop to move south. The provinces south of the Yellow River were devastated by the Wei army. Only Huatai, a fortified city, held out against the Wei. Wei troops retreated in January 451, however, the economic damage to the Song was immense. Emperor Wen made another attempt to conquer

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In 530, Emperor Wu made another attempt to establish a vassal regime in Northern Wei by creating Yuan Yue the Prince of Wei, and commissioning Yuan Yue's uncle Fan Zun (范遵) with an army to escort Yuan Yue back to Northern Wei. Yuan Yue made some advances, particularly in light of the disturbance

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was originally from the northern frontier, one of many soldiers who had surrendered to Erzhu, who eventually became one of the Erzhu clan's top lieutenants. But later, Gao Huan gathered his own men from both Han and non-Han troops, to turn against the Erzhu clan, entering and taking the capital

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Another policy was the establishment of the three-elders system (sanzhang-zhi) in 486, which was designed to compile accurate population registers and to integrate village society into the state administration. In this system, five households were to make up one neighborhood (li), headed by one

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After building a Chinese-style capital at Ye, Tuoba Gui sought to break the autonomy of the tribes. He reorganised the people into eight artificial tribes forcibly settled around the capital, which served as military units. He also removed the traditional tribal leaders. These reforms helped to

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waged an unsuccessful civil war against the Emperor Ming of Liu Song. The governors of Xu Province (徐州) and Yan Province (兗州, modern western Shandong), who earlier pleaded allegiance to Liu Zixun, in fear of reprisal from the Liu Song emperor Emperor Ming, surrendered these territories to rival

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commanded an army to try to save those cities and were able to hold Dongyang (東陽, in modern Qingzhou, Shandong), the capital of Qingzhou province. Northern Wei troops were eventually forced to withdraw after food supplies ran out. Wei forces also stalled in their siege of Hulao, defended by the

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in 528 after Emperor Xiaoming showed disapproval of her handling of the affairs as he started coming of age and got ready to reclaim the power that had been held by the empress in his name when he inherited the throne as an infant, giving the Empress Dowager rule of the country for more than a

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broke off relations with Song and sent troops to invade its southern neighbor. His plan is to seize three major cities south of the Yellow River: Luoyang, Hulao, and Huatai. Sizhou (司州, central Henan) and Yanzhou (兗州, modern western Shandong) and most cities in Song's Qing Province (青州, modern

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under the Taiwu Emperor. The Celestial Masters of the north urged the persecution of Buddhists under the Taiwu Emperor in the Northern Wei, attacking Buddhism and the Buddha as wicked and as anti-stability and anti-family. Anti Buddhism was the position of Kou Qianzhi. There was no ban on the

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The reforms of Empress Dowager Feng boosted agricultural production and tax receipts on a long-term basis, and broke the economic power of local aristocrats who sheltered residents under their control living in fortified villages that dotted the rural landscape of the North from taxation. The

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took power, but were expected to requisition the necessities of their lives directly from the people they governed. As Northern Wei Empire's history progressed, this appeared to be a major contributing factor leading to corruption among officials. Not until the second century of the empire's

3730:. "Within three days of the decree, 400,000 families—perhaps 2,000,000 people—had to leave their homes in and around the capital to move to Yeh as autumn turned to winter." There now existed two rival claimants to the Northern Wei throne, leading to the state's division in 534–535 into the 2665:

In 450, Emperor Wen attempted to destroy the Northern Wei by himself and launched a massive invasion. Although initially successful, the campaign turned into a disaster. The Wei lured the Liu Song to cross the Yellow River, and then flanked them, destroying the Eastern army.

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The Northern Wei used the previous dynasties' Nine-rank system as a way of assigning official positions to wealthy and prestigious Han Chinese families, according to hereditary rank. Officials were also given considerable autonomy, such as appointing subordinate officials.

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Watt, James C. Y.; Angela Falco Howard, Metropolitan Museum of Art Staff, Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, NY., Boris Ilʹich Marshak, Su Bai, Zhao Feng, Maxwell K. Hearn, Denise Patry Leidy, Chao-Hui Jenny Lui, Valentina Ivanova Raspopova, Zhixin Sun (2004).

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Han Chinese commoners started pledging their allegiance as buqu (部曲) (armed retainers) to elite Han Chinese aristocratic magnates in their wubao (塢堡) (fortified settlements) when the local communities relied on the magnates to direct their defense after the

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With Northern Wei divided into Eastern Wei and Western Wei in light of Emperor Xiaowu's flight, Emperor Wu initially continued to send his forces to make minor territorial gains on the borders, against both Eastern Wei and Western Wei, for several years.

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of birth, but required that the candidates submit themselves to a ceremony where they had to personally forge golden statues, as a way of discerning divine favor. Only an imperial consort who was successful in forging a golden statue could become the

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tribes and held a large territory in the northern steppe. That same year, he declared himself Qiudoufa Khagan (丘豆伐可汗), and for the rest of Northern Wei's existence, the Rouran Khaganate was a recurring problem to the Wei on their northern borders.

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It is evident that when the Northern Wei defeated Northern Liang and seized its capital (439), they captured a large number of Sogdian merchants living in Wuwei and resettled them in Pingcheng (present-day Datong), the capital of the Northern

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summoned the officials of the city to meet their new emperor. However, on their arrival, he told them they were to be punished for their misgovernment and butchered them, throwing the Empress Hu and her candidate (another puppet child emperor

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The Erzhu clan dominated the imperial court thereafter, the emperor held power in name only and most decisions actually went through the Erzhus. The emperor did stop most of the rebellions, largely reunifying the Northern Wei state. However,

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Elsewhere in Qinzhou (Gansu), Qiang ethnic leaders such as Mozhe Dati (莫折大提) also rose up against the government. In Gaoping (present-day Guyuan), Hu Chen (胡琛) and the Xiongnu rebelled and titled himself the King of Gaoping. In Hebei,

2759:, a Southern Qi prince, to become emperor of the puppet state. A southern expedition was led by Prince Yuan Cheng of Wei and Chen Bozhi, a former Qi general. Until spring 505, Xinyang and Hanzhong were fallen to the Northern Wei. 4554:

recaptured Luoyang. Yuan Hao fled and was killed in flight. Due to the briefness of Yuan Hao's claim on the throne and the limited geographic scope of his reign, he is usually not counted among the succession of Northern Wei

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is named, his mother, if still alive, must be forced to commit suicide. According to some historians, this may not have been a Tuoba traditional custom, but believed it to be a tradition instituted by the founding emperor

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Empress Dowager Hu initially declared Emperor Xiaoming's "son" (actually a daughter) emperor, but almost immediately after admitted that she was actually female and declared Yuan Zhao emperor instead. Emperor Xiaoming's

3821:) such as the devolution of power to local strongmen and political fragmentation. Historians generally credit the Northern Wei dynasty for laying the foundation for China's eventual reunification under the Sui dynasty. 2205:. Described as "part of an era of political turbulence and intense social and cultural change", the Northern Wei dynasty is particularly noted for unifying northern China in 439, bringing an end to the chaotic 3265:

royal family in the 480s. More than fifty percent of Tuoba Xianbei princesses of the Northern Wei were married to southern Han Chinese men from the imperial families and aristocrats from southern China of the

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Kongzi was honoured in sacrifices as was Earth and Heaven by the northern dynasties of non-Han origin. Kongzi was honored by the Murong Wei Former Yan Xianbei leader. Kongzi was honored by the Di ruler

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change tribal loyalties and strengthen their loyalty to the dynasty. These tribes served as the Emperor's personal professional military caste which helped to sustain the dynasty against any threats.

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Early in Northern Wei history, the state inherited a number of traditions from its initial history as a Xianbei tribe, and some of the more unusual ones, from a traditional Chinese standpoint, were:

2937:(438-490; also known as Empress Dowager Wenming) implemented a package of reforms in 485-486 AD, greatly solidifying its fiscal foundations and strengthening state penetration to the local society. 2629:

in 417, pushing Jin frontiers further north into Wei territories. He then usurped the Jin throne and created the Song dynasty. After hearing the death of the Song emperor Wu in 422, Wei's emperor

502: 3392: 2371:(the last Prince of Dai), reasserted Tuoba independence initially as the Prince of Dai. Later he changed his title to the Prince of Wei, and his state was therefore known as Northern Wei. 2955:

These institutional infrastructures erected by the Northern Wei state survived the fall of the dynasty and paved the way for China's eventual unification in 589 AD under the Sui dynasty.

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All men, regardless of ethnicity, were ordered to tie their hair into a single braid that would then be rolled and placed on top of the head, and then have a cap worn over the head.

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ethnicity, submitted to Wei as a vassal after the Xia's demise. With the west pacified, Emperor Taiwu shifted his focus to the east by launching incessant attacks on the Chinese

6386: 4384: 6395: 2399:, their alliance came to an end in 391 when Tuoba Gui refused to send more tribute after Yan detained his brother at their capital, and the Wei re-aligned themselves with the 4511:

The imperial Tuoba family changed their family name to Yuan (元) during the reign of Emperor Xiaowen in 496 so their names in this table will also thus be "Yuan" subsequently.

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who defected and moved north to join the Northern Wei. Some Han Chinese exiled royalty fled from southern China and defected to the Xianbei. Several daughters of the Xianbei

3401:'s lineage had 2 of its scions and Confucius's lineage had 4 of its scions who had ranks bestowed on them in Shandong in 495 and a fief of ten households and rank of (崇聖大夫) 2340:. After his death, however, the Dai state stagnated, and with the Jin ejected from northern China, the Dai largely remained a partial ally and a partial tributary state to 3941: 3920:

Northern Wei art came under influence of Indian and Central Asian traditions through the mean of trade routes. A Central Asian (胡) named An Tong (安同), a descendant of the

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5-6 Shiji Beibian Liuzhen Haoqiang Qiushuai Shehui Diwei Yanbian Yanjiu (A Study of the Evolution of the Social Status of Magnates and Marshals in the Six Northern Towns)

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and caught the Wei by surprise, calling it the strongest army they have seen from the Southern dynasties in a hundred years. In spring 506, Wei Rui was able to capture

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This reform introduced two far-reaching policies, namely, the "equal-field landholding system", and the "three-elder system". In the new "equal-filed system" (

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With a strong foothold on the Central Plains and the Yan state split into two, Northern Wei became a regional power in northeastern China, competing with the

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Northern Wei. Northern Wei forces quickly took up defense position against the attacking forces sent by Emperor Ming. With Liu Song forces unable to siege

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was therefore arguably an "emperor" and his successor, but is not commonly regarded as one. Indeed, Yuan Zhao himself is often not considered an emperor.

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The Poliuhan Baling rebellion was defeated in 525. Similar rebellions had spread to other regions such as Hebei and Guanzhong and were pacified by 530.

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played a great part in this process. He introduced Han Chinese administrative methods and penal codes in the Northern Wei state, as well as creating a

4014: 6426: 6069: 6007: 5977: 5257:... Southern Song.105 We read the story of a certain Zhang Huan 張歡 in the Zhoushu, who married a sister of Emperor Xiaowu 宣武帝 of the Northern Wei (r. 2428: 3230:

that lasted until 450. The attraction of Han Chinese products, the royal court's taste for luxury, the prestige of Chinese culture at the time, and

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period, and strengthening imperial control over the rural landscape via reforms in 485. This was also a period of introduced foreign ideas, such as

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is originated from the Northern Wei era, in which Mulan, disguised as a man, takes her aged father's place in the Wei army to defend China from

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and a substantial portion of their territory. The Xia could no longer pose a threat to Wei, though they still managed to annex Wei's ally, the

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Charles Holcombe, A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century, p 68 Cambridge University Press, 2011

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in 529, forcing Emperor Xiaozhuang to flee. Yuan Hao carried imperial title and received pledges of allegiance from provinces south of the

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Multiple sieges and skirmishes were fought until 481 but the war was without any major campaign. A peace treaty was signed in 490 with the

2574:. Finally, in 439, Emperor Taiwu launched a campaign and conquered the Northern Liang, hence unifying the north and bringing an end to the 6771: 6751: 6536: 6526: 6496: 6491: 6481: 6476: 6417: 4665:

Rein Taagepera "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.", Social Science History Vol. 3, 115–138 (1979)

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The Northern Wei dynasty was the most long-lived and most powerful of the northern dynasties prior to the reunification of China by the

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were all factors in the growing Chinese influence in the Northern Wei state. Chinese influence accelerated during the capital's move to

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and infighting among the imperial family finally forced the Later Yan to evacuate to Liaoning, while a branch in the south founded the

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royal Liu Hui 劉輝), married Princess Lanling (蘭陵公主) of the Northern Wei, Princess Huayang (華陽公主) to Sima Fei (司馬朏), a descendant of

35: 4926:(1978). "The Aristocratic Families in Early Imperial China: A Case Study of the Po-Ling Tsui Family". Cambridge University Press. 3526: 5959: 3738:. The Eastern Wei were initially significantly stronger and looked likely to end Western Wei quickly, but were defeated at the 1694: 2702:

dynasty. Upon hearing the news, the Northern Wei emperor prepared to invade under the pretext of installing Liu Chang, son of

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who had offered to ally with Liu Song against Wei were declined, eventually leading to Wei's unification of the North in 439.

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but could not take the city. The Southern Qi began to fortify their capital, Jiankang in order to prevent further Wei raids.

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Murong Bao decided to concentrate his forces in his capital and major cities, allowing the Wei forces to quickly overrun the

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on the Luoyang throne and continued his campaigns abroad. The emperor, however, together with the military head of Luoyang,

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was bestowed on Kong Sheng (孔乘) who was Confucius's scion in the 28th generation in 472 by Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei.

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Good Son is Sad If He Hears the Name of His Father: The Tabooing of Names in China as a Way of Implementing Social Values

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Northern Wei in 452, but failed again. On returning to the capital, he was assassinated by the heir apparent, Liu Shao.

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The system of having retainers (buqu) existed in the Xin dynasty to the Tang dynasty and was part of the Northern Wei.

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Towards the end of the Northern Wei dynasty there was significant internal dissension, resulting in a split into the

1865: 5546:"The Representation of Military Troops in Pingcheng Tombs and the Private Household Institution of Buqu in Practice" 6852: 6832: 6817: 6330: 6322: 6271: 6129: 6109: 6094: 4238: 4154: 4091: 3771: 3617: 2686:

effectively, they were forced to withdraw in spring 467, making these populous provinces lost to the Northern Wei.

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Celestial Masters despite the nonfullfilment of Cui Hao and Kou Qianzhi's agenda in their anti-Buddhist campaign.

2462:(Emperor Mingyuan of Northern Wei) took the throne and continued his father's efforts to consolidate their state. 6939: 6842: 6837: 6410: 6238: 6182: 6119: 6114: 5968: 5213: 4194: 4176: 3849: 3803: 3755: 3557:

nb. 254, built during the Northern Wei period between 475 and 490 CE, after their conquest of the area from the

3271: 3239: 2587: 2237: 2229: 2202: 1619: 737: 652: 3325: 3250:

a step further by changing their family name to Yuan. Marriages to Chinese families were encouraged. With this,

2952:

Northern Wei dynasty had doubled the registered population to more than 5 million households since the reforms.

7518: 6889: 6879: 6847: 6243: 6228: 6164: 6154: 6124: 5619: 5292: 4931: 4344: 4312: 4216: 3751: 3711: 3703: 3330: 3299: 3227: 2168: 2057: 2009: 1066: 688: 664: 27: 5486: 7479: 6822: 6812: 6713: 6362: 6291: 6286: 6276: 6099: 6089: 5895: 5678:"Mogao Cave 254 莫高第254号窟 · A. Stories Behind The Dunhuang Caves 敦煌石窟背后的故事 · UW Dunhuang Project: Exhibitions" 5466: 4111: 4069: 3449: 2981: 2875: 2755:

As early as 503 AD, the Northern Wei was hoping to restore the Southern Qi throne. Their plan was to install

2670: 2504: 2496: 2364: 2031: 1957: 1892: 723: 628: 604: 5058: 3885: 3589:

on the northern border and spread like wildfire throughout the north. These rebellions lasted for a decade.

2748:

after waging a three-year civil war against him. Xiao Yan enthroned in Jiankang to become Emperor Wu of the

7533: 3948:. It is believed that the main influx of Western objects among the Northern Wei followed the defeat of the 3246:

that was continued by his successors. Xianbei traditions were largely abandoned. The royal family took the

2249: 1967: 7523: 7503: 7010: 6987: 6281: 6210: 6025: 3767: 3318:(Beishi) which mention his marriage to a Xianbei princess of Wei. His personal name was changed due to a 2458:, and in 399, he elevated his title to Emperor of Wei. After Tuoba Gui was assassinated in 409, his son, 2019: 1776: 1157: 4412: 6982: 6977: 6403: 6233: 6205: 6200: 5952: 5215:

Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature (vol.3 & 4): A Reference Guide, Part Three & Four

5158: 3894:

Many objects suggesting exchanges with Central Asia have been found, especially in Northern Wei tombs.

2024: 3279: 3255:

which declared the emperors as the representatives of the Buddha and the legitimate rulers of China.

2717: 2451: 2443: 2317: 2050: 1987: 1952: 1525: 1221: 1131: 3677: 3535: 2933:

After securing Xianbei hegemony in the hinterland of China, the North Wei regime, under the rule of

1731: 6314: 3903: 2407:. Wei continued hostilities even after Western Yan fell in 394, and in 395, the Later Yan emperor, 1721: 1370: 3642:

were killed in this Heyin massacre on the 13th day of the second month of 528. Erzhu Rong claimed

2762:

In 505, Emperor Wu began the Liang offensive. A strong army was quickly amassed under the general

6306: 3365: 3346: 3338: 3337:

When the Eastern Jin dynasty ended Northern Wei received the Han Chinese Jin prince Sima Chuzhi (

2782:, there would continue to be border battles from time to time, but no large-scale war for years. 2232:

instituted sweeping reforms that deepened the dynasty's control over the local population in the

2213:, which became firmly established. The Northern Wei was referred to as "Plaited Barbarians" (索虜; 1947: 5824: 2294:

dynasties under the rule of the same imperial house in 534–535, which were soon replaced by the

7138: 6649: 6450: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6358: 6354: 6346: 6310: 5491: 2337: 1999: 1977: 1962: 1448: 1167: 887: 529: 5611: 5424: 5378: 5129: 4762: 2507:

ascended the throne with ambitions to reunify northern China. In 426, he began a war with the

7498: 6342: 6318: 6302: 5945: 5843: 5798: 5335: 5102: 5075: 5012: 4712: 3385: 3205: 2913:

of the Northern Wei state progressed, these customs and traditions were gradually abandoned.

2898: 2416: 1972: 1389: 396: 5937: 5902:

Tsiang, Katherine R. "Changing Patterns of Divinity and Reform in the Late Northern Wei" in

5156: 3952:

circa 450 CE, which allowed for the visit of diplomatic and, mainly, merchant caravans from

2379:

At first, the Northern Wei was internally unstable and allied with the stronger Xianbei-led

2963: 2934: 2851: 2642: 2225: 2014: 1227: 7398: 7393: 3593:

became a rebel leader. His army quickly took Woye and laid siege to Wuchuan and Huaishuo.

8: 7368: 5163:. Australian National University, Department of Far Eastern History. pp. 86, 87, 88. 3482: 3308: 3291: 2887: 2789: 2703: 2650: 2360: 1179: 825: 7373: 3726:. Gao Huan then announced his decision to move the Luoyang court to his capital city of 3508:

Uprisings of late Northern Wei which would eventually cause the collapse of Northern Wei

2658:, by the Wei. The emperor was to repeat this mistake as several northern states such as 6667: 6073: 5779: 5659: 5349: 5331: 5302: 5195: 4810: 4460: 3876: 3779: 3727: 3586: 3565:, and displayed Western Indic features and Western influences, transmitted through the 3267: 2618: 2186: 1982: 1162: 272: 5063:. Australian National University, Department of Far Eastern History. 1983. p. 86. 2794: 2275:

during the mid-to-late fifth century, and towards the latter part of the dynasty, the

1104: 6874: 6149: 6038: 5849: 5804: 5771: 5738: 5651: 5615: 5604: 5582: 5524: 5442: 5438: 5396: 5392: 5357: 5353: 5288: 5246: 5219: 5137: 5108: 5081: 5018: 4973: 4948: 4927: 4907: 4872: 4836: 4828: 4768: 4739: 4718: 4682: 4299: 3837: 3739: 3258:

The Northern Wei started to arrange for Han Chinese elites to marry daughters of the

2879: 2843: 2532: 2363:

in his failed bid to unify China, the Former Qin state began to break apart. By 386,

1910: 1478: 1458: 1233: 169: 7378: 5041:

Divorce and the Divorced Woman in Early Medieval China (First through Sixth Century)

3661:

another grandson of Emperor Xianwen emperor, before his final defeat by Erzhu Rong.

2475: 7428: 7181: 7058: 6723: 6013: 5557: 5545: 5428: 5382: 5339: 5282: 5187: 5176:"Slaves and Other Comparable Social Groups During The Northern Dynasties (386-618)" 4802: 4391: 3949: 3829: 3468:

wall system that protected Beijing a thousand years later during the Ming dynasty.

3440:(1,080 kilometres (670 mi)) long was built; its path roughly followed the old 2859: 2826: 2575: 2471: 2396: 2276: 2268: 2240:

also introduced changes that eventually led to the dynasty moving its capital from

2206: 2146: 2124: 2102: 2083: 1589: 1147: 1139: 1024: 991: 472: 283: 143: 7383: 7448: 6782: 6708: 5432: 5386: 5343: 4866: 4051: 3961: 3932:(370-409). Most importantly for Chinese art history, the Wei rulers converted to 3921: 2415:, with a massive army to lead a punitive expedition against Wei. However, at the 2368: 130: 7187: 5562: 998: 7388: 7283: 5910: 5610:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 4899: 4581: 3965: 3841: 3799: 3558: 3453: 3369: 3350: 2893:

As a result, because emperors would not have mothers, they often honored their

2547: 2523:

regions in the west. By the following year, the Wei had taken the Xia capital,

2512: 1491: 1408: 1045: 915: 570: 566: 294: 5388:

Early Chinese Religion, Part Two: The Period of Division (220-589 AD) (2 vols)

5345:

Early Chinese Religion, Part Two: The Period of Division (220–589 AD) (2 vols)

3794: 3621:

decade. Upon hearing the news of the 18-year-old emperor's death, the general

2491: 7492: 7475: 7433: 7244: 7234: 7166: 7105: 7053: 7033: 6263: 6021: 5999: 5885: 5775: 5655: 4539: 3833: 3775: 3377: 3373: 3341:) as a refugee. A Northern Wei Princess married Sima Chuzhi, giving birth to 3295: 3287: 2749: 2695: 2551: 2516: 2299: 2267:, from this period have survived. It was the time of the construction of the 1281: 1248: 512: 50: 37: 6672: 3504: 7438: 7408: 7288: 7078: 6700: 6687: 6587: 6541: 6029: 5516: 4547: 3973: 3937: 3845: 3750:

Neither Eastern Wei nor Western Wei was long-lived. In 550, Gao Huan's son

3682: 3654: 3635: 3441: 3342: 3319: 3303: 3247: 3243: 2910: 2870: 2745: 2659: 2622: 2606: 2559: 2524: 2479: 2432: 2264: 2253: 1856: 1832: 1819: 1806: 1750: 1709: 1647: 1361: 1351: 1328: 1094: 1031: 901: 448: 344: 305: 259: 3710:

the emperor previously supported by Gao himself, and set up a new emperor

2929:

Figurines of Northern Wei court ladies (c. 500–534), Royal Ontario Museum.

102: 94: 7453: 7423: 7418: 7403: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7313: 7298: 7255: 7224: 7143: 7100: 7093: 7088: 7068: 6948: 6933: 6787: 6756: 6662: 6606: 6601: 6546: 6438: 6434: 6220: 6192: 6174: 6017: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5878: 5471: 5132:. In Swartz, Wendy; Campany, Robert Ford; Lu, Yang; Choo, Jessey (eds.). 4499: 3811: 3783: 3759: 3735: 3731: 3566: 3554: 3409: 3354: 3215: 2993: 2985: 2756: 2699: 2634:

central and eastern Shandong) fell to the Wei army. The Liu Song general

2536: 2528: 2408: 2400: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2233: 1763: 1634: 1468: 1436: 1423: 1257: 942: 928: 788: 553: 508: 193: 180: 5783: 5759: 3669: 2984:(386–409), the total number of deported people from the regions east of 2793:

Mounted warrior of the Northern Wei dynasty from the collections of the

2774:), However, they were defeated by a Liang army commanded by Wei Rui and 7458: 7363: 7318: 7293: 7273: 7194: 7123: 7063: 6692: 6682: 6677: 6657: 6636: 6620: 6561: 6556: 5663: 5639: 5199: 5175: 4868:

The Economic History of China: From Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century

4814: 4790: 4551: 3914:

military official, 438–501) in Xiaozhan village, Datong. Shanxi Museum.

3643: 3626: 3622: 3433: 2996:

typically took place once a new piece of territory had been conquered.

2830:

Decorated panel of a Northern Wei sarcophagus. Excavated in Zhijiabao,

2802: 2728: 2617:

dynasty broke out while the former had not yet unified northern China.

2412: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2333: 2260: 1515: 1304: 859: 764: 230: 219: 206: 3852:, a monumental work on China's geography, was written during the era. 3302:'s sisters was married to Zhang Huan, a Han Chinese, according to the 3175: 2890:(the eventual Emperor Zhao), before naming Prince Fuling crown prince. 2855:

existence did the state begin to distribute salaries to its officials.

2391:. As Wei grew in power by subjugating neighbouring tribes such as the 2356: 7463: 7443: 7413: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7308: 7303: 7073: 7002: 6884: 6864: 6159: 6139: 5157:

Australian National University. Dept. of Far Eastern History (1983).

5136:(illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. pp. 156–165. 4993: 4331: 4265: 3945: 3929: 3925: 3907: 3856: 3822: 3723: 3715: 3707: 3639: 3631: 3457: 3436:, the first since the Han dynasty. In 423, a defence line over 2,000 2894: 2883: 2683: 2678: 2635: 2626: 2567: 2520: 2478:

rebelled and fled westward. By 402, Shelun had conquered many of the

2455: 2447: 2424: 2380: 2279:

outside the later capital city of Luoyang, in which more than 30,000

1059: 873: 370: 5191: 4945:

The Cambridge History of China: Volume 2, The Six Dynasties, 220–589

4806: 3758:

to yield the throne to him, ending Eastern Wei and establishing the

2454:

to the south for a time. In 398, Tuoba Gui relocated the capital to

7358: 7338: 7278: 7115: 7045: 6915: 6827: 6794: 6566: 6253: 6104: 4535: 4140: 4062: 3933: 3763: 3719: 3698: 3658: 3562: 3452:. In 446, 100,000 men were put to work building an inner wall from 3445: 3408:

An anti-Buddhist plan was concocted by the Celestial Masters under

3275: 3251: 3201: 3197: 3023: 2847: 2741: 2710: 2614: 2571: 2563: 2555: 2436: 2388: 2329: 2280: 2221:, who considered themselves the true upholders of Chinese culture. 2210: 2201:, it ruled northern China from 386 to 535 during the period of the 1080: 971: 580: 461: 435: 5889:

Memories of Loyang: Yang Hsuan-chih and the lost capital (493–534)

5845:

Studies on the History and Culture Along the Continental Silk Road

5697:

Memories of Loyang: Yang Hsuan-chih and the Lost Capital (493–534)

5640:"Art and Practice in a Fifth-Century Chinese Buddhist Cave Temple" 4714:

China's Northern Wei Dynasty, 386–535: The Struggle for Legitimacy

7239: 7214: 7204: 7171: 7133: 7037: 6248: 5467:"Ancient Bling: Exquisite Jewelry Found in Tomb of Chinese Woman" 4967: 4543: 4488:

around 0.28 hectares or 0.68 acres to 0.46 hectares or 1.36 acres

3993: 3957: 3911: 3420:

Cui Zhen's wife Han Farong was buried in a Datong located grave.

3413: 3398: 3361: 3259: 3235: 3219: 3184: 2733: 2602: 2540: 2508: 2325: 2245: 2194: 1658: 1509: 1503: 1101: 751: 546: 524: 409: 383: 331: 250: 20: 7250: 5287:(illustrated ed.). Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 23. 7209: 7176: 5926: 5521:

The Great Wall : China against the world 1000 BC – 2000 AD

4378:

from the Northern Wei period, built in the early sixth century.

3977: 3969: 3953: 3860: 3575: 3570: 3465: 3461: 3429: 3231: 3223: 3194: 3157: 3127: 3095: 3079: 3063: 3047: 3031: 2989: 2831: 2771: 2470:

Earlier, among the tribes that the Wei had subjugated were the

2404: 2272: 2241: 2176: 2154: 2132: 2110: 539: 533: 507:

Northern Wei territory. They were bordered to the south by the

422: 318: 121: 110: 3906:

style plate with hunting scene, from the Northern Wei tomb of

3657:

sacked Luoyang, forced Emperor Xiaozhuang to flee and claimed

3432:, Northern Wei emperors started to embark on building its own 2570:

abandoned his territory to Wei as he fled to the neighbouring

7219: 7199: 7158: 7128: 6460: 6442: 5967: 4740:"Song scholars' views on the Northern Wei legitimacy dispute" 4542:'s troops, declared himself emperor and captured the capital 4375: 3928:, was political counsellor to the first Northern Wei emperor 3782:

had the emperor to yield the throne to him, establishing the

3376:), Helou (賀樓), Huniu (忽忸), Qiumu (丘穆), Gexi (紇奚), and Yuchi ( 3262: 3111: 2767: 2698:

usurped the throne of Liu Song and became emperor of the new

2655: 2392: 2384: 2321: 2190: 1109: 967: 357: 241: 5130:"9. Crime and Punishment The Case of Liu Hui in the Wei Shu" 2814:

Northern Wei, whom Gao made emperor, had Yuan Yue executed.

5434:

Early Chinese Religion: The Period of Division (220–589 Ad)

4789:

Karetzky, Patricia Eichenbaum; Soper, Alexander C. (1991).

3944:

have been found in Northern Wei tombs, such as the tomb of

3828:

Many of the most important heritages of China, such as the

2089: 4833:

China Between Empires: The Northern and Southern Dynasties

4032:

Sasanian silver coins from Central Asia, Northern Wei tomb

3898:: Model of a Silk Road camel driver, Northern Wei period. 3844:, were built by the Northern Wei. Important books such as 2367:(Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei), the son (or grandson) of 4443:

Northern Wei (386-534): A New Form of Empire in East Asia

4037: 3214:

As the Northern Wei state grew, the emperors' desire for

2858:

Empresses were not named according to imperial favors or

2419:, Tuoba Gui inflicted the Later Yan army a heavy defeat. 1085: 1071: 3607: 2920: 2801:

In 528, after a coup in Northern Wei, with the warlord

6068: 3706:, the emperor supported by the Erzhu clan, as well as 3673:

Tiger-shaped stone bed. Northern Wei. Shenzhen Museum.

3322:

on the emperor's name. He was the son of Zhang Qiong.

3242:

continued this by establishing a policy of systematic

2621:

while still a Jin dynasty general, had conquered both

2566:. After a large-scale invasion in 436, the Yan ruler, 2283:

images from the time of this dynasty have been found.

5760:"An Iranian Silver Vessel from the Tomb of Feng Hetu" 4497:

1,300 or 2000 according to different versions of the

4008:

Gilt silver cup from Central Asia, Northern Wei tomb.

3702:

Luoyang in 532. Confident in his success, he deposed

3286:'s sisters, the Shouyang Princess, was wedded to the 2086: 1050: 1036: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4852: 1875: 1797: 1677: 1610: 1540: 1414: 26:"Tuoba dynasty" redirects here. For other uses, see 2581: 5603: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5318: 4849: 3742:in 537, confirming the split of the Northern Wei 3664: 3601:rebelled, proclaiming himself the Emperor of Qi. 3306:(Zhoushu). His name is given as Zhang Xin in the 487:The Northern Wei and contemporary Asian polities 7490: 5825:"The Tuoba Xianbei and the Northern Wei Dynasty" 5017:. University of California Press. pp. 80–. 4947:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 461–478. 4390:Northern Wei wall murals and painted figurines, 4020:Gilt silver from Central Asia, Northern Wei tomb 3516: 2486: 4674: 3646:grandson of Emperor Xianwen the new emperor as 3391:A fief of 100 households and the rank of (崇聖侯) 19:For Northern Wei of Three Kingdoms Period, see 5906:, Vol. 84 No. 2 (June 2002), pp. 222–245. 5601: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5315: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5265: 4916: 4406:Cavalry of the Northern and Southern dynasties 3774:, ending the Western Wei and establishing the 7018: 6411: 6054: 5953: 5797:Vaissière, Étienne de la (12 November 2018). 4894: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4788: 3976:, and resettled them in their own capital at 2886:Consort Zhao, the mother of his youngest son 2058: 996: 5307:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5218:. BRILL. 22 September 2014. pp. 1566–. 5160:Papers on Far Eastern History, Volumes 27–30 4972:(4 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 85. 4835:. Harvard University Press. pp. 79–80. 2601:Army of Northern Wei terracotta soldiers in 2306: 5409: 5262: 3968:in 439 CE, they captured a great number of 3964:. Also, when the Northern Wei defeated the 3866: 2706:who had been in exile in Wei since 465 AD. 2539:was captured and handed over to Wei by the 2465: 812:2,000,000 km (770,000 sq mi) 7025: 7011: 6418: 6404: 6061: 6047: 5960: 5946: 5370: 5014:Marriage and Inequality in Chinese Society 5004: 4968:Conrad Schirokauer, Miranda Brown (2012). 4885: 3423: 3397:was bestowed upon a Confucius descendant, 2065: 2051: 5796: 5561: 5425:"Daoist stelae of the Northern Dynasties" 4864: 4645: 4643: 3137:Chinese peasants from Henan and Shandong 5186:(3/4). Harvard-Yenching Institute: 322. 5107:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 72. 5080:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 97. 4681:. Harvard University Press. p. 73. 3793: 3762:. Similarly, in 557, Yuwen Tai's nephew 3676: 3668: 3503: 3324: 3274:were married to Han Chinese elites, the 2962: 2924: 2825: 2788: 2778:, effectively ending the war. After the 2727: 2646:Northern Wei warrior, tomb mural, Datong 2641: 2596: 2490: 2248:, in 494. The Tuoba adopted the surname 5422: 5284:China: Dawn of a Golden Age, 200-750 AD 4970:A Brief History of Chinese Civilization 4675:Fairbank, John; Goldman, Merle (2006). 4038:Sovereigns of the Northern Wei dynasty 3770:to yield the throne to Yuwen Tai's son 3499: 3222:(381–450), an advisor at the courts in 2689: 2613:War between Northern Wei and Han-ruled 7514:6th-century disestablishments in China 7491: 7032: 5757: 5694: 5515: 5330: 5238: 5100: 5073: 5010: 5000:. Oxford University Press. p. 77. 4640: 4044:The family tree of Northern Wei rulers 3368:) were the Buliugu (步六孤), Helai (賀賴), 2732:Northern Wei officer. Tomb statuette, 257: 239: 191: 178: 108: 7006: 6399: 6042: 5941: 5732: 5699:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 90 5633: 5631: 5543: 5464: 4827: 3789: 3778:. In 581, the Northern Zhou official 3608:Rise of Erzhu Rong and Heyin Massacre 3561:. It is one of the earliest caves in 2921:The Reform under Empress Dowager Feng 2374: 470: 459: 433: 420: 316: 303: 292: 281: 270: 248: 228: 217: 204: 167: 154: 119: 5487:"Elaborate Tomb Discovered in China" 5391:. Translated by Tatiana Boucabelle. 5376: 5173: 5037: 4942: 4760: 4456:Change of Xianbei names to Han names 3380:). They adopted Chinese last names. 2992:was estimated to be around 460,000. 2988:(the former Later Yan territory) to 2592: 407: 394: 368: 355: 342: 329: 141: 128: 7529:Former countries in Chinese history 7509:4th-century establishments in China 5637: 5595: 5576: 4992: 4737: 4710: 4668: 3819: second to fifth centuries CE 3456:, passing south of the Wei capital 3428:To resist the threats posed by the 2474:. In 394, a branch of them, led by 2320:had developed an alliance with the 2224:During the Taihe period (477–499), 446: 381: 13: 5841: 5628: 5423:Xunliao, Zhang (30 October 2009). 5180:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 5134:Early Medieval China: A Sourcebook 4761:Dien, Albert E. (1 January 2007). 4435: 3648:Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei 3573:trader). The panel represents the 3357:'s daughter married Sima Jinlong. 3284:Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei 3000:Northern Wei dynasty deportations 2669:As the Liu Song armies retreated, 2359:was defeated by Jin forces at the 2259:Many antiques and art works, both 2097:), known in historiography as the 99: 14: 7545: 5919: 5606:A History of Chinese Civilization 5523:. Sydney: Picador Pan Macmillan. 4904:A History Of Chinese Civilization 4534:The Northern Wei imperial prince 3315:History of the Northern Dynasties 2723: 5925: 5891:. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981. 4711:Liu, Puning (21 December 2020). 4479:around 1.1 hectares or 2.7 acres 4423: 4411: 4399: 4383: 4367: 4025: 4013: 4001: 3985: 3884: 3875: 3543: 3534: 3525: 3218:institutions and advisors grew. 3183: 3174: 2967:Soldier figurine of Northern Wei 2958: 2740:In 502, the Southern Qi general 2582:Wars with the Southern dynasties 2535:. In 431, the last Xia emperor, 2082: 1146: 947: 933: 908: 894: 880: 866: 852: 501: 101: 93: 87: 5969:Northern and Southern dynasties 5848:. Springer Nature. p. 11. 5835: 5817: 5790: 5751: 5726: 5717: 5704: 5688: 5670: 5570: 5537: 5509: 5455: 5437:. Translated by J.E.E. Pettit. 5232: 5206: 5167: 5150: 5121: 5094: 5067: 5051: 5031: 4986: 4961: 4936: 4906:". Cambridge University Press. 4821: 4791:"A Northern Wei Painted Coffin" 4781: 4754: 4731: 4528: 4514: 4505: 4491: 4482: 4473: 4049: 3850:Commentary on the Water Classic 3756:Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei 3360:The Northern Wei's Eight Noble 3272:Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei 3165: 2975: 2588:Northern and Southern dynasties 2497:Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei's 2383:that ruled most of present-day 2203:Northern and Southern dynasties 1110: 1086: 1072: 5842:Li, Xiao (10 September 2020). 5764:Bulletin of the Asia Institute 5737:. ME Sharpe, Inc. p. 94. 4871:. Cambridge University Press. 4704: 4695: 4659: 4624: 4608: 4592: 4574: 4550:for about three months before 3712:Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei 3704:Emperor Jiemin of Northern Wei 3681:Stone funerary bed of General 3665:Civil war and the two generals 3403:Grandee who venerates the sage 3300:Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei 3022:Xianbei of Hebei and Northern 2181: 2172: 2159: 2137: 2115: 2005:Science and technology history 1051: 1037: 997: 777:• Emperor Xiaowu's death 750:• Movement of capital to 28:Tuoba dynasty (disambiguation) 1: 6351:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms 5896:History of Northern Dynasties 5377:Gang, Li (23 November 2009). 5077:Women in Early Medieval China 5060:Papers on Far Eastern History 5011:Watson, Rubie Sharon (1991). 4998:The Silkroad in World History 4562: 4130:Taipingzhenjun (太平真君) 440–451 3972:merchants from their capital 3815: 3517:Six Frontier Towns rebellions 3471: 3450:Wuyuan County, Inner Mongolia 3394:Marquis who worships the sage 2882:'s execution of his favorite 2505:Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei 2487:Unification of Northern China 2427:. A disastrous defeat at the 2311: 1375: 1334: 1310: 1287: 1263: 1204: 488: 6441:(includes chieftains of the 5758:Harper, Prudence O. (1990). 5336:"State religious ceremonies" 4567: 4047: 3996:(5th c.), Northern Wei tomb. 3936:and became great patrons of 3612:Exacerbating the situation, 3448:County in Hebei Province to 3057:Chinese peasants from Henan 767:'s massacre of ruling class 528:(386–398, capital of former 511:from 479 to 502, and by the 7: 5684:. University of Washington. 5563:10.4312/as.2019.7.2.221-243 4865:von Glahn, Richard (2016). 4701:Katherine R. Tsiang, p. 222 4449: 3980:, thereby fostering trade. 3768:Emperor Gong of Western Wei 3089:Pop. of the Kingdom of Xia 2897:with the honorific title, " 2821: 2709:Wei troops began to attack 2355:After Former Qin's emperor 2332:. In 315, the Tuoba chief, 726:'s claim of imperial title 10: 7550: 5870: 5800:Sogdian Traders: A History 5465:Jarus, Owen (2016-08-17). 5245:. Routledge. p. 242. 5038:Tang, Qiaomei (May 2016). 4764:Six Dynasties Civilization 4445:. Oxford University Press. 4394:, fifth to sixth centuries 4041: 3553:Sculpture and murals from 3121:Pop. of Shaanxi and Gansu 2585: 2554:, led by the Juqu clan of 2435:in 398 before escaping to 25: 18: 16:Dynasty of China (386–535) 7472: 7266: 7157: 7114: 7044: 6970: 6956: 6946: 6931: 6898: 6805: 6780: 6744: 6735: 6722: 6647: 6631: 6615: 6594: 6582: 6575: 6469: 6458: 6300: 6262: 6219: 6191: 6173: 6080: 6006: 5976: 4787:For a similar coffin see 4767:. Yale University Press. 4538:, under support by rival 3638:. Reports estimate 2,000 2411:, sent his Crown Prince, 2336:was granted the title of 2307:Rise of the Tuoba Xianbei 2187:imperial dynasty of China 2150: 2128: 2106: 1879: 1801: 1681: 1614: 1544: 1418: 1121: 1100: 1093: 1079: 1065: 1058: 1044: 1030: 1023: 1018: 1014: 1006: 990: 986: 981: 963: 831: 816: 808: 803: 799: 785: 775: 761: 748: 734: 720: 710: 706: 698: 694: 682: 670: 658: 646: 634: 622: 610: 598: 594: 586: 576: 562: 520: 500: 82: 77: 67: 7149:Southern Liang (397–414) 5544:Tseng, Chin-Yin (2019). 5379:"State religious policy" 4466: 3867:Central Asian influences 3718:, began to plot against 3587:six major garrison-towns 3585:Rebellions broke out on 3151:Craftsmen from Chang'an 2466:Conflict with the Rouran 2252:as a part of systematic 787:• Establishment of 7106:Northern Zhou (557–581) 5695:Jenner, W.J.F. (1981), 5602:Jacques Gernet (1996). 5174:Wang, Yi-t’ung (1953). 5104:Women in Imperial China 4924:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley 4339:Zhongxing (中興) 531–532 4253:Zhengguang (正光) 520–525 4189:Huangxing (皇興) 467–471 4132:Zhengping (正平) 451–452 3745: 3424:Building the Great Wall 3041:Great Chinese families 2515:, which controlled the 7084:Northern Wei (386–535) 7079:Southern Yan (398–410) 5735:China: a Macro History 5682:dunhuang.ds.lib.uw.edu 5638:Abe, Stanleyk (1990). 5431:; Lü, Pengzhi (eds.). 5385:; Lü, Pengzhi (eds.). 5342:; Lü, Pengzhi (eds.). 5239:Adamek, Piotr (2017). 4307:Jianming (建明) 530–531 4255:Xiaochang (孝昌) 525–527 4233:Yanchang (延昌) 512–515 4167:Xingguang (興光) 454–455 4106:Taichang (泰常) 416–423 3807: 3686: 3674: 3653:In 529, Liang general 3509: 3334: 3143:North of Yellow River 2968: 2930: 2835: 2798: 2737: 2647: 2610: 2548:Northern Liang dynasty 2500: 2193:(Tabgach) clan of the 888:Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms) 736:• Unification of 7519:535 disestablishments 7144:Western Qin (385–431) 7101:Northern Qi (550–577) 7094:Western Wei (535–557) 7089:Eastern Wei (534–550) 7069:Western Yan (384–394) 5803:. BRILL. p. 62. 5128:Lee, Jen-der (2014). 5101:Hinsch, Bret (2016). 5074:Hinsch, Bret (2018). 4943:Dien, Albert (2019). 4441:Pearce, Scott. 2023. 4231:Yongping (永平) 508–512 4229:Zhengshi (正始) 504–508 4227:Jingming (景明) 500–503 4122:Shiguang (始光) 424–428 4102:Yongxing (永興) 409–413 4084:Tianxing (天興) 398–404 4082:Huangshi (皇始) 396–398 3942:Central Asian objects 3797: 3680: 3672: 3616:poisoned her own son 3507: 3328: 3280:Jin dynasty (266–420) 3206:Tokyo National Museum 2966: 2928: 2899:Nurse Empress Dowager 2829: 2792: 2731: 2645: 2600: 2495:China at the time of 2494: 2417:Battle of Canhe Slope 2348:, finally falling to 1870:(mainland, 1912–1949) 563:Common languages 7480:Mongol ethnic groups 7064:Former Yan (337–370) 6875:Prince of Changguang 6828:Prince Yin of Nan'an 6150:Prince of Changguang 6135:Daughter of Xiaoming 6105:Prince Yin of Nan'an 5934:at Wikimedia Commons 5932:Northern Wei Dynasty 5829:depts.washington.edu 5334:(23 November 2009). 4738:Liu, Puning (2018). 4678:China: A New History 4430:Northern Wei cavalry 4418:Northern Wei cavalry 4359:Yongxi (永熙) 532–535 4291:Yongan (永安) 528–530 4251:Shengui (神龜) 518–520 4207:Yanxing (延興) 471–476 4187:Tian'an (天安) 466–467 4171:Heping (和平) 460–465 4165:Xing'an (興安) 452–454 4124:Shenjia (神䴥) 428–431 4104:Shenrui (神瑞) 414–416 4086:Tianci (天賜) 404–409 4080:Dengguo (登國) 386–396 3500:Disunity and breakup 2980:During the reign of 2935:Empress Dowager Feng 2852:Empress Dowager Feng 2744:toppled the emperor 2690:War with Southern Qi 2560:Northern Yan dynasty 2450:to the west and the 2226:Empress Dowager Feng 2217:) by writers of the 51:34.2667°N 108.9000°E 7534:History of Mongolia 7074:Later Yan (384–409) 5733:Huang, Ray (1997). 5577:Xue, Haibo (2020). 4323:Putai (普泰) 531–532 4249:Xiping (熙平) 516–518 4211:Taihe (太和) 477–499 4169:Tai'an (太安) 455–459 4128:Taiyan (太延) 435–440 3483:311 sack of Luoyang 3309:Book of Northern Qi 3292:Emperor Wu of Liang 3001: 2704:Emperor Wen of Song 2651:Emperor Wen of Song 2529:Western Qin dynasty 2452:Eastern Jin dynasty 2361:Battle of Fei River 2197:. The first of the 791:, marking division 712:• Established 47: / 7524:Dynasties of China 7504:386 establishments 6870:Emperor Xiaozhuang 6668:Son of Tuoba Pugen 6459:Chieftains of the 6074:Northern dynasties 6008:Southern dynasties 5978:Northern dynasties 5712:Memories of Loyang 5581:. Zhonghua Shuju. 4829:Lewis, Mark Edward 4461:Jinping Commandery 4209:Chengming (承明) 476 4148:Chengping (承平) 452 4126:Yanhe (延和) 432–434 3808: 3790:Legacy and culture 3692:Emperor Xiaozhuang 3687: 3675: 3614:Empress Dowager Hu 3510: 3335: 3268:Southern dynasties 2999: 2969: 2931: 2836: 2799: 2738: 2648: 2619:Emperor Wu of Song 2611: 2501: 2375:War with Later Yan 2219:Southern dynasties 2199:Northern dynasties 1885: 1695:Five Dynasties and 1687: 1622:Southern dynasties 1550: 1449:Chu–Han Contention 677:Emperor Xiaozhuang 7486: 7485: 7399:Yujiulü Dengshuzi 7394:Yujiulü Anluochen 7134:Tuyuhun (284–670) 7000: 6999: 6996: 6995: 6927: 6926: 6801: 6800: 6705: 6697: 6643: 6642: 6627: 6626: 6393: 6392: 6036: 6035: 5930:Media related to 5855:978-981-15-7602-7 5810:978-90-474-0699-0 5530:978-0-330-42241-3 5448:978-90-04-17585-3 5439:Koninklijke Brill 5402:978-90-474-2929-6 5393:Koninklijke Brill 5363:978-90-474-2929-6 5354:Koninklijke Brill 5225:978-90-04-27185-2 5024:978-0-520-07124-7 4774:978-0-300-07404-8 4744:Archiv Orientální 4724:978-1-000-28314-3 4363: 4362: 4357:Yongxing (永興) 532 4355:Taichang (太昌) 532 3992:Gilt silver from 3838:Shaolin Monastery 3740:Battle of Shayuan 3386:Fu Jian (337–385) 3294:'s son Xiao Zong 3204:statue (489 CE). 3163: 3162: 3105:Pop. of Liaoning 3073:Xianbei of Hebei 2880:Emperor Wu of Han 2780:Battle of Zhongli 2605:uniform, tomb of 2593:War with Liu Song 2499:ascension in 423. 2448:Later Qin dynasty 2381:Later Yan dynasty 2075: 2074: 2032:Transport history 1958:Education history 1930: 1929: 1925: 1924: 1911:Republic of China 1893:People's Republic 1866:Republic of China 1845: 1844: 1794: 1793: 1789: 1788: 1674: 1673: 1607: 1606: 1602: 1601: 1538: 1537: 1441:(206 BC – 220 AD) 1371:Spring and Autumn 1234:Liao civilization 1125: 1124: 1117: 1116: 1067:Yale Romanization 1025:Standard Mandarin 977: 976: 959: 958: 955: 954: 921: 920: 558: 551: 544: 537: 56:34.2667; 108.9000 7541: 7429:Empress Zhangsun 7374:Yujiulü Cheluhui 7059:Rouran (330–555) 7054:Xianbei (93–234) 7027: 7020: 7013: 7004: 7003: 6954: 6953: 6940:Emperor Xiaojing 6853:Emperor Xiaoming 6833:Emperor Wencheng 6818:Emperor Mingyuan 6742: 6741: 6733: 6732: 6703: 6695: 6580: 6579: 6467: 6466: 6420: 6413: 6406: 6397: 6396: 6063: 6056: 6049: 6040: 6039: 5962: 5955: 5948: 5939: 5938: 5929: 5904:The Art Bulletin 5886:Jenner, W. J. F. 5864: 5863: 5839: 5833: 5832: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5730: 5724: 5721: 5715: 5708: 5702: 5700: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5674: 5668: 5667: 5635: 5626: 5625: 5609: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5574: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5513: 5507: 5503: 5501: 5500: 5482: 5480: 5479: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5420: 5407: 5406: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5348:. Translated by 5328: 5313: 5312: 5306: 5298: 5277: 5260: 5259: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5125: 5119: 5118: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5008: 5002: 5001: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4940: 4934: 4920: 4914: 4896: 4883: 4882: 4862: 4847: 4846: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4735: 4729: 4728: 4708: 4702: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4672: 4666: 4663: 4657: 4647: 4638: 4628: 4622: 4612: 4606: 4596: 4590: 4578: 4556: 4532: 4526: 4523:unnamed daughter 4518: 4512: 4509: 4503: 4495: 4489: 4486: 4480: 4477: 4427: 4415: 4403: 4392:Yungang Grottoes 4387: 4371: 4048: 4029: 4017: 4005: 3989: 3904:Kushano-Sasanian 3888: 3879: 3830:Yungang Grottoes 3820: 3817: 3618:Emperor Xiaoming 3547: 3538: 3529: 3312:(Bei Qishu) and 3228:Taoist theocracy 3187: 3178: 3108:30,000 families 3002: 2998: 2846:did not receive 2834:. Shanxi Museum. 2576:Sixteen Kingdoms 2277:Longmen Grottoes 2269:Yungang Grottoes 2207:Sixteen Kingdoms 2183: 2174: 2161: 2152: 2139: 2130: 2117: 2108: 2096: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2088: 2067: 2060: 2053: 1995:Military history 1953:Economic history 1941:Related articles 1918: 1900: 1882: 1881: 1877: 1876: 1871: 1838: 1825: 1812: 1799: 1798: 1782: 1769: 1756: 1737: 1727: 1715: 1702: 1684: 1683: 1679: 1678: 1663: 1653: 1640: 1627: 1612: 1611: 1595: 1590:Sixteen Kingdoms 1573: 1563: 1547: 1546: 1542: 1541: 1531: 1497: 1484: 1474: 1464: 1454: 1442: 1429: 1416: 1415: 1394: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1367: 1357: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1336: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1312: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1289: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1206: 1150: 1140:History of China 1127: 1126: 1113: 1112: 1089: 1088: 1075: 1074: 1054: 1053: 1040: 1039: 1016: 1015: 1002: 1001: 979: 978: 951: 950: 937: 936: 925: 924: 912: 911: 898: 897: 884: 883: 870: 869: 856: 855: 849: 848: 833: 832: 641:Emperor Wencheng 617:Emperor Mingyuan 556: 549: 542: 527: 505: 493: 490: 479: 477: 468: 466: 457: 455: 444: 442: 431: 429: 418: 416: 405: 403: 392: 390: 379: 377: 366: 364: 353: 351: 340: 338: 327: 325: 314: 312: 301: 299: 290: 288: 286:ROURAN KHAGANATE 279: 277: 268: 266: 255: 253: 246: 244: 237: 235: 226: 224: 215: 213: 202: 200: 189: 187: 176: 174: 165: 163: 152: 150: 139: 137: 126: 124: 117: 115: 106: 105: 97: 91: 65: 64: 62: 61: 59: 58: 57: 52: 48: 45: 44: 43: 40: 7549: 7548: 7544: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7539: 7538: 7489: 7488: 7487: 7482: 7468: 7449:Zhangsun Shunde 7262: 7153: 7129:Yuwen (260–345) 7110: 7040: 7031: 7001: 6992: 6966: 6958: 6942: 6923: 6899:Self-proclaimed 6894: 6843:Emperor Xiaowen 6838:Emperor Xianwen 6797: 6785: 6776: 6737: 6718: 6709:Tuoba Shiyijian 6696:(re-succession) 6639: 6632:Re-unified rule 6623: 6611: 6590: 6571: 6454: 6424: 6394: 6389: 6296: 6258: 6215: 6187: 6169: 6076: 6067: 6037: 6032: 6002: 5972: 5966: 5922: 5917: 5873: 5868: 5867: 5856: 5840: 5836: 5823: 5822: 5818: 5811: 5795: 5791: 5756: 5752: 5745: 5731: 5727: 5722: 5718: 5709: 5705: 5693: 5689: 5676: 5675: 5671: 5636: 5629: 5622: 5600: 5596: 5589: 5575: 5571: 5542: 5538: 5531: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5498: 5496: 5485: 5477: 5475: 5460: 5456: 5449: 5421: 5410: 5403: 5375: 5371: 5364: 5329: 5316: 5300: 5299: 5295: 5278: 5263: 5253: 5237: 5233: 5226: 5212: 5211: 5207: 5192:10.2307/2718246 5172: 5168: 5155: 5151: 5144: 5127: 5126: 5122: 5115: 5099: 5095: 5088: 5072: 5068: 5057: 5056: 5052: 5044: 5036: 5032: 5025: 5009: 5005: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4966: 4962: 4955: 4941: 4937: 4921: 4917: 4897: 4886: 4879: 4863: 4850: 4843: 4826: 4822: 4807:10.2307/3249674 4786: 4782: 4775: 4759: 4755: 4736: 4732: 4725: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4689: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4660: 4648: 4641: 4629: 4625: 4613: 4609: 4597: 4593: 4579: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4559: 4533: 4529: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4506: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4469: 4452: 4438: 4436:Further reading 4431: 4428: 4419: 4416: 4407: 4404: 4395: 4388: 4379: 4372: 4358: 4356: 4290: 4289:Jianyi (建義) 528 4257:Wutai (武泰) 528 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4210: 4208: 4200: 4188: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4149: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4105: 4103: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4059:Period of reign 4052:Posthumous name 4046: 4040: 4033: 4030: 4021: 4018: 4009: 4006: 3997: 3990: 3962:Sasanian Persia 3918: 3917: 3916: 3915: 3891: 3890: 3889: 3881: 3880: 3869: 3818: 3804:Emperor Xiaowen 3792: 3748: 3667: 3610: 3583: 3582: 3581: 3580: 3550: 3549: 3548: 3540: 3539: 3531: 3530: 3519: 3502: 3474: 3426: 3329:Sarcophagus of 3240:Emperor Xiaowen 3212: 3211: 3210: 3209: 3190: 3189: 3188: 3180: 3179: 3168: 3154:2,000 families 3044:2,000 families 2978: 2961: 2923: 2824: 2795:Musée Cernuschi 2726: 2692: 2595: 2590: 2584: 2489: 2468: 2429:Battle of Baisi 2377: 2369:Tuoba Shiyijian 2314: 2309: 2238:Emperor Xiaowen 2230:Emperor Xiaowen 2085: 2081: 2071: 2042: 2041: 2037:Women's history 1943: 1942: 1933: 1932: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1914: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1874: 1869: 1860: 1859: 1848: 1847: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1828: 1823: 1815: 1810: 1796: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1772: 1767: 1759: 1754: 1746: 1740: 1735: 1725: 1713: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1676: 1675: 1670: 1661: 1651: 1643: 1638: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1609: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1585: 1582: 1576: 1571: 1561: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1521: 1495: 1487: 1482: 1472: 1463:(202 BC – 9 AD) 1462: 1452: 1440: 1432: 1427: 1412: 1411: 1400: 1399: 1392: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1365: 1355: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1324: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1277: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1252: 1251: 1240: 1239: 1211: 1207: 1202: 1194: 1183: 1182: 1007:Literal meaning 970: 948: 934: 909: 895: 881: 867: 853: 824: 792: 778: 768: 754: 741: 727: 716:20 February 386 713: 685: 684:• 532–535 673: 672:• 528–530 661: 660:• 499–515 653:Emperor Xiaowen 649: 648:• 471–499 637: 636:• 452–465 625: 624:• 424–452 613: 612:• 409–423 601: 600:• 386–409 552: 545: 538: 516: 496: 495: 491: 484: 483: 482: 481: 480: 473: 471: 469: 464: 462: 460: 458: 449: 447: 445: 436: 434: 432: 423: 421: 419: 410: 408: 406: 397: 395: 393: 384: 382: 380: 371: 369: 367: 358: 356: 354: 345: 343: 341: 332: 330: 328: 319: 317: 315: 309: 306: 304: 302: 295: 293: 291: 284: 282: 280: 273: 271: 269: 263: 260: 258: 256: 251: 249: 247: 242: 240: 238: 231: 229: 227: 222: 220: 218: 216: 207: 205: 203: 197: 194: 192: 190: 184: 181: 179: 177: 170: 168: 166: 160: 157: 155: 153: 147: 144: 142: 140: 134: 131: 129: 127: 122: 120: 118: 113: 111: 109: 107: 100: 98: 73: 70: 55: 53: 49: 46: 41: 38: 36: 34: 33: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7547: 7537: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7484: 7483: 7473: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7389:Yujiulu Anagui 7386: 7381: 7379:Yujiulü Shelun 7376: 7371: 7369:Yujiulü Mugulü 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7284:Tufa Shujineng 7281: 7276: 7270: 7268: 7267:Notable people 7264: 7263: 7261: 7260: 7259: 7258: 7253: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7191: 7190: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7163: 7161: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7124:Duan (250–338) 7120: 7118: 7112: 7111: 7109: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7097: 7096: 7091: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7050: 7048: 7042: 7041: 7030: 7029: 7022: 7015: 7007: 6998: 6997: 6994: 6993: 6991: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6974: 6972: 6968: 6967: 6962: 6960: 6951: 6944: 6943: 6938: 6936: 6929: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6921: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6902: 6900: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6892: 6890:Emperor Xiaowu 6887: 6885:Emperor Houfei 6882: 6880:Emperor Jiemin 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6861: 6860: 6850: 6848:Emperor Xuanwu 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6809: 6807: 6803: 6802: 6799: 6798: 6793: 6791: 6781:Honoured then 6778: 6777: 6775: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6748: 6746: 6739: 6730: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6698: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6654: 6652: 6645: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6635: 6633: 6629: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6619: 6617: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6609: 6604: 6598: 6596: 6592: 6591: 6586: 6584: 6577: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6552:Tuoba Shamohan 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6473: 6471: 6464: 6456: 6455: 6423: 6422: 6415: 6408: 6400: 6391: 6390: 6301: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6268: 6266: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6225: 6223: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6197: 6195: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6185: 6179: 6177: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6086: 6084: 6078: 6077: 6066: 6065: 6058: 6051: 6043: 6034: 6033: 6012: 6010: 6004: 6003: 5982: 5980: 5974: 5973: 5965: 5964: 5957: 5950: 5942: 5936: 5935: 5921: 5920:External links 5918: 5916: 5915: 5911:Zizhi Tongjian 5907: 5900: 5892: 5883: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5854: 5834: 5816: 5809: 5789: 5750: 5743: 5725: 5716: 5703: 5687: 5669: 5644:Ars Orientalis 5627: 5620: 5594: 5587: 5569: 5556:(2): 221–243. 5536: 5529: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5483: 5461: 5454: 5447: 5429:Lagerwey, John 5408: 5401: 5383:Lagerwey, John 5369: 5362: 5350:Keith N. Knapp 5340:Lagerwey, John 5314: 5293: 5261: 5252:978-1351565219 5251: 5231: 5224: 5205: 5166: 5149: 5143:978-0231531009 5142: 5120: 5114:978-1442271661 5113: 5093: 5087:978-1538117972 5086: 5066: 5050: 5030: 5023: 5003: 4985: 4978: 4960: 4954:978-1107020771 4953: 4935: 4915: 4900:Jacques Gernet 4884: 4877: 4848: 4841: 4820: 4780: 4773: 4753: 4730: 4723: 4703: 4694: 4687: 4667: 4658: 4650:Zizhi Tongjian 4639: 4631:Zizhi Tongjian 4623: 4615:Zizhi Tongjian 4607: 4599:Zizhi Tongjian 4591: 4582:Zizhi Tongjian 4572: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4527: 4513: 4504: 4490: 4481: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4464: 4463: 4458: 4451: 4448: 4447: 4446: 4437: 4434: 4433: 4432: 4429: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4398: 4396: 4389: 4382: 4380: 4373: 4366: 4361: 4360: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4329: 4325: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4297: 4293: 4292: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4263: 4259: 4258: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4205: 4202: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4146: 4143: 4138: 4134: 4133: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4039: 4036: 4035: 4034: 4031: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4000: 3998: 3991: 3984: 3966:Northern Liang 3893: 3892: 3883: 3882: 3874: 3873: 3872: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3855:The legend of 3842:Songyue Pagoda 3800:Shaolin Temple 3791: 3788: 3747: 3744: 3666: 3663: 3609: 3606: 3559:Northern Liang 3552: 3551: 3542: 3541: 3533: 3532: 3524: 3523: 3522: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3501: 3498: 3473: 3470: 3425: 3422: 3351:Northern Liang 3331:Emperor Xuanwu 3200:(443 CE), and 3192: 3191: 3182: 3181: 3173: 3172: 3171: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3145: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3130: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3115: 3114: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3099: 3098: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3083: 3082: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3067: 3066: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3051: 3050: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3035: 3034: 3029: 3026: 3020: 3016: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 2977: 2974: 2960: 2957: 2922: 2919: 2907: 2906: 2891: 2867: 2864: 2856: 2823: 2820: 2725: 2724:War with Liang 2722: 2691: 2688: 2594: 2591: 2583: 2580: 2513:Hu Xia dynasty 2488: 2485: 2476:Yujiulü Shelun 2467: 2464: 2425:Central Plains 2376: 2373: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2073: 2072: 2070: 2069: 2062: 2055: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2028: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1991: 1990: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1968:Jewish history 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1944: 1940: 1939: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1922: 1920: 1919: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1901: 1899:(1949–present) 1888: 1886: 1880: 1873: 1872: 1861: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1843: 1842: 1840: 1839: 1827: 1826: 1814: 1813: 1802: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1786: 1784: 1783: 1773: 1770: 1760: 1757: 1747: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1738: 1728: 1717: 1716: 1704: 1703: 1690: 1688: 1682: 1672: 1671: 1669: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1664: 1642: 1641: 1629: 1628: 1615: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1599: 1597: 1596: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1574: 1564: 1553: 1551: 1545: 1536: 1535: 1533: 1532: 1520: 1519: 1499: 1498: 1492:Three Kingdoms 1486: 1485: 1475: 1465: 1455: 1444: 1443: 1431: 1430: 1419: 1413: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1402: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1395: 1390:Warring States 1387: 1358: 1347: 1346: 1323: 1322: 1300: 1299: 1295: 1046 BC 1276: 1275: 1271: 1600 BC 1253: 1247: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1217: 1216: 1212: 2000 BC 1193: 1192: 1184: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1168:Historiography 1165: 1160: 1152: 1151: 1143: 1142: 1136: 1135: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1107: 1098: 1097: 1091: 1090: 1083: 1077: 1076: 1069: 1063: 1062: 1060:Yue: Cantonese 1056: 1055: 1048: 1042: 1041: 1034: 1028: 1027: 1021: 1020: 1019:Transcriptions 1012: 1011: 1008: 1004: 1003: 994: 988: 987: 984: 983: 975: 974: 965: 961: 960: 957: 956: 953: 952: 945: 939: 938: 931: 922: 919: 918: 916:Northern Liang 913: 905: 904: 899: 891: 890: 885: 877: 876: 871: 863: 862: 857: 845: 844: 839: 829: 828: 818: 814: 813: 810: 806: 805: 801: 800: 797: 796: 795:8 November 535 793: 786: 783: 782: 781:3 February 535 779: 776: 773: 772: 769: 762: 759: 758: 757:25 October 493 755: 749: 746: 745: 742: 735: 732: 731: 730:24 January 399 728: 721: 718: 717: 714: 711: 708: 707: 704: 703: 700: 696: 695: 692: 691: 689:Emperor Xiaowu 686: 683: 680: 679: 674: 671: 668: 667: 665:Emperor Xuanwu 662: 659: 656: 655: 650: 647: 644: 643: 638: 635: 632: 631: 626: 623: 620: 619: 614: 611: 608: 607: 602: 599: 596: 595: 592: 591: 588: 584: 583: 578: 574: 573: 571:Middle Chinese 564: 560: 559: 532:, near modern 522: 518: 517: 506: 498: 497: 486: 485: 92: 86: 85: 84: 83: 80: 79: 75: 74: 71: 68: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7546: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7494: 7481: 7477: 7476:Proto-Mongols 7471: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7434:Zhangsun Wuji 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7384:Yujiulü Datan 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7265: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7184: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7160: 7156: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7139:Dai (310–376) 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7113: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7086: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7028: 7023: 7021: 7016: 7014: 7009: 7008: 7005: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6935: 6930: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6903: 6901: 6897: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6823:Emperor Taiwu 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6813:Emperor Daowu 6811: 6810: 6808: 6804: 6796: 6792: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6743: 6740: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6715: 6714:Emperor Daowu 6712: 6710: 6707: 6704:(restoration) 6702: 6699: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6646: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6578: 6574: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6474: 6472: 6468: 6465: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6421: 6416: 6414: 6409: 6407: 6402: 6401: 6398: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6299: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6264:Northern Zhou 6261: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6222: 6218: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6190: 6184: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6176: 6172: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6064: 6059: 6057: 6052: 6050: 6045: 6044: 6041: 6031: 6027: 6026:Western Liang 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6009: 6005: 6001: 6000:Northern Zhou 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5979: 5975: 5970: 5963: 5958: 5956: 5951: 5949: 5944: 5943: 5940: 5933: 5928: 5924: 5923: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5905: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5893: 5890: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5876: 5875: 5862: 5857: 5851: 5847: 5846: 5838: 5830: 5826: 5820: 5812: 5806: 5802: 5801: 5793: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5754: 5746: 5744:9781563247309 5740: 5736: 5729: 5720: 5713: 5707: 5698: 5691: 5683: 5679: 5673: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5634: 5632: 5623: 5617: 5613: 5608: 5607: 5598: 5590: 5588:9787101143775 5584: 5580: 5573: 5564: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5550:Asian Studies 5547: 5540: 5532: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5517:Lovell, Julia 5512: 5494: 5493: 5488: 5484: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5462: 5458: 5450: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5435: 5430: 5426: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5404: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5389: 5384: 5380: 5373: 5365: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5346: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5310: 5304: 5296: 5290: 5286: 5285: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5258: 5254: 5248: 5244: 5243: 5235: 5227: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5209: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5170: 5162: 5161: 5153: 5145: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5124: 5116: 5110: 5106: 5105: 5097: 5089: 5083: 5079: 5078: 5070: 5062: 5061: 5054: 5043: 5042: 5034: 5026: 5020: 5016: 5015: 5007: 4999: 4995: 4989: 4981: 4979:9781133709251 4975: 4971: 4964: 4956: 4950: 4946: 4939: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4913: 4912:0-521-24130-8 4909: 4905: 4901: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4880: 4878:9781139343848 4874: 4870: 4869: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4844: 4842:9780674060357 4838: 4834: 4830: 4824: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4801:(1/2): 5–28. 4800: 4796: 4795:Artibus Asiae 4792: 4784: 4776: 4770: 4766: 4765: 4757: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4734: 4726: 4720: 4717:. Routledge. 4716: 4715: 4707: 4698: 4690: 4688:9780674018280 4684: 4680: 4679: 4671: 4662: 4655: 4651: 4646: 4644: 4636: 4632: 4627: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4588: 4584: 4583: 4577: 4573: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4540:Liang dynasty 4537: 4531: 4524: 4517: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4494: 4485: 4476: 4472: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4444: 4440: 4439: 4426: 4421: 4414: 4409: 4402: 4397: 4393: 4386: 4381: 4377: 4370: 4365: 4364: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4294: 4288: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4276: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4260: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4214: 4206: 4203: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4192: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4174: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4152: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4135: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4089: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4056:Personal name 4055: 4053: 4050: 4045: 4028: 4023: 4016: 4011: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3983: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3938:Buddhist arts 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3887: 3878: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3834:Longmen Caves 3831: 3826: 3824: 3813: 3805: 3802:was built by 3801: 3796: 3787: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3776:Northern Zhou 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3743: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3693: 3684: 3679: 3671: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3615: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3594: 3590: 3588: 3578: 3577: 3572: 3571:Central Asian 3569:(detail of a 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3546: 3537: 3528: 3514: 3506: 3497: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3484: 3478: 3469: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3395: 3389: 3387: 3381: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3356: 3353:Xiongnu King 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3333:(483-515 CE). 3332: 3327: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3311: 3310: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3288:Liang dynasty 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3261: 3256: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3196: 3193:Northern Wei 3186: 3177: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3003: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2982:Emperor Daowu 2973: 2965: 2959:Later reforms 2956: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2943: 2938: 2936: 2927: 2918: 2914: 2912: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2876:Emperor Daowu 2872: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2840: 2839: 2833: 2828: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2804: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2758: 2753: 2751: 2750:Liang dynasty 2747: 2743: 2735: 2730: 2721: 2719: 2714: 2712: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2696:Xiao Daocheng 2687: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2672: 2671:Emperor Taiwu 2667: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2644: 2640: 2637: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2589: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2552:Hexi Corridor 2549: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2498: 2493: 2484: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2338:Prince of Dai 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2304: 2301: 2300:Northern Zhou 2297: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2189:ruled by the 2188: 2184: 2178: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2156: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2134: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2112: 2104: 2100: 2094: 2079: 2068: 2063: 2061: 2056: 2054: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2045: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2006: 2003: 2001: 2000:Naval history 1998: 1996: 1993: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1984: 1983:Music history 1981: 1979: 1978:Media history 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1963:Legal history 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1937: 1936: 1917:1949–present) 1913: 1912: 1908: 1907: 1905: 1897: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1878: 1868: 1867: 1863: 1862: 1858: 1852: 1851: 1835: 1834: 1830: 1829: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1816: 1809: 1808: 1804: 1803: 1800: 1779: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1742: 1734: 1733: 1732:Southern Song 1729: 1724: 1723: 1722:Northern Song 1719: 1718: 1712: 1711: 1707: 1706: 1699: 1698: 1692: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1680: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1645: 1644: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1631: 1624: 1623: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1592: 1591: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1578: 1570: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1543: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1512: 1511: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1500: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1488: 1481: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1450: 1446: 1445: 1439: 1438: 1434: 1433: 1426: 1425: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1410: 1404: 1403: 1391: 1388: 1383: 476 BC 1372: 1369: 1368: 1364: 1363: 1359: 1356:(1046–771 BC) 1354: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1342: 256 BC 1331: 1330: 1326: 1325: 1307: 1306: 1302: 1301: 1284: 1283: 1279: 1278: 1260: 1259: 1255: 1254: 1250: 1244: 1243: 1236: 1235: 1230: 1229: 1224: 1223: 1219: 1218: 1201: 1200: 1196: 1195: 1191: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1181: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1128: 1120: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1099: 1096: 1092: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1061: 1057: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1013: 1009: 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Dynasties 6335:S. Dynasties 6082:Northern Wei 6081: 5984:Northern Wei 5983: 5909: 5903: 5894: 5888: 5877: 5859: 5844: 5837: 5828: 5819: 5799: 5792: 5767: 5763: 5753: 5734: 5728: 5719: 5711: 5706: 5696: 5690: 5681: 5672: 5647: 5643: 5605: 5597: 5578: 5572: 5553: 5549: 5539: 5520: 5511: 5497:. Retrieved 5495:. 2016-08-17 5490: 5476:. Retrieved 5470: 5457: 5433: 5387: 5372: 5344: 5332:Shuguo, Chen 5283: 5256: 5241: 5234: 5214: 5208: 5183: 5179: 5169: 5159: 5152: 5133: 5123: 5103: 5096: 5076: 5069: 5059: 5053: 5040: 5033: 5013: 5006: 4997: 4988: 4969: 4963: 4944: 4938: 4918: 4903: 4867: 4832: 4823: 4798: 4794: 4783: 4763: 4756: 4747: 4743: 4733: 4713: 4706: 4697: 4677: 4670: 4661: 4649: 4630: 4626: 4614: 4610: 4598: 4594: 4580: 4576: 4548:Yellow River 4530: 4516: 4507: 4498: 4493: 4484: 4475: 4442: 3919: 3899: 3895: 3854: 3846:Qimin Yaoshu 3827: 3809: 3749: 3696: 3688: 3683:Sima Jinlong 3655:Chen Qingzhi 3652: 3636:Yellow River 3611: 3603: 3595: 3591: 3584: 3576:Shibi Jataka 3574: 3511: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3479: 3475: 3437: 3427: 3419: 3407: 3402: 3393: 3390: 3382: 3359: 3343:Sima Jinlong 3336: 3320:naming taboo 3313: 3307: 3304:Book of Zhou 3257: 3248:sinicization 3244:sinicization 3213: 3166:Sinicization 3014:Destination 2994:Deportations 2979: 2976:Deportations 2970: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2939: 2932: 2915: 2911:Sinicization 2908: 2902: 2871:crown prince 2837: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2800: 2784: 2776:Cao Jingzong 2761: 2754: 2746:Xiao Baojuan 2739: 2715: 2708: 2693: 2676: 2668: 2664: 2660:Northern Yan 2649: 2623:Southern Yan 2612: 2607:Sima Jinlong 2545: 2525:Tongwancheng 2502: 2469: 2441: 2433:Southern Yan 2421: 2378: 2354: 2324:against the 2315: 2285: 2265:Buddhist art 2258: 2254:sinicization 2236:hinterland. 2223: 2214: 2180: 2164: 2158: 2142: 2136: 2120: 2114: 2099:Northern Wei 2098: 2077: 2076: 1973:LGBT history 1909: 1891: 1864: 1831: 1818: 1805: 1775: 1762: 1749: 1730: 1720: 1708: 1697:Ten Kingdoms 1693: 1646: 1633: 1620:Northern and 1618: 1588: 1566: 1556: 1524: 1514: 1508: 1502: 1496:(220–280 AD) 1490: 1477: 1467: 1457: 1453:(206–202 BC) 1447: 1435: 1428:(221–207 BC) 1422: 1393:(475–221 BC) 1366:(771–256 BC) 1362:Eastern Zhou 1360: 1352:Western Zhou 1350: 1327: 1303: 1280: 1256: 1232: 1226: 1220: 1197: 1187: 1095:Southern Min 1032:Hanyu Pinyin 1010:Northern Wei 982:Northern Wei 902:Northern Yan 842:Succeeded by 841: 836: 826:Chinese cash 821:Chinese coin 474: 451: 450: 438: 437: 425: 424: 412: 411: 399: 398: 386: 385: 373: 372: 360: 359: 347: 346: 334: 333: 321: 320: 307: 296: 285: 275:HEPHTHALITES 274: 261: 232: 209: 208: 195: 182: 171: 158: 156: 145: 132: 32: 7454:Yuwen Shiji 7424:Yuwen Zhiji 7419:Yuwen Huaji 7404:Dugu Qieluo 7354:Lu Lingxuan 7349:Lou Zhaojun 7344:Yuchi Jiong 7314:Murong Chao 7299:Murong Chui 7256:Qara Khitai 6983:Emperor Fei 6978:Emperor Wen 6949:Western Wei 6934:Eastern Wei 6911:Yuan Faseng 6788:temple name 6757:Tuoba Huang 6663:Tuoba Pugen 6607:Tuoba Pugen 6602:Tuoba Yituo 6547:Tuoba Liwei 6439:Western Wei 6435:Eastern Wei 6331:16 Kingdoms 6221:Northern Qi 6193:Western Wei 6175:Eastern Wei 6018:Southern Qi 5996:Northern Qi 5992:Eastern Wei 5988:Western Wei 5879:Book of Wei 5492:Archaeology 5472:LiveScience 4500:Book of Wei 4374:A Buddhist 4283:Yuan Ziyou 4181:Tuoba Hong 3940:. Numerous 3924:missionary 3812:Sui dynasty 3784:Sui dynasty 3760:Northern Qi 3736:Western Wei 3732:Eastern Wei 3634:) into the 3567:Kizil Caves 3412:along with 3410:Kou Qianzhi 3355:Juqu Mujian 3238:in 494 and 3216:Han Chinese 2986:Taihangshan 2942:juntian zhi 2903:bǎo tài hòu 2757:Xiao Baoyin 2700:Southern Qi 2625:in 410 and 2537:Helian Ding 2409:Murong Chui 2401:Western Yan 2318:Jin dynasty 2296:Northern Qi 2292:Western Wei 2288:Eastern Wei 2020:Discoveries 2015:Cartography 2010:Archaeology 1948:Art history 1837:(1644–1912) 1824:(1368–1644) 1811:(1271–1368) 1781:(1115–1234) 1768:(1038–1227) 1764:Western Xia 1736:(1127–1279) 1568:Eastern Jin 1558:Western Jin 1483:(25–220 AD) 1479:Eastern Han 1459:Western Han 1338: 1046 1318: 1046 1314: 1250 1291: 1600 1267: 2070 1208: 8500 1189:Paleolithic 1180:Prehistoric 943:Western Wei 929:Eastern Wei 837:Preceded by 789:Eastern Wei 509:Southern Qi 54: / 42:108°54′00″E 7493:Categories 7474:See also: 7459:Yu Zhining 7364:Yuwen Yong 7319:Tuoba Yilu 7294:Murong Jun 7274:Tanshihuai 6783:posthumous 6693:Tuoba Hena 6683:Tuoba Hena 6678:Tuoba Heru 6673:Tuoba Yulü 6658:Tuoba Yilu 6648:Rulers of 6637:Tuoba Yilu 6621:Tuoba Yilu 6562:Tuoba Chuo 6557:Tuoba Xilu 6532:Tuoba Kuai 6487:Tuoba Guan 6323:3 Kingdoms 6145:Xiaozhuang 5621:0521497817 5499:2024-03-18 5478:2024-03-18 5294:1588391264 4994:Liu, Xinru 4932:1107020778 4563:References 4552:Erzhu Rong 4317:Yuan Gong 4279:Xiaozhuang 4201:Yuan Hong 4199:Tuoba Hong 4159:Tuoba Jun 4116:Tuoba Tao 4074:Tuoba Gui 4042:See also: 3863:invaders. 3644:Yuan Ziyou 3627:Erzhu Rong 3623:Erzhu Rong 3555:Mogao cave 3472:Governance 3444:wall from 3434:Great Wall 3364:surnames ( 2895:wet nurses 2888:Liu Fuling 2803:Erzhu Rong 2718:Emperor Wu 2586:See also: 2413:Murong Bao 2350:Former Qin 2346:Former Yan 2342:Later Zhao 2334:Tuoba Yilu 2312:Background 2261:Taoist art 2185:), was an 2025:Inventions 1755:(916–1125) 1726:(960–1127) 1714:(960–1279) 1381: – c. 1379: 770 1340: – c. 1316: – c. 1305:Late Shang 1293: – c. 1269: – c. 1210: – c. 1087:Bak1 Ngai6 1046:Wade–Giles 860:Former Qin 771:17 May 528 765:Erzhu Rong 577:Government 233:ZHANGZHUNG 39:34°16′00″N 7464:Yuan Zhen 7444:Qutu Tong 7414:Yuwen Shu 7334:Yuwen Tai 7329:Tuoba Tao 7324:Tuoba Gui 7309:Murong De 7304:Murong Ke 6790:retracted 6772:Yuan Huai 6762:Yuan Shao 6752:Tuoba Shi 6537:Tuoba Lin 6527:Tuoba Gai 6497:Tuoba Yue 6492:Tuoba Lou 6482:Tuoba Huo 6477:Tuoba Mao 6445:clan and 5971:(420–589) 5776:0890-4464 5770:: 51–59. 5714:, p. 101. 5656:0571-1371 5303:cite book 4902:(1972). " 4568:Citations 4555:emperors. 4349:Yuan Xiu 4332:Yuan Lang 4266:Yuan Zhao 4096:Tuoba Si 4063:Era names 3946:Feng Hetu 3930:Tuoba Gui 3926:An Shigao 3908:Feng Hetu 3857:Hua Mulan 3823:Ray Huang 3806:in 477 AD 3780:Yang Jian 3772:Yuwen Jue 3724:Yuwen Tai 3716:Husi Chun 3708:Yuan Lang 3685:, 484 CE. 3640:courtiers 3632:Yuan Zhao 3458:Pingcheng 3298:. One of 3282:royalty, 2884:concubine 2878:based on 2844:officials 2684:Pengcheng 2679:Liu Zixun 2636:Tan Daoji 2627:Later Qin 2609:, 484 CE. 2568:Feng Hong 2521:Guanzhong 2456:Pingcheng 2365:Tuoba Gui 2165:Later Wei 2138:Tuòbá Wèi 2121:Tuoba Wei 1701:(907–979) 1662:(690–705) 1652:(618–907) 1639:(581–618) 1626:(420–589) 1594:(304–439) 1572:(317–420) 1562:(266–316) 1530:(266–420) 1473:(9–23 AD) 1199:Neolithic 1163:Dynasties 1073:Bāk Ngaih 874:Later Yan 557:(534–535) 550:(493–534) 543:(398–493) 540:Pingcheng 515:from 502. 374:Kutrigurs 146:BYZANTINE 7359:Yuwen Hu 7339:Dugu Xin 7279:Kebineng 7116:Kingdoms 6959:honoured 6920:Yuan Yue 6916:Yuan Hao 6858:Daughter 6795:Yuan Xie 6745:Honoured 6738:honoured 6724:Emperors 6567:Tuoba Fu 6522:Tuoba Ji 6517:Tuoba Si 6512:Tuoba Qi 6507:Tuoba Li 6427:Emperors 6239:Xiaozhao 6183:Xiaojing 6130:Xiaoming 6110:Wencheng 6095:Mingyuan 6070:Emperors 6014:Liu Song 5784:24048350 5710:Jenner, 5650:: 1–31. 5519:(2006). 4996:(2010). 4831:(2011). 4654:vol. 156 4635:vol. 152 4619:vol. 138 4603:vol. 110 4587:vol. 106 4536:Yuan Hao 4450:See also 4352:532–535 4336:531–532 4320:531–532 4304:530–531 4286:528–530 4246:516–528 4243:Yuan Xu 4239:Xiaoming 4224:499–515 4221:Yuan Ke 4204:471–499 4184:466–471 4162:452–465 4155:Wencheng 4141:Tuoba Yu 4119:424–452 4099:409–423 4092:Mingyuan 4077:386–409 3934:Buddhism 3922:Parthian 3910:(封和突, a 3764:Yuwen Hu 3752:Gao Yang 3720:Gao Huan 3699:Gao Huan 3697:General 3659:Yuan Hao 3563:Dunhuang 3446:Chicheng 3276:Liu Song 3252:Buddhist 3202:Buddhist 3198:Maitreya 3060:100,000 3028:100,000 3024:Shandong 2901:" (保太后, 2863:empress. 2860:nobility 2848:salaries 2822:Policies 2742:Xiao Yan 2711:Shouyang 2694:In 479, 2677:In 466, 2631:Mingyuan 2615:Liu Song 2578:period. 2572:Goguryeo 2564:Liaoning 2556:Lushuihu 2503:In 423, 2460:Tuoba Si 2437:Shandong 2389:Liaoning 2352:in 376. 2330:Han-Zhao 2298:and the 2290:and the 2281:Buddhist 2250:Yuan (元) 2211:Buddhism 2160:Yuán Wèi 2143:Yuan Wei 1988:Timeline 1915:(Taiwan, 1895:of China 1409:Imperial 1158:Timeline 1132:a series 1130:Part of 1081:Jyutping 972:Mongolia 817:Currency 738:northern 581:Monarchy 554:Chang'an 439:Bashkirs 183:SOUTHERN 159:NORTHERN 133:SASANIAN 7240:Didouyu 7215:Tuyuhun 7205:Kumo Xi 7188:Yujiulü 7172:Xianbei 7046:Empires 7038:Xianbei 6964:Yuan Yu 6906:Yuan Yu 6767:Yuan Yu 6449:of the 6272:Xiaomin 6244:Wucheng 6229:Wenxuan 6120:Xiaowen 6115:Xianwen 6072:of the 5871:Sources 5664:4629399 5200:2718246 4815:3249674 4544:Luoyang 4300:Yuan Ye 4195:Xiaowen 4177:Xianwen 3994:Bactria 3970:Sogdian 3958:Kashmir 3912:Xianbei 3766:forced 3754:forced 3599:Ge Rong 3454:Yanqing 3430:Rourans 3414:Cui Hao 3399:Yan Hui 3362:Xianbei 3260:Xianbei 3236:Luoyang 3220:Cui Hao 3092:10,000 3011:Number 3008:People 2869:When a 2764:Wei Rui 2736:Museum. 2734:Luoyang 2603:Xianbei 2550:in the 2541:Tuyuhun 2531:in the 2509:Xiongnu 2357:Fu Jiān 2326:Xiongnu 2246:Luoyang 2195:Xianbei 2182:Hòu Wèi 2169:Chinese 2147:Chinese 2125:Chinese 2116:Běi Wèi 2103:Chinese 1659:Wu Zhou 1249:Ancient 1228:Yangtze 1111:Pak Guī 1102:Hokkien 1052:Pei Wei 1038:Běi Wèi 992:Chinese 763:• 752:Luoyang 722:• 699:History 587:Emperor 547:Luoyang 525:Shengle 521:Capital 413:Ugrians 400:Finnish 387:Venedae 335:Magyars 297:Kyrgyzs 252:TUYUHUN 78:386–535 21:Cao Wei 7249:incl. 7245:Khitan 7235:Shiwei 7210:Murong 7186:incl. 7182:Rouran 7177:Wuhuan 7167:Donghu 7159:Tribes 7034:Donghu 6971:Ruling 6865:Youzhu 6806:Ruling 6447:rulers 6363:W. 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In 5381:. In 5338:. In 5196:JSTOR 5045:(PDF) 4811:JSTOR 4467:Notes 4376:stela 4112:Taiwu 4070:Daowu 3974:Wuwei 3900:Right 3263:Tuoba 3112:Hebei 3005:Year 2768:Hefei 2517:Ordos 2511:-led 2480:Tiele 2446:-led 2444:Qiang 2393:Tiefu 2385:Hebei 2322:Tuoba 2271:near 2215:suǒlǔ 2191:Tuoba 1282:Shang 968:China 567:Tuoba 513:Liang 475:AKSUM 463:GOGU- 452:Antes 361:Alans 310:Turks 308:Gaoju 262:GUPTA 243:FUNAN 223:RIANS 112:CHAM- 7251:Yelü 7230:Tufa 7225:Qifu 7195:Duan 7036:and 6786:and 6463:clan 6437:and 6379:Qing 6375:Ming 6371:Yuan 6359:Song 6355:Liao 6347:Tang 6311:Zhou 6292:Jing 6287:Xuan 6277:Ming 6211:Gong 6030:Chen 6028:) → 5998:) → 5861:Wei. 5850:ISBN 5805:ISBN 5772:ISSN 5739:ISBN 5652:ISSN 5616:ISBN 5583:ISBN 5525:ISBN 5443:ISBN 5397:ISBN 5358:ISBN 5309:link 5289:ISBN 5247:ISBN 5220:ISBN 5138:ISBN 5109:ISBN 5082:ISBN 5019:ISBN 4974:ISBN 4949:ISBN 4928:ISBN 4908:ISBN 4873:ISBN 4837:ISBN 4769:ISBN 4719:ISBN 4683:ISBN 4270:528 4145:452 3960:and 3902:: a 3896:Left 3848:and 3798:The 3746:Fall 3734:and 3442:Zhao 3370:Dugu 3366:八大贵族 3347:司馬金龍 3339:司馬楚之 3148:449 3134:445 3118:435 3102:432 3086:427 3070:418 3054:399 3038:399 3019:398 2842:The 2546:The 2519:and 2395:and 2387:and 2344:and 2316:The 2263:and 2228:and 1833:Qing 1820:Ming 1807:Yuan 1751:Liao 1710:Song 1648:Tang 1329:Zhou 804:Area 465:RYEO 198:Huns 6726:of 6650:Dai 6429:of 6387:PRC 6383:ROC 6367:Jīn 6343:Sui 6327:Jìn 6319:Han 6315:Qin 6303:Xia 6234:Fei 6206:Fei 6201:Wen 5986:→ ( 5612:192 5558:doi 5188:doi 4803:doi 3349:). 2909:As 2656:Xia 2562:in 2403:in 2244:to 2234:Han 2141:), 2129:拓跋魏 2119:), 2078:Wei 1777:Jin 1635:Sui 1526:Jin 1510:Shu 1504:Wei 1469:Xin 1437:Han 1424:Qin 1320:BC) 1258:Xia 1105:POJ 809:450 744:439 530:Dai 161:WEI 123:500 69:Wei 7495:: 7478:· 6433:, 6385:/ 6381:→ 6377:→ 6373:→ 6369:→ 6365:/ 6361:/ 6357:/ 6353:→ 6349:→ 6345:→ 6341:→ 6337:/ 6333:→ 6329:/ 6325:→ 6321:→ 6317:→ 6313:→ 6309:→ 6305:→ 6282:Wu 6020:→ 6016:→ 5994:→ 5990:| 5858:. 5827:. 5778:. 5766:. 5762:. 5680:. 5658:. 5648:20 5646:. 5642:. 5630:^ 5552:. 5548:. 5489:. 5469:. 5441:. 5411:^ 5395:. 5356:. 5352:. 5317:^ 5305:}} 5301:{{ 5264:^ 5255:. 5194:. 5184:16 5182:. 5178:. 4922:* 4898:* 4887:^ 4851:^ 4809:. 4799:51 4797:. 4793:. 4748:86 4746:. 4742:. 4652:, 4642:^ 4633:, 4617:, 4601:, 4585:, 4328:– 4296:– 4273:– 4262:– 4137:– 3956:, 3816:c. 3786:. 3728:Ye 3650:. 3438:li 3378:尉遲 3374:獨孤 3296:蕭綜 3140:? 3124:? 3076:? 2905:). 2752:. 2720:. 2543:. 2439:. 2256:. 2175:; 2173:後魏 2153:; 2151:元魏 2131:; 2109:; 2107:北魏 2090:eɪ 1516:Wu 1507:, 1376:c. 1335:c. 1311:c. 1288:c. 1264:c. 1225:, 1205:c. 999:北魏 569:, 489:c. 185:QI 114:PA 7026:e 7019:t 7012:v 6453:) 6419:e 6412:t 6405:v 6062:e 6055:t 6048:v 6024:( 5961:e 5954:t 5947:v 5914:. 5899:. 5882:. 5831:. 5813:. 5786:. 5768:4 5747:. 5701:. 5666:. 5624:. 5591:. 5566:. 5560:: 5554:7 5533:. 5502:. 5481:. 5451:. 5405:. 5366:. 5311:) 5297:. 5228:. 5202:. 5190:: 5146:. 5117:. 5090:. 5027:. 4982:. 4957:. 4881:. 4845:. 4817:. 4805:: 4777:. 4727:. 4691:. 4656:. 4637:. 4621:. 4605:. 4589:. 3579:. 3464:– 3372:( 3345:( 3208:. 2797:. 2167:( 2145:( 2123:( 2101:( 2093:/ 2087:w 2084:/ 2080:( 2066:e 2059:t 2052:v 1385:) 1374:( 1344:) 1333:( 1309:( 1297:) 1286:( 1273:) 1262:( 1214:) 1203:( 823:, 536:) 494:. 72:魏 30:. 23:.

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