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604:. Pumice was also used in the early book-making industry to prepare parchment paper and leather bindings. There is high demand for pumice, particularly for water filtration, chemical spill containment, cement manufacturing, horticulture and increasingly for the pet industry. The mining of pumice in environmentally sensitive areas has been under more scrutiny after such an operation was stopped in the U.S. state of Oregon, at Rock Mesa in the southern part of the
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Scalping screens are used to filter impure surficial pumice of organic soils and unwanted rocks. Blasting is not necessary because the material is unconsolidated, therefore only simple machinery is used such as bulldozers and power shovels. Different sizes of pumice are needed for specific uses therefore crushers are used to achieve desired grades ranging from lump, coarse, intermediate, fine, and extra fine.
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difficulties. In
Western medicine, beginning in the early 18th century, pumice ground into a sugar consistency mixed with other ingredients was used to attempt to treat ulcers mostly on the skin and cornea. Concoctions such as these were also used to help wounds scar in a supposedly healthier manner. In approximately 1680 it was noted by an English naturalist that pumice powder was used to promote sneezing.
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natural sources occur in volcanically active regions. Pumice is mined and transported from these regions. In 2011, Italy and Turkey led pumice mining production at 4 and 3 million tons respectively; other large producers at or exceeding a million tonnes were Greece, Iran, Chile, and Syria. Total world pumice production in 2011 was estimated at 17 million tonnes.
488:. U.S. production of pumice and pumicite in 2011 was estimated at 380,000 tonnes, valued at $ 7.7 million with approximately 46% coming from Nevada and Oregon. Idaho is also known as a large producer of pumice because of the quality and brightness of the rock found in local reserves. One of the most famous volcanoes was
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to and from the surface. Pumice improves the quality of soil because of its porous properties; water and gases can be transported easily through the pores and nutrients can be stored in the microscopic holes. Pumice rock fragments are inorganic therefore no decomposition and little compaction occur.
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meaning "foam". In former times, pumice was called "Spuma Maris", meaning "froth of the sea" in Latin because the frothy material was thought to be hardened sea foam. Around 80 B.C., it was called "lapis spongiae" in Latin for its vesicular properties. Many Greek scholars decided there were different
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New studies prove a broader application of pumice powder in the concrete industry. Pumice can act as a cementitious material in concrete and researchers have shown that concrete made with up to 50% pumice powder can significantly improve durability yet reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel
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and fossilized bones added to teas to calm the spirit. This tea was used to treat dizziness, nausea, insomnia, and anxiety disorders. Ingestion of these pulverized rocks was believed to be able to soften nodules and was later used with other herbal ingredients to treat gallbladder cancer and urinary
385:
Pumice can be found all around the globe deriving from continental volcanic occurrences and submarine volcanic occurrences. Floating stones can also be distributed by ocean currents. As described earlier pumice is produced by the eruption of explosive volcanoes under certain conditions, therefore,
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and as a form of ritual purification, using creams, razors, and pumice stones. Pumice in powdered form was an ingredient in toothpastes in ancient Rome. Nail care was very important in ancient China; nails were kept groomed with pumice stones, and pumice stones were also used to remove calluses.
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of pumice is an environmentally friendly process compared with other mining methods because the igneous rock is deposited on the surface of the earth in loose aggregate form. The material is mined by open-pit methods. Soils are removed by machinery in order to obtain more pure quality pumice.
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differs from pumice in being denser. With larger vesicles and thicker vesicle walls, scoria sinks rapidly. The difference is the result of the lower viscosity of the magma that forms scoria. When larger amounts of gas are present, the result is a finer-grained variety of pumice known as
1940:
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One of the main uses of pumice currently in the United States is manufacturing concrete. This rock has been used in concrete mixtures for thousands of years and continues to be used in producing concrete, especially in regions close to where this volcanic material is deposited.
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were distributed over a mile around the volcano. These ejections filled trenches that once reached 660 feet deep. So much magma was displaced from the vent that the volcano became a depression on the surface of the Earth. Another well-known volcano that produces pumice is
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Pumice stone, sometimes attached to a handle, is an effective scrubbing tool for removal of limescale, rust, hard water rings, and other stains on porcelain fixtures in households (e.g., bathrooms). It is a quick method compared to alternatives like chemicals or
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The abundance and variety of fouling taxa, coupled with the long dispersal trajectory (> 3500 km) and period of pumice flotation (β₯ 1 year), confirm the importance of sea-rafted pumice as a long-distance dispersal mechanism for marine
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but remained unnoticed until enormous pieces of pumice were seen to be floating on the
Pacific Ocean. Blankets of rock reached a thickness of 5 meters. Most of this floating pumice is deposited on the northwest coast of
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drifted through the Indian Ocean for up to 20 years, with tree trunks floating among them. In fact, pumice rafts disperse and support several marine species. In 1979, 1984 and 2006, underwater volcanic eruptions near
764:. It is often used on roadsides and ditches and commonly used in turf and golf courses to maintain grass cover and flatness that can degrade due to large amounts of traffic and compaction. Chemically pumice is
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that erupted 7,700 years ago in Oregon and deposited 300 feet of pumice and ash around the vent. The large amount of magma that was erupted caused the structure to collapse, forming a caldera now known as
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Europe is the largest producer of pumice with deposits in Italy, Turkey, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, and
Germany. Italy is the largest producer of pumice because of its numerous eruptive volcanoes. On the
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is a type of basaltic pumice formed in very high lava fountains. It has an extremely low density and is composed of a network of volcanic glass formed when the vesicles have almost completely coalesced.
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soils to allow more transportation of gases and water. The addition of pumice to soil improves and increases vegetative cover as the roots of plants make slopes more stable therefore it helps reduce
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Pumice has been used as a material in personal care for thousands of years. It is an abrasive material that can be used in powdered form or as a stone to remove unwanted hair or skin. In ancient
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Askarian, Mahya; Fakhretaha Aval, Siavash; Joshaghani, Alireza (22 January 2019). "A comprehensive experimental study on the performance of pumice powder in self-compacting concrete (SCC)".
1935:
657:. Even though hair removal techniques have evolved over the centuries, abrasive material like pumice stones is also still used. "Pumice stones" are often used in beauty salons during the
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It was discovered in a Roman poem that pumice was used to remove dead skin as far back as 100 BC, and likely before then. It has been used throughout many eras since then, including the
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Pumice is a very lightweight, porous and abrasive material and it has been used for centuries in the construction and beauty industry as well as in early medicine. It is also used as an
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There are large reserves of pumice in Asian countries including
Afghanistan, Indonesia, Japan, Syria, Iran, and eastern Russia. Considerable amounts of pumice can be found at the
1812:"Amazon.com: Powerhouse Pumice Toilet Bowl Cleaning Stone with Handle (2-Pack) β Removes Stains, Limescale, Hard Water Rings, Calcium Buildup, Iron and Rust: Home & Kitchen"
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Good soil requires sufficient water and nutrient loading as well as little compaction to allow easy exchange of gases. The roots of plants require continuous transportation of
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Trunks and pumice that washed ashore at
Keeling Atoll in the early 1900s had been drifting for some 20 years, since the eruption of Krakatoa 1000 km to the northeast in 1883 (
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There are two main forms of vesicles. Most pumice contains tubular microvesicles that can impart a silky or fibrous fabric. The elongation of the microvesicles occurs due to
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is entirely made up of volcanic rock, including pumice. Large amounts of igneous rock on Lipari are due to the numerous extended periods of volcanic activity from the Late
140:. The unusual foamy configuration of pumice happens because of simultaneous rapid cooling and rapid depressurization. The depressurization creates bubbles by lowering the
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elongation in the volcanic conduit or, in the case of pumiceous lavas, during flow. The other form of vesicles are subspherical to spherical and result from high
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structure. Pumice varies in density according to the thickness of the solid material between the bubbles; many samples float in water. After the explosion of
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with increasing amounts of pumice added to concrete for higher elevations of the structure. It was also commonly used as a construction material for many
1941:
On the occurrence of a pumice-rich layer in
Holocene deposits of western Peloponnesus, Ionian Sea, Greece. A geomorphological and geochemical approach.
1835:
423:. An eruption in 1883 ejected so much pumice that kilometers of sea were covered in floating pumice and in some areas rose 1.5 meters above sea level.
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and other compositions are known. Pumice is commonly pale in color, ranging from white, cream, blue or grey, to green-brown or black. It forms when
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is another vesicular volcanic rock that differs from pumice in having larger vesicles, thicker vesicle walls, and being dark colored and denser.
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1107:"Pumice rafting and faunal dispersion during 2001β2002 in the Southwest Pacific: record of a dacitic submarine explosive eruption from Tonga"
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are formulated with powdered pumice. Old beauty techniques using pumice are still employed today but newer substitutes are easier to obtain.
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Pumice has been used in the medicinal industry for more than 2000 years. Ancient
Chinese medicine used ground pumice along with ground
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Pumice contributes to soil fertility in areas where it is naturally present in the soil due to volcanic activity. For example, in the
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Venezia, A.M.; Floriano, M.A.; Deganello, G.; Rossi, A. (July 1992). "Structure of pumice: An XPS and 27Al MAS NMR study".
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form bubbles that remain within the viscous magma as it cools to glass. Pumice is a common product of explosive eruptions (
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1980:
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Liguori, V.; Sciorta, R.; Ruisi, V. (1 December 1984). "The pumice aggregates of Lipari Island (Aeolian Isles-Italy)".
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that appear when a carbonated drink is opened). The simultaneous cooling and depressurization freeze the bubbles in a
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build-up. Such toothpaste is too abrasive for daily use. Pumice is also added to heavy-duty hand cleaners (such as
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of 64β85% by volume and it floats on water, possibly for years, until it eventually becomes waterlogged and sinks.
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Two layers of pumice, first major phase of the Late-Bronze-Age volcano eruption (~ 1500 BC), southern part of the
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811:. The air-filled vesicles in this porous rock serve as a good insulator. A fine-grained version of pumice called
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Bryan, S.E.; A. Cook; J.P. Evans; P.W. Colls; M.G. Wells; M.G. Lawrence; J.S. Jell; A. Greig; R. Leslie (2004).
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on the eastern flank of Russia. This area contains 19 active volcanoes and it lies in close proximity with the
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520:. A recent eruption in 2011 wreaked havoc on the region by covering all surfaces and lakes in ash and pumice.
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to form a light-weight, smooth, plaster-like concrete. This form of concrete was used as far back as
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265:. Pumicite consists of particles less than 4 mm (0.16 in) in size. Pumice is considered a
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Analytical identification of single source pumice from Greek shores and ancient sites in the Levant
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Centre for Ore
Deposit and Exploration Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania..198 pp.
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1866:"Dry farming El Cajete Pumice: Pueblo farming strategies in the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico"
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402:. Asia is also the site of the second-most dangerous volcanic eruption in the 20th century,
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Pumice is an igneous rock with a foamy appearance. The name is derived from the Latin word
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776:. In 2011, 16% of pumice mined in the United States was used for horticultural purposes.
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Pumice is created when super-heated, highly pressurized rock is rapidly ejected from a
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volcano produced the largest-known deep ocean volcanic eruption on Earth. The volcano
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Gauthier, Rory; Powers, Robert; Herhahn, Cynthia; Bremer, Mike; Goff, Fraser (2007).
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is much easier. Pumice usage also creates ideal conditions for growing plants like
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Kutkhiny Baty, a pumice rock formation outcrop located 4 km from the source of the
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653:. Today, many of these techniques are still used; pumice is widely used as a skin
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which likely retained a greater amount of moisture and was ideal for farming.
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as it increases the water retention in sandy soils and reduces the density of
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911:"Underwater volcano creates huge floating islands of rock, disrupts shipping"
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Volcanic
Textures A guide to the interpretation of textures in volcanic rocks
744:. As drainage is very important in horticulture, with the presence of pumice
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process to remove dry and excess skin from the bottom of the foot as well as
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1995:
1730:"The history of oral hygiene products: how far have we come in 6000 years?"
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Another benefit of this inorganic rock is that it does not attract or host
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992:"Trapped bubbles keep pumice afloat and gas diffusion makes pumice sink"
129:, which may or may not contain crystals. It is typically light-colored.
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1480:"What is Pumice: Origin of Pumice: From Stone to Refined Pumice Powder"
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created large pumice rafts that floated hundreds of kilometres to
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times. Roman engineers utilized it to build the huge dome of the
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Fauria, Kristen E.; Manga, Michael; Wei, Zihan (February 2017).
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358:. The lower layer is finer, almost white and without intrusions.
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1836:"Improving Soil and other Horticultural Use for Natural Pumice"
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sources of pumice, one of which was in the sea coral category.
335:
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155:) that are dissolved in the lava, causing the gases to rapidly
130:
65:
31:
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Pumice can be found all across North America including on the
37:
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2603:
2568:
2488:
2443:
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1650:
The Oregon Encyclopedia. Michael McCloskey (Sierra Club 2005)
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American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Virginia. 800 pp.
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246:-forming) and commonly forms zones in upper parts of silicic
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is one of the leading producers of pumice in the world. The
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1535:"Havre - the world's largest deep ocean volcanic eruption"
641:, it was common to remove all hair on the body to control
27:
Extremely vesicular volcanic rock, typically light-colored
1059:"Rafting of tropical marine organisms on buoyant coralla"
102:
96:
1554:"Pumice Mining and Environmental Concerns in New Mexico"
1401:"Pumice: Igneous Rock - Pictures, Definition & More"
958:
765:
516:
mountains that ejected ash and pumice across Chile and
1707:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. pp. 112β113.
1371:"Pumice and pumicite - USGS Mineral Resources Program"
672:
as a polish, similar to Roman use, and easily removes
372:(meaning "pumice") which is related to the Latin word
1873:
New Mexico Geological Society Field Conference Series
1517:"Volcanic Ash and Pumice From Puyehue - The Atlantic"
105:
1033:"Mineral resource of the month: Pumice and pumicite"
334:, uncompressed with pumice on left; compressed with
167:. Eruptions under water are rapidly cooled and the
93:
1435:
1242:
815:is used as an additive in cement and is mixed with
99:
90:
57:of specimen approximately 0.25 g/cm; scale in
1268:
1341:
1339:
969:. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 184β185.
862:
3414:
1778:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
1670:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
1579:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
1310:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
882:
868:Jackson, J.A., J. Mehl, and K. Neuendorf (2005)
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1705:Encyclopedia of hair : a cultural history
1395:
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1201:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 103, 197.
989:
2983:
1974:
1771:"History of the pharmaceutical use of pumice"
1663:"History of the pharmaceutical use of pumice"
1617:Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials
1572:"History of the pharmaceutical use of pumice"
1303:"History of the pharmaceutical use of pumice"
1176:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
1955:- White papers and technical info of pumice.
851: β Floating mass of pumice in the ocean
668:Finely ground pumice has been added to some
187:with very thin, translucent bubble walls of
73:(Lake Kurile), near the southern tip of the
1388:
1357:
1158:
460:. In the United States, pumice is mined in
2990:
2976:
1981:
1967:
1166:"New Island and pumice raft in the Tongas"
1056:
888:McPhie, J., M. Doyle, and R. Allen (1993)
799:Pumice is widely used to make lightweight
171:can be a shipping hazard for cargo ships.
1769:Duffin, Christopher J. (1 January 2012).
1745:
1661:Duffin, Christopher J. (1 January 2012).
1610:
1608:
1570:Duffin, Christopher J. (1 January 2012).
1301:Duffin, Christopher J. (1 January 2012).
1230:. Universities Space Research Association
1082:
1015:
1727:
694:
628:
318:Illustrates the porous nature in detail.
194:. It is commonly but not exclusively of
64:
36:
1702:
1369:Crangle, Robert D. Jr. (January 2012).
1368:
1197:Fisher, R.V.; Schmincke, H.-U. (1984).
1030:
14:
3415:
1768:
1660:
1605:
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1300:
965:Lockwood, J.P.; Hazlett, R.W. (2010).
202:to intermediate in composition (e.g.,
41:Specimen of highly porous pumice from
2971:
1962:
1930:University of Oxford image of pumice.
1221:
680:) as a mild abrasive. Some brands of
3371:
1728:Fischman, Stuart L. (October 1997).
3395:
1897:
1114:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
996:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
908:
787:settled on "pumice patches" of the
512:are two coalesced volcanoes in the
117:in its powdered or dust form, is a
24:
1988:
1747:10.1111/j.1600-0757.1997.tb00099.x
1551:
1514:
25:
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1923:
1496:
1376:. United States Geological Survey
1031:Crangle, R. Jr. (November 2015).
611:
3394:
3382:
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3129:
1228:Earth Science Picture of the Day
1222:Gundy, James Van (1 June 2010).
624:
500:
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1527:
1508:
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1472:
1429:
1411:
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1215:
1190:
794:
719:
539:have some deposits of pumice.
1280:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1254:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1098:
1063:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1050:
1024:
983:
967:Volcanoes: Global Perspectives
940:Surface and Interface Analysis
931:
902:
542:
169:large volume of pumice created
13:
1:
2997:
1629:10.1080/21650373.2018.1511486
855:
179:Pumice is composed of highly
174:
363:
7:
842:
690:
121:that consists of extremely
10:
3474:
1703:Sherrow, Victoria (2006).
1134:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.08.009
1017:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.11.055
29:
3438:Personal hygiene products
3354:
3296:
3138:
3127:
3005:
2779:
2617:
2404:
1994:
1419:"Pumice | volcanic glass"
1057:De Vantier, L.M. (1992).
699:Bar of solid pumice stone
567:
523:
426:
3033:Cryptovolcanic structure
919:. Omicron Technology Ltd
606:Three Sisters Wilderness
597:, and the production of
436:of Italy, the island of
408:erupted on June 12, 1991
30:Not to be confused with
3314:Eruptions by death toll
2034:Basaltic trachyandesite
2014:Alkali feldspar granite
1423:Encyclopedia Britannica
1126:2004E&PSL.227..135B
1008:2017E&PSL.460...50F
580:
389:
380:
234:exsolving from viscous
159:(like the bubbles of CO
1171:NASA Earth Observatory
700:
634:
78:
62:
2424:Banded iron formation
1932:Retrieved 2010-09-27.
1499:"Pumice and Pumicite"
952:10.1002/sia.740180713
698:
632:
510:Puyehue-CordΓ³n Caulle
400:Pacific volcanic belt
68:
40:
1901:Building with Pumice
553:erupted in July 2012
301:during an eruption.
144:of gases (including
3433:Industrial minerals
1734:Periodontology 2000
1521:www.theatlantic.com
1450:1984BIAEG..30..431L
1425:. 22 November 2023.
1075:1992MEPS...86..301D
870:Glossary of Geology
785:Ancestral Puebloans
783:of New Mexico, the
448:) to the Holocene.
396:Kamchatka Peninsula
75:Kamchatka Peninsula
3309:Lists of volcanoes
3096:Subglacial volcano
3071:Pyroclastic shield
2780:Specific varieties
1951:2020-03-14 at the
1552:Austin, George S.
1458:10.1007/BF02594356
1178:. 16 November 2006
1084:10.3354/meps086301
701:
635:
269:because it has no
79:
63:
3410:
3409:
3163:Basaltic andesite
3101:Submarine volcano
2965:
2964:
2210:Nepheline syenite
1539:Radio New Zealand
1347:"What is Pumice?"
1282:. Merriam-Webster
1256:. Merriam-Webster
1199:Pyroclastic rocks
976:978-1-4051-6249-4
768:neutral, neither
458:Caribbean Islands
414:. Ash and pumice
16:(Redirected from
3465:
3398:
3397:
3386:
3374:
3373:
3362:
3361:
3319:Decade Volcanoes
3297:Lists and groups
3288:Pyroclastic flow
3283:Pyroclastic fall
3133:
3066:Pyroclastic cone
2992:
2985:
2978:
2969:
2968:
2907:Rapakivi granite
2619:Metamorphic rock
2406:Sedimentary rock
2275:Quartz monzonite
1983:
1976:
1969:
1960:
1959:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1906:
1898:Grasser, Klaus.
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1870:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1842:. Archived from
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1775:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1749:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1667:
1658:
1652:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1612:
1603:
1602:
1576:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1497:Bolen, Wallace.
1494:
1488:
1487:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1397:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1375:
1366:
1355:
1354:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1307:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1142:
1136:. Archived from
1120:(1β2): 135β154.
1111:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1086:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1019:
987:
981:
980:
962:
956:
955:
935:
929:
928:
926:
924:
909:Redfern, Simon.
906:
900:
886:
880:
866:
789:El Cajete Pumice
633:Pumice soap bars
589:, especially in
347:
327:
315:
112:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
21:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3350:
3292:
3258:Tephriphonolite
3134:
3125:
3121:Harmonic tremor
3023:Complex volcano
3001:
2996:
2966:
2961:
2775:
2719:Pseudotachylite
2613:
2400:
2332:Tephriphonolite
1990:
1987:
1953:Wayback Machine
1926:
1921:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1868:
1862:
1858:
1849:
1847:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1820:
1818:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1790:10.1144/SP375.8
1773:
1767:
1763:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1701:
1697:
1682:10.1144/SP375.8
1665:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1644:
1613:
1606:
1591:10.1144/SP375.8
1574:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1550:
1546:
1541:. 12 June 2018.
1533:
1532:
1528:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1495:
1491:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1434:
1430:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1399:
1398:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1358:
1353:. 28 July 2017.
1345:
1344:
1337:
1322:10.1144/SP375.8
1305:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1283:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1109:
1103:
1099:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1039:
1029:
1025:
988:
984:
977:
963:
959:
936:
932:
922:
920:
907:
903:
887:
883:
867:
863:
858:
845:
797:
781:Jemez Mountains
722:
693:
627:
614:
583:
570:
545:
526:
503:
454:
434:Aeolian Islands
429:
392:
383:
366:
359:
348:
339:
330:Rocks from the
328:
319:
316:
279:rafts of pumice
250:. Pumice has a
177:
162:
153:
125:rough-textured
89:
85:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3471:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3453:Volcanic rocks
3450:
3448:Vitreous rocks
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3392:
3380:
3368:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3334:Volcanic field
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3263:Trachyandesite
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3144:
3142:
3140:Volcanic rocks
3136:
3135:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3081:Shield volcano
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3061:Parasitic cone
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3007:
3003:
3002:
2995:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2972:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2912:Rhomb porphyry
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2754:Talc carbonate
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2410:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2347:Trachyandesite
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2270:Quartz diorite
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:Types of rocks
1986:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1925:
1924:External links
1922:
1919:
1918:
1890:
1856:
1840:hesspumice.com
1827:
1816:www.amazon.com
1803:
1761:
1720:
1713:
1695:
1653:
1642:
1623:(6): 340β356.
1604:
1562:
1544:
1526:
1515:Taylor, Alan.
1507:
1489:
1484:hesspumice.com
1471:
1444:(1): 431β434.
1428:
1410:
1387:
1356:
1335:
1293:
1267:
1241:
1214:
1207:
1189:
1157:
1097:
1049:
1023:
982:
975:
957:
946:(7): 532β538.
930:
901:
881:
860:
859:
857:
854:
853:
852:
844:
841:
796:
793:
726:carbon dioxide
721:
718:
692:
689:
626:
623:
613:
612:Early medicine
610:
582:
579:
569:
566:
549:Havre Seamount
544:
541:
525:
522:
502:
499:
453:
450:
428:
425:
404:Mount Pinatubo
391:
388:
382:
379:
365:
362:
361:
360:
349:
342:
340:
329:
322:
320:
317:
310:
299:vapor pressure
267:volcanic glass
232:volcanic gases
181:microvesicular
176:
173:
160:
151:
127:volcanic glass
71:Ozernaya River
51:Canary Islands
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3470:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3428:Igneous rocks
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3403:
3402:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3329:Volcanic belt
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3233:Phonotephrite
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3116:Volcanic cone
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3091:Stratovolcano
3089:
3087:
3086:Somma volcano
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3076:Rootless cone
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2981:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2872:Litchfieldite
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2837:Hyaloclastite
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2684:Litchfieldite
2682:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2245:Phonotephrite
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2150:Hyaloclastite
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1903:
1902:
1894:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1846:on 2020-03-05
1845:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
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1143:on 2008-07-29
1139:
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912:
905:
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898:9780859015226
895:
891:
885:
879:
878:0-922152-76-4
875:
871:
865:
861:
850:
847:
846:
840:
839:consumption.
836:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
809:cinder blocks
806:
802:
792:
790:
786:
782:
777:
775:
771:
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755:
751:
747:
743:
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734:
731:
727:
717:
715:
711:
707:
697:
688:
686:
683:
679:
675:
674:dental plaque
671:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
651:Victorian Era
647:
644:
640:
631:
625:Personal care
622:
619:
609:
607:
603:
600:
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592:
588:
578:
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554:
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501:South America
498:
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452:North America
449:
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354:island Thera/
353:
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314:
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296:
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182:
172:
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166:
158:
154:
147:
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139:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
119:volcanic rock
116:
110:
83:
76:
72:
67:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
3399:
3387:
3375:
3363:
3324:Volcanic arc
3268:Trachybasalt
3237:
3106:Supervolcano
3038:Fissure vent
2882:Luxullianite
2862:Lapis lazuli
2807:Blue Granite
2734:Serpentinite
2709:Metapsammite
2459:Conglomerate
2381:Trondhjemite
2359:Trachybasalt
2300:Pantellerite
2259:
2200:Monzogranite
2145:Hornblendite
2130:Granodiorite
1996:Igneous rock
1909:. Retrieved
1907:. p. 64
1900:
1893:
1881:. Retrieved
1876:
1872:
1859:
1848:. Retrieved
1844:the original
1839:
1830:
1819:. Retrieved
1815:
1806:
1781:
1777:
1764:
1737:
1733:
1723:
1704:
1698:
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1669:
1656:
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1578:
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1529:
1520:
1510:
1492:
1483:
1474:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1422:
1413:
1404:
1378:. Retrieved
1350:
1313:
1309:
1296:
1284:. Retrieved
1279:
1270:
1258:. Retrieved
1253:
1244:
1232:. Retrieved
1227:
1224:"Reticulite"
1217:
1198:
1192:
1180:. Retrieved
1169:
1160:
1151:
1145:. Retrieved
1138:the original
1117:
1113:
1100:
1088:
1066:
1062:
1052:
1040:. Retrieved
1036:
1026:
999:
995:
985:
966:
960:
943:
939:
933:
921:. Retrieved
914:
904:
889:
884:
869:
864:
837:
833:
807:low-density
798:
795:Construction
778:
735:
723:
720:Horticulture
702:
667:
648:
636:
615:
599:stone-washed
584:
571:
546:
527:
504:
490:Mount Mazama
455:
430:
393:
384:
373:
369:
367:
302:
292:
262:
256:
216:pantellerite
192:igneous rock
178:
135:
114:
81:
80:
18:Pumice stone
3458:Volcanology
3401:WikiProject
3344:polygenetic
3339:monogenetic
3218:Nephelinite
3173:Blairmorite
3148:Agglomerate
3056:Mud volcano
3028:Cryovolcano
3018:Cinder cone
2771:Whiteschist
2662:Greenschist
2642:Cataclasite
2632:Amphibolite
2559:Phosphorite
2509:Itacolumite
2434:Calcarenite
2280:Quartzolite
2215:Nephelinite
2185:Lamprophyre
2140:Harzburgite
2098:Napoleonite
2071:Charnockite
2066:Carbonatite
2056:Blairmorite
2019:Anorthosite
1946:Hess Pumice
1784:: 157β169.
1740:(1): 7β14.
1676:: 157β169.
1585:: 157β169.
1405:geology.com
1380:25 November
1316:: 157β169.
1286:23 February
1260:23 February
1069:: 301β302.
849:Pumice raft
710:baking soda
670:toothpastes
558:New Zealand
543:New Zealand
495:Crater Lake
442:Pleistocene
412:Philippines
332:Bishop tuff
185:pyroclastic
59:centimeters
45:volcano on
3417:Categories
3243:Rhyodacite
3193:Ignimbrite
3168:Benmoreite
2937:Teschenite
2922:Shonkinite
2897:Pietersite
2892:Novaculite
2802:Borolanite
2787:Adamellite
2704:Metapelite
2672:Calcflinta
2637:Blueschist
2627:Anthracite
2609:Wackestone
2589:Travertine
2534:Lumachelle
2514:Jaspillite
2469:Diamictite
2391:Websterite
2376:Troctolite
2352:Benmoreite
2312:Shonkinite
2285:Rhyodacite
2265:Pyroxenite
2235:Peridotite
2195:Lherzolite
2170:Kimberlite
2160:Ignimbrite
2155:Icelandite
2135:Granophyre
2044:Shoshonite
1883:10 January
1850:2019-04-04
1821:2021-05-15
1351:WorldAtlas
1208:3540127569
1182:23 October
1147:2007-07-14
1091:Wood-Jones
856:References
805:insulative
754:succulents
682:chinchilla
482:New Mexico
478:California
446:Tyrrhenian
303:Reticulite
244:ignimbrite
175:Properties
142:solubility
113:), called
3443:Skin care
3423:Abrasives
3228:Phonolite
3213:Leucitite
3198:Komatiite
3046:Lava dome
3042:Lava cone
2999:Volcanoes
2952:Variolite
2942:Theralite
2932:Tachylite
2917:Rodingite
2887:Mangerite
2867:Larvikite
2852:Jasperoid
2847:Jadeitite
2812:Epidosite
2766:Tectonite
2759:Soapstone
2724:Quartzite
2694:Migmatite
2679:Itabirite
2657:Granulite
2599:Turbidite
2579:Sylvinite
2574:Siltstone
2564:Sandstone
2549:Oil shale
2529:Limestone
2504:Gritstone
2499:Greywacke
2494:Geyserite
2484:Evaporite
2474:Diatomite
2449:Claystone
2414:Argillite
2327:Tachylyte
2295:Comendite
2240:Phonolite
2230:Pegmatite
2205:Monzonite
2180:Lamproite
2175:Komatiite
2115:Foidolite
2076:Enderbite
2039:Mugearite
1879:: 469β474
1798:129854945
1690:129854945
1637:139554392
1599:129854945
1466:127008263
1330:129854945
1153:organisms
1042:8 January
1002:: 50β59.
829:aqueducts
685:dust bath
678:lava soap
655:exfoliant
593:, pencil
564:islands.
562:Polynesia
518:Argentina
364:Etymology
356:Santorini
338:on right.
220:phonolite
204:rhyolitic
189:extrusive
123:vesicular
77:, Russia.
3365:Category
3273:Trachyte
3248:Rhyolite
3223:Obsidian
3153:Andesite
2927:Taconite
2902:Pyrolite
2827:Ganister
2797:Aphanite
2792:Appinite
2714:Phyllite
2699:Mylonite
2667:Hornfels
2647:Eclogite
2544:Mudstone
2519:Laterite
2479:Dolomite
2396:Wehrlite
2371:Trachyte
2364:Hawaiite
2342:Tonalite
2337:Tephrite
2290:Rhyolite
2255:Porphyry
2225:Obsidian
2110:Essexite
2061:Boninite
2051:Basanite
2009:Andesite
1949:Archived
1911:23 March
1250:"Pumice"
1234:5 August
923:25 April
916:Phys.org
843:See also
825:Pantheon
813:pozzolan
801:concrete
774:alkaline
691:Cleaning
663:calluses
659:pedicure
591:polishes
587:abrasive
560:and the
537:Tanzania
533:Ethiopia
421:Krakatoa
406:, which
275:Krakatoa
263:pumicite
252:porosity
228:basaltic
224:trachyte
212:andesite
115:pumicite
47:Tenerife
3377:Commons
3304:Hotspot
3203:Lapilli
3188:Felsite
3013:Caldera
2947:Unakite
2877:Llanite
2842:Ijolite
2817:Felsite
2749:Suevite
2584:Tillite
2524:Lignite
2464:Coquina
2429:Breccia
2322:Syenite
2250:Picrite
2165:Ijolite
2125:Granite
2093:Diorite
2088:Diabase
2004:Adakite
1756:9643227
1446:Bibcode
1276:"Spume"
1122:Bibcode
1071:Bibcode
1004:Bibcode
762:erosion
746:tillage
742:insects
706:vinegar
595:erasers
474:Arizona
416:lapilli
410:in the
352:caldera
295:ductile
271:crystal
240:plinian
226:), but
208:dacitic
196:silicic
157:exsolve
138:volcano
55:Density
3389:Portal
3253:Tephra
3238:Pumice
3208:Latite
3183:Dacite
3178:Cinder
3158:Basalt
3111:Tossol
2857:Kenyte
2832:Gossan
2729:Schist
2689:Marble
2652:Gneiss
2554:Oolite
2419:Arkose
2317:Sovite
2307:Scoria
2260:Pumice
2220:Norite
2190:Latite
2120:Gabbro
2105:Dunite
2083:Dacite
2029:Basalt
2024:Aplite
1796:
1754:
1711:
1688:
1635:
1597:
1464:
1328:
1205:
973:
896:
876:
770:acidic
758:clayey
730:oxygen
574:mining
568:Mining
524:Africa
486:Kansas
466:Oregon
462:Nevada
438:Lipari
427:Europe
336:fiamme
258:Scoria
200:felsic
183:glass
165:matrix
131:Scoria
82:Pumice
32:pomace
3006:Types
2822:Flint
2744:Slate
2739:Skarn
2604:Varve
2569:Shale
2489:Flint
2444:Chert
2439:Chalk
1905:(PDF)
1869:(PDF)
1794:S2CID
1774:(PDF)
1686:S2CID
1666:(PDF)
1633:S2CID
1595:S2CID
1575:(PDF)
1557:(PDF)
1502:(PDF)
1462:S2CID
1374:(PDF)
1326:S2CID
1306:(PDF)
1141:(PDF)
1110:(PDF)
1093:1912)
1037:Earth
821:Roman
750:cacti
738:fungi
714:borax
639:Egypt
602:jeans
529:Kenya
514:Andes
506:Chile
470:Idaho
374:spuma
370:pumex
284:Tonga
248:lavas
236:magma
146:water
43:Teide
3278:Tuff
3051:Maar
2594:Tufa
2539:Marl
2454:Coal
2386:Tuff
1913:2019
1885:2021
1752:PMID
1709:ISBN
1382:2018
1288:2022
1262:2022
1236:2022
1203:ISBN
1184:2016
1044:2021
971:ISBN
925:2014
894:ISBN
874:ISBN
817:lime
803:and
772:nor
752:and
728:and
708:and
643:lice
618:mica
581:Uses
572:The
547:The
535:and
484:and
390:Asia
381:Area
288:Fiji
242:and
148:and
2957:Wad
1786:doi
1782:375
1742:doi
1678:doi
1674:375
1625:doi
1587:doi
1583:375
1454:doi
1318:doi
1314:375
1130:doi
1118:227
1079:doi
1012:doi
1000:460
948:doi
831:.
740:or
712:or
665:.
198:or
3419::
1877:58
1875:.
1871:.
1838:.
1814:.
1792:.
1780:.
1776:.
1750:.
1738:15
1736:.
1732:.
1684:.
1672:.
1668:.
1631:.
1619:.
1607:^
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1581:.
1577:.
1537:.
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1482:.
1460:.
1452:.
1442:30
1440:.
1421:.
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1390:^
1359:^
1349:.
1338:^
1324:.
1312:.
1308:.
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1150:.
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1087:.
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1010:.
998:.
994:.
944:18
942:.
913:.
766:pH
716:.
608:.
531:,
497:.
480:,
476:,
472:,
468:,
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290:.
277:,
222:,
218:,
214:,
210:,
206:,
150:CO
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49:,
2991:e
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2977:v
1982:e
1975:t
1968:v
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1887:.
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103:Ιͺ
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
