1391:
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before 6000 BC, China by 6000 BC and India by 2000 BC. A landmark 2020 Nature study that fully sequenced 863 chickens across the world suggests that all domestic chickens originate from a single domestication event of red junglefowl whose present-day distribution is predominantly in southwestern China, northern
Thailand and Myanmar. These domesticated chickens spread across Southeast and South Asia where they interbred with local wild species of junglefowl, forming genetically and geographically distinct groups. Analysis of the most popular commercial breed shows that the White Leghorn breed possesses a mosaic of divergent ancestries inherited from subspecies of red junglefowl.
1407:
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67:
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103:
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479:
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rather than being slaughtered to re-invigorate egg-laying. This involves complete withdrawal of food (and sometimes water) for 7–14 days or sufficiently long to cause a body weight loss of 25 to 35%, or up to 28 days under experimental conditions. This stimulates the hen to lose her feathers but also
603:
To initiate courting, some roosters may dance in a circle around or near a hen (a circle dance), often lowering the wing which is closest to the hen. The dance triggers a response in the hen and when she responds to his call, the rooster may mount the hen and proceed with the mating. Mating typically
1133:
Chickens farmed primarily for eggs are called layer hens. The UK alone consumes more than 34 million eggs per day. Hens of some breeds can produce over 300 eggs per year; the highest authenticated rate of egg laying is 371 eggs in 364 days. After 12 months of laying, the commercial hen's egg-laying
799:
Exactly when and where the chicken was domesticated remains controversial. Genomic studies estimate that the chicken was domesticated 8,000 years ago in
Southeast Asia and spread to China and India 2,000 to 3,000 years later. Archaeological evidence supports domestic chickens in Southeast Asia well
1152:
Keeping chickens as pets became increasingly popular in the 2000s among urban and suburban residents. Many people obtain chickens for their egg production but often name them and treat them as any other pet like cats or dogs. Chickens provide companionship and have individual personalities. While
904:
The possibility that domestic chickens were in the
Americas before Western contact is debated by researchers, but blue-egged chickens, found only in the Americas and Asia, suggest an Asian origin for early American chickens. A lack of data from Thailand, Russia, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast
1138:
systems, are sometimes infirm or have lost a significant amount of their feathers, and their life expectancy has been reduced from around seven years to less than two years. In the UK and Europe, laying hens are then slaughtered and used in processed foods, or sold as 'soup hens'. In some other
1085:
Chickens are common and widespread domestic animals, with a total population of 23.7 billion as of 2018. More than 50 billion chickens are reared annually as a source of meat and eggs. In the United States alone, more than 8 billion chickens are slaughtered each year for meat, and more than 300
925:
Chicken remains have been difficult to date, given the small and fragile bird bones; this may account for discrepancies in dates given by different sources. Archaeological evidence is supplemented by mentions in historical texts from the last few centuries BC, and by depictions in prehistoric
1215:
to study developing embryos. Large numbers of embryos can be provided commercially; fertilized eggs can easily be opened and used to observe the developing embryo. Equally important, embryologists can carry out experiments on such embryos, close the egg again and study the effects later in
654:
Hens often try to lay in nests that already contain eggs and sometimes move eggs from neighbouring nests into their own. A flock thus uses only a few preferred locations, rather than having a different nest for every bird. Under natural conditions, most birds lay only until a
604:
involves a sequence in which the male approaches the female and performs a waltzing display. If the female is unreceptive, she runs off; otherwise, she crouches, and the male mounts, treading with both feet on her back. After copulation the male does a tail-bending display.
1153:
many do not cuddle much, they will eat from one's hand, jump onto one's lap, respond to and follow their handlers, as well as show affection. Chickens are social, inquisitive, intelligent birds, and many people find their behaviour entertaining. Certain breeds, such as
511:
are too heavy to allow them to fly more than a short distance. Size and coloration vary widely between breeds. Adult chickens of both sexes have a fleshy crest on their heads called a comb or cockscomb, and hanging flaps of skin on either side under their beaks called
572:
573:
308:
Chickens are common and widespread domestic animals, with a total population of 26.5 billion as of 2023, and an annual production of more than 50 billion birds. A hen bred for laying can produce over 300 eggs per year. There are numerous
574:
1110:. Advocates of intensive farming say that their efficient systems save land and food resources owing to increased productivity, and that the animals are looked after in a controlled environment. Chickens farmed for meat are called
697:
expressed as reduced egg number and delayed sexual maturity. Strongly inbred
Langshan chickens display obvious inbreeding depression in reproduction, particularly for traits such as age when the first egg is laid and egg number.
5346:
5378:
3182:
Fumihito, A.; Miyake, T.; Sumi, S.; Takada, M.; Ohno, S.; Kondo, N. (December 20, 1994), "One subspecies of the red junglefowl (Gallus gallus gallus) suffices as the matriarchic ancestor of all domestic breeds",
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813:
670:
have special physiological adaptations that result in a higher hatching rate in low oxygen environments. When eggs are placed in a hypoxic environment, chicken embryos from these populations express much more
5572:
582:
A male's crowing is a loud and sometimes shrill call, serving as a territorial signal to other males, and in response to sudden disturbances within their surroundings. Hens cluck loudly after laying an
2771:
Sewalem, A.; Johansson, K.; Wilhelmson, M.; Lillpers, K. (1999). "Inbreeding and inbreeding depression on reproduction and production traits of White
Leghorn lines selected for egg production traits".
792:
gave rise to the modern chicken with minor transitions separating the modern breeds. The red junglefowl is well adapted to take advantage of the vast quantities of seed produced during the end of the
2013:
Ying Guo, Xiaorong Gu, Zheya Sheng, Yanqiang Wang, Chenglong Luo, Ranran Liu, Hao Qu, Dingming Shu, Jie Wen, Richard P. M. A. Crooijmans, Örjan
Carlborg, Yiqiang Zhao, Xiaoxiang Hu, Ning Li (2016).
3704:
917:
were radiocarbon dated as pre-Columbian, and DNA analysis suggested they were related to prehistoric populations in
Polynesia. However, further study of the same bones cast doubt on the findings.
979:
about 1400 BC and became widely bred in Egypt around 300 BC. Three possible routes of introduction into Africa around the early first millennium AD could have been through the
Egyptian
566:
in 1921 as the "pecking order". Male chickens tend to leap and use their claws in conflicts. Chickens are capable of mobbing and killing a weak or inexperienced predator, such as a young fox.
1375:
3424:
Liu, Yi-Ping; Wu, Gui-Sheng; Yao, Yong-Gang; Miao, Yong-Wang; Luikart, Gordon; Baig, Mumtaz; et al. (January 2006). "Multiple maternal origins of chickens: Out of the Asian jungles".
796:, to boost its own reproduction. In domesticating the chicken, humans took advantage of the red junglefowl's ability to reproduce prolifically when exposed to a surge in its food supply.
750:) and are scientifically classified as the same species. Domesticated chickens freely interbreed with populations of red junglefowl. The domestic chicken has subsequently hybridised with
5571:
4986:
2806:
Xue, Qian; Li, Guohui; Cao, Yuxia; Yin, Jianmei; Zhu, Yunfen; Zhang, Huiyong; Zhou, Chenghao; Shen, Haiyu; Dou, Xinhong; Su, Yijun; Wang, Kehua; Zou, Jianmin; Han, Wei (June 1, 2021).
571:
4092:
905:
Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa makes it difficult to lay out a clear map of the spread of chickens in these areas; better description and genetic analysis of local breeds threatened by
2312:
2183:
2446:
Cheng, Kimberly M.; Burns, Jeffrey T. (August 1988). "Dominance
Relationship and Mating Behavior of Domestic Cocks: A Model to Study Mate-Guarding and Sperm Competition in Birds".
3332:
Al-Nasser, A.; Al-Khalaifa, H.; Al-Saffar, A.; Khalil, F.; Albahouh, M.; Ragheb, G.; Al-Haddad, A.; Mashaly, M. (June 1, 2007). "Overview of chicken taxonomy and domestication".
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682:
to break out of the shell. Hens remain on the nest for about two days after the first chick hatches; during this time the newly hatched chicks feed by absorbing the internal
4906:
4768:
4413:
Tilman, David; Cassman, Kenneth G.; Matson, Pamela A.; Naylor, Rosamond; Polasky, Stephen (August 2002). "Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices".
2142:
5573:
5318:
5531:
1287:, and popular culture. The chicken is a sacred animal in many cultures and deeply embedded in belief systems and religious practices. Roosters are sometimes used for
2524:
5074:
1251:), with a total of 19,119 protein-coding genes, a similar number to the human genome. In 2006, scientists researching the ancestry of birds switched on a chicken
4234:
3467:
Zeder, Melinda A.; Emshwiller, Eve; Smith, Bruce D.; Bradley, Daniel G. (March 2006). "Documenting domestication: the intersection of genetics and archaeology".
1460:
403:: a fertile adult male chicken, especially in North America. Originated in the 18th century, possibly as a euphemism to avoid the sexual connotation of the word
2017:
1305:, cockfighting is outlawed in the town of Macondo after the patriarch of the Buendia family murders his cockfighting rival and is haunted by the man's ghost.
4114:
Schiavone, Antonella; Pugliese, Nicola; Otranto, Domenico; Samarelli, Rossella; Circella, Elena; De
Virgilio, Caterina; Camarda, Antonio (January 20, 2022).
4825:
860:
since ancient times. Chickens, together with dogs and pigs, were carried throughout the entire range of the prehistoric Austronesian maritime migrations to
4326:
4295:
3696:
1406:
562:; dominant individuals take priority for access to food and nest sites. The concept of dominance, involving pecking, was described in female chickens by
4883:
4858:
1425:
4532:
2958:
Lawal, Raman Akinyanju; Martin, Simon H.; Vanmechelen, Koen; Vereijken, Addie; Silva, Pradeepa; Al-Atiyat, Raed Mahmoud; et al. (December 2020).
2616:
5342:
Encyclopædia Perthensis; Or Universal Dictionary of the Arts, Sciences, Literature, &c. Intended to Supersede the Use of Other Books of Reference
3009:
Eriksson, Jonas; Larson, Greger; Gunnarsson, Ulrika; Bed'hom, Bertrand; Tixier-Boichard, Michele; Strömstedt, Lina; et al. (February 29, 2008).
5043:
3587:
5475:
4595:
2364:
Evans, Christopher S.; Evans, Linda; Marler, Peter (July 1993). "On the meaning of alarm calls: functional reference in an avian vocal system".
1203:
from 2500 to 2100 BC. In the process of domestication, chickens were apparently kept initially for cockfighting, and only later used for food.
853:
4348:
4472:
1992:
1144:
re-invigorates egg-production. Some flocks may be force-moulted several times. In 2003, more than 75% of all flocks were moulted in the US.
5413:
4378:
Ilea, Ramona Cristina (April 2009). "Intensive Livestock Farming: Global Trends, Increased Environmental Concerns, and Ethical Solutions".
4072:
1749:
1539:
4502:
2304:
397:: a young female chicken less than a year old. In the poultry industry, a pullet is a sexually immature chicken less than 22 weeks of age.
5819:
4049:
4006:
3673:
1587:
1565:
3630:
3276:
1639:
1613:
686:. The hen guards her chicks and broods them to keep them warm. She leads them to food and water and calls them towards food. The chicks
2015:
A Complex Structural Variation on Chromosome 27 Leads to the Ectopic Expression of HOXB8 and the Muffs and Beard Phenotype in Chickens
1794:
663:". The hen sits on the nest, fluffing up or pecking defensively if disturbed. She rarely leaves the nest until the eggs have hatched.
5237:
Warren, Wesley C.; Hillier, LaDeana W.; Tomlinson, Chad; Minx, Patrick; Kremitzki, Milinn; Graves, Tina; et al. (January 2017).
735:
6374:
5814:
2342:
2281:
2150:
3566:"The Origins and Arrival of the Earliest Domestic Animals in Mainland and Island Southeast Asia: A Developing Story of Complexity"
3246:
2050:
1961:
616:
5501:
5288:
4914:
1770:
611:
contact between the male and female, in an action called the 'cloacal kiss'. As with all birds, reproduction is controlled by a
4737:
1901:
643:) initiate and maintain sexual maturation changes. Reproduction declines with age, thought to be due to a decline in GnRH-I-N.
2430:
1938:
1851:
1667:
675:
than embryos from other chicken populations. This hemoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen, binding oxygen more readily.
5340:
4264:
4179:"Antiviral responses against chicken respiratory infections: Focus on avian influenza virus and infectious bronchitis virus"
2120:
6484:
6307:
5523:
3367:
Wang, Ming-Shan; Thakur, Mukesh; Peng, Min-Sheng; Jiang, Yu; Frantz, Laurent Alain François; Li, Ming; et al. (2020).
1720:
1817:
1444:
2248:
Schjelderup-Ebbe, T. (1975). "Contributions to the social psychology of the domestic chicken ". In Schein, M. W. (ed.).
1924:
1195:
is a contest held in a ring called a cockpit between two cocks. Cockfighting is outlawed in many countries as involving
1094:, 74% of the world's poultry meat and 68% of eggs are produced this way. An alternative to intensive poultry farming is
926:
artworks, such as across Central Asia. Chickens were widespread throughout southern Central Asia by the 4th century BC.
6509:
5621:
5310:
5029:
4567:
5066:
4226:
6519:
6441:
6060:
5651:
4043:
4000:
3667:
3624:
3581:
1513:
690:
on the hen and subsequently follow her continually. She continues to care for them until they are several weeks old.
4971:
1054:
feeds on blood, causing irritation and reducing egg production, and acts as a vector for bacterial diseases such as
6474:
5945:
2585:
1843:
4815:
5829:
4941:
2014:
1270:
310:
218:
6212:
4587:
2640:"Influences of Hypoxia on Hatching Performance in Chickens with Different Genetic Adaptation to High Altitude"
438:
laments the death of "all my pretty chickens and their dam". The usage is preserved in placenames such as the
6464:
6400:
5972:
5147:"Sequence and comparative analysis of the chicken genome provide unique perspectives on vertebrate evolution"
4873:
4849:
2520:"Increasing persistency in lay and stabilising egg quality in longer laying cycles. What are the challenges?"
1301:
442:. In older sources, and still often in trade and scientific contexts, chickens as a species are described as
4524:
3928:"Earliest economic exploitation of chicken outside East Asia: Evidence from the Hellenistic Southern Levant"
5895:
4695:"The Effects of Alternative Forced-Molting Methods on The Performance and Egg Quality of Commercial Layers"
2866:(May 24, 2018). "Quaillike creatures were the only birds to survive the dinosaur-killing asteroid impact".
2612:
941:, chickens began to be widely domesticated for food. The first pictures of chickens in Europe are found on
640:
3809:"Using ancient DNA to study the origins and dispersal of ancestral Polynesian chickens across the Pacific"
3507:"Using ancient DNA to study the origins and dispersal of ancestral Polynesian chickens across the Pacific"
1291:, a practice called alectryomancy. This involves the sacrifice of a sacred rooster, often during a ritual
1239:, the chicken genome is similarly sized compared to other birds, but smaller than nearly all mammals: the
1161:
varieties, are generally docile and are often recommended as good pets around children with disabilities.
6504:
5013:
4498:
4260:
2681:"Early egg production in genetically blind (rc/rc) chickens in comparison with sighted (Rc+/rc) controls"
2448:
1296:
1259:, and found that the embryo jaws initiated formation of teeth, like those found in ancient bird fossils.
1225:
849:
5098:"Saunders's framework for understanding limb development as a platform for investigating limb evolution"
6479:
5588:
4035:
3735:
3659:
3616:
2173:
1930:
762:; a gene for yellow skin, for instance, was incorporated into domestic birds from the grey junglefowl (
3565:
6415:
5967:
5956:
5885:
5607:
5459:
1397:
1200:
563:
49:
6514:
5731:
5296:
4464:
4356:
1341:
1114:. Broiler breeds typically take less than six weeks to reach slaughter size, some weeks longer for
1087:
102:
42:
35:
4963:
4318:
4287:
983:
Valley, the East Africa Roman-Greek or Indian trade, or from Carthage and the Berbers, across the
678:
Fertile chicken eggs hatch at the end of the incubation period, about 21 days; the chick uses its
6133:
6022:
6017:
5726:
5444:
2583:
Sherwin, C.M.; Nicol, C.J. (1993). "Factors influencing floor-laying by hens in modified cages".
2089:
1984:
1221:
687:
439:
5417:
5194:
Gregory, T. Ryan (September 2005). "Synergy between sequence and size in Large-scale genomics".
2892:
Wong, G. K.; Liu, B.; Wang, J.; Zhang, Y.; Yang, X.; Zhang, Z.; et al. (December 9, 2004).
2808:"Identification of genes involved in inbreeding depression of reproduction in Langshan chickens"
1742:
1535:
1134:
ability declines to the point where the flock is commercially unviable. Hens, particularly from
788:
According to one early study, a single domestication event of the red junglefowl in present-day
6329:
6292:
6227:
6141:
5688:
5681:
4494:
3125:"Radiocarbon and DNA evidence for a pre-Columbian introduction of Polynesian chickens to Chile"
2483:
Briskie, J. V.; R. Montgomerie (1997). "Sexual Selection and the Intromittent Organ of Birds".
1579:
1561:
829:
766:). It is estimated that chickens share between 71 and 79% of their genome with red junglefowl.
17:
4029:
3986:
3653:
3268:
1635:
1609:
531:. In the wild, they scratch at the soil to search for seeds, insects, and animals as large as
6161:
6151:
6113:
6053:
5644:
3610:
2422:
2411:
1381:
861:
755:
694:
197:
6428:
499:. The body is round, the legs are unfeathered in most breeds, and the wings are short. Wild
228:
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5603:
5158:
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4352:
3939:
3820:
3761:
3518:
3433:
3306:
3192:
3136:
3076:
2905:
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The surgical and chemical castration of chickens is now illegal in some parts of the world.
1107:
1091:
1050:
881:
857:
66:
4987:"A Blood Sport Gets in the Blood; Fans of Cockfighting Don't Understand Its Outlaw Status"
4617:
Patwardhan, D.; King, A. (2011). "Review: feed withdrawal and non feed withdrawal moult".
1086:
million chickens are reared for egg production. The vast majority of poultry is raised in
933:. Phoenicians spread chickens along the Mediterranean coasts as far as Iberia. During the
8:
6499:
6146:
6098:
5718:
2533:
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1431:
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612:
559:
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80:
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3943:
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3824:
3765:
3522:
3437:
3310:
3196:
3140:
3080:
3011:"Identification of the Yellow Skin Gene Reveals a Hybrid Origin of the Domestic Chicken"
2909:
2334:
1106:
argue that it harms the environment, creates human health risks and is inhumane towards
6232:
6222:
5982:
5910:
5263:
5238:
5219:
5122:
5097:
4760:
4693:
Molino, A.B.; Garcia, E.A.; Berto, D.A.; Pelícia, K.; Silva, A.P.; Vercese, F. (2009).
4634:
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2500:
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2381:
2285:
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1196:
934:
344:
241:
97:
3297:
West, B.; Zhou, B.X. (1988). "Did chickens go north? New evidence for domestication".
2894:"A genetic variation map for chicken with 2.8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms"
2268:
Rajecki, D. W. (1988). "Formation of leap orders in pairs of male domestic chickens".
2252:. Vol. 3. Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross. pp. 35–49.
2058:
1957:
967:
chickens became less aggressive and began to lay eggs earlier in the breeding season.
780:
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5992:
5703:
5497:
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5285:
5268:
5211:
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4738:"History, changing scenarios and future strategies to induce moulting in laying hens"
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4159:
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published one in 1847. Chickens have been featured in art in farmyard scenes such as
1311:
1103:
1059:
517:
435:
5223:
4764:
4711:
4694:
4638:
3750:"Indo-European and Asian origins for Chilean and Pacific chickens revealed by mtDNA"
3353:
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2386:
6494:
6297:
6046:
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2720:
Edgar, Joanne; Held, Suzanne; Jones, Charlotte; Troisi, Camille (January 5, 2016).
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1821:
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1008:
942:
751:
731:
290:
31:
6405:
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1714:
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farming. Friction between these two main methods has led to long-term issues of
929:
Middle Eastern chicken remains go back to a little earlier than 2000 BC in
558:
and raise young communally. Individual chickens dominate others, establishing a
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5789:
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that causes extra feathering under the face, giving the appearance of a beard.
469:
286:
282:
5524:"'Chicken' Recipe Simply Divine / Action comedy blends great story, animation"
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Chicken domestication and dispersal; possibility of early arrival in Americas
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was created from a revision of this article dated 22 February 2024
5239:"A New Chicken Genome Assembly Provides Insight into Avian Genome Structure"
3952:
3926:
Perry-Gal, Lee; Erlich, Adi; Gilboa, Ayelet; Bar-Oz, Guy (August 11, 2015).
3871:"Archaeological and molecular evidence for ancient chickens in Central Asia"
3833:
3774:
3531:
3149:
2875:
1861:
1013:
836:), inferred from genetic markers on ancient and modern chicken DNA (Thomson
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6217:
5847:
5799:
5749:
5272:
5215:
5180:
5131:
5039:
4820:
4679:
4442:
4212:
4163:
3971:
3912:
3852:
3793:
3550:
3488:
3453:
3402:
3168:
3098:
3046:
2995:
2935:
2849:
2792:
2784:
2757:
2665:
2561:
2377:
1306:
1247:. The final gene set contained 26,640 genes (including noncoding genes and
1240:
1135:
1129:
A commercial chicken house with open sides raising broiler pullets for meat
996:
976:
952:
632:
628:
620:
588:
5254:
4670:
4653:
3224:
2706:
2656:
2639:
1509:
963:
of chicken bones from archaeological sites in Europe revealed that in the
6387:
6002:
5935:
5925:
5915:
2823:
2110:
1353:
1349:
956:
893:
822:
727:
646:
504:
294:
164:
154:
5171:
5146:
4434:
2917:
2282:
10.1002/1098-2337(1988)14:6<425::AID-AB2480140604>3.0.CO;2-#
1748:. Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. p. 8.
1125:
6379:
6352:
6287:
6267:
6007:
5997:
5987:
5940:
5842:
5754:
5145:
International Chicken Genome Sequencing Consortium (December 9, 2004).
4937:
4721:
2738:
2697:
2680:
2504:
2469:
1358:
1288:
1284:
1248:
1184:
1115:
1095:
1025:
980:
906:
877:
865:
672:
660:
547:
500:
496:
174:
6392:
2638:
Zhang, H.; Wang, X.T.; Chamba, Y.; Ling, Y.; Wu, C.X. (October 2008).
2234:
2174:"World's oldest chicken starred in magic shows, was on 'Tonight Show'"
6361:
6257:
6189:
6118:
6012:
5862:
5857:
5784:
3573:
1362:
1292:
1192:
1180:
1170:
873:
826:
723:
679:
592:
478:
302:
289:
around 8,000 years ago. Most chickens are raised for food, providing
114:
6323:
5207:
3089:
3064:
2496:
2461:
659:
is complete; they then incubate all the eggs. This is called "going
463:
6366:
6346:
6282:
5962:
5920:
5905:
5852:
5809:
5794:
5698:
5616:
5021:
4177:
Barjesteh, Neda; O'Dowd, Kelsey; Vahedi, Seyed Milad (March 2020).
3568:. In Piper, Philip J.; Matsumura, Hirofumi; Bulbeck, David (eds.).
3331:
3008:
2250:
Social Hierarchy and Dominance. Benchmark Papers in Animal Behavior
2218:
1960:. Smithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute.
1339:", its chorus line imitating the cockerel's call, was published in
1280:
1276:
1244:
1236:
1220:
have been made using chicken embryos, such as the discovery of the
1041:
1037:
914:
909:
may also help with research into this area. Chicken bones from the
789:
739:
683:
624:
528:
521:
337:
134:
2770:
6312:
6179:
6069:
5950:
5764:
5708:
5668:
4850:"How Caring for Backyard Chickens Stretched My Emotional Muscles"
4113:
2713:
2085:
1879:
1111:
945:
818:
711:
430:
4874:"Chickens will become a beloved pet — just like the family dog"
2957:
2613:"Why Do Chickens Puff up Their Feathers? I 4 Reasons Explained"
1232:
1154:
938:
608:
532:
124:
4120:: the long journey of the poultry red mite to become a vector"
3697:"Study: The Chicken Didn't Cross The Pacific To South America"
5693:
5345:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). John Brown. 1816. p. 394.
5286:
Scientists Find Chickens Retain Ancient Ability to Grow Teeth
2305:"Chickens 'teamed up to kill fox' at Brittany farming school"
1175:
1045:
992:
930:
667:
540:
536:
359:
332:
3369:"863 genomes reveal the origin and domestication of chicken"
41:"Rooster" and "Roosters" redirect here. For other uses, see
4729:
4610:
3925:
3466:
1985:"Forget About the Road. Why Are Chickens So Bad at Flying?"
1808:
1451:
1029:
988:
975:
Chickens reached Egypt via the Middle East for purposes of
551:
492:
274:
144:
6038:
5629:
5236:
3655:
Anthropological Genetics: Theory, Methods and Applications
3570:
New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory
1840:
I Remember: Eighty Years of Black Entertainment, Big Bands
362:
4654:"Physiology and behavior of the hen during induced moult"
4412:
4176:
4028:
Chiffolo, Anthony F.; Hesse, Rayner W. (March 13, 2019).
1466:
Carved and painted wooden tribal statue of a cock fight,
1216:
development. For instance, many important discoveries in
584:
298:
4692:
3985:
Karayanis, Dean; Karayanis, Catherine (March 13, 2019).
3181:
999:
and date back to the middle of the first millennium AD.
4907:"Despite what you might think, chickens are not stupid"
4107:
4031:
Cooking with the Bible: Biblical Food, Feasts, and Lore
2960:"The wild species genome ancestry of domestic chickens"
817:
Prehistoric introduction of domesticated chickens into
543:. The world's oldest known chicken lived for 16 years.
253:
2113:"Frequently asked questions about chickens & eggs"
539:. A chicken may live for 5–10 years, depending on the
5096:
Young, John J.; Tabin, Clifford J. (September 2017).
4686:
2482:
1262:
742:
relatives. Chickens are descended primarily from the
365:
2719:
1295:, used as a form of communication with the gods. In
896:
seafarers, but evidence for this is still putative.
693:
Inbreeding of White Leghorn chickens tends to cause
48:"Cockerel" redirects here. For the Fabergé egg, see
5302:
4935:
3366:
2637:
1231:The chicken was the first bird species to have its
1199:. The activity seems to have been practised in the
884:. These chickens might have been introduced during
4848:
3984:
2410:
666:Eggs of chickens from the high-altitude region of
587:and to call their chicks. Chickens give different
5058:
4984:
2205:Perrin, P. G. (1955). "'Pecking order' 1927–54".
6456:
4380:Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics
4227:"Number of chickens worldwide from 1990 to 2018"
2891:
2722:"Influences of Maternal Care on Chicken Welfare"
2605:
2518:Bain, M. M.; Nys, Y.; Dunn, I.C. (May 3, 2016).
2363:
2247:
1384:askos in the form of a rooster, 4th century B.C.
722:Water or ground-dwelling fowl similar to modern
5299:, February 27, 2006. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
4645:
3932:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3813:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3511:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3129:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3058:
3056:
2511:
413:: a chicken (southern United States, dialectal)
4929:
4735:
4616:
3612:The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders
3290:
3118:
3116:
2405:
1952:
1950:
738:that killed all tree-dwelling birds and their
734:of bird that chickens belong to, survived the
598:
595:is approaching from the air or on the ground.
6054:
5645:
5005:
4349:"Towards Happier Meals In A Globalized World"
4027:
3065:"DNA reveals how the chicken crossed the sea"
373:: a chicken (Australia/New Zealand, informal)
4813:
4795:"Some homeowners find chickens all the rage"
4736:Yousaf, M.; Chaudhry, A.S. (March 1, 2008).
3919:
3423:
3175:
3053:
2582:
2401:
2399:
2397:
5820:European Union Council Directive 1999/74/EC
5308:
5064:
3864:
3862:
3113:
2805:
2517:
2476:
1947:
1926:Genetics and evolution of the domestic fowl
880:, starting from at least 3000 BC from
6061:
6047:
5652:
5638:
5400:The Knickerbocker, or The New York Monthly
5309:Adler, Jerry; Lawler, Andrew (June 2012).
5095:
5065:Lawler, Andrew; Adler, Jerry (June 2012).
3500:
3498:
2445:
2335:"Top cock: Roosters crow in pecking order"
227:
65:
5416:. Painting World Magazine. Archived from
5262:
5170:
5121:
4846:
4814:Pollack-Fusi, Mindy (December 16, 2004).
4720:
4710:
4669:
4581:
4579:
4202:
4153:
4135:
3961:
3951:
3902:
3842:
3832:
3800:
3783:
3773:
3540:
3530:
3392:
3214:
3204:
3158:
3148:
3088:
3036:
3026:
2985:
2975:
2925:
2887:
2885:
2839:
2747:
2737:
2696:
2655:
2551:
2541:
2394:
2385:
5599:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
5582:
5438:
5011:
4071:Brown, Marley (September–October 2017).
3859:
3651:
3608:
3296:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2678:
1837:
1831:
1174:
1124:
1012:
937:(4th–2nd centuries BC), in the southern
812:
779:
710:
645:
617:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-I neurons
568:
5457:
5441:The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes
5411:
5349:from the original on September 21, 2024
5193:
4861:from the original on November 25, 2020.
4651:
4553:
4505:from the original on September 21, 2024
4052:from the original on September 13, 2016
4009:from the original on September 13, 2016
3806:
3747:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3694:
3688:
3676:from the original on September 13, 2016
3652:Crawford, Michael H. (March 13, 2019).
3633:from the original on September 13, 2016
3504:
3495:
3243:Nova and National Geographic Television
3062:
2862:
2267:
2123:from the original on September 16, 2008
2079:
1922:
1568:from the original on September 7, 2015.
328:: a chicken, or a newly hatched chicken
313:in folklore, religion, and literature.
14:
6457:
4774:from the original on November 24, 2020
4585:
4576:
4535:from the original on December 30, 2016
4237:from the original on November 27, 2020
3868:
3590:from the original on November 28, 2022
3122:
2882:
2204:
2186:from the original on February 20, 2019
2092:from the original on December 11, 2021
1982:
1785:
1755:from the original on October 23, 2020.
1642:from the original on September 7, 2015
1616:from the original on September 7, 2015
1590:from the original on September 7, 2015
987:. The earliest known remains are from
30:For the culinary use of chickens, see
6328:
6327:
6042:
5633:
5478:from the original on January 24, 2023
5458:Corliss, Richard (December 4, 2000).
5321:from the original on November 3, 2012
5311:"How the Chicken Conquered the World"
5077:from the original on October 31, 2019
5067:"How the Chicken Conquered the World"
4871:
4847:Kreilkamp, Ivan (November 25, 2020).
4070:
4064:
3734:The Cambridge History of Food, 2000,
3563:
3557:
3426:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2942:
2345:from the original on January 15, 2018
2171:
2143:"The Poultry Guide – A to Z and FAQs"
2111:Gerard P.Worrell AKA "Farmer Jerry".
2007:
1964:from the original on February 2, 2024
1723:from the original on November 9, 2010
736:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
6416:00228927-f07c-4b05-8012-b9e8fb65eb3c
5504:from the original on August 17, 2018
5381:from the original on August 27, 2017
4985:Raymond Hernandez (April 11, 1995).
4938:"Providing a Good Home for Chickens"
4699:Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science
4377:
3719:
3279:from the original on August 21, 2017
3266:
3249:from the original on August 23, 2017
3236:
1904:from the original on August 21, 2008
273:) is a large and round short-winged
5046:from the original on April 18, 2023
4974:from the original on July 30, 2009.
4792:
4329:from the original on April 26, 2017
4316:
4298:from the original on April 26, 2017
4285:
4267:from the original on April 26, 2017
3807:Thomson, Vicki A. (April 1, 2014).
3609:Meleisea, Malama (March 25, 2004).
2315:from the original on March 13, 2019
2302:
1773:from the original on April 22, 2021
718:, the wild ancestor of the chicken
24:
5886:Avian infectious laryngotracheitis
5569:
5412:Kellogg, Diane M. (May 22, 2020).
5369:"Love and Immolation in Argentina"
4904:
4886:from the original on April 2, 2019
4828:from the original on March 4, 2016
4586:Browne, Anthony (March 10, 2002).
4475:from the original on July 12, 2010
4319:"Chickens and Eggs Annual Summary"
4288:"Poultry Slaughter Annual Summary"
4095:from the original on July 25, 2019
2619:from the original on June 18, 2021
1995:from the original on April 4, 2024
1983:Geggel, Laura (December 8, 2016).
1743:"Overview of the Poultry Industry"
1670:from the original on March 7, 2016
1369:chickens with many chicken jokes.
1299:'s Nobel-Prize-winning 1967 novel
1263:In culture, folklore, and religion
623:. Reproductive hormones including
25:
6531:
5901:Histomoniasis (blackhead disease)
5550:
5534:from the original on June 2, 2021
5439:Opie, Iona; Opie, Peter (1997) .
4993:. New York City Metropolitan Area
4944:from the original on June 5, 2009
4598:from the original on May 16, 2008
4554:Glenday, Craig (April 26, 2011).
3695:Neumann, Scott (March 18, 2014).
3572:. terra australis. Vol. 45.
3063:Borrell, Brendan (June 1, 2007).
1024:Chickens are susceptible both to
844:A word for the domestic chicken (
794:multi-decade bamboo seeding cycle
484:Comb of female, generally smaller
5946:Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome
5615:
5581:
5516:
5490:
5451:
5432:
5405:
5393:
5361:
5333:
5279:
5230:
5187:
5138:
3707:from the original on May 5, 2023
3505:Thomson, Vicki A. (April 2014).
3237:King, Rick (February 24, 2009),
2586:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
1844:University of Pennsylvania Press
1542:from the original on May 7, 2021
1516:from the original on May 7, 2021
1459:
1443:
1424:
1405:
1389:
1374:
1275:Chickens are featured widely in
1211:Chickens have long been used as
1139:countries, flocks are sometimes
1069:
769:
477:
462:
355:
101:
74:Male (left) and female chickens
5815:Abnormal behaviour in captivity
5089:
4978:
4956:
4898:
4872:Boone, Lisa (August 27, 2017).
4865:
4840:
4807:
4786:
4745:World's Poultry Science Journal
4712:10.1590/s1516-635x2009000200006
4619:World's Poultry Science Journal
4547:
4517:
4487:
4457:
4406:
4371:
4341:
4310:
4279:
4249:
4219:
4170:
4021:
3978:
3869:Peters, Carli (April 2, 2024).
3741:
3645:
3602:
3460:
3417:
3360:
3334:World's Poultry Science Journal
3325:
3267:King, Rick (February 1, 2009),
3260:
3230:
3123:Storey, A. A. (June 19, 2007).
3002:
2856:
2799:
2764:
2672:
2631:
2576:
2439:
2357:
2327:
2296:
2261:
2241:
2198:
2172:Smith, Jamon (August 6, 2006).
2165:
2135:
2104:
2073:
2043:
1976:
1916:
1886:
1883:, Act 4 Scene 3, lines 217–229.
1868:
1759:
1735:
1707:
1271:Cultural references to chickens
1164:
848:) is part of the reconstructed
316:
311:cultural references to chickens
1933:. pp. 11 and throughout.
1838:Berhardt, Clyde E. B. (1986).
1682:
1654:
1628:
1602:
1572:
1554:
1538:. Collins English Dictionary.
1536:"Biddy definition and meaning"
1528:
1502:
1482:
1309:have been made at least since
808:
491:Chickens are relatively large
453:
379:: a fertile adult male chicken
13:
1:
5016:Poultry Breeding and Genetics
4465:"Broiler Chickens Fact Sheet"
2679:Ali, A.; Cheng, K.M. (1985).
2543:10.1080/00071668.2016.1161727
2409:; Johnson, Catherine (2005).
1801:"Why Do We Say...? Rooster",
1495:
1302:One Hundred Years Of Solitude
1206:
951:Breeding increased under the
5896:Avian sarcoma leukosis virus
4793:Fly, Colin (July 27, 2007).
3319:10.1016/0305-4403(88)90080-5
3028:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000010
2599:10.1016/0168-1591(93)90011-d
2038:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006071
1345:in 1765. The 2000 animated
803:
706:
641:follicle-stimulating hormone
321:Terms for chickens include:
27:Domesticated species of bird
7:
6485:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
6068:
5659:
5114:10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.11.005
4556:Guinness World Records 2011
4499:Compassion in World Farming
4261:Compassion in World Farming
3760:(30). et al.: 10308–10313.
3446:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.09.014
3135:(25). et al.: 10335–10339.
2256:Zeitschrift für Psychologie
2082:"Chicken Kills Rattlesnake"
1815:Online Etymology Dictionary
1226:zone of polarizing activity
1002:
899:
850:Proto-Austronesian language
599:Reproduction and life-cycle
10:
6536:
4495:"Chickens Farmed for Meat"
4195:10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154961
4137:10.1186/s13071-021-05142-1
4036:Greenwood Publishing Group
3887:10.1038/s41467-024-46093-2
3736:Cambridge University Press
3660:Cambridge University Press
3617:Cambridge University Press
1931:Cambridge University Press
1898:Merriam Webster Dictionary
1820:November 11, 2020, at the
1268:
1168:
1147:
1078:
1074:
1006:
920:
773:
535:, small snakes, and young
47:
40:
29:
6510:National symbols of Kenya
6336:
6203:
6170:
6132:
6076:
5968:Infectious bursal disease
5957:Gallid alphaherpesvirus 3
5871:
5828:
5740:
5717:
5667:
5414:"Chickens in Art History"
4936:United Poultry Concerns.
4757:10.1017/s0043933907001729
4631:10.1017/s0043933911000286
4392:10.1007/s10806-008-9136-3
4060:– via Google Books.
4017:– via Google Books.
3819:(13). et al.: 4826–4831.
3684:– via Google Books.
3564:Piper, Philip J. (2017).
3517:(13). et al.: 4826–4831.
3481:10.1016/j.tig.2006.01.007
3385:10.1038/s41422-020-0349-y
3346:10.1017/S004393390700147X
2977:10.1186/s12915-020-0738-1
2080:D Lines (July 27, 2013).
2020:November 5, 2021, at the
1201:Indus Valley civilisation
1062:. Viral diseases include
970:
701:
607:Sperm transfer occurs by
564:Thorleif Schjelderup-Ebbe
391:: an adult female chicken
247:
240:
235:
226:
203:
196:
98:Scientific classification
96:
87:
78:
73:
64:
59:
6520:Austronesian agriculture
6338:Gallus gallus domesticus
5732:List of poultry feathers
5623:Gallus gallus domesticus
5012:Crawford, R. D. (1990).
4964:"Choosing Your Chickens"
4323:usda.mannlib.cornell.edu
4292:usda.mannlib.cornell.edu
3206:10.1073/pnas.91.26.12505
2485:Journal of Avian Biology
1805:, August–September 2006.
1719:. Dictionary Reference.
1666:. Dictionary Reference.
1638:. Cambridge Dictionary.
1612:. Cambridge Dictionary.
1564:. Cambridge Dictionary.
1475:
516:; combs and wattles are
207:Gallus gallus domesticus
43:Rooster (disambiguation)
36:Chicken (disambiguation)
6475:Birds described in 1758
6023:Tibial dyschondroplasia
6018:Squamous cell carcinoma
5727:List of chicken colours
5445:Oxford University Press
5196:Nature Reviews Genetics
4816:"Cooped up in suburbia"
4124:Parasites & Vectors
3953:10.1073/pnas.1504236112
3834:10.1073/pnas.1320412111
3775:10.1073/pnas.0801991105
3748:Gongora, Jaime (2008).
3532:10.1073/pnas.1320412111
3150:10.1073/pnas.0703993104
2876:10.1126/science.aau2802
2773:British Poultry Science
2525:British Poultry Science
2117:Gworrell.freeyellow.com
1923:Stevens, Lewis (1991).
1767:"Definition of Rooster"
1222:apical ectodermal ridge
948:of the 7th century BC.
852:, indicating they were
518:more prominent in males
440:Hen and Chicken Islands
6293:Organic egg production
6228:Cannibalism in poultry
5577:
5557:Listen to this article
5291:June 20, 2008, at the
4652:Webster, A.B. (2003).
4525:"UK Egg Industry Data"
3988:Regional Greek Cooking
2785:10.1080/00071669987601
2413:Animals in Translation
2378:10.1006/anbe.1993.1158
2303:AFP (March 12, 2019).
2057:. 2003. Archived from
2051:"Info on Chicken Care"
1470:, West Africa, c. 2000
1436:Spanish Cock and Snail
1297:Gabriel García Márquez
1188:
1130:
1021:
841:
830:Austronesian expansion
785:
719:
651:
579:
385:: a young male chicken
50:Cockerel (Fabergé egg)
34:. For other uses, see
5576:
5402:, March 1847, p. 283.
5255:10.1534/g3.116.035923
5102:Developmental Biology
3875:Nature Communications
2657:10.3382/ps.2008-00122
1797:July 1, 2017, at the
1510:"Definition of biddy"
1450:Wooden chicken mask,
1342:Mother Goose's Melody
1178:
1128:
1017:8 day old chick with
1016:
862:Island Southeast Asia
832:(starting at c. 4000
816:
783:
774:Further information:
756:Sri Lankan junglefowl
714:
695:inbreeding depression
649:
577:
520:. Some breeds have a
507:; chickens and their
297:; others are kept as
236:Chicken distribution
189:G. g. domesticus
6465:Domesticated animals
6308:In the United States
5931:Dermanyssus gallinae
5608:More spoken articles
5071:Smithsonian Magazine
4353:Worldwatch Institute
4118:Dermanyssus gallinae
3738:, vol.1, pp. 496-499
3269:"Plant vs. Predator"
2824:10.5713/ajas.20.0248
2534:Taylor & Francis
2258:, 1922, 88:225–252.)
2153:on November 28, 2010
1875:Shakespeare, William
1584:Cambridge Dictionary
1413:Feeding the chickens
1398:Đông Hồ folk woodcut
1329:Feeding the Chickens
1321:Turkeys and Chickens
1092:Worldwatch Institute
1051:Dermanyssus gallinae
858:Austronesian peoples
650:Newly hatched chicks
578:Crowing (with audio)
5460:"Run, Chicken Run!"
5420:on February 2, 2024
5377:. August 16, 1981.
5172:10.1038/nature03154
5163:2004Natur.432..695C
4671:10.1093/ps/82.6.992
4588:"Ten weeks to live"
4435:10.1038/nature01014
4427:2002Natur.418..671T
3944:2015PNAS..112.9849P
3881:(1). et al.: 2697.
3825:2014PNAS..111.4826T
3766:2008PNAS..10510308G
3523:2014PNAS..111.4826T
3438:2006MolPE..38...12L
3311:1988JArSc..15..515W
3197:1994PNAS...9112505F
3191:(26): 12505–12509,
3141:2007PNAS..10410335S
3081:2007Natur.447R.620B
2918:10.1038/nature03156
2910:2004Natur.432..717B
2270:Aggressive Behavior
1769:. Merriam-Webster.
1454:, late 20th century
1432:Joseph Crawhall III
1317:Adriaen van Utrecht
1235:sequenced. At 1.21
1100:ethical consumerism
1090:. According to the
955:and reduced in the
915:south-central Chile
637:luteinizing hormone
591:to indicate that a
426:William Shakespeare
81:Conservation status
6505:Cosmopolitan birds
6233:Chicken eyeglasses
5911:Campylobacteriosis
5578:
5498:"AFI|Catalog"
5295:Ammu Kannampilly,
5024:. pp. 10–11.
4991:The New York Times
4855:The New York Times
4560:Jim Pattison Group
3469:Trends in Genetics
2864:Pennisi, Elizabeth
2739:10.3390/ani6010002
2698:10.3382/ps.0640789
2615:. August 8, 2020.
2055:Ideas-4-pets.co.uk
1512:. Dictionary.com.
1197:cruelty to animals
1189:
1131:
1022:
995:, East Coast, and
961:Genetic sequencing
935:Hellenistic period
842:
786:
720:
652:
580:
6480:Bird common names
6452:
6451:
6424:Open Tree of Life
6330:Taxon identifiers
6321:
6320:
6253:Chicken harvester
6036:
6035:
5993:Newcastle disease
5973:Infectious coryza
5574:
5530:. June 21, 2000.
5157:(7018): 695–716.
4968:Clucks and Chooks
4879:Los Angeles Times
4529:Official Egg Info
4469:Animals Australia
4421:(6898): 671–677.
3938:(32): 9849–9854.
3075:(7145): 620–621.
2904:(7018): 717–722.
2812:Animal Bioscience
2650:(10): 2112–2116.
2432:978-0-7432-4769-6
2417:. New York City:
1940:978-0-521-40317-7
1853:978-0-8122-8018-0
1803:American Heritage
1396:Rooster and hen,
1337:Cock a doodle doo
1312:The Knickerbocker
1104:intensive farming
575:
348:: a young chicken
336:: a castrated or
270:Gallus domesticus
261:
260:
256:
250:Gallus domesticus
91:
16:(Redirected from
6527:
6445:
6444:
6432:
6431:
6419:
6418:
6409:
6408:
6406:NHMSYS0020975169
6396:
6395:
6383:
6382:
6370:
6369:
6357:
6356:
6355:
6325:
6324:
6298:Pastured poultry
6063:
6056:
6049:
6040:
6039:
5780:Broiler industry
5654:
5647:
5640:
5631:
5630:
5620:Data related to
5619:
5598:
5596:
5585:
5584:
5575:
5565:
5563:
5558:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5539:
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5513:
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5494:
5488:
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5485:
5483:
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5449:
5448:
5443:(2nd ed.).
5436:
5430:
5429:
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5390:
5388:
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5000:
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4976:
4975:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4913:. Archived from
4902:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4891:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4852:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4835:
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4480:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4355:. Archived from
4345:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4257:"About chickens"
4253:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4206:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4157:
4139:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4014:
3993:Hippocrene Books
3982:
3976:
3975:
3965:
3955:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3906:
3866:
3857:
3856:
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3804:
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3649:
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3638:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3544:
3534:
3502:
3493:
3492:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3396:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3299:J. Archaeol. Sci
3294:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3218:
3208:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3162:
3152:
3120:
3111:
3110:
3092:
3060:
3051:
3050:
3040:
3030:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2989:
2979:
2955:
2940:
2939:
2929:
2889:
2880:
2879:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2843:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2751:
2741:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2700:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2659:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2593:(2–3): 211–222.
2580:
2574:
2573:
2555:
2545:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2416:
2403:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2366:Animal Behaviour
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2265:
2259:
2254:(Reprinted from
2253:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2182:. Alabama, USA.
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2149:. Archived from
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2061:on June 25, 2015
2047:
2041:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1954:
1945:
1944:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1890:
1884:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1835:
1829:
1812:
1806:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1747:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1506:
1489:
1486:
1463:
1447:
1428:
1409:
1393:
1378:
1218:limb development
1108:sentient animals
965:High Middle Ages
911:Arauco Peninsula
870:Island Melanesia
760:green junglefowl
576:
481:
466:
372:
371:
368:
367:
364:
361:
252:
231:
209:
106:
105:
90:
69:
57:
56:
21:
6535:
6534:
6530:
6529:
6528:
6526:
6525:
6524:
6515:Heraldic beasts
6455:
6454:
6453:
6448:
6440:
6435:
6427:
6422:
6414:
6412:
6404:
6399:
6391:
6386:
6378:
6373:
6365:
6360:
6351:
6350:
6345:
6332:
6322:
6317:
6278:Furnished cages
6273:Free-range eggs
6205:Poultry farming
6199:
6166:
6128:
6104:Domestic pigeon
6072:
6067:
6037:
6032:
5983:Marek's disease
5891:Avian influenza
5867:
5824:
5775:Poultry farming
5770:Chicken tractor
5760:Furnished cages
5736:
5713:
5663:
5658:
5612:
5611:
5600:
5594:
5592:
5589:This audio file
5586:
5579:
5570:
5567:
5561:
5560:
5556:
5553:
5548:
5547:
5537:
5535:
5522:
5521:
5517:
5507:
5505:
5496:
5495:
5491:
5481:
5479:
5456:
5452:
5437:
5433:
5423:
5421:
5410:
5406:
5398:
5394:
5384:
5382:
5374:Washington Post
5367:
5366:
5362:
5352:
5350:
5339:
5338:
5334:
5324:
5322:
5307:
5303:
5293:Wayback Machine
5284:
5280:
5235:
5231:
5208:10.1038/nrg1674
5192:
5188:
5143:
5139:
5094:
5090:
5080:
5078:
5063:
5059:
5049:
5047:
5032:
5010:
5006:
4996:
4994:
4983:
4979:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4947:
4945:
4934:
4930:
4920:
4918:
4917:on June 5, 2021
4905:Barras, Colin.
4903:
4899:
4889:
4887:
4870:
4866:
4845:
4841:
4831:
4829:
4812:
4808:
4800:Chicago Tribune
4791:
4787:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4740:
4734:
4730:
4691:
4687:
4664:(6): 992–1002.
4658:Poultry Science
4650:
4646:
4615:
4611:
4601:
4599:
4584:
4577:
4570:
4562:. p. 286.
4552:
4548:
4538:
4536:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4508:
4506:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4478:
4476:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4411:
4407:
4376:
4372:
4362:
4360:
4359:on May 29, 2014
4347:
4346:
4342:
4332:
4330:
4317:Fereira, John.
4315:
4311:
4301:
4299:
4286:Fereira, John.
4284:
4280:
4270:
4268:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4240:
4238:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4175:
4171:
4112:
4108:
4098:
4096:
4069:
4065:
4055:
4053:
4046:
4038:. p. 207.
4026:
4022:
4012:
4010:
4003:
3995:. p. 176.
3983:
3979:
3924:
3920:
3867:
3860:
3805:
3801:
3746:
3742:
3733:
3720:
3710:
3708:
3693:
3689:
3679:
3677:
3670:
3662:. p. 411.
3650:
3646:
3636:
3634:
3627:
3607:
3603:
3593:
3591:
3584:
3562:
3558:
3503:
3496:
3465:
3461:
3422:
3418:
3365:
3361:
3330:
3326:
3295:
3291:
3282:
3280:
3265:
3261:
3252:
3250:
3235:
3231:
3180:
3176:
3121:
3114:
3090:10.1038/447620b
3061:
3054:
3021:(2): e1000010.
3007:
3003:
2956:
2943:
2890:
2883:
2861:
2857:
2804:
2800:
2769:
2765:
2718:
2714:
2685:Poultry Science
2677:
2673:
2644:Poultry Science
2636:
2632:
2622:
2620:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2581:
2577:
2516:
2512:
2497:10.2307/3677097
2481:
2477:
2462:10.2307/1368360
2444:
2440:
2433:
2407:Grandin, Temple
2404:
2395:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2346:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2316:
2309:Theguardian.com
2301:
2297:
2266:
2262:
2246:
2242:
2207:American Speech
2203:
2199:
2189:
2187:
2179:Tuscaloosa News
2170:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2147:Ruleworks.co.uk
2141:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2124:
2109:
2105:
2095:
2093:
2078:
2074:
2064:
2062:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2032:(6): e1006071.
2022:Wayback Machine
2012:
2008:
1998:
1996:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1873:
1869:
1854:
1846:. p. 153.
1836:
1832:
1822:Wayback Machine
1813:
1809:
1799:Wayback Machine
1790:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1696:
1694:Merriam-Webster
1688:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1671:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1508:
1507:
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1498:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1455:
1448:
1439:
1429:
1420:
1410:
1401:
1394:
1385:
1379:
1367:anthropomorphic
1273:
1265:
1213:model organisms
1209:
1173:
1167:
1150:
1102:. Opponents of
1083:
1081:Poultry farming
1077:
1072:
1064:avian influenza
1048:. The parasite
1019:avian influenza
1011:
1009:Poultry disease
1005:
973:
923:
902:
811:
806:
778:
772:
752:grey junglefowl
709:
704:
601:
569:
489:
488:
487:
486:
485:
482:
474:
473:
467:
456:
358:
354:
319:
222:
211:
205:
192:
100:
92:
83:
53:
46:
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32:Chicken as food
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
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6533:
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6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
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6433:
6420:
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6371:
6358:
6342:
6340:
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6333:
6319:
6318:
6316:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6303:Poultry litter
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6263:Forced molting
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6209:
6207:
6201:
6200:
6198:
6197:
6195:White striping
6192:
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6182:
6176:
6174:
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6167:
6165:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6142:Chicken breeds
6138:
6136:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6109:Japanese quail
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6080:
6078:
6074:
6073:
6066:
6065:
6058:
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6030:
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6020:
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6000:
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5975:
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5965:
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5938:
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5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
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5903:
5898:
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5883:
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5875:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5865:
5860:
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5845:
5840:
5834:
5832:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5790:Forced molting
5787:
5782:
5777:
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5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5746:
5744:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5729:
5723:
5721:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5685:
5684:
5673:
5671:
5665:
5664:
5657:
5656:
5649:
5642:
5634:
5628:
5627:
5626:at Wikispecies
5601:
5587:
5580:
5568:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5551:External links
5549:
5546:
5545:
5515:
5489:
5450:
5447:. p. 128.
5431:
5404:
5392:
5360:
5332:
5301:
5278:
5249:(1): 109–117.
5229:
5202:(9): 699–708.
5186:
5137:
5108:(2): 401–408.
5088:
5057:
5031:978-0444885579
5030:
5004:
4977:
4955:
4928:
4897:
4864:
4839:
4806:
4785:
4728:
4705:(2): 109–113.
4685:
4644:
4625:(2): 253–268.
4609:
4575:
4569:978-0440423102
4568:
4546:
4516:
4486:
4456:
4405:
4386:(2): 153–167.
4370:
4340:
4309:
4278:
4248:
4218:
4169:
4106:
4063:
4044:
4020:
4001:
3977:
3918:
3858:
3799:
3740:
3718:
3687:
3668:
3644:
3625:
3619:. p. 56.
3601:
3582:
3556:
3494:
3475:(3): 139–155.
3459:
3416:
3379:(8): 693–701.
3359:
3340:(2): 285–300.
3324:
3305:(5): 515–533.
3289:
3259:
3229:
3174:
3112:
3052:
3001:
2941:
2881:
2855:
2818:(6): 975–984.
2798:
2779:(2): 203–208.
2763:
2712:
2691:(5): 789–794.
2671:
2630:
2604:
2575:
2510:
2475:
2456:(3): 697–704.
2438:
2431:
2393:
2356:
2326:
2295:
2276:(6): 425–436.
2260:
2240:
2219:10.2307/453561
2213:(4): 265–268.
2197:
2164:
2134:
2103:
2072:
2042:
2006:
1975:
1946:
1939:
1915:
1885:
1867:
1852:
1830:
1807:
1784:
1758:
1734:
1706:
1681:
1653:
1627:
1601:
1571:
1553:
1527:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1440:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1417:Walter Osborne
1411:
1404:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1386:
1380:
1373:
1357:, directed by
1325:Walter Osborne
1269:Main article:
1264:
1261:
1253:recessive gene
1208:
1205:
1187:, India, 2011
1169:Main article:
1166:
1163:
1149:
1146:
1079:Main article:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1060:spirochaetosis
1007:Main article:
1004:
1001:
972:
969:
922:
919:
901:
898:
810:
807:
805:
802:
771:
768:
744:red junglefowl
716:Red junglefowl
708:
705:
703:
700:
613:neuroendocrine
600:
597:
509:flight muscles
483:
476:
475:
468:
461:
460:
459:
458:
457:
455:
452:
415:
414:
408:
398:
392:
386:
380:
374:
349:
341:
329:
318:
315:
287:Southeast Asia
283:red junglefowl
259:
258:
245:
244:
238:
237:
233:
232:
224:
223:
212:
201:
200:
194:
193:
186:
184:
180:
179:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
94:
93:
88:
85:
84:
79:
76:
75:
71:
70:
62:
61:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6532:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6443:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6411:
6407:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6363:
6359:
6354:
6348:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6326:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6238:Chick culling
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6206:
6202:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6173:
6169:
6163:
6162:Pigeon breeds
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6152:Turkey breeds
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6135:
6131:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6064:
6059:
6057:
6052:
6050:
6045:
6044:
6041:
6029:
6028:Toxoplasmosis
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5881:Aspergillosis
5879:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5870:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5831:
5827:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5805:Chick culling
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5785:Beak trimming
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5720:
5716:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5655:
5650:
5648:
5643:
5641:
5636:
5635:
5632:
5625:
5624:
5618:
5614:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5590:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5519:
5503:
5499:
5493:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5454:
5446:
5442:
5435:
5419:
5415:
5408:
5401:
5396:
5380:
5376:
5375:
5370:
5364:
5348:
5344:
5343:
5336:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5287:
5282:
5274:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5233:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5190:
5182:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5141:
5133:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5092:
5076:
5073:(June 2012).
5072:
5068:
5061:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5008:
4992:
4988:
4981:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4959:
4943:
4939:
4932:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4901:
4885:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4868:
4860:
4856:
4851:
4843:
4827:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4810:
4802:
4801:
4796:
4789:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4689:
4681:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4648:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4613:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4582:
4580:
4571:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4550:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4520:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4490:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4460:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4409:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4374:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4313:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4282:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4222:
4214:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4173:
4165:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4119:
4110:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4067:
4051:
4047:
4045:9780313334108
4041:
4037:
4033:
4032:
4024:
4008:
4004:
4002:9780781811460
3998:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3981:
3973:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3922:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3865:
3863:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3803:
3795:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3691:
3675:
3671:
3669:9780521546973
3665:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3648:
3632:
3628:
3626:9780521003544
3622:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3605:
3589:
3585:
3583:9781760460945
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3560:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3501:
3499:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3463:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3373:Cell Research
3370:
3363:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3328:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3293:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3178:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3119:
3117:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3059:
3057:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3015:PLOS Genetics
3012:
3005:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2886:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2579:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2434:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2251:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2168:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2026:PLoS Genetics
2023:
2019:
2016:
2010:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1951:
1942:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1919:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1751:
1744:
1738:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1710:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1501:
1485:
1481:
1469:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1333:nursery rhyme
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1307:Chicken jokes
1304:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1267:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1145:
1142:
1141:force moulted
1137:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:factory farms
1082:
1070:Use by humans
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:salmonellosis
1053:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
949:
947:
944:
940:
936:
932:
927:
918:
916:
912:
908:
897:
895:
891:
890:South America
887:
886:pre-Columbian
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
839:
835:
831:
828:
824:
820:
815:
801:
797:
795:
791:
782:
777:
776:Domestication
770:Domestication
767:
765:
764:G. sonneratii
761:
757:
753:
749:
748:Gallus gallus
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
717:
713:
699:
696:
691:
689:
685:
681:
676:
674:
669:
664:
662:
658:
648:
644:
642:
638:
634:
633:gonadotropins
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
605:
596:
594:
590:
589:warning calls
586:
567:
565:
561:
560:pecking order
557:
556:incubate eggs
553:
549:
546:Chickens are
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
527:Chickens are
525:
523:
519:
515:
510:
506:
502:
498:
497:active by day
494:
480:
471:
465:
451:
449:
448:domestic fowl
445:
441:
437:
433:
432:
427:
423:
419:
412:
409:
406:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
370:
353:
350:
347:
346:
342:
339:
335:
334:
330:
327:
324:
323:
322:
314:
312:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
271:
266:
257:
255:
251:
246:
243:
239:
234:
230:
225:
220:
216:
210:
208:
202:
199:
198:Binomial name
195:
191:
190:
185:
182:
181:
178:
177:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
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6248:Chicken coop
6243:Chick sexing
6218:Battery cage
6157:Goose breeds
6114:Muscovy duck
6083:
5955:
5863:Rooster Flag
5848:Cockfighting
5800:Chick sexing
5750:Battery cage
5660:
5622:
5536:. Retrieved
5527:
5518:
5506:. Retrieved
5492:
5480:. Retrieved
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5453:
5440:
5434:
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5418:the original
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4931:
4921:September 6,
4919:. Retrieved
4915:the original
4910:
4900:
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4877:
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4821:Boston Globe
4819:
4809:
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4751:(1): 65–75.
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4592:The Guardian
4591:
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4468:
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4357:the original
4343:
4331:. Retrieved
4322:
4312:
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4291:
4281:
4269:. Retrieved
4251:
4241:February 23,
4239:. Retrieved
4230:
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4182:
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4109:
4097:. Retrieved
4080:
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4030:
4023:
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3987:
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3709:. Retrieved
3700:
3690:
3678:. Retrieved
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3647:
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3611:
3604:
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3569:
3559:
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3432:(1): 12–19.
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3337:
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3281:, retrieved
3272:
3262:
3251:, retrieved
3242:
3239:"Rat Attack"
3232:
3188:
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2607:
2590:
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2488:
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2369:
2365:
2359:
2347:. Retrieved
2338:
2329:
2317:. Retrieved
2308:
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2167:
2155:. Retrieved
2151:the original
2146:
2137:
2125:. Retrieved
2116:
2106:
2094:. Retrieved
2075:
2063:. Retrieved
2059:the original
2054:
2045:
2029:
2025:
2009:
1997:. Retrieved
1989:Live Science
1988:
1978:
1966:. Retrieved
1925:
1918:
1906:. Retrieved
1897:
1888:
1878:
1870:
1839:
1833:
1826:rooster (n.)
1825:
1810:
1802:
1787:
1775:. Retrieved
1761:
1737:
1725:. Retrieved
1715:
1709:
1697:. Retrieved
1684:
1672:. Retrieved
1662:
1656:
1644:. Retrieved
1630:
1618:. Retrieved
1604:
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1583:
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1544:. Retrieved
1530:
1518:. Retrieved
1504:
1484:
1435:
1412:
1352:
1340:
1328:
1320:
1310:
1300:
1274:
1266:
1256:
1241:human genome
1230:
1210:
1190:
1165:Cockfighting
1151:
1136:battery cage
1132:
1084:
1049:
1023:
997:South Africa
977:cockfighting
974:
953:Roman Empire
950:
928:
924:
903:
854:domesticated
845:
843:
837:
798:
787:
763:
747:
721:
692:
677:
665:
653:
629:progesterone
621:hypothalamus
615:system, the
606:
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581:
550:, living in
545:
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429:
421:
417:
416:
410:
404:
400:
394:
388:
382:
376:
351:
343:
340:male chicken
331:
325:
320:
317:Nomenclature
307:
303:cockfighting
279:domesticated
269:
268:
264:
262:
249:
248:
206:
204:
188:
187:
175:
54:
6490:Junglefowls
6388:iNaturalist
6213:Antibiotics
6147:Duck breeds
6003:Psittacosis
5988:Mycoplasmas
5936:Egg binding
5921:Coccidiosis
5916:Candidiasis
5719:Terminology
5424:February 2,
5385:February 2,
5353:February 2,
5315:Smithsonian
5081:February 2,
5050:February 2,
4911:www.bbc.com
4778:October 23,
4722:11449/14340
4509:February 2,
4077:Archaeology
4073:"Fast Food"
3701:The Two Way
2964:BMC Biology
2536:: 330–338.
2421:. pp.
2349:January 14,
1999:February 3,
1968:February 2,
1792:Hugh Rawson
1699:February 2,
1365:, featured
1354:Chicken Run
1350:comedy film
1249:pseudogenes
957:Middle Ages
823:Philippines
809:Austronesia
728:Galliformes
454:Description
444:common fowl
420:can mean a
165:Phasianidae
155:Galliformes
6500:Subspecies
6459:Categories
6288:Hock burns
6268:Free range
6099:Guineafowl
5998:Omphalitis
5941:Erysipelas
5843:Cockatrice
5755:Free range
5669:As poultry
5604:Audio help
5595:2024-02-22
5508:August 17,
4594:. London.
4479:August 29,
4189:: 154961.
3283:August 25,
3253:August 25,
2449:The Condor
2419:Scribner's
2157:August 29,
2127:August 13,
2065:August 13,
1828:, May 2019
1824:Entry for
1727:August 29,
1690:"Hen noun"
1674:August 29,
1496:References
1359:Peter Lord
1289:divination
1285:literature
1207:In science
1185:Tamil Nadu
1122:broilers.
1116:free range
1096:free-range
1036:caused by
943:Corinthian
907:extinction
894:Polynesian
878:Madagascar
866:Micronesia
724:partridges
673:hemoglobin
548:gregarious
501:junglefowl
6258:Debeaking
6190:Scaly leg
6119:Puna ibis
6013:Scaly leg
5858:Sarimanok
5742:Husbandry
5482:March 23,
5472:0040-781X
4602:April 28,
4539:April 25,
4400:154306257
4333:April 25,
4302:April 25,
4271:April 25,
4146:1756-3305
4130:(1): 29.
4089:0003-8113
4083:(5): 18.
4056:March 13,
4013:March 13,
3895:2041-1723
3680:March 13,
3637:March 13,
3574:ANU Press
3411:220050312
2970:(1): 13.
2832:2765-0189
2319:March 13,
2290:141664966
2227:0003-1283
2096:March 13,
1958:"Chicken"
1894:"Chicken"
1438:, c. 1900
1400:, Vietnam
1363:Nick Park
1347:adventure
1293:cockfight
1193:cockfight
1181:cockfight
1171:Cockfight
1157:and many
1038:pathogens
1032:, and to
1026:parasites
888:times to
874:Polynesia
827:Neolithic
821:from the
804:Dispersal
726:, in the
707:Phylogeny
680:egg tooth
529:omnivores
281:from the
183:Species:
121:Kingdom:
115:Eukaryota
6470:Chickens
6347:Wikidata
6283:Hatchery
6223:Blinders
6172:Diseases
6008:Pullorum
5963:Gapeworm
5906:Botulism
5873:Diseases
5853:Kapparos
5810:Candling
5795:Hatchery
5699:Poularde
5606: ·
5532:Archived
5502:Archived
5476:Archived
5379:Archived
5347:Archived
5319:Archived
5297:ABC News
5289:Archived
5273:27852011
5224:24237594
5216:16151375
5181:15592404
5132:27840200
5075:Archived
5044:Archived
5040:2207173M
5022:Elsevier
4972:Archived
4942:Archived
4890:April 3,
4884:Archived
4859:Archived
4826:Archived
4769:Archived
4765:34761543
4680:12817455
4639:88353703
4596:Archived
4533:Archived
4503:Archived
4473:Archived
4443:12167873
4327:Archived
4296:Archived
4265:Archived
4235:Archived
4231:Statista
4213:31901597
4183:Cytokine
4164:35057849
4099:July 25,
4093:Archived
4050:Archived
4007:Archived
3972:26195775
3913:38565545
3904:10987595
3853:24639505
3794:18663216
3705:Archived
3674:Archived
3631:Archived
3588:Archived
3551:24639505
3489:16458995
3454:16275023
3403:32581344
3354:86734013
3277:archived
3247:archived
3169:17556540
3099:17554271
3047:18454198
2996:32050971
2936:15592405
2850:33152217
2793:10465386
2758:26742081
2732:(1): 2.
2666:18809874
2623:June 16,
2617:Archived
2570:17842329
2562:26982003
2387:53165305
2343:Archived
2339:Phys.org
2313:Archived
2184:Archived
2121:Archived
2090:Archived
2018:Archived
1993:Archived
1962:Archived
1908:March 4,
1902:Archived
1862:12805260
1818:Archived
1795:Archived
1777:March 6,
1771:Archived
1750:Archived
1721:Archived
1668:Archived
1663:Cockerel
1646:March 4,
1640:Archived
1620:March 4,
1614:Archived
1594:March 4,
1588:Archived
1566:Archived
1540:Archived
1514:Archived
1382:Etruscan
1327:'s 1885
1319:'s 1646
1281:religion
1277:folklore
1224:and the
1112:broilers
1042:bacteria
1040:such as
1034:diseases
1028:such as
1003:Diseases
900:Americas
790:Thailand
740:dinosaur
684:yolk sac
625:estrogen
593:predator
522:mutation
434:, where
428:'s play
424:, as in
411:Yardbird
383:Cockerel
338:neutered
242:Synonyms
215:Linnaeus
161:Family:
135:Chordata
131:Phylum:
125:Animalia
111:Domain:
60:Chicken
6495:Poultry
6380:9457155
6313:Yarding
6185:Malaria
6180:Fowlpox
6084:Chicken
6077:Species
6070:Poultry
5978:Malaria
5951:Fowlpox
5838:As pets
5830:Culture
5765:Yarding
5709:Broiler
5704:Poussin
5677:As food
5661:Chicken
5593: (
5564:minutes
5538:June 2,
5325:May 24,
5264:5217101
5159:Bibcode
5123:5426996
4997:May 10,
4832:June 4,
4451:3016610
4423:Bibcode
4363:May 29,
4204:7129915
4155:8772161
3963:4538678
3940:Bibcode
3844:3977275
3821:Bibcode
3785:2492461
3762:Bibcode
3703:. NPR.
3542:3977275
3519:Bibcode
3434:Bibcode
3394:7395088
3307:Bibcode
3225:7809067
3193:Bibcode
3160:1965514
3137:Bibcode
3107:4418786
3077:Bibcode
3038:2265484
2987:7014787
2927:2263125
2906:Bibcode
2868:Science
2841:8100482
2749:4730119
2726:Animals
2707:4001066
2553:4940894
2505:3677097
2470:1368360
2190:May 18,
2086:YouTube
1880:Macbeth
1580:"Chook"
1562:"Chick"
1257:talpid2
1243:is 3.2
1155:silkies
1148:As pets
1120:organic
1075:Farming
1046:viruses
946:pottery
921:Eurasia
856:by the
840:, 2014)
819:Oceania
688:imprint
619:in the
609:cloacal
533:lizards
514:wattles
472:of male
436:Macduff
431:Macbeth
418:Chicken
401:Rooster
301:or for
265:chicken
171:Genus:
151:Order:
141:Class:
6429:153563
6413:NZOR:
6393:505478
6367:GALUDO
6134:Breeds
6124:Turkey
5689:Breeds
5682:Dishes
5528:SFGate
5470:
5271:
5261:
5222:
5214:
5179:
5151:Nature
5130:
5120:
5038:
5028:
4948:May 4,
4763:
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4415:Nature
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4042:
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3711:May 5,
3666:
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2235:453561
2233:
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1860:
1850:
1716:Pullet
1610:"Cock"
1546:May 7,
1520:May 7,
1468:Yoruba
1419:, 1885
1331:. The
1233:genome
1159:bantam
985:Sahara
971:Africa
939:Levant
882:Taiwan
876:, and
846:*manuk
838:et al.
730:, the
702:Origin
661:broody
657:clutch
631:, and
554:, and
552:flocks
395:Pullet
176:Gallus
18:Pullet
6094:Goose
5926:Colds
5694:Capon
5220:S2CID
4772:(PDF)
4761:S2CID
4741:(PDF)
4635:S2CID
4447:S2CID
4396:S2CID
3407:S2CID
3350:S2CID
3216:45467
3103:S2CID
2566:S2CID
2532:(3).
2501:JSTOR
2466:JSTOR
2423:69–71
2382:S2CID
2286:S2CID
2231:JSTOR
1753:(PDF)
1746:(PDF)
1636:"Hen"
1476:Notes
1030:mites
993:Nubia
931:Syria
732:order
668:Tibet
541:breed
493:birds
422:chick
352:Chook
345:Chick
333:Capon
326:Biddy
6442:7267
6375:GBIF
6362:EPPO
6353:Q780
6089:Duck
5540:2021
5510:2018
5484:2023
5468:ISSN
5464:Time
5426:2024
5387:2024
5355:2024
5327:2012
5269:PMID
5212:PMID
5177:PMID
5128:PMID
5083:2024
5052:2024
5026:ISBN
4999:2014
4950:2009
4923:2020
4892:2019
4834:2020
4780:2020
4676:PMID
4604:2010
4564:ISBN
4541:2017
4511:2024
4481:2010
4439:PMID
4365:2014
4335:2017
4304:2017
4273:2017
4243:2020
4209:PMID
4160:PMID
4142:ISSN
4101:2019
4085:ISSN
4058:2019
4040:ISBN
4015:2019
3997:ISBN
3968:PMID
3909:PMID
3891:ISSN
3849:PMID
3790:PMID
3754:PNAS
3713:2023
3682:2019
3664:ISBN
3639:2019
3621:ISBN
3596:2023
3578:ISBN
3547:PMID
3485:PMID
3450:PMID
3399:PMID
3285:2017
3273:NOVA
3255:2017
3221:PMID
3185:PNAS
3165:PMID
3095:PMID
3043:PMID
2992:PMID
2932:PMID
2846:PMID
2828:ISSN
2789:PMID
2754:PMID
2703:PMID
2662:PMID
2625:2021
2558:PMID
2427:ISBN
2351:2018
2321:2019
2223:ISSN
2192:2020
2159:2010
2129:2008
2098:2019
2067:2008
2001:2024
1970:2024
1935:ISBN
1910:2021
1858:OCLC
1848:ISBN
1779:2021
1729:2010
1701:2024
1676:2010
1648:2021
1622:2021
1596:2021
1548:2021
1522:2021
1452:Bali
1361:and
1323:and
1118:and
1058:and
1044:and
989:Mali
981:Nile
892:via
825:via
758:and
639:and
537:mice
503:can
470:Comb
405:cock
377:Cock
299:pets
295:eggs
293:and
291:meat
275:bird
263:The
219:1758
145:Aves
6437:TSA
6401:NBN
5259:PMC
5251:doi
5204:doi
5167:doi
5155:432
5118:PMC
5110:doi
5106:429
4753:doi
4717:hdl
4707:doi
4666:doi
4627:doi
4431:doi
4419:418
4388:doi
4199:PMC
4191:doi
4187:127
4150:PMC
4132:doi
3958:PMC
3948:doi
3936:112
3899:PMC
3883:doi
3839:PMC
3829:doi
3817:111
3780:PMC
3770:doi
3758:105
3537:PMC
3527:doi
3515:111
3477:doi
3442:doi
3389:PMC
3381:doi
3342:doi
3315:doi
3211:PMC
3201:doi
3155:PMC
3145:doi
3133:104
3085:doi
3073:447
3033:PMC
3023:doi
2982:PMC
2972:doi
2922:PMC
2914:doi
2902:432
2872:doi
2836:PMC
2820:doi
2781:doi
2744:PMC
2734:doi
2693:doi
2652:doi
2595:doi
2548:PMC
2538:doi
2493:doi
2458:doi
2374:doi
2278:doi
2215:doi
2034:doi
1415:by
1183:in
913:in
585:egg
505:fly
446:or
389:Hen
285:of
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