488:
receiving electrodes in the air above 30,000 feet (9,100 m) in altitude, where he thought the pressure would allow him to send high voltages (millions of volts) long distances. To further study the conductive nature of low pressure air he set up a test facility at high altitude in
Colorado Springs during 1899. Experiments he conducted there with a large coil operating in the megavolts range, as well as observations he made of the electronic noise of lightning strikes, led him to conclude incorrectly that he could use the entire globe of the Earth to conduct electrical energy. The theory included driving alternating current pulses into the Earth at its resonant frequency from a grounded Tesla coil working against an elevated capacitance to make the potential of the Earth oscillate. Tesla thought this would allow alternating current to be received with a similar capacitive antenna tuned to resonance with it at any point on Earth with very little power loss. His observations also led him to believe a high voltage used in a coil at an elevation of a few hundred feet would "break the air stratum down", eliminating the need for miles of cable hanging on balloons to create his atmospheric return circuit. Tesla would go on the next year to propose a "
1139:
1920:. Intervening materials between or near the electrodes can absorb the energy, in the case of humans possibly causing excessive electromagnetic field exposure. However capacitive coupling has a few advantages over inductive coupling. The field is largely confined between the capacitor plates, reducing interference, which in inductive coupling requires heavy ferrite "flux confinement" cores. Also, alignment requirements between the transmitter and receiver are less critical. Capacitive coupling has recently been applied to charging battery powered portable devices as well as charging or continuous wireless power transfer in biomedical implants, and is being considered as a means of transferring power between substrate layers in integrated circuits.
2847:
1112:
1885:
1676:
20:
1899:
2798:. In landmark 1975 experiments as technical director of a JPL/Raytheon program, Brown demonstrated long-range transmission by beaming 475 W of microwave power to a rectenna a mile away, with a microwave to DC conversion efficiency of 54%. At NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, he and Robert Dickinson transmitted 30 kW DC output power across 1.5 km with 2.38 GHz microwaves from a 26 m dish to a 7.3 x 3.5 m rectenna array. The incident-RF to DC conversion efficiency of the rectenna was 80%. In 1983 Japan launched
1182:
1124:
2446:
466:
369:(1872) that were based on the erroneous belief that there was an electrified atmospheric stratum accessible at low altitude. Both inventors' patents noted this layer connected with a return path using "Earth currents"' would allow for wireless telegraphy as well as supply power for the telegraph, doing away with artificial batteries, and could also be used for lighting, heat, and motive power. A more practical demonstration of wireless transmission via conduction came in
32:
1173:
457:
2833:
9558:
382:
1151:
2719:
medical devices are designed for high efficiency using low power electronics while efficiently accommodating some misalignment and dynamic twisting of the coils. The separation between the coils in implantable applications is commonly less than 20 cm. Today resonant inductive energy transfer is regularly used for providing electric power in many commercially available medical implantable devices.
9068:
2758:
transferred from a flat coil in the charger to a similar one in the device. In 2007, a team led by Marin Soljačić at MIT used a dual resonance transmitter with a 25 cm diameter secondary tuned to 10 MHz to transfer 60 W of power to a similar dual resonance receiver over a distance of 2 meters (6.6 ft) (eight times the transmitter coil diameter) at around 40% efficiency.
2328:
1771:). This is called "mid-range" transfer, in contrast to the "short range" of nonresonant inductive transfer, which can achieve similar efficiencies only when the coils are adjacent. Another advantage is that resonant circuits interact with each other so much more strongly than they do with nonresonant objects that power losses due to absorption in stray nearby objects are negligible.
833:, meaning the energy stays within a short distance of the transmitter. If there is no receiving device or absorbing material within their limited range to "couple" to, no power leaves the transmitter. The range of these fields is short, and depends on the size and shape of the "antenna" devices, which are usually coils of wire. The fields, and thus the power transmitted, decrease
2162:. A rotating armature embedded in a garage floor or curb would turn a receiver armature in the underside of the vehicle to charge its batteries. It is claimed that this technique can transfer power over distances of 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 inches) with high efficiency, over 90%. Also, the low frequency stray magnetic fields produced by the rotating magnets produce less
74:. The technology of wireless power transmission can eliminate the use of the wires and batteries, thereby increasing the mobility, convenience, and safety of an electronic device for all users. Wireless power transfer is useful to power electrical devices where interconnecting wires are inconvenient, hazardous, or are not possible.
1997:, between the transmitter and receiver devices. For coupled resonators with same resonant frequencies, wireless power transfer between the transmitter and the receiver is spread over three regimes – under-coupled, critically coupled and over-coupled. As the critical coupling coefficient increases from an under-coupled regime (
1973:). In contrast to inductive coupling systems which usually use high frequency magnetic fields, EWPT uses low-frequency magnetic fields (<1 kHz), which safely pass through conductive media and have higher human field exposure limits (~2 mTrms at 1 kHz), showing promise for potential use in wirelessly recharging
2715:, to eliminate the hazard of electric shock. One of the earliest proposed applications of inductive transfer was to power electric locomotives. In 1892 Maurice Hutin and Maurice Leblanc patented a wireless method of powering railroad trains using resonant coils inductively coupled to a track wire at 3 kHz.
2757:
inductive power standard published in August 2009 enables high efficiency charging and powering of portable devices of up to 5 watts over distances of 4 cm (1.6 inches). The wireless device is placed on a flat charger plate (which can be embedded in table tops at cafes, for example) and power is
2606:
between the two electrodes. An example of this is natural lightning, where one electrode is a virtual point in a cloud and the other is a point on Earth. Laser
Induced Plasma Channel (LIPC) research is presently underway using ultrafast lasers to artificially promote development of the plasma channel
2428:
In 2015, researchers at the
University of Washington introduced power over Wi-Fi, which trickle-charges batteries and powered battery-free cameras and temperature sensors using transmissions from Wi-Fi routers. Wi-Fi signals were shown to power battery-free temperature and camera sensors at ranges of
1774:
A drawback of resonant coupling theory is that at close ranges when the two resonant circuits are tightly coupled, the resonant frequency of the system is no longer constant but "splits" into two resonant peaks, so the maximum power transfer no longer occurs at the original resonant frequency and the
1778:
Resonant technology is currently being widely incorporated in modern inductive wireless power systems. One of the possibilities envisioned for this technology is area wireless power coverage. A coil in the wall or ceiling of a room might be able to wirelessly power lights and mobile devices anywhere
280:
Wireless power transfer may be used to power up wireless information transmitters or receivers. This type of communication is known as wireless powered communication (WPC). When the harvested power is used to supply the power of wireless information transmitters, the network is known as
Simultaneous
2718:
In the early 1960s resonant inductive wireless energy transfer was used successfully in implantable medical devices including such devices as pacemakers and artificial hearts. While the early systems used a resonant receiver coil, later systems implemented resonant transmitter coils as well. These
2630:
This new process is being explored for use as a laser lightning rod and as a means to trigger lightning bolts from clouds for natural lightning channel studies, for artificial atmospheric propagation studies, as a substitute for conventional radio antennas, for applications associated with electric
2597:
In atmospheric plasma channel coupling, energy is transferred between two electrodes by electrical conduction through ionized air. When an electric field gradient exists between the two electrodes, exceeding 34 kilovolts per centimeter at sea level atmospheric pressure, an electric arc occurs. This
1939:
or a large passive electrode serves as the return path for the current. The transmitter oscillator is connected between an active and a passive electrode. The load is also connected between an active and a passive electrode. The electric field produced by the transmitter induces alternating charge
2378:
For earthbound applications, a large-area 10 km diameter receiving array allows large total power levels to be used while operating at the low power density suggested for human electromagnetic exposure safety. A human safe power density of 1 mW/cm distributed across a 10 km diameter
1931:
drives the transmitter plates in opposite phase (180° phase difference) by a high alternating voltage, and the load is connected between the two receiver plates. The alternating electric fields induce opposite phase alternating potentials in the receiver plates, and this "push-pull" action causes
1764:. Therefore, by using resonance, the same amount of power can be transferred at greater distances, using the much weaker magnetic fields out in the peripheral regions ("tails") of the near fields. Resonant inductive coupling can achieve high efficiency at ranges of 4 to 10 times the coil diameter (
776:(AC) of electrons in a wire, create time-varying electric and magnetic fields in the space around them. These fields can exert oscillating forces on the electrons in a receiving "antenna", causing them to move back and forth. These represent alternating current which can be used to power a load.
2805:
In recent years a focus of research has been the development of wireless-powered drone aircraft, which began in 1959 with the Dept. of
Defense's RAMP (Raytheon Airborne Microwave Platform) project which sponsored Brown's research. In 1987 Canada's Communications Research Center developed a small
2761:
In 2008 the team of Greg Leyh and Mike Kennan of Nevada
Lightning Lab used a grounded dual resonance transmitter with a 57 cm diameter secondary tuned to 60 kHz and a similar grounded dual resonance receiver to transfer power through coupled electric fields with an earth current return
2183:
was shown by
Oruganti et al., where they demonstrated that it was possible to excite Zenneck wave type waves on flat metal-air interfaces and transmit power across metal obstacles. Here the idea is to excite a localized charge oscillation at the metal-air interface, the resulting modes propagate
2432:
In 2017, the
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) certified the first mid-field radio frequency (RF) transmitter of wireless power. In 2021 the FCC granted a license to an over-the-air (OTA) wireless charging system that combines near-field and far-field methods by using a frequency of about
1960:
An electrodynamic wireless power transfer (EWPT) system utilizes a receiver with a mechanically resonating or rotating permanent magnet. When subjected to a time-varying magnetic field, the mechanical motion of the resonating magnet is converted into electricity by one or more electromechanical
940:, meaning it leaves the antenna whether or not there is a receiver to absorb it. The portion of energy which does not strike the receiving antenna is dissipated and lost to the system. The amount of power emitted as electromagnetic waves by an antenna depends on the ratio of the antenna's size
8027:
487:
Tesla went on to develop a wireless power distribution system that he hoped would be capable of transmitting power long distance directly into homes and factories. Early on he seemed to borrow from the ideas of Mahlon Loomis, proposing a system composed of balloons to suspend transmitting and
272:
the goal is the transmission of information, so the amount of power reaching the receiver is not so important, as long as it is sufficient that the information can be received intelligibly. In wireless communication technologies only tiny amounts of power reach the receiver. In contrast, with
8158:
2465:(solar cells). This mechanism is generally known as 'power beaming' because the power is beamed at a receiver that can convert it to electrical energy. At the receiver, special photovoltaic laser power converters which are optimized for monochromatic light conversion are applied.
1190:
Left: modern inductive power transfer, an electric toothbrush charger. A coil in the stand produces a magnetic field, inducing an alternating current in a coil in the toothbrush, which is rectified to charge the batteries. Right: a light bulb powered wirelessly by induction, in
1138:
997:), so if the receiving antenna is far away, only a small amount of the radiation will hit it. Therefore, these can be used for short range, inefficient power transmission but not for long range transmission. However, unlike fields, electromagnetic radiation can be focused by
6203:
A. A. Rendon-Hernandez, M. A. Halim, S. E. Smith and D. P. Arnold, "Magnetically
Coupled Microelectromechanical Resonators for Low-Frequency Wireless Power Transfer," 2022 IEEE 35th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems Conference (MEMS), 2022, pp.
6150:
Garraud, N.; Alabi, D.; Varela, J.D.; Arnold, D.P.; Garraud, A. Microfabricated
Electrodynamic Wireless Power Receiver for Bio-implants and Wearables. In Proceedings of the 2018 Solid-State Sensor and Actuator Workshop, Hilton Head Island, SC, USA, 3–7 June 2018; pp.
1744:
first discovered resonant coupling during his pioneering experiments in wireless power transfer around the turn of the 20th century, but the possibilities of using resonant coupling to increase transmission range has only recently been explored. In 2007 a team led by
2607:
through the air, directing the electric arc, and guiding the current across a specific path in a controllable manner. The laser energy reduces the atmospheric dielectric breakdown voltage and the air is made less insulating by superheating, which lowers the density (
6122:
S. E. Smith, M. A. Halim, A. A. Rendon-Hernandez and D. P. Arnold, "Dual-Transduction Electromechanical Receiver for Near-Field Wireless Power Transmission," 2021 IEEE 34th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), 2021, pp. 38–41, doi:
2667:, is the conversion of ambient energy from the environment to electric power, mainly to power small autonomous wireless electronic devices. The ambient energy may come from stray electric or magnetic fields or radio waves from nearby electrical equipment, light,
2548:, demonstrated in 2018, capable of delivering power to stationary and moving devices across a room. This wireless power system complies with safety regulations according to IEC 60825 standard. It is also approved by the US Food and Drugs Administration (FDA).
6112:
M. A. Halim, S. E. Smith, J. M. Samman and D. P. Arnold, "A High-Performance Electrodynamic Micro-Receiver for Low-Frequency Wireless Power Transfer," 2020 IEEE 33rd International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), 2020, pp. 590–593, doi:
2379:
area corresponds to 750 megawatts total power level. This is the power level found in many modern electric power plants. For comparison, a solar PV farm of similar size might easily exceed 10,000 megawatts (rounded) at best conditions during daytime.
1932:
current to flow back and forth between the plates through the load. A disadvantage of this configuration for wireless charging is that the two plates in the receiving device must be aligned face to face with the charger plates for the device to work.
4767:
Jiang, Hao; Zhang, Junmin; Lan, Di; Chao, Kevin K.; Liou, Shyshenq; Shahnasser, Hamid; Fechter, Richard; Hirose, Shinjiro; Harrison, Michael; Roy, Shuvo (2013). "A Low-Frequency Versatile Wireless Power Transfer Technology for Biomedical Implants".
1749:
at MIT used two coupled tuned circuits each made of a 25 cm self-resonant coil of wire at 10 MHz to achieve the transmission of 60 W of power over a distance of 2 meters (6.6 ft) (8 times the coil diameter) at around 40% efficiency.
1911:
Capacitive coupling has only been used practically in a few low power applications, because the very high voltages on the electrodes required to transmit significant power can be hazardous, and can cause unpleasant side effects such as noxious
2675:
such as vibration or motion of the device. Although the efficiency of conversion is usually low and the power gathered often minuscule (milliwatts or microwatts), it can be adequate to run or recharge small micropower wireless devices such as
1092:. Unlike in a radiative system where the maximum radiation occurs when the dipole antennas are oriented transverse to the direction of propagation, with dipole fields the maximum coupling occurs when the dipoles are oriented longitudinally.
2401:. While it did not prove to be particularly useful for power transmission, this beam antenna has been widely adopted throughout the broadcasting and wireless telecommunications industries due to its excellent performance characteristics.
317:
driving a current in a conductor loop by a time-varying magnetic flux. Transmission of electrical energy without wires was observed by many inventors and experimenters, but lack of a coherent theory attributed these phenomena vaguely to
863:
between the antennas greatly, allowing efficient transmission at somewhat greater distances, although the fields still decrease exponentially. Therefore the range of near-field devices is conventionally divided into two categories:
2273:) of any electromagnetic wave (such as a microwave or laser beam) will be reduced as the beam diverges over distance at a minimum rate inversely proportional to the aperture size. The larger the ratio of a transmitting antenna's
2347:
may be used to convert the microwave energy back into electricity. Rectenna conversion efficiencies exceeding 95% have been realized. Power beaming using microwaves has been proposed for the transmission of energy from orbiting
7819:
Clerici, Matteo; Hu, Yi; Lassonde, Philippe; Milián, Carles; Couairon, Arnaud; Christodoulides, Demetrios N.; Chen, Zhigang; Razzari, Luca; Vidal, François; Légaré, François; Faccio, Daniele; Morandotti, Roberto (June 2015).
6372:
Massa, A. Massa, G. Oliveri, F. Viani, and P. Rocca; Oliveri, Giacomo; Viani, Federico; Rocca, Paolo (June 2013). "Array designs for long-distance wireless power transmission – State-of-the-art and innovative solutions".
174:. The technologies differ in the distance over which they can transfer power efficiently, whether the transmitter must be aimed (directed) at the receiver, and in the type of electromagnetic energy they use: time varying
2814:. Powered by a rectenna, it could fly at 13 miles (21 km) altitude and stay aloft for months. In 1992 a team at Kyoto University built a more advanced craft called MILAX (MIcrowave Lifted Airplane eXperiment).
2680:, which are proliferating in many fields. This new technology is being developed to eliminate the need for battery replacement or charging of such wireless devices, allowing them to operate completely autonomously.
277:(fraction of transmitted energy that is received) is the more significant parameter. For this reason, wireless power technologies are likely to be more limited by distance than wireless communication technologies.
1081:). or 60 dB per decade. In other words, if far apart, increasing the distance between the two antennas tenfold causes the power received to decrease by a factor of 10 = 1000000. As a result, inductive and
448:. Tesla failed to make a commercial product out of his findings but his resonant inductive coupling method is now widely used in electronics and is currently being applied to short-range wireless power systems.
3089:
Erfani, Reza; Marefat, Fatemeh; Sodagar, Amir M.; Mohseni, Pedram (May 2018). "Modeling and Characterization of Capacitive Elements With Tissue as Dielectric Material for Wireless Powering of Neural Implants".
26:
for a smartphone as an example of near-field wireless transfer. When the phone is set on the pad, a coil in the pad creates a magnetic field which induces a current in another coil, in the phone, charging its
2774:
in miniature and demonstrated power transmission over 4 meters (13 ft) with a coil diameter of 10 centimetres (3.9 in) at a resonant frequency of 27.50 MHz, with an effective efficiency of 60%.
2479:
propagation allows narrow beam cross-section area for transmission over large distances. As a result, there is little or no reduction in power when increasing the distance from the transmitter to the receiver.
6972:
2371:. These sizes can be somewhat decreased by using shorter wavelengths, although short wavelengths may have difficulties with atmospheric absorption and beam blockage by rain or water droplets. Because of the "
6103:
J. O. Mur-Miranda, S. Cheng and D. P. Arnold, "Improving the efficiency of electrodynamic wireless power transmission," 2013 7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 2013, pp. 2848–2852.
2170:
since 2012. Other researchers, however, claim that the two energy conversions (electrical to mechanical to electrical again) make the system less efficient than electrical systems like inductive coupling.
974:, very little power is radiated. Therefore near-field devices, which use lower frequencies, radiate almost none of their energy as electromagnetic radiation. Antennas about the same size as the wavelength
3568:
Krikidis, Ioannis; Timotheou, Stelios; Nikolaou, Symeon; Zheng, Gan; Ng, Derrick Wing Kwan; Schober, Robert (2014). "Simultaneous wireless information and power transfer in modern communication systems".
6132:
Truong, B.D.; Roundy, S. Wireless Power Transfer System with Center-Clamped Magneto-Mechano-Electric (MME) Receiver: Model Validation and Efficiency Investigation. Smart Mater. Struct. 2019, 28, 015004.
786:
from the antenna. The boundary between the regions is somewhat vaguely defined. The fields have different characteristics in these regions, and different technologies are used for transferring power:
6002:
2749:
in recent decades is currently driving the development of mid-range wireless powering and charging technology to eliminate the need for these devices to be tethered to wall plugs during charging. The
205:
line, which converts the power to a time-varying electromagnetic field, and one or more "receiver" devices which receive the power and convert it back to DC or AC electric current which is used by an
2151:
on the receiver armature, turning it. The magnetic field acts like a mechanical coupling between the armatures. The receiver armature produces power to drive the load, either by turning a separate
8582:. In J. Hadlaw, A. Herman, & T. Swiss (Eds.), Theories of the Mobile Internet. Materialities and Imaginaries. (pp. 126–154). London: Routledge. A short cultural history of wireless power
6160:
IEEE. Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz; IEEE Standard C95.1–2010; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2010; pp. 1–238.
554:
which could efficiently convert microwaves to DC power, and in 1964 demonstrated it with the first wireless-powered aircraft, a model helicopter powered by microwaves beamed from the ground.
281:
Wireless Information and Power Transfer (SWIPT); whereas when it is used to supply the power of wireless information receivers, it is known as a Wireless Powered Communication Network (WPCN).
7671:
Forestier, B.; Houard, A.; Revel, I.; Durand, M.; André, Y. B.; Prade, B.; Jarnac, A.; Carbonnel, J.; Le Nevé, M.; de Miscault, J. C.; Esmiller, B.; Chapuis, D.; Mysyrowicz, A. (March 2012).
3144:
Erfani, Reza; Marefat, Fatemeh; Sodagar, Amir M.; Mohseni, Pedram (July 2018). "Modeling and Experimental Validation of a Capacitive Link for Wireless Power Transfer to Biomedical Implants".
2425:
In 2013, inventor Hatem Zeine demonstrated how wireless power transmission using phased array antennas can deliver electrical power up to 30 feet. It uses the same radio frequencies as WiFi.
1794:
A study for the Swedish military found that 85 kHz systems for dynamic wireless power transfer for vehicles can cause electromagnetic interference at a radius of up to 300 kilometers.
1450:
2201:
antennas or well-collimated laser light produce a beam of energy that can be made to match the shape of the receiving area. The maximum directivity for antennas is physically limited by
2367:
study of solar power satellites required a 1-kilometre-diameter (0.62 mi) transmitting antenna and a 10-kilometre-diameter (6.2 mi) receiving rectenna for a microwave beam at
1927:
Transverse (bipolar) design: In this type of circuit, there are two transmitter plates and two receiver plates. Each transmitter plate is coupled to a receiver plate. The transmitter
2166:
to nearby electronic devices than the high frequency magnetic fields produced by inductive coupling systems. A prototype system charging electric vehicles has been in operation at
477:
Experiment in resonant inductive transfer by Tesla at Colorado Springs 1899. The coil is in resonance with Tesla's magnifying transmitter nearby, powering the light bulb at bottom.
2580:
has demonstrated a lightweight unmanned model plane powered by a laser beam. This proof-of-concept demonstrates the feasibility of periodic recharging using a laser beam system.
6557:
2517:
Requires a direct line of sight with the target. (Instead of being beamed directly onto the receiver, the laser light can also be guided by an optical fiber. Then one speaks of
2339:
Power transmission via radio waves can be made more directional, allowing longer-distance power beaming, with shorter wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, typically in the
1017:, to produce the narrow beams necessary to focus a significant amount of the energy on a distant receiver, an antenna must be much larger than the wavelength of the waves used:
2508:
Laser radiation is hazardous. Without a proper safety mechanism, low power levels can blind humans and other animals. High power levels can kill through localized spot heating.
6141:
Liu, G.; Ci, P.; Dong, S. Energy Harvesting from Ambient Low-Frequency Magnetic Field using Magneto-Mechano-Electric Composite Cantilever. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2014, 104, 032908.
1390:
492:" that was to broadcast both information and power worldwide. In 1901, at Shoreham, New York he attempted to construct a large high-voltage wireless power station, now called
5488:
2429:
up to 20 feet. It was also shown that Wi-Fi can be used to wirelessly trickle-charge nickel–metal hydride and lithium-ion coin-cell batteries at distances of up to 28 feet.
1646:
2121:
2037:
2569:
and laser-based transfer of energy, especially for space and lunar missions. The demand for safe and frequent space missions has resulted in proposals for a laser-powered
1574:
and the link efficiency approaches 100%. The greater the separation between the coils, the more of the magnetic field from the first coil misses the second, and the lower
7614:
2079:
6169:
IEEE. Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields, 0–3 kHz; IEEE Standard C95.6-2002; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2002; pp. 1–43.
2254:. Electromagnetic radiation experiences less diffraction at shorter wavelengths (higher frequencies); so, for example, a blue laser is diffracted less than a red one.
1285:
Inductive coupling is the oldest and most widely used wireless power technology, and virtually the only one so far which is used in commercial products. It is used in
6759:
Talla, Vamsi; Kellogg, Bryce; Ransford, Benjamin; Naderiparizi, Saman; Gollakota, Shyamnath; Smith, Joshua R. (2015). "Powering the Next Billion Devices with Wi-Fi".
4980:
4054:. The 4th Annual IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE 2012). Raleigh, North Carolina: Inst. of Electrical and Electronic Engineers. pp. 3819–3821
2583:
Scientists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences have developed a proof-of-concept of utilizing a dual-wavelength laser to wirelessly charge portable devices or UAVs.
8524:
Kurs, A.; Karalis, A.; Moffatt, R.; Joannopoulos, J. D.; Fisher, P.; Soljacic, M. (6 July 2007). "Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances".
5707:
Kurs, A.; Karalis, A.; Moffatt, R.; Joannopoulos, J. D.; Fisher, P.; Soljacic, M. (6 July 2007). "Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances".
5187:
6243:
Oruganti, Sai Kiran; Liu, Feifei; Paul, Dipra; Liu, Jun; Malik, Jagannath; Feng, Ke; Kim, Haksun; Liang, Yuming; Thundat, Thomas; Bien, Franklin (22 January 2020).
3360:
1619:
1339:. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) provided its first certification for a wireless transmission charging system in December 2017.
9085:
1572:
6190:
A.P. Sample, D.T. Meyer and J.R.Smith, "Analysis, Experimental Results, and Range Adaptation of Magnetically Coupled Resonators for Wireless Power Transfer", in
1546:
1523:
1500:
1477:
2625:
1995:
1592:
1363:
6781:
3037:
Erfani, Reza; Marefat, Fatemeh; Sodagar, Amir M.; Mohseni, Pedram (2017). "Transcutaneous capacitive wireless power transfer (C-WPT) for biomedical implants".
2533:
applications. Also, it is applied for the powering of various kinds of sensors in industrial environments. Lately, it is developed for powering commercial and
1977:. For EWPT devices having identical resonant frequencies, the magnitude of power transfer is entirely dependent on critical coupling coefficient, denoted by
1779:
in the room, with reasonable efficiency. An environmental and economic benefit of wirelessly powering small devices such as clocks, radios, music players and
6013:
2799:
779:
The oscillating electric and magnetic fields surrounding moving electric charges in an antenna device can be divided into two regions, depending on distance
4489:
Nikola Tesla on His Work with Alternating Currents and Their Application to Wireless Telegraphy, Telephony, and Transmission of Power: An Extended Interview
8462:
Latest work on AirFuel Alliance class 2 and class 3 transmitters, adaptive tuning, radiated EMI, multi-mode wireless power systems, and control strategies.
7130:
3000:
2123:
and the peak splits into two. This critical coupling coefficient is demonstrated to be a function of distance between the source and the receiver devices.
1659:
Ordinary inductive coupling can only achieve high efficiency when the coils are very close together, usually adjacent. In most modern inductive systems
6912:
Bett, Andreas W.; Dimroth, Frank; Lockenhoff, Rudiger; Oliva, Eduard; Schubert, Johannes (2008). "III–V solar cells under monochromatic illumination".
6853:
2386:, the idea of using microwaves to transfer power was researched. By 1964, a miniature helicopter propelled by microwave power had been demonstrated.
5009:
9106:
8493:
6408:
5975:
436:
and even incandescent light bulbs from across a stage. He found he could increase the distance at which he could light a lamp by using a receiving
2726:(Radio Frequency Identification) technologies were invented by Mario Cardullo (1973) and Koelle et al. (1975) and by the 1990s were being used in
284:
An important issue associated with all wireless power systems is limiting the exposure of people and other living beings to potentially injurious
9329:
5894:
1916:
production. In addition, in contrast to magnetic fields, electric fields interact strongly with most materials, including the human body, due to
8172:
Koelle, A. R.; Depp, S. W.; Freyman, R. W. (1975). "Short-range radio-telemetry for electronic identification, using modulated RF backscatter".
6828:
6803:"Energous Receives Industry-First FCC Certification for Over-the-Air, Power-at-a-Distance Wireless Charging :: Energous Corporation (WATT)"
237:
device at the receiver converts the oscillating fields to an electric current. An important parameter that determines the type of waves is the
3667:
Lu, Xiao; Wang, Ping; Niyato, Dusit; Dong in Kim; Han, Zhu (2018). "Maximizing Ergodic Throughput in Wireless Powered Communication Networks".
3399:
Lu, X.; Wang, P.; Niyato, D.; Kim, D. I.; Han, Z. (2016). "Wireless Charging Technologies: Fundamentals, Standards, and Network Applications".
1871:
between the plates, which is proportional to the area of the smaller plate and (for short distances) inversely proportional to the separation.
8626:
3274:
159:
beams. These techniques can transport energy longer distances but must be aimed at the receiver. Proposed applications for this type include
7109:
6042:
2908:
2393:
also investigated wireless energy transmission using a directional array antenna that he designed. In February 1926, Yagi and his colleague
2197:
methods achieve longer ranges, often multiple kilometer ranges, where the distance is much greater than the diameter of the device(s). High-
6802:
4178:
2418:
A change to 24 GHz has been suggested as microwave emitters similar to LEDs have been made with very high quantum efficiencies using
2405:
1594:
and the link efficiency are, approaching zero at large separations. The link efficiency and power transferred is roughly proportional to
1123:
8228:
6650:
5090:
Karalis, Aristeidis; Joannopoulos, J. D.; Soljačić, Marin (January 2008). "Efficient wireless non-radiative mid-range energy transfer".
3761:
9275:
9268:
6178:
Stark, Joseph C., Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2004,
3734:
6561:
5611:
1013:
which concentrates the radiation into a narrow beam aimed at the receiver, it can be used for long range power transmission. From the
1935:
Longitudinal (unipolar) design: In this type of circuit, the transmitter and receiver have only one active electrode, and either the
115:. Inductive coupling is the most widely used wireless technology; its applications include charging handheld devices like phones and
6094:
A. Garraud and D. P. Arnold, "Advancements in electrodynamic wireless power transmission", IEEE Sensors Conference, Oct. 2016, 82–84
4811:
2359:
Power beaming by microwaves has the difficulty that, for most space applications, the required aperture sizes are very large due to
8792:
8416:
Dickinson, R.M. (1976). "Performance of a High-Power, 2.388-GHZ Receiving Array in Wireless Power Transmission over 1.54 km".
7911:
Liu, Vincent; Parks, Aaron; Talla, Vamsi; Gollakota, Shyamnath; Wetherall, David; Smith, Joshua R. (2013). "Ambient backscatter".
7148:
5558:
2934:
Ibrahim, F.N.; Jamail, N.A.M.; Othman, N.A. (2016). "Development of wireless electricity transmission through resonant coupling".
2688:
Inductive power transfer between nearby wire coils was the earliest wireless power technology to be developed, existing since the
2404:
Wireless high power transmission using microwaves is well proven. Experiments in the tens of kilowatts have been performed at the
1714:(tuned circuits), one in the transmitter and one in the receiver. Each resonant circuit consists of a coil of wire connected to a
1258:, which creates an alternating current in the receiver. The induced alternating current may either drive the load directly, or be
8843:
7645:
6422:
Landis, G. A. (1994). "Applications for space power by laser transmission". In Walker, Jack V.; Montgomery Iv, Edward E. (eds.).
2807:
1049:
At large relative distance, the near-field components of electric and magnetic fields are approximately quasi-static oscillating
301:
The 19th century saw many developments of theories, and counter-theories on how electrical energy might be transmitted. In 1826,
6575:
6215:
5389:
1270:
in the receiver, which drives the load. A few systems, such as electric toothbrush charging stands, work at 50/60 Hz so AC
70:
that transmits power across space to a receiver device; the receiver device extracts power from the field and supplies it to an
9594:
9057:
8938:
5827:
Rozman, Matjaz; Fernando, Michael; Adebisi, Bamidele; Rabie, Khaled; Kharel, Rupak; Ikpehai, Augustine; Gacanin, Haris (2017).
5637:
7622:
2039:) to the critical coupled regime, the optimum voltage gain curve grows in magnitude (measured at the receiver) and peaks when
9092:
8274:
8127:
8025:, Maurice Hutin & Maurice Leblanc, "Transformer system for electric railways", issued 23 October 1894
7729:
7164:
6929:
6888:
6601:
5680:
5030:
4236:
4219:
Leyh, G. E.; Kennan, M. D. (2008). "Efficient wireless transmission of power using resonators with coupled electric fields".
3054:
2951:
884:. This is the range over which ordinary nonresonant capacitive or inductive coupling can transfer practical amounts of power.
772:
because they are static. However time-varying fields can carry power. Accelerating electric charges, such as are found in an
546:) methods practical for the first time, and the first long-distance wireless power transmission was achieved in the 1960s by
386:
7746:
9589:
9164:
8782:
5946:
2871:
2817:
In 2003 NASA flew the first laser powered aircraft. The small model plane's motor was powered by electricity generated by
2449:
A laser beam centered on a panel of photovoltaic cells provides enough power to a lightweight model airplane for it to fly.
1648:, usually within centimeters, with the coils' axes aligned. Wide, flat coil shapes are usually used, to increase coupling.
252:, another familiar technology that involves electrical energy transmitted without wires by electromagnetic fields, used in
8156:, Mario W. Cardullo & William L. Parks, "Transponder apparatus and system", issued 23 January 1973
7885:
7039:
5351:
5194:
9604:
9322:
8668:
7952:
Kang, X.; Ho, C. K.; Sun, S. (October 2015). "Full-Duplex Wireless-Powered Communication Network With Energy Causality".
5244:...strongly coupled magnetic resonance can work over the mid-range distance, defined as several times the resonator size.
3622:
Bi, Suzhi; Zeng, Yong; Zhang, Rui; Dong in Kim; Han, Zhu (2016). "Wireless powered communication networks: An overview".
3371:
3179:
Miguel Poveda-García; Jorge Oliva-Sanchez; Ramon Sanchez-Iborra; David Cañete-Rebenaque; Jose Luis Gomez-Tornero (2019).
1297:
and shavers, to reduce the risk of electric shock. Another application area is "transcutaneous" recharging of biomedical
8041:
Schuder, J. C. (2002). "Powering an artificial heart: Birth of the inductively coupled-radio frequency system in 1960".
8833:
8513:
8477:
8455:
8078:
Images of the Twenty-First Century. Proceedings of the Annual International Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society
8006:
7895:
7655:
7597:
7503:
5985:
5595:
5585:
5568:
5448:
5335:
5308:
5274:
4926:
4884:
4848:
4635:
4524:
4497:
4469:
4396:
4369:
4342:
4271:
4120:
4093:
3933:
3771:
3744:
3522:
3468:
3458:
3318:
3231:
1863:, which causes an alternating current to flow in the load circuit. The amount of power transferred increases with the
1730:. The resonance between the coils can greatly increase coupling and power transfer, analogously to the way a vibrating
7375:
7334:
6954:
4078:
Experiments with Alternate Currents of Very High Frequency and Their Application to Methods of Artificial Illumination
9609:
9484:
9246:
9198:
9128:
8337:
7928:
6533:
5647:
4958:
4188:
3903:
3835:
3552:
2821:
from a beam of infrared light from a ground-based laser, while a control system kept the laser pointed at the plane.
2132:
334:, predicting the existence of electromagnetic waves as the "wireless" carrier of electromagnetic energy. Around 1884
170:
Wireless power transfer is a generic term for a number of different technologies for transmitting energy by means of
5663:
Beams, David M.; Nagoorkar, Varun (2013). "Design and simulation of networks for midrange wireless power transfer".
519:
intensifies a weak signal using energy from another source. For power transmission, efficient transmission required
8747:
1315:
However the fastest growing use is wireless charging pads to recharge mobile and handheld wireless devices such as
373:'s 1879 magneto electric telephone that used ground conduction to transmit over a distance of a quarter of a mile.
6707:
2846:
1502:
when L2 is open circuited. If the two coils are on the same axis and close together so all the magnetic flux from
1398:
851:
very little power will be received. Therefore, these techniques cannot be used for long range power transmission.
9599:
9138:
9020:
3178:
904:. This is the range over which resonant capacitive or inductive coupling can transfer practical amounts of power.
515:
spread out in all directions and little energy reached the receiver. In radio communication, at the receiver, an
7308:
7134:
5770:"Frequency Splitting Analysis and Compensation Method for Inductive Wireless Powering of Implantable Biosensors"
2511:
Conversion between electricity and light is limited. Photovoltaic cells achieve a maximum of 40%–50% efficiency.
1851:. An alternating voltage generated by the transmitter is applied to the transmitting plate, and the oscillating
1036:
devices require wavelengths in the centimeter region or lower, corresponding to frequencies above 1 GHz, in the
9469:
9315:
8848:
7793:
2415:
Under experimental conditions, microwave conversion efficiency was measured to be around 54% across one meter.
2167:
201:
In general a wireless power system consists of a "transmitter" device connected to a source of power such as a
7084:
4745:
3688:
Bi, Suzhi; Ho, Chin Keong; Zhang, Rui (2015). "Wireless powered communication: Opportunities and challenges".
2258:
2232:
1811:
also referred to as electric coupling, makes use of electric fields for the transmission of power between two
1621:. In order to achieve high efficiency, the coils must be very close together, a fraction of the coil diameter
1014:
657:
Charging portable devices, power routing in large-scale integrated circuits, Smartcards, biomedical implants.
9562:
9449:
9179:
5911:
3181:"Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer for Cost-Effective Wireless Sensor Networks using Frequency-Scanned Beaming"
2865:
2754:
2577:
1278:
generates a higher frequency AC current which drives the coil, because transmission efficiency improves with
1255:
310:
6245:"Experimental Realization of Zenneck Type Wave-based Non-Radiative, Non-Coupled Wireless Power Transmission"
4484:
Cooper, Drury W., internal document of the law firm Kerr, Page & Cooper, New York City, 1916. (Cited in
2216:(from purpose-designed antennas) are the forms of electromagnetic radiation best suited to energy transfer.
1132:
inductive charging spots in a coffee shop. Customers can set their phones and computers on them to recharge.
508:
was developed for communication uses, but could not be used for power transmission since the relatively low-
9174:
9159:
9099:
8963:
2771:
2514:
Atmospheric absorption, and absorption and scattering by clouds, fog, rain, etc., causes up to 100% losses.
2340:
2163:
1948:
Resonance can also be used with capacitive coupling to extend the range. At the turn of the 20th century,
1653:
1305:
626:
128:
7587:
6003:"Wireless power transmission at rotating and sliding elements by using the capacitive coupling technology"
4679:
9584:
8762:
8598:, Solid state solar to microwave energy converter system and apparatus, Kenneth W. Dudley, et al. (1976).
8445:
8076:
SCHWAN, M. A.; Troyk, P.R. (November 1989). "High efficiency driver for transcutaneously coupled coils".
7156:
L. C. Andrews and R. L. Phillips, Laser Beam Propagation through Random Media, 2nd ed. (SPIE Press, 2005)
6672:
Brown, W.C.; Eves, E.E. (June 1992). "Beamed microwave power transmission and its application to space".
6649:
Lan Sun Luk, J. D.; Celeste, A.; Romanacce, P.; Chane Kuang Sang, L.; Gatina, J. C. (6–10 October 1997).
5153:
5044:
4442:
4081:, lecture before the American Inst. of Electrical Engineers, Columbia College, New York. Reprinted as a
3247:
2877:
1695:
1684:
1660:
856:
445:
428:, which generated high AC voltages. Early on he attempted to develop a wireless lighting system based on
7017:
5522:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
1656:
to nearby electronics, but they are heavy and bulky so small wireless devices often use air-core coils.
9190:
9047:
8990:
8931:
2158:
This device has been proposed as an alternative to inductive power transfer for noncontact charging of
1085:
can only be used for short-range power transfer, within a few times the diameter of the antenna device
1067:) Since power is proportional to the square of the field strength, the power transferred decreases as (
920:) of the antenna, the electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other and propagate as an
7397:
1368:
9371:
9010:
8869:
8813:
8742:
8579:
3071:
2750:
2707:
devices, induction charging stands have been developed for appliances used in wet environments, like
2552:
1239:
1203:
826:
347:
319:
148:
8546:
8261:. NAPS 2008 40th North American Power Symposium, Calgary, 28–30 September 2008. IEEE. pp. 1–4.
8113:
7061:
5729:
5226:
4699:
2762:
circuit over a distance of 12 meters (39 ft). In 2011, Dr. Christopher A. Tucker and Professor
2375:", it is not possible to make a narrower beam by combining the beams of several smaller satellites.
2265:), although originally applied to image resolution, can be viewed in reverse, and dictates that the
2135:, one in the transmitter and one in the receiver, which rotate synchronously, coupled together by a
1624:
127:, and wirelessly charging or continuous wireless power transfer in implantable medical devices like
9520:
9515:
9386:
9184:
8737:
2811:
2802:(MINIX), a rocket experiment to test transmission of high power microwaves through the ionosphere.
2084:
2000:
6734:
9525:
9489:
9464:
9454:
9426:
9169:
8661:
7615:"LASER TYPE ULTRA-VIOLET RADIATION FEASIBILITY FOR LIGHTNING AND ATMOSPHERIC PROPAGATION STUDIES"
6302:"Wireless Power-Data Transmission for Industrial Internet of Things: Simulations and Experiments"
6046:
5325:
5008:
Schantz, Hans G. (2007). "A real-time location system using near-field electromagnetic ranging".
2779:
2353:
1941:
1917:
1860:
1832:
1719:
994:
818:
385:
Tesla demonstrating wireless transmission by "electrostatic induction" during an 1891 lecture at
302:
261:
8251:
7673:"Triggering, guiding and deviation of long air spark discharges with femtosecond laser filament"
7210:
6871:
Sahai, Aakash; Graham, David (2011). "Optical wireless power transmission at long wavelengths".
6735:"Cota By Ossia Aims To Drive A Wireless Power Revolution And Change How We Think About Charging"
2778:
A major motivation for microwave research in the 1970s and 1980s was to develop a satellite for
2250:
is also frequently used to determine an approximate spot size at an arbitrary distance from the
2042:
9494:
9261:
8874:
8772:
8541:
5724:
4694:
2632:
2566:
2526:
2453:
In the case of electromagnetic radiation closer to the visible region of the spectrum (.2 to 2
1667:. This can achieve high efficiencies at greater distances than nonresonant inductive coupling.
1111:
860:
432:
inductive and capacitive coupling and conducted a series of public demonstrations where he lit
323:
245:
234:
217:" device. The word "antenna" is used loosely here; it may be a coil of wire which generates a
5829:"Combined Conformal Strongly-Coupled Magnetic Resonance for Efficient Wireless Power Transfer"
5390:"Investigation of near field inductive communication system models, channels, and experiments"
5298:
5264:
5247:
4948:
3923:
3512:
3221:
3001:"World's first!! Production starts for Capacitive Coupling Wireless Power Transmission Module"
2299:
Here, the power levels are calculated by combining the parameters together, and adding in the
417:
experimented with transmitting power by inductive and capacitive coupling using spark-excited
9421:
9366:
9338:
9230:
9133:
9037:
8924:
6658:
6402:
5438:
5213:
4874:
4428:
3893:
3542:
2767:
2349:
2308:
1928:
1884:
1735:
1675:
1336:
1275:
1129:
704:
605:
Electric tooth brush and razor battery charging, induction stovetops and industrial heaters.
489:
351:
350:
and allow for a correct analysis of wireless power transfer systems. This was followed on by
343:
285:
210:
171:
160:
67:
63:
8503:
8467:
7766:
6657:. Turin, Italy: University of La Réunion – Faculty of Science and Technology. Archived from
5861:
4916:
4838:
4625:
4429:
Scientific American Supplement, Munn and Co., Vol. 57, No. 1483, 4 June 1904, p. 23760–23761
3308:
2382:
Following World War II, which saw the development of high-power microwave emitters known as
2288:
Microwave power beaming can be more efficient than lasers, and is less prone to atmospheric
1690:
8533:
8352:
8310:
7833:
7684:
7558:
7432:
7267:
7085:"Riding a Beam of Light: NASA's First Space Elevator Competition Proves Highly Challenging"
6681:
6427:
6313:
6256:
5781:
5716:
5300:
Energy Harvesting Autonomous Sensor Systems: Design, Analysis, and Practical Implementation
5109:
4590:
3588:
3192:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
2968:
2860:
2599:
2534:
1936:
1597:
1332:
1212:
998:
993:, radiate power efficiently, but the electromagnetic waves are radiated in all directions (
921:
421:
100:
5875:
1898:
1652:"flux confinement" cores can confine the magnetic fields, improving coupling and reducing
19:
8:
9474:
9459:
9411:
9381:
9214:
9206:
9154:
9123:
8905:
8838:
8828:
8757:
4046:
3806:
2883:
2795:
2708:
2419:
2372:
2315:
of the medium through which the radiation passes. That process is known as calculating a
2312:
2213:
1970:
1828:
1808:
1803:
1746:
1551:
1294:
1247:
1224:
1082:
814:
773:
749:
335:
327:
314:
269:
116:
108:
8537:
8356:
8314:
8252:"Efficient wireless transmission of power using resonators with coupled electric fields"
7837:
7688:
7562:
7436:
7271:
7256:"Papers Relating to Space Photovoltaic Power, Power beaming, and Solar Power Satellites"
7255:
6829:"Energous Enables Wireless Power Transfer Solutions at any Distance for U.S. and Europe"
6685:
6431:
6317:
6260:
5785:
5720:
5113:
4594:
3592:
3196:
3126:
1528:
1505:
1482:
1459:
9052:
8654:
8631:
8567:
8487:
8101:
8089:
7979:
7961:
7934:
7854:
7821:
7448:
6935:
6894:
6760:
6539:
6488:
6443:
6390:
6331:
6277:
6244:
5804:
5769:
5750:
5686:
5125:
5099:
5036:
4793:
4606:
4242:
4156:
3715:
3697:
3668:
3649:
3631:
3604:
3578:
3426:
3408:
3161:
3115:
3060:
2631:
welding and machining, for diverting power from high-voltage capacitor discharges, for
2610:
2562:
2434:
2433:
900 MHz. Due to the radiated power of about 1 W this system is intended for small
2194:
2152:
1980:
1974:
1962:
1856:
1836:
1727:
1649:
1577:
1348:
1301:
1298:
1286:
1198:
1101:
822:
543:
493:
429:
362:
257:
96:
83:
78:
23:
7519:
6576:"Scanning the Past: A History of Electrical Engineering from the Past, Hidetsugu Yagi"
2397:
published their first paper on the tuned high-gain directional array now known as the
9253:
9222:
8716:
8711:
8559:
8509:
8473:
8451:
8368:
8270:
8203:
8058:
8054:
8002:
7924:
7891:
7859:
7725:
7651:
7593:
7499:
7452:
7283:
7160:
6995:
6925:
6884:
6579:
6529:
6492:
6447:
6335:
6282:
5981:
5809:
5742:
5676:
5643:
5591:
5564:
5444:
5412:
5331:
5304:
5270:
5026:
4954:
4922:
4880:
4844:
4785:
4631:
4520:
4493:
4465:
4392:
4365:
4338:
4267:
4232:
4184:
4116:
4089:
3929:
3899:
3831:
3767:
3740:
3548:
3518:
3464:
3314:
3227:
3107:
3050:
2947:
2753:
was established in 2008 to develop interoperable standards across manufacturers. Its
2697:
2693:
2655:
2648:
2602:
results in the flow of electric current along a random trajectory through an ionized
2556:
2483:
2462:
2143:
on the armatures. The transmitter armature is turned either by or as the rotor of an
1393:
1343:
1006:
834:
539:
273:
wireless power transfer the amount of energy received is the important thing, so the
124:
55:
8636:
8571:
8093:
6939:
6898:
6543:
5754:
5690:
5040:
4610:
4160:
3165:
3119:
3064:
9479:
9416:
9406:
9401:
9281:
8980:
8853:
8818:
8767:
8551:
8421:
8360:
8318:
8262:
8181:
8081:
8050:
7983:
7971:
7938:
7916:
7849:
7841:
7717:
7692:
7566:
7444:
7440:
7275:
6917:
6876:
6782:"First Demonstration of a Surveillance Camera Powered by Ordinary Wi-Fi Broadcasts"
6689:
6519:
6511:
6478:
6470:
6462:
6435:
6394:
6382:
6321:
6272:
6264:
5840:
5799:
5789:
5734:
5668:
5404:
5129:
5117:
5018:
4797:
4777:
4704:
4624:
Curty, Jari-Pascal; Declercq, Michel; Dehollain, Catherine; Joehl, Norbert (2006).
4598:
4246:
4224:
4148:
3850:
Christopher H. Sterling, Encyclopedia of Radio 3-Volume, Routledge – 2004, page 831
3823:
3719:
3707:
3653:
3641:
3608:
3596:
3430:
3418:
3200:
3153:
3099:
3042:
2939:
2537:. Wireless energy transfer systems using lasers for consumer space have to satisfy
2530:
2518:
2274:
2224:
2159:
2140:
1966:
1784:
1711:
1706:) is a form of inductive coupling in which power is transferred by magnetic fields
1664:
1312:
such as cars and to either charge or power transit vehicles like buses and trains.
1309:
986:
753:
741:
547:
331:
132:
8617:
8131:
7712:
Kasparian, Jérôme; Wolf, Jean-Pierre (2010). "On Lightning Control Using Lasers".
6605:
6506:
Landis, Geoffrey (2006). "RE-Evaluating Satellite Solar Power Systems for Earth".
4581:
Brown, W.C. (September 1984). "The History of Power Transmission by Radio Waves".
3032:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
9238:
9000:
8985:
8364:
8322:
7547:"Channeling the electrical breakdown of air by optically heated plasma filaments"
7493:
7154:
6070:"Device for transporting energy by partial influence through a dielectric medium"
4514:
4487:
4459:
4386:
4359:
4332:
4261:
4110:
4083:
2746:
2742:
2490:
2332:
2243:
2240:
1320:
1316:
1181:
418:
394:
339:
306:
226:
214:
206:
71:
7721:
7420:
7232:
6351:"Modelling of Zenneck Wave Transmission System in Super High Frequency spectrum"
6326:
6301:
5672:
3205:
3180:
1952:
did the first experiments with both resonant inductive and capacitive coupling.
9499:
9441:
9396:
9291:
8900:
8777:
8696:
8425:
7279:
6880:
6873:
2011 International Conference on Space Optical Systems and Applications (ICSOS)
6386:
6268:
5665:
2013 IEEE 56th International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS)
4781:
4541:
4413:
4206:
The Truth About Tesla: The Myth of the Lone Genius in the History of Innovation
4076:
4017:
The Truth About Tesla: The Myth of the Lone Genius in the History of Innovation
3981:
The Truth About Tesla: The Myth of the Lone Genius in the History of Innovation
3951:
The Truth About Tesla: The Myth of the Lone Genius in the History of Innovation
3422:
3157:
3103:
3046:
3019:
2852:
2727:
2712:
2672:
2668:
2635:
applications employing electrical conduction through a ground return path, and
2603:
2570:
2445:
2422:, i.e., Gunn or IMPATT diodes, and this would be viable for short range links.
2409:
2390:
2144:
2136:
1852:
1780:
1324:
1263:
1232:
1216:
1010:
990:
810:
806:
769:
761:
757:
737:
733:
222:
218:
179:
175:
164:
104:
92:
8602:
8594:
8586:
8394:
8266:
7188:
6921:
6628:
6515:
6069:
5121:
4602:
4317:
4228:
3862:
Innovation as a Social Process: Elihu Thomson and the Rise of General Electric
3711:
3600:
504:
Before World War II, little progress was made in wireless power transmission.
465:
9578:
9431:
9032:
9027:
8701:
8621:
8085:
7975:
6996:"Laser weapons: A distant target, CNET news August 23, 2008 1:41 pm PDT"
5876:"Reconsideration of Wireless Power Transfer principle which presented by MIT"
5327:
The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol. 1: Mainly Mechanics, Radiation, and Heat
5022:
4139:
Wheeler, L. P. (August 1943). "II — Tesla's contribution to high frequency".
3802:
3798:
3794:
3786:
3645:
2838:
2810:(SHARP) to relay telecommunication data between points on earth similar to a
2763:
2677:
2636:
1761:
1453:
433:
402:
366:
361:
During the same period two schemes of wireless signaling were put forward by
195:
8555:
7920:
7571:
7546:
6524:
6483:
5738:
4152:
1760:
exchange energy at a much higher rate than they lose energy due to internal
1308:, to avoid having wires passing through the skin. It is also used to charge
456:
397:
alternating current. An oscillating electric field between the sheets
9391:
9286:
8973:
8947:
8691:
8563:
8372:
8185:
8153:
8062:
7863:
7845:
7338:
7287:
6648:
6350:
6286:
5813:
5746:
4789:
3819:
3790:
3111:
2783:
2738:
2592:
2544:
The first wireless power system using lasers for consumer applications was
2538:
2398:
2394:
2335:
that could send energy by microwaves to a space vessel or planetary surface
2300:
2180:
1949:
1741:
1157:
695:
629:), biomedical implants, electric vehicles, powering buses, trains, MAGLEV,
414:
370:
8022:
5408:
4678:
Valtchev, Stanimir S.; Baikova, Elena N.; Jorge, Luis R. (December 2012).
3994:
3223:
Smart Grid: Communication-Enabled Intelligence for the Electric Power Grid
9042:
8968:
4708:
2943:
2689:
2454:
2360:
2316:
2304:
2289:
2236:
2220:
2202:
2198:
1868:
1824:
1788:
1731:
1271:
1220:
574:
530:
The development of microwave technology during World War II, such as the
520:
381:
202:
9307:
6474:
6216:"ELIX Wireless Rolls Out A 10kW Wireless EV Charger With 92% Efficiency"
5104:
4444:
Wireless telegraphy: its origins, development, inventions, and apparatus
2880: – Formula in telecommunications engineering of antenna performance
1172:
1117:
Prototype inductive electric car charging system at 2011 Tokyo Auto Show
496:, but by 1904 investment dried up and the facility was never completed.
31:
9530:
9296:
9005:
8879:
8823:
8787:
8705:
7716:. Springer Series in Chemical Physics. Vol. 98. pp. 109–122.
7040:"White Sands testing new laser weapon system, US Army.mil, 30 Jan 2009"
5845:
5828:
5324:
Feynman, Richard Phillips; Leighton, Robert B.; Sands, Matthew (1963).
4289:
Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla : Biography of a Genius
2787:
2472:
2278:
2266:
2262:
2228:
2209:
1848:
1328:
1002:
933:
925:
798:
512:
437:
425:
406:
390:
355:
274:
183:
7697:
7672:
6693:
6439:
5794:
5376:
2794:
to huge rectennas, which would convert it to electrical energy on the
2219:
The dimensions of the components may be dictated by the distance from
2155:
or by using the receiver armature itself as the rotor in a generator.
8995:
8732:
8677:
7312:
6179:
5896:
Interference Risks from Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles
5768:
Schormans, Matthew; Valente, Virgilio; Demosthenous, Andreas (2016).
2818:
2791:
2737:
The proliferation of portable wireless communication devices such as
2731:
2545:
2476:
2383:
2282:
2247:
1864:
1844:
1843:
such as metal plates. The transmitter and receiver electrodes form a
1840:
1812:
1757:
1726:
with internal capacitance. The two are tuned to resonate at the same
1723:
1715:
1279:
1267:
1259:
1037:
929:
852:
634:
535:
524:
516:
509:
441:
322:. A concise explanation of these phenomena would come from the 1860s
253:
238:
187:
152:
112:
8297:
Tucker, Christopher A.; Warwick, Kevin; Holderbaum, William (2013).
7545:
Scheller, Maik; Born, Norman; Cheng, Weibo; Polynkin, Pavel (2014).
4010:
4008:
3964:
Rappaport, Theodore S.; Woerner, Brian D.; Reed, Jeffrey H. (2012).
1753:
The concept behind resonant inductive coupling systems is that high
1365:
between the coils, which depends on their geometry and the distance
1274:
is applied directly to the transmitter coil, but in most systems an
209:. At the transmitter the input power is converted to an oscillating
8298:
7621:. LIGHTNING AND TRANSIENTS RESEARCH INST ST PAUL MN. Archived from
7467:
6765:
5612:"FCC approves first wireless 'power-at-a-distance' charging system"
3673:
3636:
3413:
2704:
2368:
2344:
2251:
1754:
1290:
745:
699:
551:
531:
191:
7966:
5977:
Integrated Interconnect Technologies for 3D Nanoelectronic Systems
5011:
2007 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium
3702:
3583:
3092:
IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering
2408:
in California in 1975 and more recently (1997) at Grand Bassin on
330:, establishing a theory that unified electricity and magnetism to
9376:
8152:
7149:
Propagation Characteristics of Laser Beams – Melles Griot catalog
4005:
3818:
3039:
2017 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)
2832:
2293:
1820:
1251:
1156:
GM EV1 and Toyota RAV4 EV inductively charging at a now-obsolete
1150:
813:
are separate and power can be transferred via electric fields by
354:' 1888 validation of the theory, which included the evidence for
7360:
6758:
6651:"POINT-TO-POINT WIRELESS POWER TRANSPORTATION IN REUNION ISLAND"
6508:
2006 IEEE 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conference
4876:
Plug in Electric Vehicles in Smart Grids: Integration Techniques
62:
as a physical link. In a wireless power transmission system, an
8916:
8895:
7997:
Rudnev, Valery; Loveless, Don; Cook, Raymond L (14 July 2017).
6010:
2014 ANSYS Electronic Simulation Expo October 9–10, 2014, Tokyo
4812:"Israeli startup turns luminaires into wireless power chargers"
3514:
Wearable Sensors: Fundamentals, Implementation and Applications
2412:. These methods achieve distances on the order of a kilometer.
2148:
1050:
765:
398:
8606:, Microwave power receiving antenna, Carroll C. Dailey (1970).
8523:
8303:
International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems
7822:"Laser-assisted guiding of electric discharges around objects"
5706:
5437:
Bolic, Miodrag; Simplot-Ryl, David; Stojmenovic, Ivan (2010).
3567:
2500:
Access control: only receivers hit by the laser receive power.
2437:
devices as various sensors, trackers, detectors and monitors.
2281:
of radiation, the more can the radiation be concentrated in a
1775:
oscillator frequency must be tuned to the new resonance peak.
963:
where the antenna is much smaller than the size of the waves,
9067:
8752:
7421:"A coupled model on energy conversion in laser power beaming"
6629:"Wireless Power Transmission for Solar Power Satellite (SPS)"
4873:
Rajakaruna, Sumedha; Shahnia, Farhad; Ghosh, Arindam (2014).
4680:"Electromagnetic field as the wireless transporter of energy"
2494:
2458:
2457:), power can be transmitted by converting electricity into a
1913:
1816:
837:
with distance, so if the distance between the two "antennas"
505:
249:
230:
156:
8646:
8590:, Microwave powered aircraft, John E. Martin, et al. (1990).
8021:
7419:
Wu, Chen-Wu; Wang, Jyhwen; Huang, Chen-Guang (15 May 2018).
7398:"Dryden Flight Research Center, Beamed Laser Power For UAVs"
6463:"Space Transfer With Ground-Based Laser/Electric Propulsion"
5767:
5154:"Seminar: A Review on Technologies for Wireless Electricity"
3146:
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs
2969:"Wireless Power Transmission for Power Supply: State of Art"
5436:
5089:
4623:
3143:
3088:
3036:
2723:
2364:
2327:
1679:
Generic block diagram of an inductive wireless power system
1452:. This dimensionless parameter is equal to the fraction of
630:
527:, which can be focused in narrow beams towards a receiver.
265:
120:
77:
Wireless power techniques mainly fall into two categories:
59:
7767:"U.S. Army weapon shoots lightning bolts down laser beams"
7670:
6911:
5826:
5560:
Omnidirectional Inductive Powering for Biomedical Implants
5330:. California Institute of Technology. pp. 30.6–30.7.
4981:"Understanding Low Frequency Non-radiative Power Transfer"
3968:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 211–215.
3736:
CMOS Integrated Circuit Design for Wireless Power Transfer
2936:
4th IET Clean Energy and Technology Conference (CEAT 2016)
2131:
In this method, power is transmitted between two rotating
1053:
fields. These fields decrease with the cube of distance: (
405:
in his hands, causing them to glow in a manner similar to
296:
8204:"Wireless Power Consortium to Unleash Electronic Gadgets"
7913:
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2013 conference on SIGCOMM
7544:
6708:"Cota system transmits power wirelessly at up to 30 feet"
6638:(Second Draft ed.). Georgia Institute of Technology.
1955:
346:, which describe the flow of power across an area within
91:
techniques, power is transferred over short distances by
9086:
The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla
5186:
Baarman, David W.; Schwannecke, Joshua (December 2009).
4746:"Wireless recharging: Pulling the plug on electric cars"
4687:
Facta Universitatis – Series: Electronics and Energetics
4045:
Lee, C.K.; Zhong, W.X.; Hui, S.Y.R. (5 September 2012).
1242:. The magnetic field passes through the receiving coil
8296:
8130:. Cochlearamericas.com. 30 January 2009. Archived from
7818:
5563:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 4–5.
3966:
Wireless Personal Communications: Trends and Challenges
3666:
3463:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 5–6.
3275:"Wireless charging for electric vehicles hits the road"
2888:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2363:
limiting antenna directionality. For example, the 1978
1663:
is used, in which the efficiency is increased by using
1342:
The power transferred increases with frequency and the
1044:
8299:"A contribution to the wireless transmission of power"
7910:
6371:
5266:
An Introduction to Classical Electromagnetic Radiation
4872:
3621:
2586:
821:) between metal electrodes, or via magnetic fields by
305:
discovered a connection between current and magnets.
7647:
Laser Surface Engineering: Processes and Applications
6299:
5160:. The Hong Kong Electronic Industries Association Ltd
2886: – Theorem in electromagnetic theory of antennas
2800:
Microwave Ionosphere Nonlinear Interaction Experiment
2613:
2493:
interference to existing radio communication such as
2087:
2045:
2003:
1983:
1627:
1600:
1580:
1554:
1531:
1508:
1485:
1462:
1401:
1371:
1351:
1219:. The transmitter and receiver coils together form a
707:, powering drone aircraft, charging wireless devices
6674:
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques
6558:"Experimental Airborne Microwave Supported Platform"
6300:
Oruganti, S. K.; Khosla, A.; Thundat, T. G. (2020).
5323:
4770:
IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems
4677:
4583:
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques
4048:
Recent Progress in Mid-Range Wireless Power Transfer
3963:
2828:
2696:
has been used since the early 1900s and is used for
727:
Charging portable devices, powering drone aircraft.
8632:
The Stationary High Altitude Relay Platform (SHARP)
7131:"Free-Space Laser Propagation: Atmospheric Effects"
5489:"Wireless power minimizes interconnection problems"
4627:
Design and Optimization of Passive UHF RFID Systems
4414:"The Transmission of Electric Energy Without Wires"
2933:
2468:Advantages compared to other wireless methods are:
2187:
2081:and then enters into the over-coupled regime where
1839:, energy is transmitted by electric fields between
1392:between them. A widely used figure of merit is the
844:is much larger than the diameter of the "antennas"
16:
Electrical transmission without physical connection
8986:Alternating-current commutatorless induction motor
7996:
7110:"Wi-Charge Wins CES 2018 Best of Innovation Award"
6914:2008 33rd IEEE Photovolatic Specialists Conference
6348:
6242:
5185:
2619:
2115:
2073:
2031:
1989:
1783:is that it could drastically reduce the 6 billion
1640:
1613:
1586:
1566:
1540:
1517:
1494:
1471:
1444:
1384:
1357:
8243:
8171:
7186:
4766:
805:) of the antenna. In this region the oscillating
677:Charging electric vehicles, biomedical implants.
244:Wireless power uses the same fields and waves as
9576:
9107:My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla
8250:Leyh, G. E.; Kennan, M. D. (28 September 2008).
8229:"Global Qi Standard Powers Up Wireless Charging"
5587:Wireless Power Transfer for Medical Microsystems
4519:. Princeton University Press. pp. 302–367.
4391:. Princeton University Press. pp. 209–211.
4180:Wireless Power Transfer for Medical Microsystems
3826:; Salazar-Palma, M.; Sengupta, Dipak L. (2006).
3763:Wireless Power Transfer for Medical Microsystems
3460:Wireless Power Transfer for Medical Microsystems
2786:, this would harvest energy from sunlight using
2525:Laser "powerbeaming" technology was explored in
481:Tesla's unsuccessful Wardenclyffe power station.
389:. The two metal sheets are connected to a
35:Generic block diagram of a wireless power system
7152:
6620:
6594:
5584:Sun, Tianjia; Xie, Xiang; Zhihua, Wang (2013).
4478:
4318:"Tesla – Master of Lightning: Colorado Springs"
3760:Sun, Tianjia; Xie, Xiang; Wang, Zhihua (2013).
3457:Sun, Tianjia; Xie, Xiang; Zhihua, Wang (2013).
3398:
8418:MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest
8397:. Mainland High School, Daytona Beach, Florida
8015:
6846:
6349:Paul, D.; Oruganti, S. K.; Khosla, A. (2020).
6067:
5662:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4026:
1670:
829:) between coils of wire. These fields are not
9323:
8932:
8662:
7711:
7643:
7606:
7153:Andrews, Larry C; Phillips, Ronald L (2005).
6827:Emilio, Maurizio Di Paolo (8 November 2021).
4868:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4840:An Introduction to Radio Frequency Engineerin
3864:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–58.
3536:
3534:
3510:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3288:
2966:
233:which generates light. A similar antenna or
8492:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7954:IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
7586:Rakov, Vladimir A.; Uman, Martin A. (2003).
6407:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5583:
5440:RFID Systems: Research Trends and Challenges
4843:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–3.
4673:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4306:. Barnes & Noble Publishing. p. 92.
4266:. Princeton University Press. p. H-45.
4071:
4069:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3511:Sazonov, Edward; Neuman, Michael R. (2014).
3456:
3354:
3352:
3350:
2461:beam that is received and concentrated onto
2174:
1445:{\displaystyle k\;=\;M/{\sqrt {L_{1}L_{2}}}}
1293:appliances used in wet environments such as
585:Current and/or possible future applications
66:transmitter device generates a time-varying
8498:Comprehensive, theoretical engineering text
8075:
7758:
7714:Progress in Ultrafast Intense Laser Science
7592:. Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 296–298.
7495:An Introduction to High Voltage Engineering
7418:
6870:
6864:
6192:IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
6097:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5932:
5892:
5269:. Cambridge University Press. p. 474.
5238:
5236:
5188:"White paper: Understanding Wireless Power"
5085:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4464:. Princeton University Press. p. 252.
4364:. Princeton University Press. p. 301.
4337:. Princeton University Press. p. 264.
4115:. Princeton University Press. p. 132.
4044:
4023:
3995:"21. Fakes, Frauds, and Cranks (1866–1922)"
3953:. Race Point Publishing. pp. 154, 165.
3830:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 258–261.
3506:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3313:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. ix–xiii.
2541:requirements standardized under IEC 60825.
2406:Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex
2307:due to the antenna characteristics and the
1738:in a distant fork tuned to the same pitch.
797:region: This means the area within about 1
622:Tuned wire coils, lumped element resonators
9557:
9330:
9316:
9276:The Man Who Invented the Twentieth Century
9269:Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla
8939:
8925:
8669:
8655:
8409:
8249:
7883:
7794:"Picatinny engineers set phasers to 'fry'"
7785:
7705:
7664:
7082:
6578:. Ieee.cincinnati.fuse.net. Archived from
6365:
5947:"Various techniques for wireless charging"
5181:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5003:
5001:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4857:
4533:
4218:
4208:. Race Point Publishing. pp. 143–144.
4176:
4134:
4132:
3759:
3531:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3285:
2557:coherence and the range limitation problem
2126:
1409:
1405:
9337:
8545:
8501:
8415:
8197:
8195:
7965:
7951:
7879:
7877:
7875:
7873:
7853:
7791:
7738:
7696:
7644:Lawrence, Jonathan R.; Waugh, D. (2014).
7637:
7585:
7570:
7538:
7485:
6993:
6905:
6764:
6671:
6655:48th International Astronautical Congress
6523:
6482:
6325:
6276:
6144:
6068:Camurati, Patrick; Bondar, Henri (2006).
5844:
5803:
5793:
5728:
5590:. Springer Science & Business Media.
5516:
5514:
5512:
5510:
5482:
5480:
5344:
5103:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4760:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4698:
4559:
4405:
4066:
3928:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 292–293.
3917:
3915:
3891:
3868:
3701:
3687:
3672:
3635:
3582:
3540:
3412:
3401:IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials
3361:"All About Transferring Power Wirelessly"
3306:
3204:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2967:Kracek, Jan; Mazanek, Milos (June 2011).
1787:disposed of each year, a large source of
444:with the transmitter's LC circuit. using
8793:Time stretch analog-to-digital converter
8443:
8392:
8259:2008 40th North American Power Symposium
8231:. UBM plc. PR Newswire. 2 September 2009
7887:Energy Harvesting for Autonomous Systems
7812:
7744:
7619:DEFENSE TECHNICAL INFORMATION CENTER OAI
7612:
7083:Gilbertson, Roger G. (24 October 2005).
6238:
6236:
6088:
6000:
5994:
5944:
5929:
5629:
5552:
5550:
5548:
5546:
5544:
5478:
5476:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5468:
5466:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5381:
5233:
4935:
4644:
4542:"The Problem of Increasing Human Energy"
4506:
4485:
4221:2008 40th North American Power Symposium
3394:
3392:
3358:
3327:
2444:
2326:
1940:displacement in the load dipole through
1674:
951:, which is determined by the frequency:
890:: up to 10 times the antenna diameter:
499:
380:
30:
18:
8844:Monte Carlo method for photon transport
8465:
8386:
8329:
8290:
8165:
8146:
8040:
6752:
6732:
6207:
6126:
6116:
5899:, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI)
5702:
5700:
5635:
5397:Progress in Electromagnetics Research B
5387:
5317:
5172:
5147:
5145:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5062:
5007:
4998:
4946:
4914:
4893:
4836:
4830:
4512:
4492:. Sun Publishing Company. p. 110.
4457:
4384:
4357:
4330:
4259:
4172:
4170:
4138:
4129:
4108:
3859:
3766:. Springer Science and Business Media.
3477:
2906:
2808:Stationary High Altitude Relay Platform
393:oscillator, which applies high-voltage
297:19th century developments and dead ends
9577:
9058:Tesla Electric Light and Manufacturing
8505:Wireless Power Transfer via Radiowaves
8335:
8192:
7870:
7800:. US Army official website www.mil.gov
7579:
7459:
7376:"Space Elevator Tethers Coming Closer"
7253:
6994:Skillings, Jonathan (23 August 2008).
6955:"Wireless power spells end for cables"
6826:
6505:
6460:
6421:
6415:
6194:, Vol 58, No. 2, pp 544–554, Feb 2011.
6163:
6154:
5973:
5967:
5520:
5507:
5292:
5290:
5288:
5286:
4978:
4967:
4953:. River Publishers. pp. 126–129.
4743:
4722:
4440:
4434:
4286:
4203:
4014:
3978:
3948:
3921:
3912:
3895:Wireless Power Transfer via Radiowaves
3544:Wireless Power Transfer via Radiowaves
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3310:Wireless Power Transfer via Radiowaves
3226:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 118.
2986:
2900:
2868: – Electrical engineering concept
2246:design, which also applies to lasers.
1956:Electrodynamic wireless power transfer
1797:
1691:Tesla coil § Resonant transformer
1479:that passes through the receiver coil
9311:
8920:
8650:
8336:Glaser, Peter E. (22 November 1968).
8201:
7764:
7754:. Digital Services. pp. 161–162.
7378:. Crnano.typepad.com. 31 January 2009
7335:"Power Beaming (Climber) Competition"
7042:. United States Army. 30 January 2009
6952:
6780:arXiv, Emerging Technology from the.
6626:
6568:
6233:
6106:
6036:
6034:
5909:
5656:
5556:
5541:
5486:
5457:
5443:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 29.
5430:
5388:Agbinya, Johnson I. (February 2013).
5262:
5256:
4617:
4580:
4539:
4516:Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age
4461:Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age
4447:. D. Van Nostrand Co. pp. 38–42.
4411:
4388:Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age
4361:Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age
4334:Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age
4263:Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age
4112:Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age
4019:. Race Point Publishing. p. 165.
3983:. Race Point Publishing. p. 154.
3898:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 11.
3793:(1842), Samuel Alfred Varley (1852),
3547:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 27.
3389:
3272:
3240:
1923:Two types of circuit have been used:
1211:, IPT), power is transferred between
1095:
563:Wireless power technologies by range
523:that could generate higher-frequency
401:the low-pressure gas in the two long
9165:Tesla Science Center at Wardenclyffe
8783:Subwavelength-diameter optical fibre
7884:Beeby, Stephen; White, Neil (2010).
7235:. Geoffreylandis.com. 28 August 1997
7018:"Laser Weapons "Almost Ready?" Not!"
6604:. Space Island Group. Archived from
6426:. Vol. 2121. pp. 252–255.
6135:
5697:
5577:
5151:
5136:
4212:
4167:
3753:
3732:
3219:
2907:Hoffman, Chris (15 September 2017).
2872:Electromagnetic radiation and health
2642:
1847:, with the intervening space as the
1045:Near-field (nonradiative) techniques
870:: up to about one antenna diameter:
8393:Friend, Michael; Parise, Ronald J.
8221:
7491:
7309:"Limitless clean energy from space"
6040:
5868:
5377:http://www.americanradiohistory.com
5296:
5283:
5193:. Fulton Innovation. Archived from
4744:Ashley, Steven (20 November 2012).
4301:
3925:Encyclopedia of Space and Astronomy
3437:
3213:
2587:Atmospheric plasma channel coupling
2356:leaving orbit has been considered.
1867:the square of the voltage, and the
1704:strongly coupled magnetic resonance
916:region: Beyond about 1 wavelength (
241:, which determines the wavelength.
221:, a metal plate which generates an
147:, power is transferred by beams of
13:
9066:
8834:Extraordinary optical transmission
8436:
8420:. Vol. 76. pp. 139–141.
7064:. Defensetech.org. 6 November 2003
7020:. Defensetech.org. 12 January 2006
6213:
6180:http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/18036
6031:
5980:. Artech House. pp. 475–477.
4921:. River Publishers. pp. 1–2.
3789:(1791), Peter Samuel Munk (1835),
3726:
2909:"How Does Wireless Charging Work?"
2653:In the context of wireless power,
1246:, where it induces an alternating
1227:(AC) through the transmitter coil
14:
9621:
9485:Research in lithium-ion batteries
9093:Colorado Springs Notes, 1899–1900
8611:
8466:Agbinya, Johnson I., Ed. (2012).
8450:. Power Conversion Publications.
8202:Sayer, Peter (19 December 2008).
7792:Kaneshiro, Jason (21 June 2012).
7465:
6779:
6043:"Coupling games in metamaterials"
6012:. ExH Corporation. Archived from
5859:
5642:. River Publishers. p. 140.
1877:Capacitive wireless power systems
752:in the space around it. A steady
748:. A stationary charge creates an
229:which radiates radio waves, or a
9556:
8946:
8748:Erbium-doped waveguide amplifier
8580:Wireless Pasts and Wired Futures
8395:"Cutting the Cord: ISTF 07-1726"
8338:"Power from the Sun: Its future"
8120:
8069:
8055:10.1046/j.1525-1594.2002.07130.x
8034:
7990:
7945:
7904:
7613:Stahmann, J. R. (October 1964).
7512:
7498:. PHI Learning. pp. 19–21.
7412:
7390:
7353:
7327:
7301:
7247:
7225:
7203:
7180:
7123:
7102:
7076:
7054:
7032:
7010:
6987:
6965:
6946:
6820:
6795:
6773:
6726:
6700:
6665:
6642:
6550:
6499:
6454:
6342:
6293:
6197:
6184:
6172:
3359:Gopinath, Ashwin (August 2013).
2845:
2831:
2770:, recreated Tesla's 1900 patent
2277:or laser's exit aperture to the
2188:Far-field (radiative) techniques
2147:, and its magnetic field exerts
1897:
1883:
1385:{\displaystyle D_{\text{range}}}
1180:
1171:
1149:
1137:
1122:
1110:
764:around it. These fields contain
557:
464:
455:
7337:. Spaceward.org. Archived from
6973:"power transmission via lasers"
6953:Smith, David (4 January 2009).
6602:"Space Solar Energy Initiative"
6123:10.1109/MEMS51782.2021.9375416.
6113:10.1109/MEMS46641.2020.9056444.
6061:
5903:
5886:
5862:"A graphical look at Resonance"
5853:
5820:
5761:
5604:
5303:. CRC Press. pp. 181–182.
4804:
4451:
4378:
4351:
4324:
4310:
4295:
4280:
4253:
4197:
4102:
3987:
3972:
3957:
3942:
3853:
3844:
3812:
3780:
3733:Lu, Yan; Ki, Wing-Hung (2017).
3681:
3660:
3615:
3561:
3273:Marks, Paul (22 January 2014).
3266:
2874: – Aspect of public health
2184:along the metal-air interface.
2179:A new kind of system using the
1791:and groundwater contamination.
947:to the wavelength of the waves
376:
9470:Lithium iron phosphate battery
9247:Nikola Tesla's Night of Terror
8849:Wavelength selective switching
8001:(Second ed.). CRC Press.
7890:. Artech House. pp. 1–2.
7765:Quick, Darren (28 June 2012).
7650:. Elsevier. pp. 456–460.
7589:Lightning: Physics and Effects
7445:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.05.010
5912:"Resonant Capacitive Coupling"
4441:Sewall, Charles Henry (1903).
4412:Tesla, Nikola (5 March 1904).
3517:. Elsevier. pp. 253–255.
3254:. PC Magazine Ziff-Davis. 2014
3172:
2960:
2927:
2354:beaming of power to spacecraft
2168:University of British Columbia
1827:for the transfer of power. In
1641:{\displaystyle D_{\text{ant}}}
550:. In 1964, Brown invented the
1:
9595:Electromagnetic compatibility
9450:Compressed-air energy storage
9199:Tesla – Lightning in His Hand
9180:Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport
8676:
8444:de Rooij, Michael A. (2015).
8128:"What is a cochlear implant?"
7999:Handbook of Induction Heating
7468:"Wireless Power Transmission"
7211:"An Evolutionary Path to SPS"
7189:"An explanation of Coherence"
7062:"Lasers Power Planes, Drones"
4837:Coleman, Christopher (2004).
4418:Electrical World and Engineer
4291:. Citadel Press. p. 107.
2893:
2866:Electromagnetic compatibility
2790:and beam it down to Earth as
2692:was developed in the 1800s.
2578:Dryden Flight Research Center
2322:
2116:{\displaystyle k>k_{crit}}
2032:{\displaystyle k<k_{crit}}
1456:through the transmitter coil
1144:Wireless powered access card.
936:. This part of the energy is
129:artificial cardiac pacemakers
9160:Nikola Tesla Memorial Center
9100:Fragments of Olympian Gossip
8627:Microwave Power Transmission
8365:10.1126/science.162.3856.857
8323:10.1016/j.ijepes.2012.10.066
7254:Landis, Geoffrey A. (2001).
5493:Power Electronics Technology
5352:"Lighting Lamp by S-W Radio"
4915:Agbinya, Johnson I. (2012).
4879:. Springer. pp. 34–36.
4513:Carlson, W. Bernard (2013).
4458:Carlson, W. Bernard (2013).
4385:Carlson, W. Bernard (2013).
4358:Carlson, W. Bernard (2013).
4331:Carlson, W. Bernard (2013).
4260:Carlson, W. Bernard (2013).
4204:Cooper, Christopher (2015).
4109:Carlson, W. Bernard (2013).
4075:Tesla, Nikola (20 May 1891)
4015:Cooper, Christopher (2015).
3979:Cooper, Christopher (2015).
3949:Cooper, Christopher (2015).
3860:Carlson, W. Bernard (2003).
3690:IEEE Communications Magazine
3624:IEEE Wireless Communications
3571:IEEE Communications Magazine
2164:electromagnetic interference
48:wireless energy transmission
7:
9590:Electric power distribution
9021:Resonant inductive coupling
8763:Photonic integrated circuit
7722:10.1007/978-3-642-03825-9_6
6327:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3030658
5673:10.1109/MWSCAS.2013.6674697
4979:Umenei, A. E. (June 2011).
4540:Tesla, Nikola (June 1900).
3206:10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2886448
2878:Friis transmission equation
2824:
2331:An artist's depiction of a
1961:transduction schemes (e.g.
1696:Resonant inductive coupling
1685:Resonant inductive coupling
1671:Resonant inductive coupling
1661:resonant inductive coupling
1304:in the human body, such as
857:resonant inductive coupling
625:Charging portable devices (
610:Resonant inductive coupling
446:resonant inductive coupling
309:described in 1831 with his
10:
9626:
9605:Inventions by Nikola Tesla
9191:The Secret of Nikola Tesla
9048:Three-phase electric power
9015:
8991:Tesla Experimental Station
8426:10.1109/mwsym.1976.1123672
7748:Non-Lethal Weapon Handbook
7280:10.1089/153110701753198927
7133:. Ieee.org. Archived from
6881:10.1109/ICSOS.2011.5783662
6636:Space Solar Power Workshop
6387:10.1109/JPROC.2013.2245491
6269:10.1038/s41598-020-57554-1
6001:Harakawa, Kenichi (2014).
5893:Sara Linder (2 May 2021),
5523:"How Wireless Power Works"
4782:10.1109/TBCAS.2012.2220763
4304:Tesla, Master of Lightning
3922:Angelo, Joseph A. (2009).
3739:. Springer. pp. 2–3.
3423:10.1109/comst.2015.2499783
3368:Electronics for You E-zine
3248:"Wireless energy transfer"
3158:10.1109/TCSII.2017.2737140
3104:10.1109/TNSRE.2018.2824281
3047:10.1109/ISCAS.2017.8050940
2806:prototype airplane called
2646:
2627:) of the filament of air.
2590:
2565:is one of the pioneers of
2074:{\displaystyle k=k_{crit}}
1801:
1688:
1682:
1256:Faraday's law of induction
1099:
724:Lasers, photocells, lenses
291:
9552:
9508:
9440:
9372:Artificial photosynthesis
9359:
9352:
9345:
9147:
9116:
9077:
9064:
8954:
8888:
8870:Fiber-optic communication
8862:
8814:Arrayed waveguide grating
8806:
8743:Delay line interferometer
8725:
8684:
8508:. John Wiley & Sons.
8502:Shinohara, Naoki (2014).
8267:10.1109/NAPS.2008.5307364
7361:"From Concept to Reality"
7311:. Nss.org. Archived from
6922:10.1109/pvsc.2008.4922910
6516:10.1109/WCPEC.2006.279877
6467:NASA Technical Memorandum
5974:Meindl, James D. (2008).
5945:Huschens, Markus (2012).
5521:Wilson, Tracy V. (2014).
5359:Short Wave and Television
5122:10.1016/j.aop.2007.04.017
4603:10.1109/TMTT.1984.1132833
4486:Anderson, Leland (1992).
4229:10.1109/NAPS.2008.5307364
3712:10.1109/MCOM.2015.7081084
3601:10.1109/MCOM.2014.6957150
3307:Shinohara, Naoki (2014).
3220:Bush, Stephen F. (2014).
2751:Wireless Power Consortium
2440:
2175:Zenneck wave transmission
1963:electromagnetic/induction
1859:on the receiver plate by
1204:electromagnetic induction
827:electromagnetic induction
348:electromagnetic radiation
320:electromagnetic induction
149:electromagnetic radiation
54:) is the transmission of
9610:Wireless energy transfer
9521:Battery electric vehicle
9516:Alternative fuel vehicle
9387:Concentrated solar power
8738:Optical DPSK demodulator
8618:How Wireless Power Works
8086:10.1109/IEMBS.1989.96262
7976:10.1109/TWC.2015.2439673
7745:Franklin, Steve (2015).
7425:Journal of Power Sources
7233:"A Supersynchronous SPS"
5487:Davis, Sam (July 2011).
5263:Smith, Glenn S. (1997).
5023:10.1109/APS.2007.4396365
4986:. Fulton Innovation, Inc
4287:Seifer, Marc J. (1996).
4088:. Wildside Press. 2006.
4085:book of the same name by
3646:10.1109/MWC.2016.7462480
2812:communications satellite
2486:fit into small products.
2248:Airy's diffraction limit
2239:limit, used in standard
1209:inductive power transfer
143:techniques, also called
9526:Hybrid electric vehicle
9455:Flywheel energy storage
9427:Space-based solar power
9170:IEEE Nikola Tesla Award
8798:Wireless power transfer
8556:10.1126/science.1143254
8469:Wireless Power Transfer
8447:Wireless Power Handbook
8174:Proceedings of the IEEE
7921:10.1145/2486001.2486015
7572:10.1364/OPTICA.1.000125
7526:. Conjecture Corp. 2015
7187:Dr. Rüdiger Paschotta.
6375:Proceedings of the IEEE
5739:10.1126/science.1143254
5639:Wireless Power Transfer
5297:Tan, Yen Kheng (2013).
5250:Wireless Power Transfer
4950:Wireless Power Transfer
4918:Wireless Power Transfer
4630:. Springer. p. 4.
4183:. Springer. p. 3.
4177:Sun; Xie; Wang (2013).
4153:10.1109/EE.1943.6435874
3370:: 52–56. Archived from
2782:. Conceived in 1968 by
2780:space-based solar power
2683:
2127:Magnetodynamic coupling
1942:electrostatic induction
1918:dielectric polarization
1861:electrostatic induction
1855:induces an alternating
1833:electrostatic induction
1700:electrodynamic coupling
1231:creates an oscillating
1005:into beams. By using a
819:electrostatic induction
760:, DC) creates a static
662:Magnetodynamic coupling
262:television broadcasting
40:Wireless power transfer
9600:Microwave transmission
9495:Thermal energy storage
9262:Tesla: Man Out of Time
9071:
8875:Optical neural network
8773:Photonic-crystal fiber
8186:10.1109/proc.1975.9928
8154:United States 3713148A
8080:. pp. 1403–1404.
7846:10.1126/sciadv.1400111
7400:. Nasa.gov. 7 May 2008
6733:Etherington, Darrell.
6510:. pp. 1939–1942.
5916:wipo-wirelesspower.com
5221:Cite journal requires
5017:. pp. 3792–3795.
4141:Electrical Engineering
2633:directed-energy weapon
2621:
2567:solar power satellites
2551:Other details include
2450:
2350:solar power satellites
2336:
2263:Abbe diffraction limit
2117:
2075:
2033:
1991:
1680:
1642:
1615:
1588:
1568:
1542:
1519:
1496:
1473:
1446:
1386:
1359:
1337:video game controllers
959:. At low frequencies
654:Metal plate electrodes
410:
286:electromagnetic fields
246:wireless communication
172:electromagnetic fields
161:solar power satellites
36:
28:
24:Inductive charging pad
9422:Photovoltaic pavement
9367:Airborne wind turbine
9339:Emerging technologies
9231:The Tesla World Light
9175:Tesla Satellite Award
9134:World Wireless System
9129:Westinghouse Electric
9070:
8603:U.S. patent 3,535,543
8595:U.S. patent 3,933,323
8587:U.S. patent 4,955,562
8578:Thibault, G. (2014).
8023:United States 527857A
6975:. Laserfocusworld.com
5409:10.2528/pierb12120512
5365:(4): 166. August 1937
3252:Encyclopedia of terms
2938:. pp. 33 (5 .).
2768:University of Reading
2709:electric toothbrushes
2622:
2448:
2330:
2118:
2076:
2034:
1992:
1736:sympathetic vibration
1689:Further information:
1678:
1643:
1616:
1614:{\displaystyle k^{2}}
1589:
1569:
1543:
1520:
1497:
1474:
1447:
1387:
1360:
1333:digital media players
1295:electric toothbrushes
1276:electronic oscillator
705:Solar power satellite
500:Post-war developments
490:World Wireless System
422:resonant transformers
413:After 1890, inventor
384:
352:Heinrich Rudolf Hertz
211:electromagnetic field
163:and wireless powered
117:electric toothbrushes
68:electromagnetic field
34:
22:
8472:. River Publishers.
7363:. The Space Elevator
6875:. pp. 164–170.
6807:Energous Corporation
6019:on 25 September 2015
5667:. pp. 509–512.
5152:Wong, Elvin (2013).
4709:10.2298/FUEE1203171V
4302:Uth, Robert (1999).
3999:earlyradiohistory.us
3822:; Mailloux, Robert;
2944:10.1049/cp.2016.1290
2861:Beam Power Challenge
2611:
2600:dielectric breakdown
2535:consumer electronics
2389:Japanese researcher
2085:
2043:
2001:
1981:
1835:), the conjugate of
1625:
1598:
1578:
1552:
1529:
1506:
1483:
1460:
1399:
1394:coupling coefficient
1369:
1349:
922:electromagnetic wave
64:electrically powered
9490:Silicon–air battery
9475:Molten-salt battery
9465:Lithium–air battery
9460:Grid energy storage
9412:Molten salt reactor
9382:Carbon-neutral fuel
9249:" (2020 TV episode)
9215:Tower to the People
9155:Nikola Tesla Museum
9124:War of the currents
8906:Solid-state physics
8839:Holographic grating
8829:Diffraction grating
8758:Optical interleaver
8538:2007Sci...317...83K
8357:1968Sci...162..857G
8315:2013IJEPE..47..235T
8134:on 24 December 2008
7838:2015SciA....1E0111C
7689:2012AIPA....2a2151F
7563:2014Optic...1..125S
7492:Ray, Subir (2009).
7437:2018JPS...393..211W
7272:2001AsBio...1..161L
6714:. 30 September 2013
6686:1992ITMTT..40.1239B
6661:on 23 October 2005.
6475:10.2514/6.1992-3213
6461:Landis, G. (1992).
6432:1994SPIE.2121..252L
6424:Laser Power Beaming
6318:2020IEEEA...8r7965O
6261:2020NatSR..10..925O
5786:2016Senso..16.1229S
5721:2007Sci...317...83K
5114:2008AnPhy.323...34K
4595:1984ITMTT..32.1230B
3828:History of Wireless
3807:David Edward Hughes
3593:2014arXiv1409.0261K
3197:2019IEEEA...7.8081P
2884:Thinned array curse
2796:electric power grid
2703:With the advent of
2504:Drawbacks include:
2420:negative resistance
2373:thinned-array curse
2261:(also known as the
1975:biomedical implants
1829:capacitive coupling
1809:Capacitive coupling
1804:Capacitive coupling
1798:Capacitive coupling
1567:{\displaystyle k=1}
1225:alternating current
1083:capacitive coupling
859:, can increase the
815:capacitive coupling
774:alternating current
768:, but cannot carry
750:electrostatic field
642:Capacitive coupling
564:
336:John Henry Poynting
328:James Clerk Maxwell
324:Maxwell's equations
315:electromotive force
270:radio communication
109:capacitive coupling
9585:Energy development
9218:(2015 documentary)
9139:In popular culture
9072:
9053:Wardenclyffe Tower
9038:Tesla's oscillator
7915:. pp. 39–50.
7625:on 26 January 2016
7191:. Rp-photonics.com
7137:on 23 October 2008
6608:on 22 January 2022
6249:Scientific Reports
6049:on 11 October 2016
5846:10.3390/en10040498
5557:Puers, R. (2008).
3892:Shinohara (2014).
3541:Shinohara (2014).
3377:on 19 January 2015
2722:The first passive
2637:electronic jamming
2617:
2484:solid state lasers
2463:photovoltaic cells
2451:
2337:
2292:caused by dust or
2233:Rayleigh criterion
2212:(from lasers) and
2181:Zenneck type waves
2153:electric generator
2113:
2071:
2029:
1987:
1904:Monopolar coupling
1837:inductive coupling
1728:resonant frequency
1681:
1638:
1611:
1584:
1564:
1541:{\displaystyle L2}
1538:
1518:{\displaystyle L1}
1515:
1495:{\displaystyle L2}
1492:
1472:{\displaystyle L1}
1469:
1442:
1382:
1355:
1306:cardiac pacemakers
1299:prosthetic devices
1287:inductive charging
1199:inductive coupling
1102:Inductive charging
1096:Inductive coupling
1015:Rayleigh criterion
823:inductive coupling
744:in matter such as
694:Parabolic dishes,
590:Inductive coupling
562:
542:, made radiative (
540:parabolic antennas
494:Wardenclyffe Tower
411:
363:William Henry Ward
344:Poynting's theorem
303:André-Marie Ampère
97:inductive coupling
79:Near and far field
37:
29:
9572:
9571:
9548:
9547:
9544:
9543:
9305:
9304:
8914:
8913:
8717:Silicon photonics
8712:Optical computing
8637:Marin Soljačić's
8351:(3856): 857–861.
8276:978-1-4244-4283-6
8043:Artificial Organs
7960:(10): 5539–5551.
7731:978-3-642-03824-2
7698:10.1063/1.3690961
7466:Nawaz, Suddiyas.
7166:978-0-8194-5948-0
6931:978-1-4244-1640-0
6890:978-1-4244-9686-0
6694:10.1109/22.141357
6440:10.1117/12.174188
6312:: 187965–187974.
6074:Google.ch/Patents
5795:10.3390/s16081229
5682:978-1-4799-0066-4
5092:Annals of Physics
5032:978-1-4244-0877-1
4818:. 15 January 2018
4238:978-1-4244-4283-6
3824:Oliner, Arthur A.
3056:978-1-4673-6853-7
3007:. 27 October 2011
2953:978-1-78561-238-1
2915:. How-To Geek LLC
2698:induction cooking
2694:Induction heating
2665:energy scavenging
2656:energy harvesting
2649:Energy harvesting
2643:Energy harvesting
2620:{\displaystyle p}
2384:cavity magnetrons
2352:to Earth and the
2160:electric vehicles
2141:permanent magnets
1990:{\displaystyle k}
1712:resonant circuits
1665:resonant circuits
1635:
1587:{\displaystyle k}
1440:
1379:
1358:{\displaystyle M}
1344:mutual inductance
1310:electric vehicles
1007:high-gain antenna
995:omnidirectionally
742:charged particles
731:
730:
213:by some type of "
133:electric vehicles
125:induction cooking
56:electrical energy
9617:
9560:
9559:
9480:Nanowire battery
9407:Methanol economy
9402:Hydrogen economy
9357:
9356:
9350:
9349:
9332:
9325:
9318:
9309:
9308:
9185:New Yorker Hotel
8981:Polyphase system
8941:
8934:
8927:
8918:
8917:
8854:Photon diffusion
8819:Atomic coherence
8768:Photonic crystal
8671:
8664:
8657:
8648:
8647:
8605:
8597:
8589:
8575:
8549:
8520:Engineering text
8519:
8497:
8491:
8483:
8461:
8430:
8429:
8413:
8407:
8406:
8404:
8402:
8390:
8384:
8383:
8381:
8379:
8342:
8333:
8327:
8326:
8294:
8288:
8287:
8285:
8283:
8256:
8247:
8241:
8240:
8238:
8236:
8225:
8219:
8218:
8216:
8214:
8199:
8190:
8189:
8180:(8): 1260–1261.
8169:
8163:
8162:
8161:
8157:
8150:
8144:
8143:
8141:
8139:
8124:
8118:
8117:
8111:
8107:
8105:
8097:
8073:
8067:
8066:
8038:
8032:
8031:
8030:
8026:
8019:
8013:
8012:
7994:
7988:
7987:
7969:
7949:
7943:
7942:
7908:
7902:
7901:
7881:
7868:
7867:
7857:
7826:Science Advances
7816:
7810:
7809:
7807:
7805:
7789:
7783:
7782:
7780:
7778:
7773:. Gizmag Limited
7762:
7756:
7755:
7753:
7742:
7736:
7735:
7709:
7703:
7702:
7700:
7668:
7662:
7661:
7641:
7635:
7634:
7632:
7630:
7610:
7604:
7603:
7583:
7577:
7576:
7574:
7542:
7536:
7535:
7533:
7531:
7524:WiseGeek website
7516:
7510:
7509:
7489:
7483:
7482:
7480:
7478:
7463:
7457:
7456:
7416:
7410:
7409:
7407:
7405:
7394:
7388:
7387:
7385:
7383:
7372:
7370:
7368:
7357:
7351:
7350:
7348:
7346:
7331:
7325:
7324:
7322:
7320:
7305:
7299:
7298:
7296:
7294:
7251:
7245:
7244:
7242:
7240:
7229:
7223:
7222:
7220:
7218:
7207:
7201:
7200:
7198:
7196:
7184:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7173:
7146:
7144:
7142:
7127:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7116:
7106:
7100:
7099:
7097:
7095:
7080:
7074:
7073:
7071:
7069:
7058:
7052:
7051:
7049:
7047:
7036:
7030:
7029:
7027:
7025:
7014:
7008:
7007:
7005:
7003:
6991:
6985:
6984:
6982:
6980:
6969:
6963:
6962:
6950:
6944:
6943:
6916:. pp. 1–5.
6909:
6903:
6902:
6868:
6862:
6861:
6854:"Power-by-Light"
6850:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6839:
6824:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6813:
6799:
6793:
6792:
6790:
6788:
6777:
6771:
6770:
6768:
6756:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6745:
6730:
6724:
6723:
6721:
6719:
6704:
6698:
6697:
6680:(6): 1239–1250.
6669:
6663:
6662:
6646:
6640:
6639:
6633:
6624:
6618:
6617:
6615:
6613:
6598:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6587:
6572:
6566:
6565:
6564:on 2 March 2010.
6560:. Archived from
6554:
6548:
6547:
6527:
6525:2060/20070005136
6503:
6497:
6496:
6486:
6484:2060/19930011426
6458:
6452:
6451:
6419:
6413:
6412:
6406:
6398:
6381:(6): 1464–1481.
6369:
6363:
6362:
6346:
6340:
6339:
6329:
6297:
6291:
6290:
6280:
6240:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6226:
6211:
6205:
6201:
6195:
6188:
6182:
6176:
6170:
6167:
6161:
6158:
6152:
6148:
6142:
6139:
6133:
6130:
6124:
6120:
6114:
6110:
6104:
6101:
6095:
6092:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6081:
6065:
6059:
6058:
6056:
6054:
6045:. Archived from
6041:Liu, Na (2010).
6038:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6024:
6018:
6007:
5998:
5992:
5991:
5971:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5960:
5951:
5942:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5922:
5907:
5901:
5900:
5890:
5884:
5883:
5882:. 30 March 2017.
5872:
5866:
5865:
5857:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5824:
5818:
5817:
5807:
5797:
5765:
5759:
5758:
5732:
5704:
5695:
5694:
5660:
5654:
5653:
5636:Agbinya (2012).
5633:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5622:
5608:
5602:
5601:
5581:
5575:
5574:
5554:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5534:
5518:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5484:
5455:
5454:
5434:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5418:on 3 August 2016
5417:
5411:. Archived from
5394:
5385:
5379:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5356:
5348:
5342:
5341:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5294:
5281:
5280:
5260:
5254:
5240:
5231:
5230:
5224:
5219:
5217:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5199:
5192:
5183:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5165:
5149:
5134:
5133:
5107:
5087:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5049:
5043:. Archived from
5016:
5005:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4985:
4976:
4965:
4964:
4947:Agbinya (2012).
4944:
4933:
4932:
4912:
4891:
4890:
4870:
4855:
4854:
4834:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4741:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4702:
4684:
4675:
4642:
4641:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4589:(9): 1230–1242.
4578:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4546:Century Magazine
4537:
4531:
4530:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4438:
4432:
4425:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4223:. pp. 1–4.
4216:
4210:
4209:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4174:
4165:
4164:
4136:
4127:
4126:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4073:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4053:
4042:
4021:
4020:
4012:
4003:
4002:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3919:
3910:
3909:
3889:
3866:
3865:
3857:
3851:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3816:
3810:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3705:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3639:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3586:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3538:
3529:
3528:
3508:
3475:
3474:
3454:
3435:
3434:
3416:
3407:(2): 1413–1452.
3396:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3376:
3365:
3356:
3325:
3324:
3304:
3283:
3282:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3141:
3124:
3123:
3098:(5): 1093–1099.
3086:
3069:
3068:
3041:. pp. 1–4.
3034:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3012:
2997:
2984:
2983:
2976:Radioengineering
2973:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2904:
2889:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2841:
2836:
2835:
2747:laptop computers
2730:and contactless
2661:power harvesting
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2527:military weapons
2519:power-over-fiber
2497:and cell phones.
2122:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2027:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1901:
1890:Bipolar coupling
1887:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1429:
1428:
1419:
1417:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1321:tablet computers
1184:
1175:
1153:
1141:
1126:
1114:
674:Rotating magnets
582:Antenna devices
565:
561:
548:William C. Brown
468:
459:
387:Columbia College
332:electromagnetism
311:law of induction
9625:
9624:
9620:
9619:
9618:
9616:
9615:
9614:
9575:
9574:
9573:
9568:
9540:
9504:
9436:
9341:
9336:
9306:
9301:
9287:SI derived unit
9239:The Current War
9143:
9112:
9073:
9062:
9001:Telegeodynamics
8956:
8950:
8945:
8915:
8910:
8884:
8858:
8802:
8721:
8680:
8675:
8614:
8609:
8601:
8593:
8585:
8547:10.1.1.418.9645
8532:(5834): 83–86.
8516:
8485:
8484:
8480:
8458:
8439:
8437:Further reading
8434:
8433:
8414:
8410:
8400:
8398:
8391:
8387:
8377:
8375:
8340:
8334:
8330:
8295:
8291:
8281:
8279:
8277:
8254:
8248:
8244:
8234:
8232:
8227:
8226:
8222:
8212:
8210:
8200:
8193:
8170:
8166:
8159:
8151:
8147:
8137:
8135:
8126:
8125:
8121:
8109:
8108:
8099:
8098:
8074:
8070:
8049:(11): 909–915.
8039:
8035:
8028:
8020:
8016:
8009:
7995:
7991:
7950:
7946:
7931:
7909:
7905:
7898:
7882:
7871:
7832:(5): e1400111.
7817:
7813:
7803:
7801:
7790:
7786:
7776:
7774:
7763:
7759:
7751:
7743:
7739:
7732:
7710:
7706:
7669:
7665:
7658:
7642:
7638:
7628:
7626:
7611:
7607:
7600:
7584:
7580:
7543:
7539:
7529:
7527:
7518:
7517:
7513:
7506:
7490:
7486:
7476:
7474:
7464:
7460:
7417:
7413:
7403:
7401:
7396:
7395:
7391:
7381:
7379:
7374:
7373:
7366:
7364:
7359:
7358:
7354:
7344:
7342:
7341:on 24 July 2009
7333:
7332:
7328:
7318:
7316:
7307:
7306:
7302:
7292:
7290:
7252:
7248:
7238:
7236:
7231:
7230:
7226:
7216:
7214:
7213:. Islandone.org
7209:
7208:
7204:
7194:
7192:
7185:
7181:
7171:
7169:
7167:
7151:
7147:
7140:
7138:
7129:
7128:
7124:
7114:
7112:
7108:
7107:
7103:
7093:
7091:
7081:
7077:
7067:
7065:
7060:
7059:
7055:
7045:
7043:
7038:
7037:
7033:
7023:
7021:
7016:
7015:
7011:
7001:
6999:
6992:
6988:
6978:
6976:
6971:
6970:
6966:
6951:
6947:
6932:
6910:
6906:
6891:
6869:
6865:
6852:
6851:
6847:
6837:
6835:
6833:EE Times Europe
6825:
6821:
6811:
6809:
6801:
6800:
6796:
6786:
6784:
6778:
6774:
6757:
6753:
6743:
6741:
6731:
6727:
6717:
6715:
6706:
6705:
6701:
6670:
6666:
6647:
6643:
6631:
6625:
6621:
6611:
6609:
6600:
6599:
6595:
6585:
6583:
6582:on 11 June 2009
6574:
6573:
6569:
6556:
6555:
6551:
6536:
6504:
6500:
6459:
6455:
6420:
6416:
6400:
6399:
6370:
6366:
6347:
6343:
6298:
6294:
6241:
6234:
6224:
6222:
6220:EVObsession.com
6212:
6208:
6202:
6198:
6189:
6185:
6177:
6173:
6168:
6164:
6159:
6155:
6149:
6145:
6140:
6136:
6131:
6127:
6121:
6117:
6111:
6107:
6102:
6098:
6093:
6089:
6079:
6077:
6066:
6062:
6052:
6050:
6039:
6032:
6022:
6020:
6016:
6005:
5999:
5995:
5988:
5972:
5968:
5958:
5956:
5949:
5943:
5930:
5920:
5918:
5908:
5904:
5891:
5887:
5874:
5873:
5869:
5858:
5854:
5825:
5821:
5766:
5762:
5730:10.1.1.418.9645
5715:(5834): 83–86.
5705:
5698:
5683:
5661:
5657:
5650:
5634:
5630:
5620:
5618:
5610:
5609:
5605:
5598:
5582:
5578:
5571:
5555:
5542:
5532:
5530:
5529:. InfoSpace LLC
5527:How Stuff Works
5519:
5508:
5498:
5496:
5485:
5458:
5451:
5435:
5431:
5421:
5419:
5415:
5392:
5386:
5382:
5368:
5366:
5354:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5338:
5322:
5318:
5311:
5295:
5284:
5277:
5261:
5257:
5248:Agbinya (2012)
5241:
5234:
5222:
5220:
5211:
5210:
5203:
5201:
5200:on 9 April 2011
5197:
5190:
5184:
5173:
5163:
5161:
5150:
5137:
5105:physics/0611063
5088:
5063:
5053:
5051:
5047:
5033:
5014:
5006:
4999:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4977:
4968:
4961:
4945:
4936:
4929:
4913:
4894:
4887:
4871:
4858:
4851:
4835:
4831:
4821:
4819:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4765:
4761:
4751:
4749:
4742:
4723:
4713:
4711:
4700:10.1.1.693.1938
4682:
4676:
4645:
4638:
4622:
4618:
4579:
4560:
4550:
4548:
4538:
4534:
4527:
4511:
4507:
4500:
4483:
4479:
4472:
4456:
4452:
4439:
4435:
4426:, reprinted in
4410:
4406:
4399:
4383:
4379:
4372:
4356:
4352:
4345:
4329:
4325:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4300:
4296:
4285:
4281:
4274:
4258:
4254:
4239:
4217:
4213:
4202:
4198:
4191:
4175:
4168:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4107:
4103:
4096:
4082:
4074:
4067:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4043:
4024:
4013:
4006:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3977:
3973:
3962:
3958:
3947:
3943:
3936:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3890:
3869:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3845:
3838:
3817:
3813:
3785:
3781:
3774:
3758:
3754:
3747:
3731:
3727:
3686:
3682:
3665:
3661:
3620:
3616:
3577:(11): 104–110.
3566:
3562:
3555:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3509:
3478:
3471:
3455:
3438:
3397:
3390:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3363:
3357:
3328:
3321:
3305:
3286:
3271:
3267:
3257:
3255:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3218:
3214:
3177:
3173:
3142:
3127:
3087:
3072:
3057:
3035:
3020:
3010:
3008:
2999:
2998:
2987:
2971:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2932:
2928:
2918:
2916:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2887:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2827:
2728:proximity cards
2713:electric razors
2686:
2651:
2645:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2595:
2589:
2563:Geoffrey Landis
2491:radio-frequency
2443:
2333:solar satellite
2325:
2241:radio frequency
2190:
2177:
2129:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2056:
2052:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1958:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1879:
1878:
1806:
1800:
1781:remote controls
1770:
1693:
1687:
1673:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1525:passes through
1507:
1504:
1503:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1177:
1176:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1104:
1098:
1091:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1047:
1040:range or above.
1023:
991:dipole antennas
980:
969:
946:
924:; examples are
903:
896:
883:
876:
850:
843:
811:magnetic fields
785:
740:are created by
738:magnetic fields
560:
502:
485:
484:
483:
482:
471:
470:
469:
461:
460:
419:radio frequency
395:radio frequency
379:
340:Poynting vector
307:Michael Faraday
299:
294:
207:electrical load
180:magnetic fields
176:electric fields
105:electric fields
93:magnetic fields
72:electrical load
17:
12:
11:
5:
9623:
9613:
9612:
9607:
9602:
9597:
9592:
9587:
9570:
9569:
9567:
9566:
9553:
9550:
9549:
9546:
9545:
9542:
9541:
9539:
9538:
9536:Wireless power
9533:
9528:
9523:
9518:
9512:
9510:
9506:
9505:
9503:
9502:
9500:Ultracapacitor
9497:
9492:
9487:
9482:
9477:
9472:
9467:
9462:
9457:
9452:
9446:
9444:
9438:
9437:
9435:
9434:
9429:
9424:
9419:
9414:
9409:
9404:
9399:
9397:Home fuel cell
9394:
9389:
9384:
9379:
9374:
9369:
9363:
9361:
9354:
9347:
9343:
9342:
9335:
9334:
9327:
9320:
9312:
9303:
9302:
9300:
9299:
9294:
9289:
9284:
9279:
9272:
9265:
9258:
9250:
9243:
9235:
9227:
9219:
9211:
9203:
9195:
9187:
9182:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9151:
9149:
9145:
9144:
9142:
9141:
9136:
9131:
9126:
9120:
9118:
9114:
9113:
9111:
9110:
9103:
9096:
9089:
9081:
9079:
9075:
9074:
9065:
9063:
9061:
9060:
9055:
9050:
9045:
9040:
9035:
9030:
9025:
9024:
9023:
9018:
9016:Wireless power
9013:
9003:
8998:
8993:
8988:
8983:
8978:
8977:
8976:
8966:
8960:
8958:
8952:
8951:
8944:
8943:
8936:
8929:
8921:
8912:
8911:
8909:
8908:
8903:
8901:Quantum optics
8898:
8892:
8890:
8886:
8885:
8883:
8882:
8877:
8872:
8866:
8864:
8860:
8859:
8857:
8856:
8851:
8846:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8810:
8808:
8804:
8803:
8801:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8778:Slot-waveguide
8775:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8729:
8727:
8723:
8722:
8720:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8699:
8697:Microphotonics
8694:
8688:
8686:
8682:
8681:
8674:
8673:
8666:
8659:
8651:
8643:
8642:
8634:
8629:
8624:
8613:
8612:External links
8610:
8608:
8607:
8599:
8591:
8583:
8576:
8521:
8515:978-1118862964
8514:
8499:
8479:978-8792329233
8478:
8463:
8457:978-0996649216
8456:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8432:
8431:
8408:
8385:
8328:
8289:
8275:
8242:
8220:
8191:
8164:
8145:
8119:
8110:|journal=
8068:
8033:
8014:
8008:978-1351643764
8007:
7989:
7944:
7929:
7903:
7897:978-1596937192
7896:
7869:
7811:
7784:
7757:
7737:
7730:
7704:
7663:
7657:978-1782420798
7656:
7636:
7605:
7599:978-0521035415
7598:
7578:
7557:(2): 125–128.
7537:
7520:"Electrolaser"
7511:
7505:978-8120324176
7504:
7484:
7458:
7411:
7389:
7352:
7326:
7315:on 29 May 2016
7300:
7246:
7224:
7202:
7179:
7165:
7159:. SPIE Press.
7122:
7101:
7075:
7053:
7031:
7009:
6986:
6964:
6945:
6930:
6904:
6889:
6863:
6858:Fraunhofer ISE
6845:
6819:
6794:
6772:
6751:
6725:
6699:
6664:
6641:
6627:Shinohara, N.
6619:
6593:
6567:
6549:
6534:
6498:
6453:
6414:
6364:
6341:
6292:
6232:
6214:Shahan, Zach.
6206:
6196:
6183:
6171:
6162:
6153:
6143:
6134:
6125:
6115:
6105:
6096:
6087:
6060:
6030:
5993:
5987:978-1596932470
5986:
5966:
5928:
5902:
5885:
5867:
5852:
5819:
5760:
5696:
5681:
5655:
5648:
5628:
5603:
5597:978-1461477020
5596:
5576:
5570:978-1402090752
5569:
5540:
5506:
5456:
5450:978-0470975664
5449:
5429:
5380:
5343:
5337:978-0465024933
5336:
5316:
5310:978-1439892732
5309:
5282:
5276:978-0521586986
5275:
5255:
5232:
5223:|journal=
5171:
5135:
5061:
5050:on 3 June 2016
5031:
4997:
4966:
4959:
4934:
4928:978-8792329233
4927:
4892:
4886:978-9812872999
4885:
4856:
4850:978-1139452304
4849:
4829:
4803:
4776:(4): 526–535.
4759:
4721:
4693:(3): 171–181.
4643:
4637:978-0387447100
4636:
4616:
4558:
4532:
4526:978-1400846559
4525:
4505:
4499:978-1893817012
4498:
4477:
4471:978-1400846559
4470:
4450:
4433:
4424:: 23760–23761.
4404:
4398:978-1400846559
4397:
4377:
4371:978-1400846559
4370:
4350:
4344:978-1400846559
4343:
4323:
4309:
4294:
4279:
4273:978-1400846559
4272:
4252:
4237:
4211:
4196:
4189:
4166:
4147:(8): 355–357.
4128:
4122:978-1400846559
4121:
4101:
4095:978-0809501625
4094:
4065:
4022:
4004:
3986:
3971:
3956:
3941:
3935:978-1438110189
3934:
3911:
3904:
3867:
3852:
3843:
3836:
3811:
3779:
3773:978-1461477020
3772:
3752:
3746:978-9811026157
3745:
3725:
3696:(4): 117–125.
3680:
3659:
3614:
3560:
3553:
3530:
3524:978-0124186668
3523:
3476:
3470:978-1461477020
3469:
3436:
3388:
3326:
3320:978-1118862964
3319:
3284:
3265:
3239:
3233:978-1118820230
3232:
3212:
3171:
3152:(7): 923–927.
3125:
3070:
3055:
3018:
2985:
2959:
2952:
2926:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2853:Physics portal
2842:
2826:
2823:
2685:
2682:
2678:remote sensors
2673:kinetic energy
2669:thermal energy
2659:, also called
2647:Main article:
2644:
2641:
2616:
2604:plasma channel
2588:
2585:
2571:space elevator
2523:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2487:
2482:Compact size:
2480:
2475:monochromatic
2442:
2439:
2410:Reunion Island
2391:Hidetsugu Yagi
2324:
2321:
2259:Rayleigh limit
2189:
2186:
2176:
2173:
2145:electric motor
2137:magnetic field
2128:
2125:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2006:
1986:
1957:
1954:
1946:
1945:
1933:
1903:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1853:electric field
1802:Main article:
1799:
1796:
1768:
1747:Marin Soljačić
1722:coil or other
1683:Main article:
1672:
1669:
1631:
1608:
1604:
1583:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1537:
1534:
1514:
1511:
1491:
1488:
1468:
1465:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1375:
1354:
1325:computer mouse
1264:direct current
1233:magnetic field
1217:magnetic field
1189:
1188:
1179:
1178:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1155:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1100:Main article:
1097:
1094:
1089:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1021:
1011:optical system
978:
967:
944:
907:
906:
905:
901:
894:
885:
881:
874:
848:
841:
783:
762:magnetic field
758:direct current
729:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
709:
708:
702:
692:
689:
686:
683:
679:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
659:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
639:
638:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
607:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
587:
586:
583:
580:
577:
572:
569:
559:
556:
501:
498:
473:
472:
463:
462:
454:
453:
452:
451:
450:
434:Geissler tubes
403:Geissler tubes
378:
375:
298:
295:
293:
290:
223:electric field
219:magnetic field
165:drone aircraft
111:between metal
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9622:
9611:
9608:
9606:
9603:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9593:
9591:
9588:
9586:
9583:
9582:
9580:
9565:
9564:
9555:
9554:
9551:
9537:
9534:
9532:
9529:
9527:
9524:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9514:
9513:
9511:
9507:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9488:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9468:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9453:
9451:
9448:
9447:
9445:
9443:
9439:
9433:
9432:Vortex engine
9430:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9375:
9373:
9370:
9368:
9365:
9364:
9362:
9358:
9355:
9351:
9348:
9344:
9340:
9333:
9328:
9326:
9321:
9319:
9314:
9313:
9310:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9280:
9278:
9277:
9273:
9271:
9270:
9266:
9264:
9263:
9259:
9256:
9255:
9251:
9248:
9244:
9241:
9240:
9236:
9233:
9232:
9228:
9225:
9224:
9220:
9217:
9216:
9212:
9209:
9208:
9204:
9201:
9200:
9196:
9193:
9192:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9152:
9150:
9146:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9121:
9119:
9115:
9109:
9108:
9104:
9101:
9097:
9095:
9094:
9090:
9088:
9087:
9083:
9082:
9080:
9076:
9069:
9059:
9056:
9054:
9051:
9049:
9046:
9044:
9041:
9039:
9036:
9034:
9033:Tesla turbine
9031:
9029:
9028:Radio control
9026:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9008:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8975:
8972:
8971:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8961:
8959:
8953:
8949:
8942:
8937:
8935:
8930:
8928:
8923:
8922:
8919:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8893:
8891:
8887:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8867:
8865:
8861:
8855:
8852:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8811:
8809:
8805:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8730:
8728:
8724:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8707:
8703:
8702:Nanophotonics
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8689:
8687:
8683:
8679:
8672:
8667:
8665:
8660:
8658:
8653:
8652:
8649:
8645:
8641:
8640:
8639:MIT WiTricity
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8622:HowStuffWorks
8619:
8616:
8615:
8604:
8600:
8596:
8592:
8588:
8584:
8581:
8577:
8573:
8569:
8565:
8561:
8557:
8553:
8548:
8543:
8539:
8535:
8531:
8527:
8522:
8517:
8511:
8507:
8506:
8500:
8495:
8489:
8481:
8475:
8471:
8470:
8464:
8459:
8453:
8449:
8448:
8442:
8441:
8427:
8423:
8419:
8412:
8396:
8389:
8374:
8370:
8366:
8362:
8358:
8354:
8350:
8346:
8339:
8332:
8324:
8320:
8316:
8312:
8308:
8304:
8300:
8293:
8278:
8272:
8268:
8264:
8260:
8253:
8246:
8230:
8224:
8209:
8205:
8198:
8196:
8187:
8183:
8179:
8175:
8168:
8155:
8149:
8133:
8129:
8123:
8115:
8103:
8095:
8091:
8087:
8083:
8079:
8072:
8064:
8060:
8056:
8052:
8048:
8044:
8037:
8024:
8018:
8010:
8004:
8000:
7993:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7959:
7955:
7948:
7940:
7936:
7932:
7930:9781450320566
7926:
7922:
7918:
7914:
7907:
7899:
7893:
7889:
7888:
7880:
7878:
7876:
7874:
7865:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7847:
7843:
7839:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7823:
7815:
7799:
7798:news Archives
7795:
7788:
7772:
7768:
7761:
7750:
7749:
7741:
7733:
7727:
7723:
7719:
7715:
7708:
7699:
7694:
7690:
7686:
7683:(1): 012151.
7682:
7678:
7674:
7667:
7659:
7653:
7649:
7648:
7640:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7609:
7601:
7595:
7591:
7590:
7582:
7573:
7568:
7564:
7560:
7556:
7552:
7548:
7541:
7525:
7521:
7515:
7507:
7501:
7497:
7496:
7488:
7473:
7472:Academia 2015
7469:
7462:
7454:
7450:
7446:
7442:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7426:
7422:
7415:
7399:
7393:
7377:
7362:
7356:
7340:
7336:
7330:
7314:
7310:
7304:
7289:
7285:
7281:
7277:
7273:
7269:
7265:
7261:
7257:
7250:
7234:
7228:
7212:
7206:
7190:
7183:
7168:
7162:
7158:
7157:
7150:
7136:
7132:
7126:
7111:
7105:
7090:
7086:
7079:
7063:
7057:
7041:
7035:
7019:
7013:
6997:
6990:
6974:
6968:
6960:
6956:
6949:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6908:
6900:
6896:
6892:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6874:
6867:
6859:
6855:
6849:
6834:
6830:
6823:
6808:
6804:
6798:
6783:
6776:
6767:
6762:
6755:
6740:
6736:
6729:
6713:
6709:
6703:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6668:
6660:
6656:
6652:
6645:
6637:
6630:
6623:
6607:
6603:
6597:
6581:
6577:
6571:
6563:
6559:
6553:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6535:1-4244-0016-3
6531:
6526:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6502:
6494:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6457:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6418:
6410:
6404:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6368:
6360:
6356:
6355:SPAST Express
6352:
6345:
6337:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6296:
6288:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6239:
6237:
6221:
6217:
6210:
6200:
6193:
6187:
6181:
6175:
6166:
6157:
6147:
6138:
6129:
6119:
6109:
6100:
6091:
6075:
6071:
6064:
6048:
6044:
6037:
6035:
6015:
6011:
6004:
5997:
5989:
5983:
5979:
5978:
5970:
5955:
5948:
5941:
5939:
5937:
5935:
5933:
5917:
5913:
5906:
5898:
5897:
5889:
5881:
5880:ニコラテスラって素晴らしい
5877:
5871:
5863:
5856:
5847:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5823:
5815:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5764:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5703:
5701:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5659:
5651:
5649:9788792329233
5645:
5641:
5640:
5632:
5617:
5613:
5607:
5599:
5593:
5589:
5588:
5580:
5572:
5566:
5562:
5561:
5553:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5545:
5528:
5524:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5511:
5494:
5490:
5483:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5452:
5446:
5442:
5441:
5433:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5391:
5384:
5378:
5364:
5360:
5353:
5347:
5339:
5333:
5329:
5328:
5320:
5312:
5306:
5302:
5301:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5278:
5272:
5268:
5267:
5259:
5253:
5251:
5245:
5239:
5237:
5228:
5215:
5196:
5189:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5159:
5155:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5013:
5012:
5004:
5002:
4982:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4962:
4960:9788792329233
4956:
4952:
4951:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4930:
4924:
4920:
4919:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4888:
4882:
4878:
4877:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4852:
4846:
4842:
4841:
4833:
4817:
4816:eeNews Europe
4813:
4807:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4763:
4747:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4710:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4681:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4639:
4633:
4629:
4628:
4620:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4547:
4543:
4536:
4528:
4522:
4518:
4517:
4509:
4501:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4481:
4473:
4467:
4463:
4462:
4454:
4446:
4445:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4408:
4400:
4394:
4390:
4389:
4381:
4373:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4354:
4346:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4327:
4319:
4313:
4305:
4298:
4290:
4283:
4275:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4256:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4215:
4207:
4200:
4192:
4190:9781461477020
4186:
4182:
4181:
4173:
4171:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4135:
4133:
4124:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4105:
4097:
4091:
4087:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4072:
4070:
4050:
4049:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4018:
4011:
4009:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3982:
3975:
3967:
3960:
3952:
3945:
3937:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3918:
3916:
3907:
3905:9781118862964
3901:
3897:
3896:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3863:
3856:
3847:
3839:
3837:9780471718147
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3820:Sarkar, T. K.
3815:
3808:
3804:
3803:Thomas Edison
3800:
3799:Elihu Thomson
3796:
3795:Edwin Houston
3792:
3788:
3787:Luigi Galvani
3783:
3775:
3769:
3765:
3764:
3756:
3748:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3729:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3684:
3675:
3670:
3663:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3618:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3564:
3556:
3554:9781118862964
3550:
3546:
3545:
3537:
3535:
3526:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3472:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3395:
3393:
3373:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3322:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3280:
3279:New Scientist
3276:
3269:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3235:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3216:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3191:: 8081–8094.
3190:
3186:
3182:
3175:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2982:(2): 457–463.
2981:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2955:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2899:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2843:
2840:
2839:energy portal
2834:
2829:
2822:
2820:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2764:Kevin Warwick
2759:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2739:mobile phones
2735:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2650:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2614:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2447:
2438:
2436:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2369:2.45 GHz
2366:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2334:
2329:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2296:such as fog.
2295:
2291:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2210:visible light
2206:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2182:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2139:generated by
2138:
2134:
2124:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2004:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1967:piezoelectric
1964:
1953:
1951:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1900:
1886:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1751:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1720:self-resonant
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1629:
1606:
1602:
1581:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1535:
1532:
1512:
1509:
1489:
1486:
1466:
1463:
1455:
1454:magnetic flux
1435:
1431:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1373:
1352:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1272:mains current
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1213:coils of wire
1210:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1183:
1174:
1159:
1152:
1140:
1131:
1125:
1113:
1103:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1052:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
977:
973:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
908:
900:
893:
889:
886:
880:
873:
869:
866:
865:
862:
858:
854:
847:
840:
836:
835:exponentially
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
789:
788:
787:
782:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
710:
706:
703:
701:
697:
696:phased arrays
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
680:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
660:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
608:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
588:
584:
581:
578:
576:
573:
570:
567:
566:
558:Field regions
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
511:
507:
497:
495:
491:
480:
476:
467:
458:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
424:, now called
423:
420:
416:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
383:
374:
372:
368:
367:Mahlon Loomis
364:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
312:
308:
304:
289:
287:
282:
278:
276:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
248:devices like
247:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
199:
197:
196:visible light
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
145:power beaming
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
101:coils of wire
98:
94:
90:
89:non-radiative
86:
85:
80:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
33:
25:
21:
9561:
9535:
9392:Fusion power
9292:Lunar crater
9274:
9267:
9260:
9252:
9237:
9229:
9221:
9213:
9207:The Prestige
9205:
9202:(2003 opera)
9197:
9189:
9105:
9091:
9084:
8974:plasma globe
8948:Nikola Tesla
8863:Applications
8797:
8692:Biophotonics
8644:
8638:
8529:
8525:
8504:
8468:
8446:
8417:
8411:
8399:. Retrieved
8388:
8376:. Retrieved
8348:
8344:
8331:
8306:
8302:
8292:
8280:. Retrieved
8258:
8245:
8233:. Retrieved
8223:
8211:. Retrieved
8207:
8177:
8173:
8167:
8148:
8136:. Retrieved
8132:the original
8122:
8077:
8071:
8046:
8042:
8036:
8017:
7998:
7992:
7957:
7953:
7947:
7912:
7906:
7886:
7829:
7825:
7814:
7802:. Retrieved
7797:
7787:
7775:. Retrieved
7770:
7760:
7747:
7740:
7713:
7707:
7680:
7677:AIP Advances
7676:
7666:
7646:
7639:
7627:. Retrieved
7623:the original
7618:
7608:
7588:
7581:
7554:
7550:
7540:
7528:. Retrieved
7523:
7514:
7494:
7487:
7475:. Retrieved
7471:
7461:
7428:
7424:
7414:
7402:. Retrieved
7392:
7380:. Retrieved
7365:. Retrieved
7355:
7343:. Retrieved
7339:the original
7329:
7317:. Retrieved
7313:the original
7303:
7291:. Retrieved
7266:(2): 161–4.
7263:
7260:Astrobiology
7259:
7249:
7237:. Retrieved
7227:
7215:. Retrieved
7205:
7193:. Retrieved
7182:
7170:. Retrieved
7155:
7139:. Retrieved
7135:the original
7125:
7113:. Retrieved
7104:
7092:. Retrieved
7088:
7078:
7066:. Retrieved
7056:
7044:. Retrieved
7034:
7022:. Retrieved
7012:
7000:. Retrieved
6989:
6977:. Retrieved
6967:
6959:The Observer
6958:
6948:
6913:
6907:
6872:
6866:
6857:
6848:
6836:. Retrieved
6832:
6822:
6810:. Retrieved
6806:
6797:
6787:28 September
6785:. Retrieved
6775:
6754:
6742:. Retrieved
6738:
6728:
6716:. Retrieved
6712:newatlas.com
6711:
6702:
6677:
6673:
6667:
6659:the original
6654:
6644:
6635:
6622:
6610:. Retrieved
6606:the original
6596:
6584:. Retrieved
6580:the original
6570:
6562:the original
6552:
6507:
6501:
6466:
6456:
6423:
6417:
6403:cite journal
6378:
6374:
6367:
6358:
6354:
6344:
6309:
6305:
6295:
6252:
6248:
6223:. Retrieved
6219:
6209:
6199:
6191:
6186:
6174:
6165:
6156:
6146:
6137:
6128:
6118:
6108:
6099:
6090:
6078:. Retrieved
6073:
6063:
6051:. Retrieved
6047:the original
6021:. Retrieved
6014:the original
6009:
5996:
5976:
5969:
5957:. Retrieved
5954:EETimes-Asia
5953:
5919:. Retrieved
5915:
5905:
5895:
5888:
5879:
5870:
5860:smith, K.J.
5855:
5836:
5832:
5822:
5777:
5773:
5763:
5712:
5708:
5664:
5658:
5638:
5631:
5619:. Retrieved
5615:
5606:
5586:
5579:
5559:
5531:. Retrieved
5526:
5497:. Retrieved
5492:
5439:
5432:
5420:. Retrieved
5413:the original
5400:
5396:
5383:
5367:. Retrieved
5362:
5358:
5346:
5326:
5319:
5299:
5265:
5258:
5249:
5243:
5214:cite journal
5202:. Retrieved
5195:the original
5162:. Retrieved
5157:
5098:(1): 34–48.
5095:
5091:
5052:. Retrieved
5045:the original
5010:
4988:. Retrieved
4949:
4917:
4875:
4839:
4832:
4820:. Retrieved
4815:
4806:
4773:
4769:
4762:
4750:. Retrieved
4712:. Retrieved
4690:
4686:
4626:
4619:
4586:
4582:
4549:. Retrieved
4545:
4535:
4515:
4508:
4488:
4480:
4460:
4453:
4443:
4436:
4427:
4421:
4417:
4407:
4387:
4380:
4360:
4353:
4333:
4326:
4312:
4303:
4297:
4288:
4282:
4262:
4255:
4220:
4214:
4205:
4199:
4179:
4144:
4140:
4111:
4104:
4084:
4077:
4056:. Retrieved
4047:
4016:
3998:
3989:
3980:
3974:
3965:
3959:
3950:
3944:
3924:
3894:
3861:
3855:
3846:
3827:
3814:
3791:Joseph Henry
3782:
3762:
3755:
3735:
3728:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3662:
3630:(2): 10–18.
3627:
3623:
3617:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3543:
3513:
3459:
3404:
3400:
3379:. Retrieved
3372:the original
3367:
3309:
3278:
3268:
3256:. Retrieved
3251:
3242:
3222:
3215:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3149:
3145:
3095:
3091:
3038:
3009:. Retrieved
3005:ECN Magazine
3004:
2979:
2975:
2962:
2935:
2929:
2917:. Retrieved
2912:
2902:
2816:
2804:
2784:Peter Glaser
2777:
2760:
2736:
2721:
2717:
2702:
2687:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2629:
2598:atmospheric
2596:
2593:Electrolaser
2582:
2575:
2561:
2550:
2543:
2539:laser safety
2524:
2521:technology.)
2503:
2467:
2452:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2403:
2399:Yagi antenna
2395:Shintaro Uda
2388:
2381:
2377:
2358:
2338:
2309:transparency
2298:
2287:
2283:compact beam
2270:
2256:
2218:
2208:In general,
2207:
2193:
2191:
2178:
2157:
2130:
1959:
1950:Nikola Tesla
1947:
1922:
1910:
1823:) forming a
1807:
1793:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1752:
1742:Nikola Tesla
1740:
1710:between two
1707:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1658:
1654:interference
1341:
1314:
1284:
1243:
1240:Ampere's law
1235:
1228:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1158:Magne Charge
1086:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1048:
1033:
1032:. Practical
1029:
1025:
1018:
982:
975:
971:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
941:
937:
917:
913:
909:
898:
891:
887:
878:
871:
867:
845:
838:
830:
802:
795:nonradiative
794:
790:
780:
778:
756:of charges (
732:
529:
521:transmitters
503:
486:
478:
474:
415:Nikola Tesla
412:
377:Nikola Tesla
371:Amos Dolbear
360:
338:defined the
300:
283:
279:
243:
200:
169:
144:
140:
136:
88:
82:
76:
51:
47:
43:
39:
38:
9257:(2020 film)
9242:(2019 film)
9234:(2017 film)
9226:(2016 film)
9210:(2006 film)
9194:(1980 film)
9043:Tesla valve
8969:Plasma lamp
8309:: 235–242.
8282:20 November
7477:31 December
7431:: 211–216.
6838:11 November
6306:IEEE Access
5921:30 November
5910:Webmaster.
5780:(8): 1229.
5533:15 December
4752:10 December
4714:15 December
4551:20 November
3805:(1875) and
3258:15 December
3185:IEEE Access
2913:How-To Geek
2788:solar cells
2690:transformer
2671:(heat), or
2553:propagation
2455:micrometers
2361:diffraction
2317:link budget
2290:attenuation
2237:diffraction
2221:transmitter
2203:diffraction
2199:directivity
1869:capacitance
1825:capacitance
1789:toxic waste
1734:can induce
1732:tuning fork
1289:stands for
1221:transformer
934:light waves
926:radio waves
868:Short range
712:Light waves
575:Directivity
568:Technology
513:radio waves
426:Tesla coils
365:(1871) and
356:radio waves
203:mains power
184:radio waves
9579:Categories
9531:Smart grid
9360:Production
9006:Tesla coil
8957:inventions
8955:Career and
8880:Solar sail
8824:Dark state
8788:Superprism
8706:Plasmonics
8378:4 November
8235:8 December
8213:8 December
7804:25 October
7777:16 January
7629:16 January
7530:25 October
6766:1505.06815
6739:TechCrunch
6255:(1): 925.
6080:18 January
6053:18 January
5959:16 January
5839:(4): 498.
5499:16 January
4058:4 November
3674:1807.05543
3637:1508.06366
3414:1509.00940
3381:16 January
3011:16 January
2919:11 January
2894:References
2819:photocells
2792:microwaves
2732:smartcards
2591:See also:
2555:, and the
2473:Collimated
2323:Microwaves
2313:dispersion
2279:wavelength
2267:irradiance
2229:wavelength
2214:microwaves
1971:capacitive
1929:oscillator
1849:dielectric
1841:electrodes
1813:electrodes
1758:resonators
1708:(B, green)
1329:cellphones
1266:(DC) by a
1034:beam power
1003:refraction
999:reflection
930:microwaves
855:, such as
799:wavelength
791:Near-field
682:Microwaves
635:smartcards
602:Wire coils
579:Frequency
538:tubes and
525:microwaves
438:LC circuit
430:near-field
407:neon tubes
391:Tesla coil
275:efficiency
254:cellphones
188:microwaves
153:microwaves
113:electrodes
84:near field
8996:Teleforce
8733:Biophoton
8678:Photonics
8542:CiteSeerX
8488:cite book
8401:7 October
8112:ignored (
8102:cite book
7967:1404.0471
7453:104165547
7089:Space.com
6961:. London.
6812:5 January
6744:5 January
6718:5 January
6493:109847404
6448:108775324
6336:225049658
6076:. TMMS Co
5725:CiteSeerX
5422:2 January
5204:3 January
5164:3 January
5054:2 January
4990:3 January
4695:CiteSeerX
3703:1408.2335
3584:1409.0261
2772:0,645,576
2546:Wi-Charge
2531:aerospace
2477:wavefront
2343:range. A
2341:microwave
2271:intensity
2195:Far field
2133:armatures
1865:frequency
1857:potential
1845:capacitor
1785:batteries
1724:resonator
1716:capacitor
1302:implanted
1280:frequency
1268:rectifier
1260:rectified
1038:microwave
1024:>>
970:<<
938:radiative
914:radiative
910:Far-field
888:Mid-range
853:Resonance
831:radiative
746:electrons
700:rectennas
651:kHz – MHz
619:kHz – GHz
544:far-field
536:magnetron
517:amplifier
510:frequency
442:resonance
440:tuned to
342:and gave
239:frequency
141:radiative
137:far-field
9417:Nantenna
9377:Biofuels
9297:Asteroid
9078:Writings
8889:See also
8807:Concepts
8572:17105396
8564:17556549
8373:17769070
8208:PC World
8094:61695765
8063:12406141
7864:26601188
7288:12467119
7115:12 March
6940:21042923
6899:18985866
6544:22181565
6287:31969594
6204:648–651.
5833:Energies
5814:27527174
5755:17105396
5747:17556549
5691:42092151
5621:27 March
5616:Engadget
5369:18 March
5041:36079234
4822:12 March
4790:23893211
4611:73648082
4161:51671246
3166:49541743
3120:13716374
3112:29752245
3065:23159251
2825:See also
2705:cordless
2345:rectenna
2294:aerosols
2275:aperture
2252:aperture
2231:and the
2225:receiver
1755:Q factor
1291:cordless
1130:Powermat
987:monopole
985:such as
861:coupling
807:electric
734:Electric
599:Hz – MHz
552:rectenna
532:klystron
235:coupling
192:infrared
103:, or by
99:between
58:without
27:battery.
9442:Storage
9148:Related
9011:history
8964:Patents
8534:Bibcode
8526:Science
8353:Bibcode
8345:Science
8311:Bibcode
7984:2445116
7939:6730636
7855:4640611
7834:Bibcode
7685:Bibcode
7559:Bibcode
7433:Bibcode
7268:Bibcode
6682:Bibcode
6428:Bibcode
6395:2990114
6314:Bibcode
6278:6976601
6257:Bibcode
6225:20 July
5805:5017394
5782:Bibcode
5774:Sensors
5717:Bibcode
5709:Science
5495:: 10–14
5403:: 130.
5252:, p. 40
5130:1887505
5110:Bibcode
4798:8094723
4591:Bibcode
4247:3685850
3720:7127575
3654:3504276
3609:3462059
3589:Bibcode
3431:8639012
3193:Bibcode
2766:of the
2576:NASA's
2244:antenna
1821:cathode
1762:damping
1718:, or a
1650:Ferrite
1252:voltage
1160:station
754:current
479:(right)
399:ionizes
292:History
227:antenna
215:antenna
198:waves.
151:, like
46:; also
9353:Energy
9346:Fields
8896:Optics
8685:Fields
8570:
8562:
8544:
8512:
8476:
8454:
8371:
8273:
8160:
8138:4 June
8092:
8061:
8029:
8005:
7982:
7937:
7927:
7894:
7862:
7852:
7771:Gizmag
7728:
7654:
7596:
7551:Optica
7502:
7451:
7404:4 June
7382:4 June
7367:4 June
7345:4 June
7319:4 June
7293:4 June
7286:
7239:4 June
7217:4 June
7195:4 June
7172:4 June
7163:
7141:4 June
7094:4 June
7068:4 June
7046:4 June
7024:4 June
7002:4 June
6998:. CNET
6979:4 June
6938:
6928:
6897:
6887:
6612:4 June
6586:4 June
6542:
6532:
6491:
6446:
6393:
6334:
6285:
6275:
6151:34–37.
5984:
5812:
5802:
5753:
5745:
5727:
5689:
5679:
5646:
5594:
5567:
5447:
5334:
5307:
5273:
5128:
5039:
5029:
4957:
4925:
4883:
4847:
4796:
4788:
4697:
4634:
4609:
4523:
4496:
4468:
4395:
4368:
4341:
4320:. PBS.
4270:
4245:
4235:
4187:
4159:
4119:
4092:
3932:
3902:
3834:
3809:(1878)
3770:
3743:
3718:
3652:
3607:
3551:
3521:
3467:
3429:
3317:
3230:
3164:
3118:
3110:
3063:
3053:
2950:
2745:, and
2743:tablet
2441:Lasers
2305:losses
2227:, the
2149:torque
1937:ground
1335:, and
1317:laptop
1051:dipole
766:energy
571:Range
475:(left)
264:, and
123:tags,
107:using
95:using
9509:Other
9254:Tesla
9223:Tesla
9117:Other
8753:Laser
8726:Tools
8568:S2CID
8341:(PDF)
8255:(PDF)
8090:S2CID
7980:S2CID
7962:arXiv
7935:S2CID
7752:(PDF)
7449:S2CID
6936:S2CID
6895:S2CID
6761:arXiv
6632:(PDF)
6540:S2CID
6489:S2CID
6444:S2CID
6391:S2CID
6332:S2CID
6023:5 May
6017:(PDF)
6006:(PDF)
5950:(PDF)
5751:S2CID
5687:S2CID
5416:(PDF)
5393:(PDF)
5355:(PDF)
5198:(PDF)
5191:(PDF)
5126:S2CID
5100:arXiv
5048:(PDF)
5037:S2CID
5015:(PDF)
4984:(PDF)
4794:S2CID
4748:. BBC
4683:(PDF)
4607:S2CID
4243:S2CID
4157:S2CID
4052:(PDF)
3716:S2CID
3698:arXiv
3669:arXiv
3650:S2CID
3632:arXiv
3605:S2CID
3579:arXiv
3427:S2CID
3409:arXiv
3375:(PDF)
3364:(PDF)
3162:S2CID
3116:S2CID
3061:S2CID
2972:(PDF)
2495:Wi-Fi
2459:laser
2301:gains
1969:, or
1914:ozone
1817:anode
1378:range
1254:) by
1223:. An
1215:by a
1072:range
1058:range
932:, or
897:≤ 10
895:range
875:range
842:range
784:range
770:power
665:Short
645:Short
593:Short
506:Radio
268:. In
258:radio
250:radio
231:laser
225:, an
157:laser
135:. In
131:, or
81:. In
60:wires
9563:List
9282:Boat
8560:PMID
8510:ISBN
8494:link
8474:ISBN
8452:ISBN
8403:2016
8380:2014
8369:PMID
8284:2014
8271:ISBN
8237:2014
8215:2014
8140:2009
8114:help
8059:PMID
8003:ISBN
7925:ISBN
7892:ISBN
7860:PMID
7806:2015
7779:2016
7726:ISBN
7652:ISBN
7631:2016
7594:ISBN
7532:2015
7500:ISBN
7479:2015
7406:2009
7384:2009
7369:2009
7347:2009
7321:2009
7295:2009
7284:PMID
7241:2009
7219:2009
7197:2009
7174:2009
7161:ISBN
7143:2009
7117:2018
7096:2009
7070:2009
7048:2009
7026:2009
7004:2009
6981:2009
6926:ISBN
6885:ISBN
6840:2021
6814:2018
6789:2016
6746:2018
6720:2018
6614:2009
6588:2009
6530:ISBN
6409:link
6361:(1).
6283:PMID
6227:2015
6082:2016
6055:2016
6025:2015
5982:ISBN
5961:2015
5923:2018
5810:PMID
5743:PMID
5677:ISBN
5644:ISBN
5623:2018
5592:ISBN
5565:ISBN
5535:2014
5501:2015
5445:ISBN
5424:2015
5371:2015
5332:ISBN
5305:ISBN
5271:ISBN
5227:help
5206:2015
5166:2015
5158:HKPC
5056:2015
5027:ISBN
4992:2015
4955:ISBN
4923:ISBN
4881:ISBN
4845:ISBN
4824:2018
4786:PMID
4754:2014
4716:2014
4632:ISBN
4553:2014
4521:ISBN
4494:ISBN
4466:ISBN
4393:ISBN
4366:ISBN
4339:ISBN
4268:ISBN
4233:ISBN
4185:ISBN
4117:ISBN
4090:ISBN
4060:2014
3930:ISBN
3900:ISBN
3832:ISBN
3768:ISBN
3741:ISBN
3549:ISBN
3519:ISBN
3465:ISBN
3383:2015
3315:ISBN
3260:2014
3228:ISBN
3108:PMID
3051:ISBN
3013:2015
2948:ISBN
2921:2018
2724:RFID
2711:and
2684:Uses
2529:and
2365:NASA
2311:and
2303:and
2269:(or
2257:The
2092:>
2008:<
1819:and
1815:(an
1319:and
1244:(L2)
1229:(L1)
1191:1910
809:and
736:and
721:≥THz
718:High
715:Long
688:High
685:Long
668:N.A.
631:RFID
613:Mid-
534:and
313:the
266:WiFi
260:and
121:RFID
8620:at
8552:doi
8530:317
8422:doi
8361:doi
8349:162
8319:doi
8263:doi
8182:doi
8082:doi
8051:doi
7972:doi
7917:doi
7850:PMC
7842:doi
7718:doi
7693:doi
7567:doi
7441:doi
7429:393
7276:doi
6918:doi
6877:doi
6690:doi
6520:hdl
6512:doi
6479:hdl
6471:doi
6436:doi
6383:doi
6379:101
6322:doi
6273:PMC
6265:doi
5841:doi
5800:PMC
5790:doi
5735:doi
5713:317
5669:doi
5405:doi
5375:on
5246:"
5118:doi
5096:323
5019:doi
4778:doi
4705:doi
4599:doi
4225:doi
4149:doi
3708:doi
3642:doi
3597:doi
3419:doi
3201:doi
3154:doi
3100:doi
3043:doi
2940:doi
2663:or
2489:No
2435:IoT
2235:or
2223:to
1769:ant
1634:ant
1262:to
1248:EMF
1238:by
1236:(B)
1207:or
1197:In
1090:ant
1079:ant
1065:ant
1030:c/f
1022:ant
1009:or
1001:or
989:or
979:ant
968:ant
957:c/f
945:ant
912:or
902:ant
882:ant
849:ant
793:or
691:GHz
648:Low
616:Low
596:Low
326:by
194:or
155:or
139:or
87:or
52:WET
50:or
44:WPT
9581::
8566:.
8558:.
8550:.
8540:.
8528:.
8490:}}
8486:{{
8367:.
8359:.
8347:.
8343:.
8317:.
8307:47
8305:.
8301:.
8269:.
8257:.
8206:.
8194:^
8178:63
8176:.
8106::
8104:}}
8100:{{
8088:.
8057:.
8047:26
8045:.
7978:.
7970:.
7958:14
7956:.
7933:.
7923:.
7872:^
7858:.
7848:.
7840:.
7828:.
7824:.
7796:.
7769:.
7724:.
7691:.
7679:.
7675:.
7617:.
7565:.
7553:.
7549:.
7522:.
7470:.
7447:.
7439:.
7427:.
7423:.
7282:.
7274:.
7262:.
7258:.
7087:.
6957:.
6934:.
6924:.
6893:.
6883:.
6856:.
6831:.
6805:.
6737:.
6710:.
6688:.
6678:40
6676:.
6653:.
6634:.
6538:.
6528:.
6518:.
6487:.
6477:.
6469:.
6465:.
6442:.
6434:.
6405:}}
6401:{{
6389:.
6377:.
6357:.
6353:.
6330:.
6320:.
6308:.
6304:.
6281:.
6271:.
6263:.
6253:10
6251:.
6247:.
6235:^
6218:.
6072:.
6033:^
6008:.
5952:.
5931:^
5914:.
5878:.
5837:10
5835:.
5831:.
5808:.
5798:.
5788:.
5778:16
5776:.
5772:.
5749:.
5741:.
5733:.
5723:.
5711:.
5699:^
5685:.
5675:.
5614:.
5543:^
5525:.
5509:^
5491:.
5459:^
5401:49
5399:.
5395:.
5361:.
5357:.
5285:^
5235:^
5218::
5216:}}
5212:{{
5174:^
5156:.
5138:^
5124:.
5116:.
5108:.
5094:.
5064:^
5035:.
5025:.
5000:^
4969:^
4937:^
4895:^
4859:^
4814:.
4792:.
4784:.
4772:.
4724:^
4703:.
4691:25
4689:.
4685:.
4646:^
4605:.
4597:.
4587:32
4585:.
4561:^
4544:.
4422:43
4420:.
4416:.
4241:.
4231:.
4169:^
4155:.
4145:62
4143:.
4131:^
4068:^
4025:^
4007:^
3997:.
3914:^
3870:^
3801:,
3797:,
3714:.
3706:.
3694:53
3692:.
3648:.
3640:.
3628:23
3626:.
3603:.
3595:.
3587:.
3575:52
3573:.
3533:^
3479:^
3439:^
3425:.
3417:.
3405:18
3403:.
3391:^
3366:.
3329:^
3287:^
3277:.
3250:.
3199:.
3187:.
3183:.
3160:.
3150:65
3148:.
3128:^
3114:.
3106:.
3096:26
3094:.
3073:^
3059:.
3049:.
3021:^
3003:.
2988:^
2980:20
2978:.
2974:.
2946:.
2911:.
2755:Qi
2741:,
2734:.
2700:.
2639:.
2573:.
2559:.
2319:.
2285:.
2205:.
1965:,
1702:,
1548:,
1331:,
1327:,
1323:,
1282:.
1074:/
1060:/
1028:=
981:≈
955:=
928:,
877:≤
698:,
671:Hz
637:.
633:,
627:Qi
358:.
288:.
256:,
190:,
186:,
182:,
178:,
167:.
119:,
9331:e
9324:t
9317:v
9245:"
9102:"
9098:"
8940:e
8933:t
8926:v
8708:)
8704:(
8670:e
8663:t
8656:v
8574:.
8554::
8536::
8518:.
8496:)
8482:.
8460:.
8428:.
8424::
8405:.
8382:.
8363::
8355::
8325:.
8321::
8313::
8286:.
8265::
8239:.
8217:.
8188:.
8184::
8142:.
8116:)
8096:.
8084::
8065:.
8053::
8011:.
7986:.
7974::
7964::
7941:.
7919::
7900:.
7866:.
7844::
7836::
7830:1
7808:.
7781:.
7734:.
7720::
7701:.
7695::
7687::
7681:2
7660:.
7633:.
7602:.
7575:.
7569::
7561::
7555:1
7534:.
7508:.
7481:.
7455:.
7443::
7435::
7408:.
7386:.
7371:.
7349:.
7323:.
7297:.
7278::
7270::
7264:1
7243:.
7221:.
7199:.
7176:.
7145:.
7119:.
7098:.
7072:.
7050:.
7028:.
7006:.
6983:.
6942:.
6920::
6901:.
6879::
6860:.
6842:.
6816:.
6791:.
6769:.
6763::
6748:.
6722:.
6696:.
6692::
6684::
6616:.
6590:.
6546:.
6522::
6514::
6495:.
6481::
6473::
6450:.
6438::
6430::
6411:)
6397:.
6385::
6359:1
6338:.
6324::
6316::
6310:8
6289:.
6267::
6259::
6229:.
6084:.
6057:.
6027:.
5990:.
5963:.
5925:.
5864:.
5849:.
5843::
5816:.
5792::
5784::
5757:.
5737::
5719::
5693:.
5671::
5652:.
5625:.
5600:.
5573:.
5537:.
5503:.
5453:.
5426:.
5407::
5373:.
5363:8
5340:.
5313:.
5279:.
5242:"
5229:)
5225:(
5208:.
5168:.
5132:.
5120::
5112::
5102::
5058:.
5021::
4994:.
4963:.
4931:.
4889:.
4853:.
4826:.
4800:.
4780::
4774:7
4756:.
4718:.
4707::
4640:.
4613:.
4601::
4593::
4555:.
4529:.
4502:.
4474:.
4401:.
4374:.
4347:.
4276:.
4249:.
4227::
4193:.
4163:.
4151::
4125:.
4098:.
4062:.
4001:.
3938:.
3908:.
3840:.
3776:.
3749:.
3722:.
3710::
3700::
3677:.
3671::
3656:.
3644::
3634::
3611:.
3599::
3591::
3581::
3557:.
3527:.
3473:.
3433:.
3421::
3411::
3385:.
3323:.
3281:.
3262:.
3236:.
3209:.
3203::
3195::
3189:7
3168:.
3156::
3122:.
3102::
3067:.
3045::
3015:.
2956:.
2942::
2923:.
2615:p
2109:t
2106:i
2103:r
2100:c
2096:k
2089:k
2067:t
2064:i
2061:r
2058:c
2054:k
2050:=
2047:k
2025:t
2022:i
2019:r
2016:c
2012:k
2005:k
1985:k
1944:.
1831:(
1766:D
1698:(
1630:D
1607:2
1603:k
1582:k
1562:1
1559:=
1556:k
1536:2
1533:L
1513:1
1510:L
1490:2
1487:L
1467:1
1464:L
1436:2
1432:L
1426:1
1422:L
1415:/
1411:M
1407:=
1403:k
1374:D
1353:M
1250:(
1201:(
1087:D
1076:D
1069:D
1062:D
1055:D
1026:λ
1019:D
983:λ
976:D
972:λ
965:D
961:f
953:λ
949:λ
942:D
918:λ
899:D
892:D
879:D
872:D
846:D
839:D
825:(
817:(
803:λ
801:(
781:D
409:.
42:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
