328:. This announcement was repeated regularly subsequently, usually in conjunction with a University of Auckland spin-out called PowerbyProxi. "Resonant extension," supporting multiple phones on one transmitter over (z-separation) distances up to 45mm, was meant to be "v1.2" for several years, and it was thus implied it was almost fully ready, in repeated announcements by the Wireless Power Consortium over the years. In Feb 2015, the Chairman of WPC, Menno Treffers, clearly implied that the resonant extension was fully ready and the customers now had a choice: "These extensions provide WPC members and their customers with a seamless combination of inductive and resonant technologies...Customers can choose between inductive and resonant Qi chargers and be sure that the chargers work seamlessly with all Qi devices". In September 2015, the CEO of PowerbyProxi, Fady Mishriki, also announced in the form of a technical article in
303:, for smartphones and other portable mobile devices. Qi Baseline Power Profile (BPP) delivers up to 5W and Qi Extended Power Profile (EPP) delivers up to 15W. A future extension will deliver up to 60W to enable laptop charging. However, even using the current EPP standard, it typically takes 2.5–5 hours to charge a typical smartphone, with a typical 10 Watt-hour battery, which would imply that if the charge rate was 10 Watts, it would take only one hour. Therefore 2.5 hours charge time means the average charging rate was only 10/2.5 = 4 watts. So the 15W was delivered only momentarily, until the battery gets hot. This reduction in charging rate is attributed to the battery protection circuitry which due to the heat generated by the receiver coil pressed against the battery, reduces the acceptable power dramatically.
350:
415:
receivers needed to comply with that to receive approval by WPC. WPC implicitly assumes that the final result of this "double resonator" approach was a single resonant peak for the entire coupled system, also fixed at 100 kHz, irrespective of load or coupling. The entire control algorithm of Qi is based around this basic assumption. But that assumption was first contested by well-known author
Sanjaya Maniktala in a seminar in 2014, and shortly thereafter by Stephen Terry from
336:", and it stated that there was full backward compatibility, for both by the new receivers and transmitters, to the existing Qi standard. The new version, they announced, would support easy placement of multiple receivers, including previous Qi-certified BPP and EPP devices, on the same "intelligent" transmitter surface, delivering several-fold higher power, over far greater vertical distances (z-separations). This clearly resonated with
27:
419:
in 2015. Stephen Terry's presentation clearly states that the resonant frequency will shift to 140 kHz typically, at high loads, not remain fixed at 100 kHz as had been assumed by WPC. Stephen Terry's presentation disappeared from the WPC website from where it was originally downloaded. The
275:
By 2012 Amway was looking for a buyer for its entire patent portfolio concerning wireless power transfer. This despite creating a lot of buzz at the 2011 Consumer
Electronics Show in Las Vegas, with demos even for electric vehicle (EV) charging. Things clearly changed when in September 2012 it became
424:
with multiple citations: "A drawback of resonant coupling theory is that at close ranges when the two resonant circuits are tightly coupled, the resonant frequency of the system is no longer constant but "splits" into two resonant peaks, so the maximum power transfer no longer occurs at the original
405:
that Qi would soon be developed for tablets, computers and automobile in
January 2012. Qi's specifications were again updated in April, with the distance upped to 40mm. In May 2014, the WPC announced that over 500 phones had Qi built-in. As of October 2016, the WPC, along with the AirFuel Alliance,
312:
Medium Power standard, a simple low-cost solution delivering 30-65W for power tools, robotic vacuum cleaners, e-bikes, and other battery-powered devices that do not require compatibility with the Qi standard for mobile phones charging. A future extension will deliver up to 200 W. However, the term
414:
The underlying patent behind the Qi standard is US6436299B1. On Page 16 the said patent mandates that both the receiver and transmitter be tuned to 100 kHz, for best results and maximum power transfer. This has been the underlying principle behind the Qi standard to date, and all proposed
340:, who purchased PowerbyProxi in October 2017 at an estimated price exceeding $ 100 million. That was meant to be the "resonant extension" to Qi, talked about since 2014, and to have been the now-canceled AirPower. AirPower is widely considered an "unprecedented embarrassment" for Apple.
425:
resonant frequency and the oscillator frequency must be tuned to the new resonance peak." This has reportedly contributed to the reported "alignment concerns" of Qi, and propelled the creation of a smart resonant peak tracking software by a
California-based company called ChargEdge.
562:
and engineering/testing services, are available to exclusive stock supplies, are allowed free usage of the Qi logo and trademark, partner in projects and testing, and are included in Qi's development. The fees and standard types of membership are stated below:
279:
Philips has by now acquired most of the Qi patent portfolio from Access
Business Group. Royalties are therefore now being collected by Philips, but the key patent underlying the Qi standard is still assigned to Access Business Group, a 100% subsidiary of
247:
was created. On Nov 26, 2008 Fulton
Innovation released "The Base Spec: Low Power Specification Guide for Partnered Product Development, Revision 0.9". Buoyed by the acquired intellectual property of a bankrupt University of Cambridge spin-out called
252:, in an attempt to replicate the success story of the Wi-Fi Alliance formed in 1999, Fulton Innovation founded the Wireless Power Consortium (WPC) in Dec 2008. In the process they partnered with seven others: ConvenientPower,
1171:
1079:
550:
Membership towards the
Wireless Power Consortium is open towards any entity, with four different types of membership with different fees. All types of membership add members to the organization's
317:
has so far meant only 15W (peak). This formed the basis of the v1.2, or the "15W", EPP standard announced as released, in
February 2017. The sudden release announcement came just days after
420:
problem with the resonant peak splitting and shifting as coupling increases, hitherto unknown or unrecognized by the
Wireless Power Consortium, is also pointed out on the Knowledge page of
1106:
272:), and Texas Instruments. In Aug 2009 they published the now well-known Qi standard, version 0.95. A month later they released version 1.0. By then WPC already had 55+ members.
1354:
991:
1465:
936:
1025:
228:. It is an open membership of Asian, European, and American companies, working toward the global standardization of wireless charging technology.
1189:
306:
Cordless
Kitchen standard, for kitchen appliances, for delivering 100–2,400W. Under development since 2013, it is now tentatively called the
1172:"Wireless Power Consortium Achieves Key Technology Milestones for Fast Charging and Resonant Multi-Device Charging with Spatial Freedom"
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is compliant with the use of the LinkCharge CT standard in commercial enterprises and businesses to use as a charging hotspot.
1256:
898:
767:
748:
437:, called the "Steering Group". As of 2019, the group has over 600 member companies and 25 companies on the Steering Group.
708:
1643:
1513:
1585:
1222:
349:
1466:"Fulton Innovations' eCoupled Wireless inductive coupling charger [14] | Download Scientific Diagram"
555:
332:
magazine, that the draft version of this "resonant extension" was almost fully complete. The article was titled "
1313:
804:
1414:
287:
As of 2019, the Wireless Power Consortium has over 600 individual companies, of which 25 are members of its
1485:
1237:
559:
478:
1571:
641:
1133:
1499:
433:
As of 2016, the group had over 220 companies as its members with 24 of those companies in the official
204:
142:
1207:
324:
Much earlier though, in 2014, WPC had announced it had incorporated a "resonant extension" to the
421:
786:"Fulton Innovation blows our minds with eCoupled wireless Tesla, inductive cereal boxes (video)"
321:
joined the Wireless Power Consortium, fueling rumors that the expected iPhone8 would feature Qi.
647:
538:
364:
The Wireless Power Consortium was established on 17 December 2008. It officially published the
265:
214:
79:
1556:
805:"Nokia's Qi wireless charging for Lumia 820 and 920: Fatboy pillow unit, public charge points"
668:
388:
372:
912:
8:
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874:
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551:
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498:
483:
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357:
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225:
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became members of the WPC in November 2011. In May 2011, the consortium announced the
1544:
460:
416:
269:
231:
The Wireless Power Consortium was started by Fulton Innovation, a 100% subsidiary of
963:
843:
360:
and the example of the standard in use by a charging pad and the compatible device.
276:
clear that Nokia was releasing the Lumia 920 smartphone with built-in Qi charging.
857:
1190:"Technology business innovator Fady Mishriki to be celebrated | Scoop News"
730:
488:
1637:
1415:"WPC Announces their 500 Qi-Enabled Devices Milestone - Qi Wireless Charging"
1044:"WPC Qi Specification Receives Magnetic Resonance Extension - IHS Technology"
402:
392:
365:
354:
325:
300:
221:
1628:
992:"The World's First Qi-Certified Medium Power Transmitter Reference Design"
899:"Lies, Damn Lies, and Startup PR: Wired and Qi Charge Rates for a Pixel 3"
243:, called eSpring, for which the wireless power transfer technology called
239:. The original motivation was to power a portable water purifier, sold by
249:
182:
1383:"WPC updates Qi standard, increases inductive charging distance to 40mm"
1062:"Wireless Power Consortium extend Qi standard to add resonance charging"
450:
337:
318:
210:
207:
66:
63:
503:
395:
1355:"CES Preview: Qi Wireless Charging Coming To Tablets, Laptops, Cars"
768:"Amway's parent company getting out of wireless technology business"
1387:
1261:
1026:"Apple joins Wireless Power Consortium, charging up iPhone 8 rumor"
822:
513:
493:
253:
244:
217:. Its mission is to create and promote wide market adoption of its
122:
1223:"Apple paid $ 100 million-plus for kiwi tech company PowerbyProxi"
636:
533:
523:
508:
384:
281:
257:
232:
1359:
468:
380:
1572:"Everything Standing Between Your Phone and Wireless Charging"
691:"Energizer Batteries, Flashlights, Battery Chargers, Lighting"
26:
1329:"Qi Low Power Wireless Charging Debuts At Shanghai Auto Show"
690:
473:
455:
376:
261:
240:
236:
844:"Water treatment system with an inductively coupled ballast"
731:"An introduction to the Wireless Power Consortium standard"
518:
1134:"Qi wireless charging standard offers more design freedom"
1441:"Wireless charging in a Starbucks near you sometime soon"
1399:
1273:
1238:"Apple's AirPower fail is an unprecedented embarrassment"
1153:"Qi spec to include resonance for long distance charging"
132:
1288:"WPC membership grows to 100 as Huawei and Visteon join"
1257:"Nokia plugs itself into the Wireless Power Consortium"
1208:"Planet Analog - What's the big deal about Resonant? -"
398:
and began to extend Qi to medium-power specifications.
1306:
1635:
224:, Ki Cordless Kitchen, and Qi Medium Power for
709:"Qi Group Announces Wireless Power Prototypes"
1586:"ChargEdge Addresses Wireless Power Transfer"
1533:"ChargEdge Reboots Wireless Power Transfer"
375:specification in August 2010. In October,
213:formed on December 17, 2008, and based in
1380:
989:
875:"Wireless Power Consortium - Member list"
440:
1254:
765:
348:
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838:
836:
1636:
1438:
1326:
1169:
1151:Torres, Juan Carlos (August 1, 2014).
1150:
802:
291:, also known as the "Steering Group".
1412:
1352:
1023:
869:
867:
766:Martinez, Shandra (October 8, 2012).
746:
1570:Barrett, Brian (November 12, 2015).
1220:
833:
749:"WPT breaks all connections, Part 2"
409:
264:, Shenzhen Sang Fei Communications,
1439:Wilson, Richard (28 October 2016).
1353:Wyoke, Elizabeth (5 January 2012).
1255:Melanson, Donald (2 October 2009).
1008:
401:The consortium announced through a
334:What's the Big Deal about Resonant?
16:Multinational technology consortium
13:
1221:Boot, Sophie (November 30, 2017).
1024:Sayer, Peter (February 13, 2017).
864:
14:
1670:
1659:2008 establishments in New Jersey
1654:Organizations established in 2008
1649:Organizations based in New Jersey
1622:
803:Byford, Sam (September 5, 2012).
391:specification in May 2011 at the
1381:Pollicino, Joe (20 April 2012).
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168:Chair of Medium Power Work Group
25:
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1492:
1486:"Aug 28, 2014 Tech Talk at IDT"
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1229:
1225:– via www.nzherald.co.nz.
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1114:www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com
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1087:www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com
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971:www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com
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944:www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com
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891:
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353:Official specifications of the
284:, which also fully owns Amway.
1302:– via Telecom.paper B.V.
815:
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778:
759:
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723:
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661:
1:
1342:– via ION Publications.
937:"Cordless kitchen appliances"
654:
545:
160:Chair of Low Power Work Group
152:Chair of Promotion Work Group
1413:Corda, Victor (6 May 2014).
1327:Ohlden, Anna (31 May 2011).
1170:Consortium, Wireless Power.
479:Integrated Device Technology
294:
7:
1606:. Wireless Power Consortium
1500:"Mpwg resonance load_shift"
1009:Goh, Mark (June 25, 2015).
669:"Wireless Power Consortium"
642:Alliance for Wireless Power
625:
10:
1675:
1590:www.embedded-computing.com
1574:– via www.wired.com.
428:
344:
1644:Wireless Power Consortium
917:Wireless Power Consortium
879:Wireless Power Consortium
197:Wireless Power Consortium
177:
109:
99:
89:
72:
59:
41:
33:
24:
20:Wireless Power Consortium
1314:"Medium power extension"
1011:"Qi 1.2 - Fast Charging"
185:.wirelesspowerconsortium
422:Wireless power transfer
648:Power Matters Alliance
575:Annual membership fee
441:Steering group members
361:
266:National Semiconductor
215:Piscataway, New Jersey
80:Piscataway, New Jersey
47:; 15 years ago
45:December 17, 2008
1445:ElectronicsWeekly.com
1210:. September 15, 2015.
990:Semiconductor, ROHM.
352:
1419:Qi Wireless Charging
1080:"Resonant extension"
747:Maniktala, Sanjaya.
572:Number of companies
235:, parent company of
1514:"Sanjaya Maniktala"
484:Leggett & Platt
435:board of management
289:board of management
219:interface standards
21:
1555:has generic name (
1537:www.prnewswire.com
1176:www.prnewswire.com
1068:. January 9, 2014.
1048:technology.ihs.com
996:www.prnewswire.com
827:www.ip.philips.com
823:"Philips IP&S"
632:Open Dots Alliance
529:STMicroelectronics
499:NXP Semiconductors
369:interface standard
362:
358:interface standard
226:inductive charging
19:
1294:. 9 November 2011
1157:Android Community
695:www.energizer.com
623:
622:
591:Small Businesses
554:, have available
417:Texas Instruments
410:Technical debates
270:Texas Instruments
193:
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1531:Inc, ChargEdge.
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1502:. July 22, 2018.
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1488:. July 19, 2019.
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1236:Bell, Karissa.
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1194:www.scoop.co.nz
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913:"About the WPC"
911:
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901:. July 1, 2019.
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