510:
transfer to happen. In the first concept – called guided positioning – a user must place the Mobile Device on a certain location of the Base
Station's surface. For this purpose, the Mobile Device provides an alignment aid that is appropriate to its size, shape, and function. The second concept – referred to as free positioning – does not require the user to place the Mobile Device in direct alignment with the transmitting coil. There are several ways to achieve free positioning. In one example a bundle of transmitting coils is used to generate a magnetic field at the location of the receiving coil only. Another example uses mechanical means to move a single transmitting coil underneath the receiving coil. A third option is to use a technique called
479:
235:
518:
The control and communications unit regulates the transferred power to the level that the power receiver requests. The diagram also demonstrates that a Base
Station may contain numerous transmitters, allowing for multiple Mobile Devices to be placed on the same Base Station and inductively charge until each of its batteries are fully charged. Finally, the system unit in the diagram comprises all other functionality of the Base Station, such as input power provisioning, control of multiple power transmitters, and user interfacing.
594:
77:
113:
36:
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natural resonance frequency will vary. Different Qi reference designs have different coil arrangements, including oval coil and multi-coil systems as well as more complex resonance networks with multiple inductors and capacitors. These designs allow frequency-agile operation at frequencies from 105 to 205 kHz and with maximum resonant circuit voltages as high as 200 volts.
522:
receiving coil only. Moreover, a Mobile Device typically contains a single power receiver. The communications and control unit regulates the transferred power to the level that is appropriate for the subsystems (e.g., battery) connected to the output of the power receiver. These subsystems represent the main functionality of the Mobile Device.
570:
In order to provide a digital communications channel back to the power transmitter, a resonance modulator consisting of a pair of 22-nanofarad capacitors and a 10 kΩ resistor in a T configuration can be switched across the 1.6-nanofarad capacitor. Switching the T network across the 1.6-nanofarad
521:
A power receiver comprises a power pick-up unit, as well as a communications and control unit. Similar to the power conversion unit of the transmitter, Figure 1-1 illustrates the receiving coil as capturing the magnetic field of the power pick-up unit. A power pick-up unit typically contains a single
517:
Figure 1-1 illustrates the basic system configuration. As shown, a power transmitter includes two main functional units – a power conversion unit and a communications and control unit. The diagram shows the transmitting coil (array) generating the magnetic field as part of the power conversion unit.
553:
Other Qi charge transmitters start their connections at 140 kHz, but can change frequencies to find a frequency with a better match, as the mutual inductance between transmitter and receiver coils will vary according to the standoff distance between transmitter and receiver coils, and thus the
625:
In 2011, the
Wireless Power Consortium began to extend the Qi specification to medium power. As of 2019, the Medium Power standard currently delivers 30 to 65 W. It is expected to eventually support up to 200 W (typically used for portable power tools, robotic vacuum cleaners, drones and
562:
The Qi power receiver hardware reference design 1, also from version 1.2.2 of the Qi specification, starts with a rectangular coil of wire 44 mm × 30 mm outside size, with 14 turns of wire, and with an above-coil magnetic shield. This coil is wired into a parallel resonant circuit with a
916:
standard for alignment and mounting. Rather than requiring the user to manually align the coils through trial and error while looking for an indication of charging, it aligns the device and charging coil automatically, and also provides for mounting small devices, e.g. phones, securely enough for
530:
As an example from the 2017 version 1.2.2 of the Qi specification (referenced above), the A2 reference Qi low-power transmitter has a coil of 20 turns (in two layers) in a flat coil, wound on a form with a 19 mm inner diameter and a 40 mm outer diameter, with a below-coil shield of soft
509:
Base
Stations typically have a flat surface – referred to as the Interface Surface – on top of which a user can place one or more Mobile Devices. There are two methods for aligning the transmitting coil (part of the Base Station) and receiving coil (part of the Mobile Device) in order for a power
494:. A Qi system consists of two types of devices – the Base Station, which is connected to a power source and provides inductive power, and Mobile Devices, which consume inductive power. The Base Station contains a power transmitter that comprises a transmitting coil that generates an oscillating
621:
Regulation of the output voltage is provided by a digital control loop where the power receiver communicates with the power transmitter and requests more or less power. Communication is unidirectional from the power receiver to the power transmitter via backscatter modulation. In backscatter
613:
The WPC published the Qi low-power specification in August 2009. The Qi specification can be downloaded freely after registration. Under the Qi specification, "low power" inductive transfers deliver power below 5 W using inductive coupling between two
542:
switching arrangement from the DC source; at full power, the voltage in the capacitor can reach 50 volts. Power control is automatic; the Qi specification requires that the actual voltage applied be controllable in steps at least as small as 50 millivolts.
721:
In 2015, a survey found that 76% of people surveyed in the United States and China were aware of wireless charging (an increase from 36% the previous year), and 20% were using it – however, only 16% of those were using it daily. Furniture retailer
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modulation, the power-receiver coil is loaded, changing the current draw at the power transmitter. These current changes are monitored and demodulated into the information required for the two devices to work together.
1458:
430:
Qi was first released in 2008, and by 2017 was incorporated into more than 200 smartphones, tablets and other devices. As of
December 2023, there are 351 manufacturers working with the standard including
632:
In 2015, WPC introduced the Qi
Extended Power Profile (EPP) specification which supports up to 15 W. EPP is also typically used to charge mobile devices like BPP. Phone companies that support EPP include
585:
Other Qi power receivers use alternate resonance modulators, including switching a resistor or pair of resistors across the receiver resonator capacitor, both before and after the bridge rectifier.
1682:
1285:
757:, would support the Qi standard. Since then, every new iPhone version has supported the Qi wireless charging standard. Apple also announced plans to expand the standard with a new protocol called
652:
WPC introduced
Proprietary Power Delivery Extension (PPDE) to allow phone OEMs to deliver higher than Baseline Power Profile's 5 W or the Extended Power Profile's 15 W. Currently, only
1436:
832:
Increased maximum transmitter power to 15 W, improved thermal tests for transmitters, improved timing specs, improved foreign object detection sensitivity, optional receiver ID (WP-ID).
629:
In 2015, the WPC also demonstrated a high-power specification, called "Ki", that will deliver up to 1 kW, allowing the powering of kitchen appliances among other high-power utilities.
618:. These coils are typically 5 mm apart but can be up to 40 mm and possibly further apart. The Qi low-power specification has been renamed to the Qi Baseline Power Profile (BPP).
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capacitor causes a significant change in the resonant frequency of the coupled system that is detected by the power transmitter as a change in the delivered power.
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12 different transmitter specifications, foreign object detection to prevent heating of metal objects near transmitter, added powering transmitter over USB
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iron at least 4 mm larger in diameter which gives an inductance of 24 ± 1 microhenries. This coil is placed in a series resonant circuit.
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has published their compliance test. Other phone companies that use proprietary standards for fast wireless charging include Apple, Huawei and Google.
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A substantial number of new compliance tests covering the new features as well as features that were not tested in older version of the specification
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gained an optional Qi charging pad in the center console. An estimated 120 million wirelessly charging phones were sold that year, notably the
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1260:
466:
In
January 2023, the consortium announced Qi2, which will update the existing standard and include a magnetic connection based on Apple's
1418:
1392:
1405:
706:, a major US coffee chain, announced plans to install inductive charging stations at selected major metropolitan cities, as did
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1310:
1142:
1120:
715:
1433:"Nokia and The Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf form partnership to introduce wireless charging to cafés across the United States"
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standards. However, the existence of several competing wireless charging standards was still seen as a barrier to adoption.
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17:
1000:
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pair of capacitors (of 127 nanofarads in series and 1.6 nanofarads in parallel). The power output is taken across the 1.6-
177:
416:, to charge their batteries when placed on a Qi charging pad, which can be effective over distances up to 4 cm (1.6 in).
149:
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which would have added the ability to charge multiple devices at once; however, this was canceled on March 29, 2019.
550:(proportional-integral-derivative) controller to modulate the delivered power according to the primary cell voltage.
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63:
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Completely restructured
Specification documents with 15 thematic books describing different aspects of the system
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134:
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49:
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503:
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163:
1286:"Sony Mobile Selects IDT Wireless Charging Chipset for XZ2 Smartphones and Wireless Charging Dock Solution"
703:
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546:
Rather than down-regulate the charging voltage in the device, Qi chargers meeting the A2 reference use a
883:
Improved FOD (Foreign Object
Detection) features and testing (including a new low-Q test power receiver)
145:
1459:"Nokia and Virgin Atlantic partner to introduce wireless charging to Virgin Atlantic Clubhouse Lounges"
913:
467:
498:; the Mobile Device contains a power receiver holding a receiving coil. The magnetic field induces an
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487:
420:
281:
937:
839:
615:
1560:
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405:
123:
1379:
735:
1527:
843:
679:(supported via a retrofittable official Samsung back cover accessory) in 2012, the Google/LG
1049:
861:
Added Power Class 0 which allows the consumer to negotiate up to 30 W from the charger
1121:"Variable Position Wireless Power Transmitter through Multiple Cooperative Flux Generators"
491:
1637:"Apple cancels AirPower product, citing inability to meet its high standards for hardware"
8:
758:
653:
499:
452:
170:
1236:
1001:"An introduction to the Wireless Power Consortium standard and TI's compliant solutions"
726:
introduced lamps and tables with integrated wireless chargers for sale in 2015, and the
90:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
920:
Initial standard supports up to 15 W power, but higher power profiles are planned.
834:
Labeled by Samsung as "Fast Wireless Charging" (initially 10 W, introduced on the
409:
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55:
702:
began to arise in places such as coffee shops, airports, sports arenas, etc. In 2012,
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646:
27:
Open inductive charging interface standard developed by the Wireless Power Consortium
1393:
Toyota's 2013 Avalon Limited becomes world's first car to adopt Qi wireless charging
1330:
506:. Close spacing of the two coils ensures the inductive power transfer is efficient.
470:
technology. On April 19, 2023, Wireless Power Consortium released the Qi2 standard.
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1514:
Consumer Awareness of Wireless Charging Doubles to 76 Percent in 2015, IHS Says
1311:"Interviewing WPC Chairman Menno Treffers: the Future is Wireless – Chargerlab"
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Qi-enabled devices are able to connect to Qi chargers from any manufacturer.
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Qi wireless charging standard emerges victorious; adoption rapidly increasing
835:
688:
424:
311:
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Qi Wireless Charging: What Is It And How Does It Work In Nokia's Lumia 920?
1734:
1261:"LG AND IDT PARTNER ON WORLD'S FIRST Qi EXTENDED POWER PROFILE SMARTPHONE"
745:. On September 12, 2017, Apple announced that their new smartphones, the
582:
with a 20-microfarad capacitor before delivery to the charge controller.
1406:
Qi wireless charging system adopted by second automaker for use in cars
923:
Also referred to as Qi2, and certified products may display a Qi2 logo.
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336:
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began offering a Qi charging cradle as a factory option on its 2013
112:
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Power transmitter can be a single coil, coil array, or moving coil
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539:
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2.0-enabled 15 W USB charger (9-volt, 1.67-ampere support).
741:
By early 2017, Qi had displaced other competing standards such as
943:
680:
578:
wired across the 1.6-nanofarad capacitor; the power is typically
1097:"Wireless Power Consortium approves release of the Qi2 standard"
1073:"Qi2: How Apple might finally harness MagSafe by giving it away"
695:
the second car manufacturer to offer a Qi option, also in 2013.
1204:
1135:"The Wireless Power Consortium Releases the 0.95 Specification"
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1528:"IKEA will start selling wireless charging lamps and tables"
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Support for authentication of Qi Certified wireless chargers
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321:
1585:
Wireless Charging Is Still a Mess, But It Won't Be Forever
842:, August 2015) requires charging plate to be connected to
1611:"Everything You Need To Know About Qi Wireless Charging"
889:
Resolution of mistakes, inconsistencies, and ambiguities
1704:"What is Qi2 magnetic charging? And why you'll want it"
574:
Power output to the portable device is via a full-wave
1211:
368:
486:Devices that operate using the Qi standard rely on
137:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1485:"Nokia flies Virgin Atlantic on wireless charging"
412:. The standard allows compatible devices, such as
1743:
1419:"Global Qi Standard Powers Up Wireless Charging"
1411:
1167:"Download Wireless Power Specification Part 1"
588:
1579:
1577:
1508:
1506:
734:, which supported both Qi and the competing
1487:. Nokia. September 11, 2012. Archived from
1189:
1025:"Qi enabled Phones / Qi compatible Devices"
886:Restrictions on the negotiable power levels
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1461:. Nokia. September 5, 2012. Archived from
1435:. Nokia. September 5, 2012. Archived from
1398:
1161:
1159:
1574:
1503:
1197:"eCoupled Wireless Power Through Granite"
1070:
215:Learn how and when to remove this message
197:Learn how and when to remove this message
1553:"Wireless Charger – Unbound Convenience"
1385:
828:Extended Power Profile (EPP): 15 W
604:
592:
477:
1613:. Tenpire. June 8, 2019. Archived from
1372:
1156:
995:
993:
826:Baseline Power Profile (BPP): 5 W
14:
1757:Computer-related introductions in 2009
1744:
698:As the Qi standard gained popularity,
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1308:
971:
969:
716:John F. Kennedy International Airport
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512:Multiple Cooperative Flux Generators
419:The Qi standard is developed by the
135:adding citations to reliable sources
106:
70:
29:
24:
1356:"Safety of Proprietary Extensions"
966:
764:
25:
1778:
1726:
1651:"History of the Qi specification"
1525:
45:This article has multiple issues.
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34:
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1685:from the original on 2020-04-20
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1101:www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com
858:EPP Power Class 0: 5–30 W
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122:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
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1113:
1089:
1071:Hollister, Sean (2023-01-04).
1064:
1042:
1017:
609:Opened Nokia DT-900 Qi charger
396:
387:
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13:
1:
1331:"AQUOS R3のユーザビリティ｜AQUOS：シャープ"
959:
1335:シャープ スマートフォン・携帯電話 AQUOS公式サイト
1141:. 2009-09-11. Archived from
704:The Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf
557:
7:
1052:. Wireless Power Consortium
977:"Wireless Power Consortium"
931:
659:
589:Features and specifications
255:; 16 years ago
10:
1783:
683:followed later that year.
504:Faraday's law of induction
1767:Wireless Power Consortium
1679:Wireless Power Consortium
1655:Wireless Power Consortium
1360:Wireless Power Consortium
1241:Wireless Power Consortium
1171:Wireless Power Consortium
1139:Electronic Component News
502:in the receiving coil by
488:electromagnetic induction
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421:Wireless Power Consortium
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291:Cordless Kitchen standard
287:
282:Wireless Power Consortium
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84:This article needs to be
1752:Wireless energy transfer
1219:"Medium power extension"
938:Near-field communication
917:stationary use, or both.
667:first adopted Qi in its
1237:"Medium Power Standard"
712:London Heathrow Airport
710:, for United Kingdom's
601:WCP-300 Qi charging pad
406:wireless power transfer
337:wirelesspowerconsortium
736:Power Matters Alliance
714:, and New York City's
610:
602:
597:The bottom side of an
483:
1491:on September 15, 2012
1465:on September 20, 2012
1439:on September 20, 2012
1309:Floyd (14 May 2019).
912:Incorporates Apple's
844:Qualcomm Quick Charge
608:
596:
538:is then driven by an
481:
293:Medium Power standard
1029:Qi Wireless Charging
1006:. Ti. Archived from
131:improve this article
18:Qi wireless charging
1710:. 12 September 2023
1675:"Qi specifications"
771:
500:alternating current
384:traditional Chinese
229:
1617:on August 20, 2019
1600:, 17 February 2017
1587:, 12 November 2015
1408:, 25 February 2013
1395:, 19 December 2012
1382:, 5 September 2012
1290:www.prnewswire.com
1050:"Member Directory"
769:
611:
603:
484:
423:. As a universal,
410:inductive charging
402:interface standard
376:simplified Chinese
302:Inductive charging
227:
146:"Qi" standard
1225:on 11 March 2012.
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732:Samsung Galaxy S6
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288:Related standards
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16:(Redirected from
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1735:Official website
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1639:. 29 March 2019.
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1221:. Archived from
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1177:on April 3, 2016
1173:. Archived from
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536:resonant circuit
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708:Virgin Atlantic
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1516:, 24 June 2015
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689:Avalon Limited
673:Samsung Mobile
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526:Transmitters
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350:(pronounced
347:
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278:Organization
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129:Please help
124:verification
121:
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47:Please help
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1391:The Verge,
1265:LG Newsroom
1181:February 2,
700:Qi Hotspots
567:capacitor.
414:smartphones
187:August 2021
96:August 2021
1746:Categories
1689:2020-04-20
1660:2019-09-05
1621:August 20,
1567:2017-08-07
1365:2019-09-03
1341:2019-09-03
1316:2019-09-03
1295:2019-09-03
1271:2019-09-03
1246:2019-09-02
1149:2017-09-27
1106:2023-09-13
1082:2023-02-16
1056:5 December
960:References
907:15 W
753:, and the
626:e-bikes).
273:April 2023
157:newspapers
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1596:E&T,
1077:The Verge
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778:Released
693:Ssangyong
677:Galaxy S3
669:Lumia 920
565:nanofarad
558:Receivers
326:trademark
318:Copyright
56:talk page
1683:Archived
1532:Engadget
932:See also
781:Maximum
759:AirPower
755:iPhone X
747:iPhone 8
728:Lexus NX
660:Adoption
580:filtered
540:H-bridge
482:Fig. 1-1
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1201:YouTube
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743:Rezence
691:, with
681:Nexus 4
675:on the
654:Samsung
468:MagSafe
453:Samsung
374:; from
332:Website
308:License
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852:1.2.3
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685:Toyota
671:, and
645:, and
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576:bridge
474:Design
459:, and
457:Xiaomi
445:Huawei
441:Google
408:using
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298:Domain
245:Active
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783:power
665:Nokia
647:Sharp
492:coils
433:Apple
178:JSTOR
164:books
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