548:
532:
380:
38:
510:
It is possible that the
Buddhist influence at the Mauryan court declined during Pushyamitra's reign, and the Buddhist monasteries and other institutions stopped receiving royal patronage. This change might have led to discontent among the Buddhists, resulting in exaggerated accounts of persecution.
351:
mentions a wicked and foolish king named
Gomimukhya ("cattle-faced"), or Gomishanda ("Gomin, the bull"), who seized the territory from the east to Kashmir, destroying monasteries and killing monks. Ultimately, he and his officers were killed in the north by falling mountain rocks. This king is
395:
Based on
Buddhist tradition, some scholars believe that Pushyamitra was indeed a persecutor of the Buddhist faith. However, others believe that Buddhist scholars were biased against Pushyamitra, because he did not patronize them. According to archaeologist
481:
H. C. Raychaudhury argued that
Pushyamitra's overthrow of the Mauryans cannot be considered as a Brahmin uprising against Buddhist rule, as Brahmins did not suffer during the Mauryan rule: Ashoka's edicts mention the Brahmins before
273:). According to this account, Pushyamitra (described as the last Mauryan emperor) wanted to be famous. His ministers advised him that as long as Buddhism remained the dominant faith, he would never be as famous as his ancestor
342:, translated into Chinese between 317 and 420 CE also mentions this legend, but this particular version is more detailed, and describes eastern India (not Kashmir) as the center of Pushyamitra's anti-Buddhist campaign.
497:, a Buddhist nun named Bhagavati Kaushiki attended Pushyamitra's court, which indicates that they did not persecute Buddhists. However, Shankar Goyal states that there is no evidence of Kaushiki being a Buddhist nun.
523:, which emphasizes the role of orthodox faith in state-craft and society, was first compiled under Pushyamitra's rule. According to Kaushik Roy, it was a Brahmanical reaction to the rise of Buddhism and Jainism.
500:
Historian Eric
Seldeslachts states that there is "no proof whatsoever that Pushyamitra actually persecuted the Buddhists" though he may not have actively supported the Buddhists, invoking the Buddhist wrath.
490:
mentions
Pushyamitra as a Mauryan further erodes its historical credibility, and weakens the hypothesis that he persecuted Buddhists because he was a Brahmin. Raychaudhury also argued that according to
435:(present-day Sialkot), which was located near the Indo-Greek frontiers. According to K. P. Jayaswal, this further highlights a political motivation behind his alleged persecution of Buddhists.
423:
H. Bhattacharya theorized that
Pushyamitra might have persecuted Buddhists for political, rather than religious, reasons: the politically active Buddhists probably supported the
180:. His original name was Puṣpaka or Puṣpamitra and the confusion between Puṣyamitra and Puṣpamitra arose because of the erroneous readings of 'p' and 'y' in the manuscripts.
408:
was vandalized in 2nd century BCE (that is, during
Pushyamitra's reign), before being rebuilt on a larger scale. G. R. Sharma, who excavated the Buddhist ruins at
412:, suggested that the destruction of the local monastery might have happened during the reign of Pushyamitra Shunga. P. K. Mishra believes that the damage to the
152:
420:
during the Shunga rule. However, according to N. N. Ghosh, these were constructed during the reign of later Shunga rulers, not
Pushyamitra's period.
468:), which some assert is a fabrication, considering that Ashoka's edicts express tolerance towards all religious sects. The Sri Lankan Buddhist text
326:, another 2nd century text, states that Pushyamitra burned Buddhist scriptures, killed Buddhist monks, and destroyed 500 monasteries in and around
1176:
Roy, Kaushik (2012). Hinduism and the Ethics of
Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present, p.109-118. Cambridge University Press.
486:, and the appointment of a Brahmin general (Pushyamitra) shows that the Brahmins were honoured at the Mauryan court. The fact that the
261:
Buddhist texts claim that Pushyamitra cruelly persecuted the Buddhists. The earliest source to mention this is the 2nd Century CE text
442:
points out that the Buddhist legends are not consistent about the location of Pushyamitra's anti-Buddhist campaign and his death. The
1423:
1192:
Akira Hirakawa, Paul Groner, "A History of Indian Buddhism: From Sakyamuni to Early Mahayana", Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1996,
1448:
1365:
1302:
1281:
1234:
1161:
981:
852:
825:
798:
720:
690:
665:
507:
writes that the lack of concrete archaeological evidence casts doubt on the claims of Buddhist persecution by Pushyamitra.
416:
stupa is also datable to Pushyamitra's period. H. C. Raychaudhari pointed out that Buddhist monuments were constructed at
291:
51:
295:(coins) for every head of a Buddhist monk brought to him. Next, he proceeded to the Koshthaka kingdom, where a Buddhist
474:
suggests that several monasteries existed in present-day Bihar, Awadh and Malwa at the time Pushyamitra's contemporary
1433:
1337:
1197:
1181:
1134:
281:. One advisor told him that he could become famous by destroying Buddhism. Pushyamitra then tried to destroy the
245:
names Pushyamitra as the last Mauryan emperor. This text appears to have confused Brihadratha with Pushyamitra.
397:
567:
Shunga emperors were seen as amenable to Buddhism and as having contributed to the building of the stupa at
1458:
892:
Raychaudhari Hemchandra, "Tha Audvijja Senani of the Harivansa?", Indian culture, Vol. IV, 1938, P. 360-365
388:
192:
303:... Pushyamitra equipped a fourfold army, and intending to destroy the Buddhist religion, he went to the
248:
H. C. Raychaudhuri theorized that the name "Shunga" is derived from the Sanskrit word for the fig tree.
1438:
353:
604:
319:, and proclaimed that he would give a ... reward to whoever brought him the head of a Buddhist monk.
1453:
1357:
187:
ritual to legitimize his right to rule. Inscriptions of the Shungas have been found as far as the
1443:
1428:
363:
also states that Pushyamitra and his allies killed Buddhist monks and destroyed monasteries from
216:
Buddhist texts claim that Pushyamitra persecuted Buddhists; scholars have rejected these claims.
1327:
1224:
971:
815:
710:
842:
788:
706:
347:
233:
547:
478:
ruled in Lanka. This suggests that these monasteries survived Pushyamitra Shunga's reign.
438:
Others have expressed skepticism about the Buddhist claims of persecution by Pushyamitra.
299:
named Damshtranivasin killed him and his army with help of another yaksha named Krimisha.
8:
1273:
777:
Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas by Romila Thapar, Oxford University Press, 1960 P200
627:
1386:
1210:
757:
424:
229:
78:
439:
371:. These activities wiped out the Buddhist doctrine from the north, within five years.
1361:
1333:
1298:
1277:
1230:
1193:
1177:
1157:
1130:
977:
848:
821:
794:
749:
716:
686:
661:
820:. Cambridge Library Collection - Classics. Cambridge University Press. p. 175.
493:
1380:
1351:
1313:
1292:
1267:
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1323:
514:
100:
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753:
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556:
504:
384:
225:
177:
173:
116:
43:
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427:
rivals of Pushyamitra, which might have prompted him to persecute them. The
338:, the deity of that tree took the form of a beautiful woman and killed him.
575:
were renovated and further improved. There is enough evidence to show that
475:
456:
did not come into general circulation in India before the 1st century BCE.
444:
405:
315:, killed the monks there, and departed. ... After some time, he arrived in
263:
241:
20:
1329:
The Legend of King Aśoka : a study and translation of the Aśokāvadāna
156:
142:
632:
576:
519:
413:
401:
308:
304:
282:
269:
197:
761:
737:
431:
states that Pushyamitra declared a reward for killing Buddhist monks in
379:
335:
312:
184:
1405:
615:
588:
470:
368:
360:
89:
1094:
483:
126:
96:
1291:
Simmons, Caleb; Sarao, K. T. S. (2010). Danver, Steven L. (ed.).
1064:
1062:
568:
560:
552:
465:
417:
409:
400:, there is evidence of some damage to Buddhist establishments at
327:
206:
188:
111:
37:
1315:
Indigenous states of northern India, circa 200 B.C. to 320 A.D.
572:
540:
432:
316:
296:
286:
274:
210:
202:
1059:
1049:
1047:
685:(1st ed.). Kolkata: The Asiatic Society. pp. 71–72.
1106:
1104:
1019:
1017:
1002:
941:
939:
937:
935:
896:
536:
278:
285:
monastery, but it was saved by chance. He then proceeded to
1044:
712:
Studies in the Religious Life of Ancient and Medieval India
404:
around the time of Shunga rule. He also theorized that the
289:
in the north-west, where he offered a prize of one hundred
138:
1101:
1074:
1014:
932:
793:. Great Empires. Cavendish Square Publishing. p. 42.
660:(1st ed.). Kolkata: The Asiatic Society. p. 71.
571:. During his reign the Buddhist monuments of Bharhut and
1034:
1032:
990:
951:
618:, Pushyamitra or Pushpamitra got his throne in 204 BC.
587:
Pushyamitra Shunga was succeeded in 148 BCE by his son
1150:
Heirman, Ann; Bumbacher, Stephan Peter (11 May 2007).
42:
Sunga period masculine figurine, 2nd-1st century BCE,
920:
1126:
Aspects of ancient Indian history and historiography
1029:
908:
873:
705:
861:
251:
16:
Ruler of the Shunga Empire from c.185 to c. 149 BCE
1243:
452:s as a reward for killing Buddhist monks, but the
374:
334:s, and other demons. However, when he reached the
330:. In this campaign, he was supported by yakshas,
232:. Subsequently, he drove out the Greeks with the
1415:
1149:
599:Pushyamitra Shunga's history is recorded in the
840:
526:
969:
219:
183:Pushyamitra is recorded to have performed the
1122:
228:after assassinating the last Mauryan emperor
201:mentions that his empire stretched as far as
172:) was the founder and the first ruler of the
1290:
1229:. New Age International, 1999. p. 170.
1110:
1080:
1068:
1053:
1023:
1008:
945:
902:
359:The 16th-century Tibetan Buddhist historian
1095:"Roman Coins in India and their impact.pdf"
582:
311:). ... Pushyamitra therefore destroyed the
742:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
551:East Gateway and Railings, Red Sandstone,
36:
1332:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
680:
655:
847:. Asian history. Routledge. p. 71.
786:
773:
771:
546:
530:
378:
1226:Ancient Indian History and Civilization
1416:
1346:
1322:
1311:
1294:Popular Controversies in World History
1038:
996:
957:
926:
914:
879:
867:
735:
448:claims that Pushyamitra offered Roman
768:
738:"Pushyamitra Sunga and the Buddhists"
1265:
1249:
970:Bandyopadhyaya, Jayantanuja (2007).
813:
715:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 175.
256:
176:which he established to succeed the
1318:University of Calcutta. p. 31.
1222:
1170:
1092:
973:Class and Religion in Ancient India
834:
807:
780:
460:also claims that Ashoka persecuted
13:
841:Kulke, H.; Rothermund, D. (1998).
19:For the 5th century CE tribe, see
14:
1470:
594:
252:Alleged persecution of Buddhists
1216:
1203:
1186:
1143:
1116:
1086:
963:
885:
817:The Greeks in Bactria and India
387:: 𑀧𑀼𑀰𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀺𑀢𑁆𑀭) in the
375:Authenticity of Buddhist claims
352:identified with Pushyamitra by
224:Pushyamitra Shunga founded the
1424:2nd-century BC Indian monarchs
729:
699:
674:
649:
277:, who had commissioned 84,000
1:
1449:People from the Maurya Empire
638:
193:Dhanadeva–Ayodhya inscription
162:
61:
1266:Jain, Kailash Chand (1991).
1223:Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999).
643:
527:Accounts against persecution
389:Ayodhya Inscription of Dhana
7:
1269:Lord Mahāvīra and His Times
790:The Mauryan Empire of India
681:Mitchiner, John E. (1986).
656:Mitchiner, John E. (1986).
621:
220:Foundation of Shunga Empire
157:
143:
10:
1475:
1258:
736:Mishra, Ram Kumar (2012).
354:Jayantanuja Bandyopadhyaya
18:
1402:
1393:
1377:
579:patronised buddhist art.
348:Arya-Manjushri-Mula-Kalpa
213:region, now in Pakistan.
122:
110:
106:
95:
85:
74:
57:
50:
35:
30:
1434:Persecution of Buddhists
1358:Harvard University Press
1111:Simmons & Sarao 2010
1081:Simmons & Sarao 2010
1069:Simmons & Sarao 2010
1054:Simmons & Sarao 2010
1024:Simmons & Sarao 2010
1009:Simmons & Sarao 2010
946:Simmons & Sarao 2010
903:Simmons & Sarao 2010
583:Succession of the throne
555:Stupa, 2nd century BCE.
383:The name "Pushyamitra" (
236:and ruled for 36 years.
976:. Anthem. p. 209.
1396:King of Shunga Dynasty
1156:. BRILL. p. 141.
1153:The Spread of Buddhism
1129:. Harman. p. 30.
1123:Shankar Goyal (1993).
564:
544:
392:
321:
209:) in the northwestern
1312:Lahiri, Bela (1974).
787:Roxburgh, E. (2015).
550:
534:
382:
340:Shariputrapariprichha
301:
1209:Sir john Marshall, "
707:Dineshchandra Sircar
81:(as Mauryan Emperor)
1459:Emperors of Magadha
1274:Motilal Banarsidass
814:Tarn, W.W. (2010).
628:History of Buddhism
1387:Brihadratha Maurya
1353:The Past Before Us
1093:Ganguly, Kanchan.
1071:, pp. 99–100.
844:A History of India
565:
545:
393:
239:The Buddhist text
230:Brihadratha Maurya
149:Pushpamitra Shunga
135:Pushyamitra Shunga
79:Brihadratha Maurya
52:Emperor of Magadha
31:Pushyamitra Shunga
1439:Founding monarchs
1412:
1411:
1403:Succeeded by
1367:978-0-674-72651-2
1304:978-1-59884-078-0
1283:978-81-208-0805-8
1236:978-8-12241-198-0
1211:A Guide to Sanchi
1163:978-90-04-15830-6
1011:, pp. 96–97.
999:, pp. 34–35.
983:978-1-84331-332-8
905:, pp. 95–96.
854:978-0-415-15482-6
827:978-1-108-00941-6
800:978-1-5026-0640-2
722:978-81-208-2790-5
692:978-93-81574-56-0
667:978-93-81574-56-0
345:The medieval-era
257:Buddhist accounts
132:
131:
1466:
1378:Preceded by
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988:
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961:
960:, p. 33-34.
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494:Malavikagnimitra
234:Shunga–Greek War
171:
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158:Puṣpamitra Śuṅga
146:
144:Puṣyamitra Śuṅga
70:
66:
63:
40:
28:
27:
1474:
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1465:
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1454:Indian generals
1414:
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1408:
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1384:
1381:Mauryan Dynasty
1373:
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1340:
1324:Strong, John S.
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683:The Yuga Purāṇa
679:
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658:The Yuga Purāṇa
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597:
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529:
440:Étienne Lamotte
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259:
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169:
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68:
64:
46:
24:
17:
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11:
5:
1472:
1462:
1461:
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1444:Shunga dynasty
1441:
1436:
1431:
1429:140s BC deaths
1426:
1410:
1409:
1404:
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1392:
1379:
1372:
1371:
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1348:Thapar, Romila
1344:
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1169:
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1135:
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1100:
1085:
1073:
1058:
1056:, p. 100.
1043:
1028:
1013:
1001:
989:
982:
962:
950:
931:
929:, p. 293.
919:
907:
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535:Shunga period
528:
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515:Michael Witzel
376:
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221:
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170: 149 BCE
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69: 149 BCE
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1339:0-691-01459-0
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1300:
1296:
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1289:
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1279:
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1252:, p. 85.
1251:
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1212:
1206:
1199:
1198:81-208-0955-6
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1182:9781107017368
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1154:
1146:
1138:
1136:9788185151694
1132:
1128:
1127:
1119:
1113:, p. 99.
1112:
1107:
1105:
1096:
1089:
1083:, p. 98.
1082:
1077:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1041:, p. 34.
1040:
1035:
1033:
1026:, p. 97.
1025:
1020:
1018:
1010:
1005:
998:
993:
985:
979:
975:
974:
966:
959:
954:
948:, p. 96.
947:
942:
940:
938:
936:
928:
923:
917:, p. 33.
916:
911:
904:
899:
893:
888:
882:, p. 30.
881:
876:
870:, p. 29.
869:
864:
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610:According to
608:
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601:Harshacharita
595:In literature
592:
590:
580:
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558:
557:Indian Museum
554:
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398:John Marshall
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385:Brahmi script
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367:(midland) to
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1400:185–149 BCE
1394:
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1383:
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1328:
1314:
1297:. ABC-CLIO.
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25:
21:Pushyamitras
1039:Lahiri 1974
997:Lahiri 1974
958:Lahiri 1974
927:Strong 1989
915:Lahiri 1974
880:Lahiri 1974
868:Lahiri 1974
633:Indo-Greeks
612:Vicarasreni
577:Pushyamitra
520:Manu Smriti
414:Deur Kothar
402:Takshashila
365:madhyadesha
309:Pataliputra
305:Kukkutarama
283:Kukkutarama
270:Divyavadana
267:(a part of
198:Divyavadana
195:), and the
75:Predecessor
1418:Categories
639:References
605:Bāṇabhaṭṭa
462:Nirgrantha
425:Indo-Greek
369:Jalandhara
336:Bodhi tree
313:sangharama
185:Ashvamedha
168: – c.
166: 185
67: – c.
65: 185
1406:Agnimitra
1250:Jain 1991
754:2249-1937
748:: 50–57.
644:Citations
616:Merutunga
589:Agnimitra
539:No. 2 at
484:Shramanas
471:Mahavamsa
410:Kaushambi
361:Taranatha
332:kumbhanda
161:) (ruled
90:Agnimitra
86:Successor
1350:(2013),
1326:(1989).
762:44156189
709:(1971).
622:See also
466:Ajivikas
127:Hinduism
123:Religion
1259:Sources
1213:", 1918
569:Bharhut
561:Kolkata
553:Bharhut
433:Shakala
418:Bharhut
328:Kashmir
324:Vibhasa
287:Shakala
207:Sialkot
189:Ayodhya
112:Dynasty
101:Magadha
97:General
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317:Sakala
297:yaksha
279:stupas
275:Ashoka
211:Punjab
203:Sakala
117:Shunga
758:JSTOR
537:stupa
205:(now
191:(the
147:) or
58:Reign
1362:ISBN
1334:ISBN
1299:ISBN
1278:ISBN
1231:ISBN
1194:ISBN
1178:ISBN
1158:ISBN
1131:ISBN
978:ISBN
849:ISBN
822:ISBN
795:ISBN
750:ISSN
717:ISBN
687:ISBN
662:ISBN
307:(in
153:IAST
139:IAST
614:of
464:s (
99:of
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