103:
Many states and their subdivisions prohibited discrimination in places of public accommodation prior to the enactment of Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. By 1964, 31 states had such laws, many dating back to the late 19th century. As of 2015, 45 states have an anti-discrimination public
59:
is limited to "any inn, hotel, motel, or other establishment which provides lodging to transient guests" and so is inapplicable to churches, mosques, synagogues, et al. Section 12187 of the ADA also exempts religious organizations from public accommodation laws, but religious organizations are
54:
to the disabled and may not discriminate on the basis of "race, color, religion, or national origin." Private clubs were specifically exempted under federal law as well as religious organizations. The definition of public accommodation within the
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accommodation law for nondisabled individuals. The laws all protect against discrimination based upon race, gender, ethnicity, and religion. There are 19 states that prohibit discrimination in public accommodation based upon age.
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Because a right to public accommodation for gay and transgender people does not exist in federal law, in more than half the states in the U.S., discrimination in public accommodation against LGBT people remains legal.
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169:
481:
602:
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Private clubs were exempted under federal law but not in many states' laws. For example, in interpreting a
Minnesota law in their 1984 ruling
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88:
697:
408:
245:
83:
56:
92:
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are generally defined as facilities, whether publicly or privately owned, that are used by the public at large. Examples include
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331:
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organization for men between the ages of 18 and 36, to be a public accommodation, thus compelling it to admit women.
409:"Gay Rights, the Bible, and Public Accommodations: An Empirical Approach to Religious Exemptions for Holdout States"
285:
For a list of states and localities that had anti-discrimination public accommodation legislation at the time, see
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544:
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provide for non-discrimination in public accommodation when based upon sexual orientation and/or gender identity.
309:"Comment, Discrimination in Access to Public Places: A Survey of State and Federal Public Accommodations Laws"
558:"Just Shoot Me: Public Accommodation Anti-Discrimination Laws Take Aim at First Amendment Freedom of Speech"
384:
133:
372:
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71:) that provide for nondiscrimination in public accommodations, and some may be broader than federal law.
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154:
692:
149:
112:
36:
211:
702:
416:
664:
593:
429:
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Corporation of the
Presiding Bishop of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. Amos
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List of cities and counties in the United States offering an LGBT non-discrimination ordinance
603:"Conscience and Complicity: Assessing Pleas for Religious Exemptions in 'Hobby Lobby's' Wake"
633:
530:
ADA Amendments Act of 2008 and its impact on public accommodations and commercial facilities
433:
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Office on the
Americans with Disabilities Act, United States Department of Justice (1992).
8:
574:
137:
513:
The Public
Accommodations Law of 1964: Arguments, Issues and Attitudes in a Legal Debate
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617:
455:
660:
589:
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516:
497:
425:
20:
263:"Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990,AS AMENDED with ADA Amendments Act of 2008"
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47:
16:
US legal term for public or private facilities that are used by the public at large
332:"State Public Accommodations Laws, Fundamental Liberties and Enforcement Programs"
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673:“Jews Not Admitted”: Anti-Semitism, Civil Rights, and Public Accommodation Laws.
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Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, North
Carolina and Texas do not have such laws.
686:
629:
537:
51:
262:
634:"Religious and Political Virtues and Values in Congruence or Conflict?: On
575:"We Don't Serve Your Kind Here: Public Accommodation and the Mark of Sodom"
520:
308:
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The
Americans with Disabilities Act Title III technical assistance manual
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64:
621:
188:
40:
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https://www.lgbtmap.org/file/Spotlight-Public-Accommodations-FINAL.pdf
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Federal legislation dealing with public accommodations include these:
297:, 378 U.S. 226, pages 284–285 (1964) (listing states and localities).
32:
193:, The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Jan 17, 1997
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Religious organizations and institutions were not mentioned in
28:
291:, 379 U.S. 241, page 259 note 8 (1964) (listing statutes) and
213:
170:
Masterpiece
Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission
248:, but they received an exemption under Title VII. See
389:, National Conference of State Legislatures, May 2011
532:. Newark, New Jersey: Matthew Bender (Lexis-Nexis).
510:
480:
313:
New York
University Review of Law and Social Change
527:
684:
496:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
307:Lerman, Lisa G.; Sanderson, Annette K. (1978).
306:
551:. Washington, D.C.: United States Government.
515:. Northampton, Massachusetts: Smith College.
288:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
486:Civil Rights and Public Accommodations: The
362:. National Conference of State Legislatures.
451:"Jaycees Vote to Admit Women to Membership"
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353:
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111:Several states also have protections for
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246:Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
84:Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
57:Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
35:, and service establishments as well as
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406:
226:
93:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
685:
572:
555:
346:
679:, Volume 107, Issue 4, Pages 847–870.
235:Sec. 201(e), Civil Rights Act of 1964
610:The University of Chicago Law Review
13:
474:
14:
714:
698:Civil rights in the United States
407:Chapman, Kelly Catherine (2012).
360:"State Public Accommodation Laws"
132:declared the previously all-male
125:Roberts v. United States Jaycees
50:, public accommodations must be
573:Singer, Joseph William (2015).
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323:
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255:
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190:The ADA: Questions and Answers
181:
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1:
511:Carothers, Leslie A. (1968).
330:Caldwell, Wallace F. (1965).
175:
98:
582:Boston University Law Review
134:United States Junior Chamber
7:
677:Journal of American History
143:
130:United States Supreme Court
10:
719:
601:Sepinwall, Amy J. (2015).
528:Mook, Jonathan R. (2009).
556:Gottry, James M. (2011).
60:encouraged to comply.
165:Reasonable accommodation
155:Civil Rights Act of 1875
37:educational institutions
671:Tevis, Britt P. 2021. "
644:Christian Legal Society
150:Anti-discrimination law
113:breastfeeding in public
67:have various laws (non-
43:, and service centers.
41:recreational facilities
488:Heart of Atlanta Motel
417:Georgetown Law Journal
252:, 483 U.S. 327 (1987).
562:Vanderbilt Law Review
33:rental establishments
25:public accommodations
640:Bob Jones University
482:Cortner, Richard C.
138:chamber of commerce
653:Cardozo Law Review
456:The New York Times
386:Breastfeeding Laws
630:McClain, Linda C.
503:978-0-7006-1077-8
459:. August 17, 1984
21:United States law
710:
668:
659:(5): 1959–2007.
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439:on 2 April 2015.
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432:. Archived from
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48:U.S. federal law
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648:
616:(4): 1897–980.
605:
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475:Further reading
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424:(5): 1783–827.
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693:Business terms
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568:(3): 961–1003.
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117:several states
115:. In addition
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703:Public sphere
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461:. Retrieved
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434:the original
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391:, retrieved
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339:
336:Wash. L. Rev
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270:. Retrieved
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217:, retrieved
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195:, retrieved
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123:
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110:
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78:
62:
45:
24:
18:
463:January 20,
267:www.ada.gov
75:Federal law
65:U.S. states
687:Categories
588:: 929–50.
342:: 841–843.
319:: 215–311.
272:2016-07-06
176:References
99:State laws
52:accessible
538:428087829
89:Title III
632:(2011).
622:43655477
484:(2001).
393:April 4,
144:See also
665:1833518
594:2615153
492:McClung
430:2086954
219:Jul 23,
197:Jul 23,
91:of the
69:uniform
663:
642:, and
620:
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521:160269
519:
500:
428:
128:, the
46:Under
649:(PDF)
636:Smith
618:JSTOR
606:(PDF)
578:(PDF)
494:Cases
437:(PDF)
412:(PDF)
63:Most
661:SSRN
590:SSRN
534:OCLC
517:OCLC
498:ISBN
490:and
465:2015
426:SSRN
395:2013
221:2012
199:2012
136:, a
422:100
19:In
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