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378:'cooking liquor' help break down wood chips into a mass of fibres. The chemicals used are: 1) sulfite salts with an excess of sulfur dioxide and 2) caustic soda and sodium sulfide (kraft process). The lignin of the wood is made soluble, resulting in fibre separation into whole fibres. Further purification by bleaching can also be done. Purifying the pulp by bleaching and by alkaline extraction is called alpha or dissolving pulp. This type of pulp is used for speciality papers, for rayon and cellulose film production, and for cellulose derivatives (nitrate and acetate.)
34:
2547:
182:, insulating fibreboards, wood particle mouldings and wood plastic composites. The quality and processing of fibreboards and insulating fibreboards are influenced by the fibre percentage, the geometrical structural of the fibre, and the specific chemical composition of wood. The fibres of hardwoods are short, smooth and thin, and are suited for the dry production process because they do not mat. Ironically, hardwoods are barely used for fibreboards and insulating fibreboards.
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are full of trees similar to forests, but they differ greatly. A forest is a complex, self-regenerating system, consisting of soil, water, microclimates, energy, a diverse ecosystem with a wide variety of plants and animals in mutual relation. In contrast, a commercial plantation is a cultivated area
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Softwoods are used in wood manufacturing as well, and are sometimes preferred over hardwoods depending on the product being constructed. An important characteristic that softwoods have that make them a suitable pulpwood to build with, is that they can easily absorb any kind of finish. They can become
218:
of beech and oak is used to grow edible mushrooms. Oak, beech and maple are used to cure meat or fish, while oak staves, chips and powder add aroma to wine. The sawdust of oak and robinia can be used to filter elements such as copper, nickel, zinc and cadmium. It can also be added to plastics. 60% of
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is the oldest use of pulpwood. Poor quality trees are put to better use and burned as a crude energy source as heat, light and cooking fuels. Coppicing refers to the ancient and traditional woodland management technique that involves cutting trees at their base and creating a stool for new shoots to
368:
After the breakdown process, fibres (composed of two kinds of cellulose) and lignin are leftover. Lignin is the glue or cement that holds the fibres in wood together. Simply putting it, wood pulp is a large amount of individual wood fibres with the lignin removed. Wood pulp is naturally between dark
356:
Paper production is the most common and main use for pulpwood. Paper can be produced from both hardwood and softwood trees, and each species for both types of trees have specific and unique properties that make the type of paper and other products produced differ. The short fibres of hardwoods trees
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Plantations normally replace crops, grasslands, or scrub forests. Since they are used for commercial necessities, they are established on healthy soil, with their objective being short cycles of rapid growth that requires a certain level of fertility and water supply. Therefore, they tend to occupy
390:
Pulp grinders are usually powered by electric motors and automatically loaded. Most ground-wood pulp flows directly to an adjacent paper mill for use as stock. It is then formed into a sheet on a cylindrical vacuum filter, then pressed in a hydraulic press to a moisture content of about 50 percent.
515:
To help feed pulp and paper mills, vast monocultures of conifers eucalyptus, acacia, and other species are being established both in the North and South, where fast tree growth, inexpensive land and labour, and lavish subsidies combine to make wood cheaper. A exotic trees invade native woodlands,
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Early pulpwood operations were based on logging operations for sawn lumber. Transporting the log to the saw mill was a major problem, and using water to transport the lumber proved to be a successful tactic. Water transportation was the cheapest and only link between the mill and the tree site. As
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Salvage cutting is the removal of trees that have been killed or damaged by insects, disease, wind, ice, snow, volcanic activity, or wildfire. The purpose of salvage cutting is to recover the economic value of trees before they decay. Dead trees decay quickly, and the timing of salvage cutting is
331:
This is mainly used for outdoor applications because of its resistance to weather conditions, insects, and rot. As a result of these characteristics, it is a premium building wood. It is another type of wood used to build decks, because of its natural strength, stability, and lifespan (can last a
426:
refer to fuels derived from plant materials or manure. They are currently under debate whether they are a safe and environmentally friendly alternative to fossil fuels as a source of energy. The carbon in plants is produced by absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere via photosynthesis, and
377:
The chemical method of breaking down wood pulp to make paper is more commonly used and energy efficient compared to the mechanical method. In the chemical method, the wood chips are 'cooked' in large tanks. The tanks are called digesters, and are like pressure cookers. Chemicals, referred to as
120:
Trees of any size can be used for pulpwood, but trees that are 5-9 inches in diameter at breast height are normally used. These trees are cut after a saw timber harvest or as a separate operation to thin a crowded stand. Low-quality stands are completely harvested for pulpwood to regenerate the
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With mechanical pulping, machines are used to grind wood chips into pulp, creating a pulp that retains most of its lignin. Due to the short fibres created by this process, the resulting paper is mostly used for newspapers, phone books, and other low-strength paper. Mechanical pulp can also be
75:
Hardwood has anatomical structural differences to softwood, which influences physical properties, durability, workability, and bonding. Different types of cells complete the three main tasks in hardwoods compared to softwoods. The main tasks include stabilization, water conduit, and storage.
63:
Softwoods are the preferred raw material for strong papers, due to the length and slimness of the fibres. Low-density softwoods, such as firs with thin-walled fibres are preferred for papers with high demands for bonding-related strength characteristics. Some of these characteristics include
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very resistance and last for a long time (centuries). Softwoods tend to be cheaper than hardwood due to their growth rate and development being faster. They are versatile, strong, and can be managed easily. Some of the biggest softwood forests can be found in Canada, Scandinavia, and Russia.
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Mostly found in the
Northern Hemisphere, this type of wood is mainly used for domestic applications. It is resistance to shrinkage, swelling, and warping. It is used for outdoor wooden projects, such as decks. A disadvantage of pinewood is that over time, the wood could splinter, and items
143:, doors, and windows. Hardwood is especially preferred for parquet flooring. Tree species in darker colours are commonly used to give the flooring a "used look," for visual appeal. Solid wood is used for front doors and windows, while internal doors are mainly made of wood-based panels.
403:(in the form of unused tree tops), sawdust, or even entire trees, then compressed into small pellets to be stored, transported, and fed into boilers and furnaces. Softwood species are preferred to make wood pellets due to the resin content required to bind the particles together.
325:, and can be used for a diverse array of products. Some include furniture, doors, windows, and larger-scale items such as bridge parts, log homes, and commercial buildings. It can also be used for boat-building and aircraft construction, due to its sturdy and stable nature.
462:
the search for accessible trees continued towards the sources of rivers, driving capacity was improved by various forms of river improvement. Dams were one of the methods of river improvement, as well as the use of impounded water to increase the natural flow of the river.
296:: One of the most resistance and durable softwoods. Cedarwood is originally from the Mediterranean area and is highly resistant to water, bacteria, fungi, and insects. Their impressive resistance ability comes from the woods natural scent, which is sweet and pleasant. Its
280:
Although they are called 'softwood,' trees, they are not actually softer (in texture) in comparison to hardwood trees. The term just refers to wood that comes from gymnosperms or conifers. Some hardwood trees are even softer than specific softwood tree species.
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whose species and structure have been simplified dramatically to produce only a few goods, such as lumber, fuel, resin, oil or fruit. The trees in a plantation have a small range of species and ages, and require extensive and consistent human intervention.
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Wood can also be used as raw material for new bio-products, such an environmentally friendly textile manufacturing technologies. There are a few ways pulpwood is being used to develop technologies that consume less energy and fewer chemicals.
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Wood pulp has many modern-day uses other than paper-making and the other applications mentioned in the "Softwood
Applications," and "Hardwood Applications" sections. Their uses can range from hygiene products to innovation medical products.
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than the heartwood. The fibre length of sapwood is generally longer than the fibre length of heartwood. The sapwood is also normally lighter and that is an advantage when producing mechanical pulp as less bleaching of wood pulp is needed.
190:
The purposes of wood modification are dimensional stabilization and resistance increase. Wood can be modified in a multitude of ways, including but not limited too; chemical modification, heat treatment, ammonia treatment,
248:
start off by the splitting of cellulose and hemicelluloses in sugar by enzymes and acids, then the fermentation of the sugar with the aid of microorganisms. Lastly, the distillation and dewatering creates the bioethanol.
498:
Natural forest stands may also be harvested solely for pulpwood where, for various reasons, the value of the trees as sawlogs is low. This may be due to the predominant species in the forest stand (for example, some
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referred to as ground-wood pulp, and the grinding process starts by subjecting wood to an abrading action, either by pressing the wood against a revolving grinding stone or by passing chips through a mill.
117:. The use of solid hardwoods has decreased during the last couple centuries, most likely due to the development of wood-based materials that allow for larger constructions not limited to the size of trees.
257:
Softwoods come from gymnosperm trees that consists of needles and cones. When a sample of softwood is observed under a microscope, they appear to have no (visible) pores because of the presence of
67:
Trees raised specifically for pulp production account for 15% of world pulp production, while old growth forests account for 9% and second/third plus generation forests account for the balance.
155:
are used as beam or panels. Typical tree species used for solid wood materials include beech, oak, birch, alder and chestnut. Hardwoods are commonly used for nonstructural products such as
448:
Some of the potential sources of wood-fuel include early thinnings from commercial plantations, the residues from timber harvesting and arboricultural activities, coppicing and sawmills.
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crucial to capture as much economic value as possible. Post-fire salvage cutting helps manage fuels and future fire behaviour, as long as logging slash is treated after the harvest.
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production, while the inferior trees and components are harvested for pulpwood production. Pulpwood usually derives from four types of woody materials in a mixed logging operation:
445:
The ash created during the pyrolysis process contains nutrients that are used as plant fertilizer, but it could also contain contaminants from the soils of the trees origin site.
60:
used in printing papers. It has small dimensions in its fibres, which can be useful for small-scale uniformity, opacity, and surface smoothness, all important for printing paper.
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established for the specific purpose of growing pulpwood, with little or minimal sawlog production. Monoculture of species intended specifically for pulpwood include
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brown to light grey in colour. Dark brown wood pulp is used for paper bags and boxes, and bleaching the pulp produces higher grades of paper (among other products).
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constructed from the specific type of pinewood used for making outdoor furniture/decks should be checked annually to prevent any risks to the people using them.
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and tracheids transport water and produce sap. Approximately 80% of timber comes from softwood, such as cedar trees, Douglas fir, juniper, pine, and many more.
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Salvage cuts after forest fires, tornadoes, hurricanes, or other natural disasters are often used for pulpwood. An alternative source of wood for use in
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Pulpwood can be used for a multitude of different uses, some of them already mentioned above. Some of the main products it is used for is listed below.
214:
Hardwood can be used in other ways outside of physical wood structures and paper. It can be used as a substance, such as through food production. The
236:. High-density wood species burn down slower, and the heat value depends on wood moisture content. Burning rate decreases with increasing density.
1900:
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produce smoother and more uniform paper, like printing paper. Softwood trees have longer fibres that produce industrial papers like newsprint.
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Tops cut from trees harvested for sawlogs (branches are rarely used since they contain little usable wood after the bark has been removed).
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Pulpwood also produces wood pellets, which can be used for heating homes and electricity production. They can be formed by the grinding of
578:
Saw residuals are used as pulpwood. The most important of these are the side cuttings from lumber edger. This gives wood with almost only
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grasslands, farmlands and pastures, consequences in most countries include impoverishment, environmental degradation, and rural strife.
1613:
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Pulp can be processed mechanically to produce tiny micro-fibrillated cellulose, which can be used to make fibres without any solvents.
1405:
321:
This type of wood comes from
Douglas Fir trees, and can be found in North America, Europe, North Africa, and Asia. It is strong and
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Wood can also be used as an energy source, with sawmill waste and low-rate timber. Combustion, wood gasification, and production of
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269:(fluid-conducting tissues). They consist of a single elongated cell and a secondary cellulosic wall containing a thick layer of
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Wood-based materials can be separated into a few different types. These include solid wood, ply, particle, and fibre materials.
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1915:
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properties make cedar-wood ideal for the manufacturing of internal furniture, such as chests, boxes, and closets. The woods
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is used to make musical instruments such as guitars and violins, due to its colour and resistance to warping and cracking.
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forest to more desirable species, as well as larger trees with disease or defects that prevent their use for lumber.
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172:, mineral-bonded wood composites, oriented strand board, laminated strand lumber, and oriented strand lumber.
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1983:
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Robert Summit, Alan Sliker. 1980. "Handbook of
Materials Science, Volume IV: Wood". Florida: CRC Press, Inc.
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grow. During the stone age, coppicing was done to manage forests for the production of firewood fuels.
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that is ground and processed into a fibrous pulp. It is a versatile natural resource commonly used for
598:. Saw blades have become thinner and with smaller teeth making the sawdust too small as fibre source.
79:
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242:(synthetic natural gas and biomass to liquid): synthesis gas production is done by wood smouldering.
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are ideal to use low-rate timber assortments and saw mill waste. Types of particle materials include
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Pulp is dissolved in an ionic fluid, then pressed to form thin strands that can be used to make yarn
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Fibres are first separated, then the material becomes a liquid and converted into textile fibres.
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2015:
2010:
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1455:. Paper making Science and Technology. Vol. 6A. Helsinki, Finland: Capet YO. p. 298.
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but also made into low-grade wood and used for chips, energy, pellets, and engineered products.
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Sawdust gives very short fibres that are suitable as part of the furnish for paper tissue and
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forests in northern North
America), or to the relative proximity of the nearest sawmill or
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burning biofuels/plant-derived fuels puts the same amount of CO2 back into the atmosphere.
8:
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is recovered lumber from demolition, industrial processing of wood and wooden pallets.
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Open-grown trees, that are heavily branched low on the trunk, and so make poor sawlogs.
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Structural products such as cross laminated timber, are mainly composed of softwoods.
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Monoculture: Environmental and Social
Effects and Sustainable Alternatives Conference
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1431:"Fire FAQS - Salvage cutting: What are the effects on fire behavior and severity?"
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Chemical modification, heat treatment, and impregnation (with salts, metals,
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A pile of pulpwood to show one of the first steps of producing paper.
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Pulpwood can be derived from most types of trees. Categorizing trees into
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pines in the southern USA; various species of eucalyptus (most commonly
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Generating heat and electricity from wood-fuel is a multi step process.
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Impacts of
Monoculture: The Case of Eucalyptus Plantations in Thailand
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1022:
Hurst, Andreas (May 2010). "Possible Fields of
Hardwood Application".
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Ahmed, Aziz; Akhtar, Masood; Myers, Gary C.; Scott, Gary M. (1998).
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550:) in Latin America, Iberian Peninsula, Australia, south-east Asia.
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Timber intended for processing into wood pulp for paper production
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215:
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156:
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Next, the gasses are purified and burnt to generate electricity
352:
Old
Photograph of the production process of paper with pulpwood.
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1966:
1803:
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270:
133:
23:
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3533:
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properties make it suitable to be used for roofing material.
266:
110:
50:
3538:
3479:
2339:
2314:
1988:
1542:
614:
474:
109:
Hardwoods (such as oak) are the preferred raw material for
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Hardwood applications can be sectioned into four areas:
1451:
Gullichsen, Johan; Paulapuro, Hannu, eds. (1999). "3".
37:
Harvesting a stand of eucalyptus pulpwood in
Australia.
1238:"Biofuels and Climate Change: Pulpwood to the Rescue?"
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The pressed sheets result in the formation of bales.
226:
are the three main ways hardwood is used for energy.
1450:
1235:
586:. due to a more open structure and less content of
56:Hardwoods are raw material that are preferred for
139:Hardwood is also used for interior work, such as
4208:
494:Small trees, too small to harvest for sawlogs.
434:It starts off by drying the wood, followed by
3464:
2627:
1558:
1131:
969:. Ecology Communications, Inc. Archived from
49:is the easiest way to characterize types of
872:"What is Pulpwood and What Is It Used For?"
582:and no heartwood. The sapwood is easier to
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2634:
2620:
1565:
1551:
1482:. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc. p.
1428:
1191:
554:areas already being used by local people.
1360:
1338:"Pulpwood Plantations: A growing problem"
1236:National Geographic (November 19, 2013).
1098:
791:are used in the commercial production of
185:
124:Additional fields of application include
1475:
1395:"Kraft Pulping of Industrial Wood Waste"
1043:
347:
252:
209:
78:
70:
32:
1335:
219:linoleum flooring consists of sawdust.
146:
4209:
1523:"Pulp makes much more than just paper"
1479:Essentials of Pulping and Paper making
1292:
1099:Rodriguez, Emily (November 28, 2016).
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891:
602:Chemical composition of some pulpwoods
104:
64:tensile, burst, and surface strength.
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609:Chemical composition of pulpwood (%)
372:
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1371:. Songkhla, Thailand. Archived from
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870:Lowry, Zachary (February 23, 2022).
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13:
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1402:TAPPI Pulping Conference, Montreal
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1255:
1180:
882:
850:
381:
14:
4238:
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1839:Global Forest Information Service
1476:Biermann, Christopher J. (1993).
1361:Kittisiri, Areerat (1996-06-02).
1151:
1138:Minelli: Wood Products since 1937
1132:Minelli Group (August 26, 2021).
1114:
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477:are usually used for sawlogs for
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3432:
3423:
3422:
2595:
2586:
2585:
2573:
2559:
2545:
2531:
2517:
2503:
2489:
1520:
896:. Elsevier. pp. 7913–7917.
526:Pulpwood is also harvested from
3718:Oriented structural straw board
2596:
1500:
1469:
1444:
1422:
1411:from the original on 2007-12-03
1386:
1354:
1286:
1229:
1204:
1161:Smith, Sanford (May 10, 2005).
1194:"Processes for preparing pulp"
1092:
910:10.1016/B0-08-043152-6/01425-X
894:"Pulp and Paper: Wood Sources"
510:
1:
3249:Environmental impact of paper
844:
206:) are the most used methods.
1572:
1192:Britannica (April 8, 2024).
7:
817:
605:
406:
335:
265:are a primitive element of
10:
4243:
4109:Non-timber forest products
3733:Structural insulated panel
3196:Surface chemistry of paper
2699:(Zuo Bo/Tso Po/Tso TzÇ”-yi)
1950:Growth and yield modelling
1050:Are We Consuming Pulpwood?
456:
451:
418:
394:
4164:
4056:
3990:
3937:
3844:
3796:
3753:
3647:
3486:
3418:
3357:
3302:
3214:
3171:
3130:
2775:
2745:
2715:
2666:
2649:
2641:
2524:Earth sciences portal
2510:Climate change portal
2485:
2362:
2194:
2091:Great Green Wall (Africa)
2036:
1727:
1637:
1580:
1453:Forest Products Chemistry
608:
232:split billets, chips and
4074:Destructive distillation
2728:Friedrich Gottlob Keller
2096:Great Green Wall (China)
1669:Close to nature forestry
343:
53:produced from pulpwood.
4227:Pulp and paper industry
4094:Green building and wood
3244:Elemental chlorine free
3201:Units of paper quantity
2130:Million Tree Initiative
1438:Oregon State University
1429:Fitzgerald, S. (2018).
1163:"From the Woods: Paper"
1074:"Hardwood vs. Softwood"
1044:Kaddoura, Naji (2024).
876:The Timberland Investor
488:Dead or diseased trees.
3738:Wood–plastic composite
3664:Glued laminated timber
3659:Cross-laminated timber
3224:Bleaching of wood pulp
2552:Environment portal
1984:Sustainable management
1879:Trillion Tree Campaign
1299:The Forestry Chronicle
353:
186:Use after modification
113:, roof structures and
97:Use after modification
84:
38:
3811:Corrugated fiberboard
3713:Oriented strand board
3143:Corrugated fiberboard
2900:Electrical insulation
2753:Thomas Francis Carter
2477:Wood process engineer
2181:Urban forest inequity
1404:. pp. 993–1000.
1293:Wilson, John (1933).
351:
323:resistant to abrasion
253:Softwood applications
210:Supplemental services
100:Supplemental services
82:
71:Hardwood applications
36:
4196:WikiProject Forestry
2140:Shifting cultivation
2081:Forest fragmentation
2051:Carbon sequestration
1921:Woodland Carbon Code
1886:Forest certification
1794:Even-aged management
1709:Sustainable forestry
1336:Carrere, R. (1996).
1167:Penn State Extension
1134:"Wood Manufacturing"
965:Martin, Sam (2004).
360:Wood is broken down
153:Solid wood materials
147:Wood-based materials
94:Wood-based materials
3957:Ramial chipped wood
1945:Formally designated
1789:Ecological thinning
1699:Plantation forestry
1607:Research institutes
1242:National Geographic
1212:"What is coppicing"
1046:"What is Pulpwood?"
902:2001emst.book.7913R
541:Eucalyptus globulus
473:stands, the better
105:Solid wood products
91:Solid wood products
3874:Cellulosic ethanol
2538:Ecology portal
2071:Forest degradation
2066:Ecosystem services
1674:Community forestry
1295:"Pulpwood Logging"
892:Rennel, J (2001).
547:Eucalyptus grandis
438:to produce gasses.
373:Chemical Wood Pulp
354:
289:Types of softwoods
166:Particle materials
85:
39:
22:can be defined as
4204:
4203:
4139:Wood preservation
4084:Engineered bamboo
3904:Pyroligneous acid
3446:
3445:
2771:
2770:
2763:Tsien Tsuen-hsuin
2741:
2740:
2711:
2710:
2654:Paper engineering
2609:
2608:
2566:Plants portal
2352:green woodworking
1311:10.5558/tfc9032-2
946:Missing or empty
919:978-0-08-043152-9
777:
776:
306:Western Red Cedar
240:Wood gasification
4234:
4194:
4193:
4182:
4181:
4172:
4171:
4129:Timber recycling
4124:Reclaimed lumber
4114:Natural building
4079:Dry distillation
4033:Split-rail fence
3473:
3466:
3459:
3450:
3449:
3436:
3435:
3426:
3425:
3410:Beverage cartons
3400:Watercolor paper
3259:Hollander beater
2743:
2742:
2713:
2712:
2687:
2686:
2636:
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2622:
2613:
2612:
2599:
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2589:
2588:
2580:Trees portal
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2534:
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2508:
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2493:
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2214:Forest gardening
2171:Timber recycling
2118:Invasive species
2006:Tree measurement
1567:
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1279:
1274:. March 20, 2024
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889:
880:
879:
867:
780:Alternative uses
606:
558:Salvage cuttings
298:insect-repellent
141:parquet flooring
130:railway sleepers
128:, wood-facings,
4242:
4241:
4237:
4236:
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4144:Wood processing
4052:
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3749:
3679:parallel strand
3650:
3643:
3491:
3482:
3477:
3447:
3442:
3414:
3353:
3298:
3294:Sulfite process
3279:Paper recycling
3234:Conical refiner
3216:
3210:
3167:
3153:Paper chemicals
3126:
2767:
2737:
2733:Charles Fenerty
2707:
2685:
2681:Missal of Silos
2676:Battle of Talas
2662:
2645:
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2610:
2605:
2572:
2558:
2544:
2532:
2530:
2518:
2516:
2504:
2502:
2481:
2358:
2335:spruce-pine-fir
2308:Christmas trees
2190:
2106:Illegal logging
2038:
2032:
1747:Controlled burn
1732:
1723:
1704:Social forestry
1684:Energy forestry
1664:Bamboo forestry
1659:Analog forestry
1633:
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1080:. March 7, 2024
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787:byproducts and
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382:Mechanical Pulp
375:
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193:electrodialysis
188:
176:Fibre materials
149:
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17:
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4069:Certified wood
4066:
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4058:
4054:
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4051:
4050:
4045:
4043:Timber framing
4040:
4035:
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4028:Sawdust brandy
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3919:Sandalwood oil
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3310:Paper industry
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3254:Handmade paper
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3173:Specifications
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3012:Plastic-coated
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2723:Matthias Koops
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2467:Timber cruiser
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2462:Shingle weaver
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2239:pulp and paper
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2209:Forest farming
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2157:slash-and-char
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2152:slash-and-burn
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2103:
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2076:Forest dieback
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2018:
2013:
2003:
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1216:National Trust
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936:|journal=
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596:writing papers
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574:Wood residuals
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275:Medullary rays
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170:particle board
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15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
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4099:List of woods
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4029:
4026:
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4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4008:Billet (wood)
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
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3995:
3993:
3989:
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3869:Hemicellulose
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3594:Railroad ties
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3485:
3481:
3480:Wood products
3474:
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3335:United States
3333:
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3308:
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3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3274:Paper machine
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3264:Kraft process
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
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3237:
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3232:
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2487:
2484:
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2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
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2460:
2458:
2457:Rubber tapper
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
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2433:
2430:
2428:
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2401:
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2385:Choker setter
2383:
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2249:
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2240:
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2232:
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2227:
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2225:
2224:Manufacturing
2222:
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2201:
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2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2061:Deforestation
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2037:Environmental
2035:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1938:reforestation
1936:
1934:
1933:afforestation
1931:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
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1778:
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1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1742:Arboriculture
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1694:Permaforestry
1692:
1690:
1687:
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1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
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1579:
1575:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1528:
1524:
1521:Cord, David.
1517:
1515:
1513:
1503:
1495:
1493:0-12-097360-X
1489:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1472:
1464:
1462:952-5216-06-3
1458:
1454:
1447:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1375:on 2006-02-07
1374:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1357:
1339:
1332:
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1312:
1308:
1304:
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1296:
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1273:
1269:
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1217:
1213:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1188:
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1168:
1164:
1157:
1155:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1102:
1095:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1067:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1038:
1030:(1): 125–136.
1029:
1025:
1024:Wood Research
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
973:on 2007-06-19
972:
968:
967:"Paper Chase"
961:
953:
941:
929:
921:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
888:
886:
877:
873:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
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854:
849:
840:
837:
835:
834:Paper machine
832:
830:
827:
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822:
821:
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790:
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623:
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618:
616:
613:
612:
607:
599:
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592:
589:
585:
581:
571:
567:
565:
564:Kraft pulping
555:
551:
549:
548:
543:
542:
537:
533:
529:
524:
521:
517:
508:
506:
502:
493:
490:
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480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
449:
446:
440:
437:
433:
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416:
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402:
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388:
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367:
363:
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333:
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264:
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243:
241:
237:
235:
231:
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225:
220:
217:
207:
205:
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196:
194:
183:
181:
177:
173:
171:
167:
162:
161:
158:
154:
144:
142:
137:
135:
131:
127:
122:
118:
116:
115:timber frames
112:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
88:
81:
77:
68:
65:
61:
59:
54:
52:
48:
44:
35:
31:
29:
25:
21:
4183:
4153:
4048:Wooden masts
4018:Dugout canoe
4003:Bavin (wood)
3952:Black liquor
3889:Liquid smoke
3830:
3639:Utility pole
3624:Timber truss
3544:Log building
3375:Papier-mâché
3370:Paper towels
3289:Soda pulping
3206:Wet strength
3007:Photographic
2880:Cotton (rag)
2853:Construction
2571:
2557:
2543:
2529:
2515:
2501:
2494:
2472:Tree planter
2452:Resin tapper
2432:Truck driver
2427:River driver
2176:Tree hugging
2161:
2144:
2111:timber mafia
2101:High grading
2086:Ghost forest
2056:Clearcutting
1979:Silviculture
1955:Horticulture
1799:Fire ecology
1714:Urban forest
1689:Mycoforestry
1649:
1645:Agroforestry
1626:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1593:Forest areas
1591:
1584:
1530:. Retrieved
1526:
1502:
1478:
1471:
1452:
1446:
1437:
1424:
1413:. Retrieved
1401:
1388:
1377:. Retrieved
1373:the original
1368:
1363:
1356:
1344:. Retrieved
1314:. Retrieved
1305:(2): 32–48.
1302:
1298:
1288:
1276:. Retrieved
1271:
1245:. Retrieved
1241:
1231:
1219:. Retrieved
1215:
1206:
1197:
1170:. Retrieved
1166:
1141:. Retrieved
1137:
1104:. Retrieved
1094:
1082:. Retrieved
1077:
1053:. Retrieved
1049:
1027:
1023:
975:. Retrieved
971:the original
960:
948:|title=
875:
801:
797:
793:toilet paper
783:
757:White spruce
593:
577:
568:
561:
552:
545:
539:
525:
518:
514:
497:
464:
460:
447:
444:
429:
422:
410:
398:
389:
385:
376:
365:
362:mechanically
361:
359:
355:
339:
332:long time).
328:
327:
322:
318:
317:
311:
310:
301:
297:
293:
292:
283:
279:
256:
245:
244:
239:
238:
234:wood pellets
229:
228:
221:
213:
197:
195:, and more.
189:
175:
174:
165:
163:
160:
152:
150:
138:
123:
119:
108:
86:
74:
66:
62:
55:
40:
28:paper-making
19:
18:
4217:Papermaking
4149:Woodworking
4134:Wood drying
4119:Papermaking
3939:By-products
3845:Derivatives
3783:Pellet fuel
3524:Flitch beam
3405:Paper money
3365:Lined paper
3284:Papermaking
3217:and process
3215:Manufacture
3191:Paper sizes
2920:Greaseproof
2905:GenkĹŤ yĹŤshi
2758:Dard Hunter
2690:Originators
2658:Papermaking
2496:WikiProject
2420:smokejumper
2400:Firefighter
2363:Occupations
2347:Woodworking
1928:Forestation
1859:restoration
1814:informatics
1679:Ecoforestry
669:Paper Birch
520:Plantations
511:Plantations
366:chemically.
246:Bioethanol:
230:Combustion:
180:fibreboards
126:playgrounds
4211:Categories
3991:Historical
3972:Wood flour
3821:Paperboard
3691:Fiberboard
3649:Engineered
3509:Bressummer
3342:Paper mill
3269:Organosolv
3148:Fiber crop
3138:China clay
3097:Waterproof
2997:Paperboard
2875:Correction
2868:Carbonless
2716:Developers
2442:Lumberjack
2437:Log scaler
2320:engineered
2271:non-timber
2244:sawmilling
2196:Industries
2163:svedjebruk
1874:transition
1854:protection
1844:old-growth
1829:governance
1784:Dendrology
1734:management
1600:Ministries
1415:2007-10-16
1379:2007-10-16
1268:"Biofuels"
1198:Britannica
1101:"tracheid"
1078:Diffen LLC
977:2007-09-21
845:References
824:Paper pulp
785:Sugar cane
713:Balsam fir
588:extractive
528:tree farms
302:insulating
224:bioethanol
4013:Clapboard
3982:Woodchips
3977:Wood wool
3857:Cellulose
3852:Birch-tar
3806:Cardboard
3788:Wood fuel
3696:hardboard
3599:Reclaimed
3564:Panelling
3554:Log house
3549:Log cabin
3395:Notebooks
3380:Cardboard
3163:Wood pulp
3131:Materials
3107:Wood-free
3082:Wallpaper
3077:Tree-free
3017:Red rosin
3002:Parchment
2987:Onionskin
2982:Newsprint
2843:Cartridge
2838:Cardstock
2833:Cardboard
2783:Acid-free
2390:Ecologist
2303:Tree farm
2204:Coppicing
2146:chitemene
2046:Acid rain
1994:allometry
1916:SmartWood
1864:secondary
1849:pathology
1824:inventory
1762:driftwood
1628:Arbor Day
1532:March 22,
1346:April 12,
1316:March 22,
1278:March 20,
1272:OpenLearn
1247:March 20,
1221:March 12,
1172:March 12,
1143:March 22,
1106:March 20,
1084:March 20,
938:ignored (
928:cite book
839:Woodchips
829:Pulp mill
735:Jack pine
691:Red maple
620:Cellulose
505:pulp mill
469:of mixed
436:pyrolysis
312:Pinewood:
294:Cedarwood
263:Tracheids
259:tracheids
4222:Forestry
4174:Category
4155:Yakisugi
4089:Forestry
4057:See also
3998:Axe ties
3967:Tall oil
3947:Barkdust
3929:Wood gas
3909:Pine tar
3899:Methanol
3831:Pulpwood
3778:Firewood
3761:Charcoal
3754:Fuelwood
3701:Masonite
3629:Treenail
3529:Flooring
3428:Category
3385:Clothing
3303:Industry
3239:Deinking
3229:Calender
3186:Grammage
3072:Transfer
3037:Security
2910:Glassine
2813:Blotting
2788:Air-laid
2746:Scholars
2591:Category
2405:handcrew
2375:Arborist
2370:Forester
2330:mahogany
2276:palm oil
2266:charcoal
2251:Products
2186:Wildfire
1999:breeding
1960:GM trees
1809:dynamics
1621:Journals
1614:Colleges
1574:Forestry
1527:UPM Pulp
1406:Archived
1055:April 9,
818:See also
532:loblolly
424:Biofuels
412:Firewood
407:Firewood
336:Products
329:Redwood:
319:Firwood:
204:polymers
200:monomers
178:include
47:softwood
43:hardwood
20:Pulpwood
4185:Commons
4064:Biomass
4038:Tanbark
3962:Sawdust
3773:Firelog
3766:biochar
3728:Plywood
3686:I-joist
3604:Shingle
3559:Molding
3438:Commons
3390:Tissues
3181:Density
3158:Papyrus
3117:Writing
3067:Tracing
3057:Thermal
3032:Scritta
3027:Rolling
2992:Origami
2955:Butcher
2890:Display
2858:Contact
2823:Bristol
2798:Asphalt
2703:Damjing
2697:Cai Lun
2668:History
2601:Outline
2415:lookout
2410:hotshot
2291:tanbark
2261:biomass
2256:biochar
2234:plywood
2219:Logging
2123:wilding
1772:log jam
1729:Ecology
898:Bibcode
580:sapwood
467:logging
465:In the
457:Logging
452:Sources
419:Biofuel
401:biomass
395:Pellets
216:sawdust
157:plywood
134:bridges
4023:Potash
3924:Tannin
3884:Lignin
3798:Fibers
3743:lumber
3669:veneer
3609:Siding
3589:Rafter
3584:Purlin
3499:Batten
3492:timber
3488:Lumber
3320:Europe
3315:Canada
3062:Tissue
2972:Manila
2945:Korean
2940:Ingres
2935:Inkjet
2848:Coated
2828:Carbon
2803:Banana
2447:Ranger
2395:Feller
2380:Bucker
2286:rubber
2229:lumber
2039:topics
2026:volume
2021:height
1967:i-Tree
1804:Forest
1757:coarse
1752:Debris
1651:dehesa
1490:
1459:
916:
789:bamboo
635:Araban
630:Mannan
625:Lignin
479:lumber
471:forest
271:lignin
111:joists
24:timber
4104:Mulch
3914:Pitch
3836:Rayon
3816:Paper
3634:Truss
3574:Plate
3569:Plank
3534:Joist
3519:Cruck
3330:Japan
3325:India
3092:Wasli
3087:Washi
3047:Stone
2977:Mummy
2967:Lokta
2950:Kraft
2930:India
2915:Graph
2885:CrĂŞpe
2808:Bible
2793:Amate
2776:Types
2643:Paper
2281:rayon
2016:girth
2011:crown
1972:urban
1869:stand
1777:slash
1767:large
1638:Types
1586:Index
1434:(PDF)
1409:(PDF)
1398:(PDF)
1341:(PDF)
707:17.3
685:24.6
663:16.0
647:Aspen
640:Xylan
536:slash
501:aspen
475:trees
344:Paper
267:xylem
51:paper
3879:Dyes
3862:nano
3826:Pulp
3651:wood
3619:Stud
3614:Sill
3579:Post
3539:Lath
3504:Beam
3358:Uses
3347:List
3122:Xuan
3112:Wove
3042:Seed
3022:Rice
2962:Laid
2925:Hemp
2863:Copy
2818:Bond
2340:teak
2325:fuel
2315:Wood
2135:REDD
1989:Tree
1906:PEFC
1891:ATFS
1534:2024
1488:ISBN
1457:ISBN
1348:2024
1318:2024
1280:2024
1249:2024
1223:2024
1174:2024
1145:2024
1108:2024
1086:2024
1057:2024
952:help
940:help
914:ISBN
773:6.8
767:11.6
764:27.1
761:48.5
751:7.1
745:10.8
742:28.6
739:45.0
729:4.8
723:12.4
720:29.4
717:47.7
695:44.8
676:18.9
673:44.5
654:16.3
651:56.5
615:Wood
584:pulp
544:and
534:and
202:and
58:pulp
45:and
3894:Lye
3706:MDF
3674:LVL
3514:CLS
3102:Wax
3052:Tar
1911:SFI
1901:FSC
1896:CFS
1834:law
1819:IPM
1731:and
1307:doi
906:doi
770:1.6
748:1.4
726:0.5
704:0.5
701:3.5
682:0.5
679:1.5
660:0.4
657:2.3
364:or
4213::
2895:DĂł
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