804:. Although federal courts can create federal common law in the form of case law, such law must be linked one way or another to the interpretation of a particular federal constitutional provision, statute, or regulation (which was either enacted as part of the Constitution or pursuant to constitutional authority). Federal courts lack the plenary power possessed by state courts to simply make up law, which the latter are able to do in the absence of constitutional or statutory provisions replacing the common law. Only in a few narrow limited areas, like maritime law, has the Constitution expressly authorized the continuation of English common law at the federal level (meaning that in those areas federal courts can continue to make law as they see fit, subject to the limitations of
62:
908:' Court Statistics Project found that state trial courts received 83.8 million newly filed cases in 2018, which consisted of 44.4 million traffic cases, 17.0 million criminal cases, 16.4 million civil cases, 4.7 million domestic relations cases, and 1.2 million juvenile cases. In 2018, state appellate courts received 234,000 new cases. By way of comparison, all federal district courts in 2016 together received only about 274,552 new civil cases, 79,787 new criminal cases, and 833,515 bankruptcy cases, while federal appellate courts received 53,649 new cases.
3349:, the U.S. Supreme Court explained that "the Court has uniformly held that the States are separate sovereigns with respect to the Federal Government because each State's power to prosecute is derived from its own 'inherent sovereignty,' not from the Federal Government .... The States are no less sovereign with respect to each other than they are with respect to the Federal Government. Their powers to undertake criminal prosecutions derive from separate and independent sources of power and authority originally belonging to them before admission to the Union and preserved to them by the
521:
1272:
84:
72:
317:" which generally state that the common law of England (particularly judge-made law) is the law of the state to the extent that it is not repugnant to domestic law or indigenous conditions. Some reception statutes impose a specific cutoff date for reception, such as the date of a colony's founding, while others are deliberately vague. Thus, contemporary U.S. courts often cite pre-Revolution cases when discussing the evolution of an ancient judge-made common law principle into its modern form, such as the heightened duty of care traditionally imposed upon
1552:
588:
708:. This is where the act of deciding a case becomes a limited form of lawmaking in itself, in that an appellate court's rulings will thereby bind itself and lower courts in future cases (and therefore also implicitly binds all persons within the court's jurisdiction). Prior to a major change to federal court rules in 2007, about one-fifth of federal appellate cases were published and thereby became binding precedents, while the rest were unpublished and bound only the parties to each case.
888:. All states have a legislative branch which enacts state statutes, an executive branch that promulgates state regulations pursuant to statutory authorization, and a judicial branch that applies, interprets, and occasionally overturns both state statutes and regulations, as well as local ordinances. They retain plenary power to make laws covering anything not preempted by the federal Constitution, federal statutes, or international treaties ratified by the federal Senate. Normally,
237:
1496:
661:
4839:
854:
628:(APA). Regulations are first proposed and published in the Federal Register (FR or Fed. Reg.) and subject to a public comment period. Eventually, after a period for public comment and revisions based on comments received, a final version is published in the Federal Register. The regulations are codified and incorporated into the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) which is published once a year on a rolling schedule.
1299:, but torts (see below) cannot. The majority of the crimes committed in the United States are prosecuted and punished at the state level. Federal criminal law focuses on areas specifically relevant to the federal government like evading payment of federal income tax, mail theft, or physical attacks on federal officials, as well as interstate crimes like drug trafficking and wire fraud.
1579:(which did not exist at common law). Although the American Law Institute has attempted to standardize tort law through the development of several versions of the Restatement of Torts, many states have chosen to adopt only certain sections of the Restatements and to reject others. Thus, because of its immense size and diversity, American tort law cannot be easily summarized.
484:. In some areas, like aviation and railroads, the federal government has developed a comprehensive scheme that preempts virtually all state law, while in others, like family law, a relatively small number of federal statutes (generally covering interstate and international situations) interacts with a much larger body of state law. In areas like antitrust, trademark, and
742:
completely unworkable for every minor issue in every legal case to be briefed, argued, and decided from first principles (such as relevant statutes, constitutional provisions, and underlying public policies), which in turn would create hopeless inefficiency, instability, and unpredictability, and thereby undermine the
177:, while the federal sovereign possesses only the limited supreme authority enumerated in the Constitution. Indeed, states may grant their citizens broader rights than the federal Constitution as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights. Thus U.S. law (especially the actual "living law" of
830:, such federal deference to state law applies only in one direction: state courts are not bound by federal interpretations of state law. Similarly, state courts are also not bound by most federal interpretations of federal law. In the vast majority of state courts, interpretations of federal law from federal
1734:
Family cases are traditionally a matter of state law and are virtually always heard only in state courts. Certain kinds of contract, tort, and property civil actions involving state law issues can be heard in federal courts under diversity jurisdiction, but federal courts decline to hear family cases
1718:
meant that divorces were rare, were often seen as fact-driven matters (meaning that they were perceived as turning on each case's facts and not broadly generalizable legal principles), and rarely went up on appeal. The rise of no-fault divorce caused divorce litigation to shift away from the question
1709:
In the United States, family law governs relationships between adults, and relationships between parents and their children. As a discrete area of law worthy of its own specialists and law professors, American family law is relatively young in comparison to
European family law; it did not take flight
1379:
in the United States consists of a massive overlay of federal constitutional case law interwoven with the federal and state statutes that actually provide the foundation for the creation and operation of law enforcement agencies and prison systems as well as the proceedings in criminal trials. Due to
838:
can be cited as persuasive authority, but state courts are not bound by those interpretations. The U.S. Supreme Court has never squarely addressed the issue, but has signaled in dicta that it sides with this rule. Therefore, in those states, there is only one federal court that binds all state courts
614:
to draft detailed statutes that explain how the agency should react to every possible situation, or
Congress believes the agency's technical specialists are best equipped to deal with particular fact situations as they arise. Therefore, federal agencies are authorized to promulgate regulations. Under
280:
Notably, a statute does not automatically disappear merely because it has been found unconstitutional; it may, however, be deleted by a subsequent statute. Many federal and state statutes have remained on the books for decades after they were ruled to be unconstitutional. However, under the principle
1738:
Although family cases are heard in state courts, there has been a trend towards federalization of certain specific issues in family law. State courts and the lawyers who practice before them must be aware of federal income tax and bankruptcy implications of a divorce judgment, federal constitutional
348:
was already complaining: "Now, when we require them to state the reasons for a decision, we do not mean they shall write a hundred pages of detail. We not mean that they shall include the small cases, and impose on the country all this fine judicial literature, for the Lord knows we have got enough
1586:
even in the absence of physical injury to the plaintiff, but most do not. For any particular tort, states differ on the causes of action, types and scope of remedies, statutes of limitations, and the amount of specificity with which one must plead the cause. With practically any aspect of tort law,
1566:
Tort law covers the entire imaginable spectrum of wrongs that humans can inflict upon each other, and it partially overlaps with wrongs also punishable by criminal law. It is primarily a matter of state law and is usually developed through case law from state appellate courts; it is rarely a matter
1248:
American lawyers draw a fundamental distinction between procedural law (which controls the procedure by which legal rights and duties are vindicated) and substantive law (the actual substance of law, which is usually expressed in the form of various legal rights and duties). (The remainder of this
631:
Besides regulations formally promulgated under the APA, federal agencies also frequently promulgate an enormous amount of forms, manuals, policy statements, letters, and rulings. These documents may be considered by a court as persuasive authority as to how a particular statute or regulation may be
344:
decisions gradually disappeared during the 19th century as
American courts developed their own principles to resolve the legal problems of the American people. The number of published volumes of American reports soared from eighteen in 1810 to over 8,000 by 1910. By 1879 one of the delegates to the
715:
has pointed out, binding precedent as we know it today simply did not exist at the time the
Constitution was framed. Judicial decisions were not consistently, accurately, and faithfully reported on both sides of the Atlantic (reporters often simply rewrote or failed to publish decisions which they
778:
It is now sometimes possible, over time, for a line of precedents to drift from the express language of any underlying statutory or constitutional texts until the courts' decisions establish doctrines that were not considered by the texts' drafters. This trend has been strongly evident in federal
1449:
New York, Illinois, and
California are the most significant states that have not adopted the FRCP. Furthermore, all three states continue to maintain most of their civil procedure laws in the form of codified statutes enacted by the state legislature, as opposed to court rules promulgated by the
1445:
Thirty-five states have adopted rules of civil procedure modeled after the FRCP (including rule numbers). However, in doing so, they had to make some modifications to account for the fact that state courts have broad general jurisdiction while federal courts have relatively limited jurisdiction.
1509:
covers obligations established by agreement (express or implied) between private parties. Generally, contract law in transactions involving the sale of goods has become highly standardized nationwide as a result of the widespread adoption of the
Uniform Commercial Code. However, there is still
1239:
to live under six or more layers of special districts as well as a town or city, and a county or township (in addition to the federal and state governments). Thus, at any given time, the average
American citizen is subject to the rules and regulations of several dozen different agencies at the
741:
of effective judicial administration (that is, in order to efficiently exercise the judicial power). The rule of binding precedent is generally justified today as a matter of public policy, first, as a matter of fundamental fairness, and second, because in the absence of case law, it would be
720:
theories of law, by which law was believed to have an existence independent of what individual judges said. Judges saw themselves as merely declaring the law which had always theoretically existed, and not as making the law. Therefore, a judge could reject another judge's opinion as simply an
1562:
Tort law generally covers any civil action between private parties arising from wrongful acts that amount to a breach of general obligations imposed by law and not by contract. This broad family of civil wrongs involves interference "with person, property, reputation, or commercial or social
343:
Early on, American courts, even after the
Revolution, often did cite contemporary English cases, because appellate decisions from many American courts were not regularly reported until the mid-19th century. Lawyers and judges used English legal materials to fill the gap. Citations to English
773:
To overturn a decision settling one such matter simply because we might believe that decision is no longer "right" would inevitably reflect a willingness to reconsider others. And that willingness could itself threaten to substitute disruption, confusion, and uncertainty for necessary legal
339:
American common law has diverged significantly from
English common law. Although the courts of the various Commonwealth nations are often influenced by each other's rulings, American courts rarely follow post-Revolution precedents from England or the British Commonwealth.
1630:, which was published in 1964 and was very influential throughout the United States. Outside the U.S., the rule was adopted by the European Economic Community in the Product Liability Directive of July 1985, by Australia in July 1992, and by Japan in June 1994.
897:. State laws have dramatically diverged in the centuries since independence, to the extent that the United States cannot be regarded as one legal system as to the majority of types of law traditionally under state control, but must be regarded as 50
3726:
For example, Section 437c of the
California Code of Civil Procedure was amended by the state legislature several times in the 1990s to bring California's summary judgment standard in line with Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See
1380:
the perennial inability of legislatures in the U.S. to enact statutes that would actually force law enforcement officers to respect the constitutional rights of criminal suspects and convicts, the federal judiciary gradually developed the
1473:, by which the burden falls on class members to notify the court that they do not wish to be bound by the judgment, as opposed to opt-in class actions, where class members must join into the class. Another unique feature is the so-called
567:, and cumulative supplements are published annually. The U.S. Code is arranged by subject matter, and it shows the present status of laws (with amendments already incorporated in the text) that have been amended on one or more occasions.
892:
are the final interpreters of state constitutions and state law, unless their interpretation itself presents a federal issue, in which case a decision may be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court by way of a petition for writ of
360:; but current British law almost never gets any mention." Foreign law has never been cited as binding precedent, but as a reflection of the shared values of Anglo-American civilization or even Western civilization in general.
3282:
1345:
directly to victims; while misdemeanors may lead to a year or less in jail and a substantial fine. To simplify the prosecution of traffic violations and other relatively minor crimes, some states have added a third level,
1665:
second. It is also primarily a matter of state law, and the level of interstate diversity in the law of property is much more substantial than in contract and tort. Efforts by both the American Law Institute and the
1450:
state supreme court, on the ground that the latter are undemocratic. But certain key portions of their civil procedure laws have been modified by their legislatures to bring them closer to federal civil procedure.
1232:. And all the state constitutions, statutes and regulations (as well as all the ordinances and regulations promulgated by local entities) are subject to judicial interpretation like their federal counterparts.
310:. American judges, like common law judges elsewhere, not only apply the law, they also make the law, to the extent that their decisions in the cases before them become precedent for decisions in future cases.
287:, a lower court that enforces an unconstitutional statute will be reversed by the Supreme Court. Conversely, any court that refuses to enforce a constitutional statute will risk reversal by the Supreme Court.
1290:
by the state of wrongful acts which are considered to be so serious that they are a breach of the sovereign's peace (and cannot be deterred or remedied by mere lawsuits between private parties). Generally,
693:; this power was widely accepted, understood, and recognized by the Founding Fathers at the time the Constitution was ratified. Several legal scholars have argued that the federal judicial power to decide "
724:
In turn, according to Kozinski's analysis, the contemporary rule of binding precedent became possible in the U.S. in the nineteenth century only after the creation of a clear court hierarchy (under the
823:
apply the statutory and decisional law of the state in which they sit, as if they were a court of that state, even if they believe that the relevant state law is irrational or just bad public policy.
815:
doctrine is that federal courts cannot dictate the content of state law when there is no federal issue (and thus no federal supremacy issue) in a case. When hearing claims under state law pursuant to
8046:
7951:
5334:
2332:, 886 P.2d 931, 940 (Mont. 1994) (Trieweiler, J., specially concurring), vacated and remanded by 515 U.S. 1129 (1995), reaffirmed and reinstated by 901 P.2d 596 (Mont. 1995), reversed sub nom.
1360:
For public welfare offenses where the state is punishing merely risky (as opposed to injurious) behavior, there is significant diversity across the various states. For example, punishments for
1510:
significant diversity in the interpretation of other kinds of contracts, depending upon the extent to which a given state has codified its common law of contracts or adopted portions of the
8071:
6054:
299:
countries are heirs to the common law legal tradition of English law. Certain practices traditionally allowed under English common law were expressly outlawed by the Constitution, such as
716:
disliked), and the United Kingdom lacked a coherent court hierarchy prior to the end of the 19th century. Furthermore, English judges in the eighteenth century subscribed to now-obsolete
544:. Public laws, but not private laws, are also given legal statutory citation by the OFR. At the end of each session of Congress, the slip laws are compiled into bound volumes called the
6546:
677:
Unlike the situation with the states, there is no plenary reception statute at the federal level that continued the common law and thereby granted federal courts the power to formulate
420:
During the 18th and 19th centuries, federal law traditionally focused on areas where there was an express grant of power to the federal government in the federal Constitution, like the
8051:
1368:
still vary widely, with some states treating possession of small amounts of drugs as a misdemeanor offense or as a medical issue and others categorizing the same offense as a serious
332:(the ancestor of the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act). Such English statutes are still regularly cited in contemporary American cases interpreting their modern American descendants.
1430:
in 1850 and code pleading in turn was subsequently replaced again in most states by modern notice pleading during the 20th century. The old English division between common law and
1384:
as a method to enforce such rights. In turn, the exclusionary rule spawned a family of judge-made remedies for the abuse of law enforcement powers, of which the most famous is the
2289:
617:
398:
7941:
6419:
681:
like their English predecessors. Federal courts are solely creatures of the federal Constitution and the federal Judiciary Acts. However, it is universally accepted that the
754:.", which "catalogued the Court's actual overruling practices in such a powerful manner that his attendant stare decisis analysis immediately assumed canonical authority."
7956:
7851:
8041:
6136:
6141:
6236:
5576:
5446:
4808:
324:
Second, a small number of important British statutes in effect at the time of the Revolution have been independently reenacted by U.S. states. Two examples are the
8061:
6826:
5706:
3072:
1113:
158:
and in the territories. However, the scope of federal preemption is limited because the scope of federal power is not universal. In the dual sovereign system of
8056:
7585:
6313:
6081:
5915:
5571:
2671:
Debates and Proceedings of the Constitutional Convention of the State of California, Convened at the City of Sacramento, Saturday, September 28, 1878, Vol. III
1180:
1153:
154:
The Constitution provides that it, as well as federal laws and treaties that are made pursuant to it, preempt conflicting state and territorial laws in the 50
411:. Many lawsuits turn on the meaning of a federal statute or regulation, and judicial interpretations of such meaning carry legal force under the principle of
8066:
6602:
6169:
6059:
4881:
3335:
3310:
3186:
3149:
3124:
3099:
3077:
3020:
2360:
2337:
2309:
2063:
2040:
2015:
1966:
1930:
1905:
1880:
1855:
1118:
1108:
385:
is the official compilation and codification of the general and permanent federal statutes. Many statutes give executive branch agencies the power to create
7946:
7896:
7658:
5937:
313:
The actual substance of English law was formally "received" into the United States in several ways. First, all U.S. states except Louisiana have enacted "
8031:
8026:
8021:
7876:
7746:
7580:
5974:
2281:
1068:
8011:
8118:
8016:
7931:
7906:
6514:
6372:
4773:
2422:
1123:
7916:
7886:
6076:
5863:
3495:
3350:
953:
769:
Justice Brandeis once observed that "in most matters it is more important that the applicable rule of law be settled than that it be settled right."
721:
incorrect statement of the law, in the way that scientists regularly reject each other's conclusions as incorrect statements of the laws of science.
4362:
7996:
7921:
7901:
6568:
6541:
5858:
3181:
1163:
7866:
6916:
6876:
5212:
968:
923:
686:
224:. However, American law has diverged greatly from its English ancestor both in terms of substance and procedure and has incorporated a number of
7986:
6724:
5642:
5129:
7828:
7533:
6938:
6174:
5381:
5076:
1739:
rights to abortion and paternity, and federal statutes governing interstate child custody disputes and interstate child support enforcement.
1529:
contracts arising under federal or state law), arbitration clauses are generally enforceable unless the party resisting arbitration can show
1185:
1133:
6556:
6153:
5969:
5910:
5493:
5451:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
4994:
1689:
title) is also allowed in a small minority of states. Title to personal property is usually not registered, with the notable exceptions of
1575:, limit the liability of people who commit torts under state law. State tort-related statutes focus on discrete issues such as authorizing
625:
537:
621:
deference, regulations normally carry the force of law as long as they are based on a reasonable interpretation of the relevant statutes.
7680:
7523:
7418:
7163:
6901:
6021:
5932:
5674:
5659:
5541:
1804:
4432:
7506:
7021:
7016:
7006:
6379:
6108:
5356:
4898:
1583:
559:, which is a codification of all general and permanent laws of the United States. The main edition is published every six years by the
7675:
7618:
7511:
7340:
6782:
5285:
4958:
4795:
1820:
1815:
1748:
1572:
515:
91:
is the highest authority in interpreting federal law, including the federal Constitution, federal statutes, and federal regulations.
7722:
7518:
7011:
6499:
6439:
5999:
5654:
5546:
5396:
2744:
2218:
prior to the 20th century. The result was that the colonists recreated the legal diversity of English law in the American colonies.
469:
356:: "American cases rarely cite foreign materials. Courts occasionally cite a British classic or two, a famous old case, or a nod to
8076:
7628:
7601:
7560:
7555:
7528:
7458:
7345:
7141:
6948:
6536:
6360:
6258:
5890:
5070:
5009:
4989:
4790:
3470:
3055:
1315:
112:
1637:
and Section 402A had become so complicated that another restatement was needed, which occurred with the 1997 publication of the
492:, Congress has enacted laws expressly refusing to regulate them as long as the states have laws regulating them (see, e.g., the
7729:
7438:
7121:
7026:
6856:
6804:
6765:
6332:
6327:
6181:
6118:
6071:
6049:
6014:
5669:
5525:
4858:
4766:
1698:
607:
564:
429:
8109:
7545:
7433:
7303:
7207:
7116:
7040:
6585:
6551:
5566:
5556:
5551:
5409:
5404:
5268:
5233:
5004:
4893:
3000:
2450:"Common-Law Courts in a Civil-Law System: The Role of United States Federal Courts in Interpreting the Constitution and Laws"
682:
3494:
city ordinance regulating motion picture theatres as an unconstitutional violation of freedom of speech as protected by the
7741:
7638:
7575:
7565:
7448:
7239:
7202:
7131:
6963:
6928:
6479:
6209:
5942:
5713:
5664:
5637:
5561:
5520:
4999:
4953:
4935:
4813:
1809:
1770:
1354:
8593:
7697:
7685:
7623:
7380:
6871:
6770:
6367:
6026:
5922:
5806:
4847:
2035:
1992:
1799:
1190:
465:
433:
1200:
552:. The Statutes at Large present a chronological arrangement of the laws in the exact order that they have been enacted.
488:, there are powerful laws at both the federal and state levels that coexist with each other. In a handful of areas like
8683:
7670:
7611:
7496:
7491:
7428:
7190:
7151:
7111:
6958:
6911:
6891:
6504:
6131:
6126:
6031:
5979:
5508:
5263:
5122:
4866:
3363:
1474:
1400:
1276:
877:
560:
445:
174:
88:
4053:
3941:
2610:
changed from a complete reliance on English sources of law to an increasing reliance on citations to American sources.
8678:
8001:
7821:
7712:
7692:
7643:
7633:
7501:
7423:
7400:
7360:
7224:
7214:
7091:
7066:
6973:
6953:
6431:
6221:
5947:
5329:
5066:
5051:
5029:
5019:
4759:
4602:
4372:
4342:
4301:
4267:
4233:
4199:
4172:
4138:
4029:
3985:
3845:
3804:
3763:
3704:
3668:
3632:
3600:
3566:
3532:
3219:
2870:
2841:
2796:
2769:
2696:
2631:
2576:
2461:
2391:
2239:
2200:
2166:
2130:
2096:
1787:
1650:
1511:
108:
65:
17:
3441:
532:
After the president signs a bill into law (or Congress enacts it over the president's veto), it is delivered to the
7717:
7663:
7648:
7550:
7385:
6861:
6814:
6809:
6711:
6638:
6338:
6103:
5632:
5061:
5056:
5034:
4984:
1435:
1266:
905:
273:
If Congress enacts a statute that conflicts with the Constitution, state or federal courts may rule that law to be
262:
254:
7751:
7540:
7481:
7390:
7281:
7256:
6753:
6743:
6308:
6226:
6164:
6148:
5994:
5989:
5753:
5733:
5723:
5718:
5081:
4943:
4871:
4803:
4415:
1775:
1353:
On average, only three percent of criminal cases are resolved by jury trial; 97 percent are terminated either by
1236:
904:
Most cases are litigated in state courts and involve claims and defenses under state laws. In a 2018 report, the
831:
545:
511:
329:
2540:, 43 Cal. 3d 1247, 241 Cal. Rptr. 22, 743 P.2d 1279 (1987) (citing original Statute of Frauds from England) and
42:
8363:
7734:
7408:
7355:
7271:
7261:
7229:
7158:
7146:
7101:
6988:
6886:
6748:
6668:
6658:
6444:
6301:
6004:
5962:
5905:
5679:
5590:
4888:
3395:
1753:
1422:
governs process in all judicial proceedings involving lawsuits between private parties. Traditional common law
726:
533:
489:
3283:"Inferiority Complex: Should State Courts Follow Lower Federal Court Precedent on the Meaning of Federal Law?"
8268:
7891:
7486:
7350:
7266:
7197:
7168:
7106:
6996:
6968:
6612:
5984:
5877:
5115:
4979:
4823:
4105:
4090:
4075:
1413:
796:
461:
7814:
7781:
7774:
7707:
7570:
7453:
7375:
7365:
7219:
7180:
7136:
7096:
7053:
7001:
6933:
6906:
6866:
6844:
6653:
6467:
6414:
6347:
6204:
6160:
6088:
6009:
5927:
5738:
5602:
5431:
5339:
5147:
5046:
4876:
3693:"Fourth Amendment Federalism?: The Court's Vacillating Mistrust and Trust of State Search and Seizure Laws"
1715:
1694:
1465:, and aggressive pretrial "law and motion" practice designed to result in a pretrial disposition (that is,
835:
449:
140:
7702:
7653:
7468:
7370:
7293:
7175:
7071:
6896:
6881:
6819:
6454:
6409:
6216:
6098:
5952:
5024:
4913:
3144:
1765:
1607:
963:
885:
592:
576:
481:
477:
394:
2740:
1719:
of who was at fault for the collapse of the marital relationship and to focus instead on issues such as
1714:
revolution of the 1960s. Before the 1950s, widespread religious, legal, and social prohibitions against
7606:
7476:
7308:
7288:
7276:
7086:
7076:
6758:
6663:
6276:
6266:
5793:
5788:
5778:
5773:
5295:
5014:
3094:
1900:
1782:
1490:
1439:
1262:
694:
634:
457:
405:
221:
8628:
8258:
8102:
8006:
7185:
6491:
6296:
6291:
5853:
5307:
5086:
4948:
3928:
3119:
2726:
1759:
1250:
1148:
848:
839:
as to the interpretation of federal law and the federal Constitution: the U.S. Supreme Court itself.
697:" necessarily includes the power to decide the precedential effect of those cases and controversies.
493:
205:
198:
38:
2536:
7298:
6678:
6648:
6643:
6633:
6399:
6355:
5957:
5743:
5607:
5421:
5361:
5041:
4564:
Gerber, Scott D. (2011). "Bringing Ideas Back In—A Brief Historiography of American Colonial Law".
3262:
2812:
2654:
2542:
2505:
1590:
Notably, the most broadly influential innovation of 20th-century American tort law was the rule of
1568:
1229:
757:
Here is a typical exposition of how public policy supports the rule of binding precedent in a 2008
655:
441:
225:
8498:
6792:
6528:
6286:
5253:
5096:
4903:
4521:
Rabban, David M. (2003). "The Historiography of Late Nineteenth-Century American Legal History".
2937:
1674:
1522:
1500:
1073:
780:
345:
296:
1438:
in 1938; it has also been independently abolished by legislative acts in nearly all states. The
1350:. These may result in fines and sometimes the loss of one's driver's license, but no jail time.
1249:
article requires the reader to be already familiar with the contents of the separate article on
8453:
7790:
7244:
6594:
6404:
6384:
6186:
6041:
5836:
5783:
5768:
5612:
5300:
5091:
2669:
2010:
1667:
1556:
1546:
1453:
Generally, American civil procedure has several notable features, including extensive pretrial
1280:
1221:
816:
421:
76:
4585:
4332:
4162:
4128:
4107:
The Uniform Simplification of Land Transfers Act and the Politics and Economics of Law Reform,
4019:
3975:
3835:
3794:
3753:
3692:
3556:
3522:
2786:
2759:
2686:
2621:
2120:
1481:
of "loser pays"), though American legislators and courts have carved out numerous exceptions.
7443:
7126:
6241:
5798:
5763:
5758:
5701:
5684:
5414:
4838:
4625:
4291:
4257:
4223:
3656:
3620:
3590:
3339:
3314:
3252:, he had no choice but to apply the state court's reasoning despite his strong dislike of it.
3207:
3190:
3153:
3128:
3103:
3081:
3040:
3024:
2988:
2950:
2931:
2858:
2831:
2607:
2566:
2381:
2364:
2341:
2313:
2285:
2229:
2154:
2084:
2067:
2044:
2019:
1970:
1934:
1909:
1884:
1859:
1395:
1365:
1078:
862:
666:
651:
437:
4426:
4189:
3387:
3381:
2449:
2190:
61:
8095:
7837:
7795:
6923:
6797:
6688:
6066:
5498:
5478:
5426:
5376:
5317:
5248:
4391:
2546:, 31 Cal.4th 657, 3 Cal. Rptr. 3d 390, 74 P.3d 166 (2003) (citing Statute of 13 Elizabeth).
1720:
1576:
1058:
1018:
690:
520:
425:
353:
128:
3248:
attacked a 1968 Supreme Court of California opinion at length before conceding that under
2214:
Professor Friedman points out that English law itself was never completely uniform across
1271:
8:
8648:
8563:
8538:
7335:
7251:
7061:
6777:
6462:
6093:
5290:
4921:
4682:
4124:
4120:
4015:
4011:
3971:
3967:
3831:
3827:
3790:
3786:
3749:
3745:
1615:
1103:
1083:
889:
611:
378:
159:
83:
71:
1587:
there is a "majority rule" adhered to by most states, and one or more "minority rules."
685:, by vesting "judicial power" into the Supreme Court and the inferior federal courts in
8588:
8568:
8473:
8458:
8168:
8128:
8036:
7856:
6575:
6563:
6281:
6271:
6248:
6231:
5627:
5371:
5366:
5238:
4828:
4696:
4538:
3317:
3193:
3156:
3131:
3106:
3027:
2730:, 45 Eur. Ct. H. R. (1981), as indicative of the shared values of Western civilization.
2344:
2316:
2276:
2070:
2022:
1973:
1912:
1887:
1862:
1614:
based on warranties and imposed strict liability for defective products as a matter of
1376:
1195:
1033:
948:
774:
stability. We have not found here any factors that might overcome these considerations.
671:
596:
556:
525:
505:
382:
357:
314:
163:
148:
144:
100:
3342:
2047:
1622:. The American Law Institute subsequently adopted a slightly different version of the
1240:
federal, state, and local levels, depending upon one's current location and behavior.
901:
systems of tort law, family law, property law, contract law, criminal law, and so on.
689:, thereby vested in them the implied judicial power of common law courts to formulate
373:
Federal law originates with the Constitution, which gives Congress the power to enact
8418:
8388:
8273:
8178:
8163:
7318:
6474:
5826:
5324:
5243:
5228:
4598:
4581:
4497:
4368:
4338:
4297:
4263:
4229:
4195:
4168:
4134:
4025:
3981:
3841:
3800:
3759:
3700:
3664:
3628:
3596:
3562:
3528:
3391:
3215:
2996:
2964:
2866:
2837:
2792:
2765:
2720:
2692:
2627:
2572:
2457:
2387:
2367:
2293:
2235:
2196:
2162:
2126:
2092:
1937:
1662:
1595:
1530:
1381:
1319:
1213:
1063:
938:
701:
325:
300:
197:
experienced by the majority of citizens on a day-to-day basis) consists primarily of
4542:
397:. From 1984 to 2024, regulations generally also carried the force of law under the
8653:
8578:
8548:
8488:
8413:
8348:
8153:
8143:
7234:
7081:
6787:
6607:
5617:
5458:
5441:
5436:
5275:
4647:
4573:
4530:
4493:
The Transformation of American Law, 1870–1960: The Crisis of Legal Orthodoxy (1992)
3330:
2927:
1875:
1711:
1654:
1603:
1591:
1466:
1458:
1158:
1028:
1003:
881:
758:
582:
390:
274:
132:
3367:
8603:
8553:
8518:
8503:
8483:
8423:
8293:
8238:
8218:
8208:
8183:
7981:
7861:
6943:
6719:
6617:
6389:
5689:
5622:
5391:
5312:
5258:
4818:
3732:
3487:
2603:
1925:
1678:
1454:
1419:
1385:
1143:
1093:
1048:
1038:
1023:
1013:
998:
978:
943:
933:
737:. The rule gradually developed, case-by-case, as an extension of the judiciary's
678:
453:
217:
120:
116:
3876:
2231:
Law in American History, Volume 1: From the Colonial Years Through the Civil War
1477:
under which parties generally bear their own attorneys' fees (as opposed to the
700:
The difficult question is whether federal judicial power extends to formulating
8658:
8643:
8638:
8623:
8558:
8528:
8468:
8443:
8438:
8338:
8333:
8313:
8308:
8298:
8288:
8278:
8263:
8243:
8213:
8198:
8188:
8173:
8158:
8148:
8138:
8133:
7991:
7413:
7313:
6696:
5831:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5483:
5346:
5280:
4703:
4468:
4407:
3914:, vol. 1, ed. Christian Campbell (Salzburg: Yorkhill Law Publishing, 2006), 52.
1394:
is often used by suspects and convicts to challenge their detention, while the
1338:
1138:
1043:
983:
958:
928:
918:
788:
762:
747:
485:
473:
460:
Clauses of the Constitution have enabled federal law to expand into areas like
318:
2724:, 538 U.S. 558 (2003), in which the majority cited a European court decision,
1551:
587:
8672:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8598:
8583:
8543:
8533:
8513:
8493:
8478:
8433:
8403:
8393:
8383:
8368:
8323:
8318:
8303:
8253:
8223:
8203:
8193:
7936:
7926:
7871:
6394:
5694:
5503:
5138:
4692:
4421:
3245:
2968:
2606:, 1976): 686. Between 1808 and 1828, the briefs filed in court cases in the
1728:
1690:
1682:
1658:
1611:
1390:
1361:
1296:
1098:
1053:
993:
738:
712:
413:
283:
258:
167:
119:. The Constitution sets out the boundaries of federal law, which consists of
96:
4577:
4054:"Why Restate the Bundle?: The Disintegration of the Restatement of Property"
3427:, ed. Alan B. Morrison, 57–60 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 60.
540:(NARA) where it is assigned a law number, and prepared for publication as a
8573:
8523:
8463:
8448:
8428:
8408:
8378:
8373:
8343:
8328:
8283:
8233:
8228:
7911:
6701:
6673:
5728:
4751:
4713:
4534:
3945:
1506:
1478:
1470:
1431:
1404:
actions are used by suspects to recover tort damages for police brutality.
1128:
1008:
973:
858:
734:
404:, but are now subject only to a lesser form of judicial deference known as
236:
190:
186:
1495:
8508:
8398:
8358:
8353:
8248:
7881:
6978:
6509:
5846:
5748:
5488:
5351:
5107:
4963:
4642:
4328:
3899:
Understanding EU Law: Objectives, Principles and Methods of Community Law
3491:
1518:
1342:
1326:
1287:
1088:
988:
873:
784:
743:
717:
549:
241:
213:
1987:
660:
7806:
5841:
5647:
5473:
5468:
5386:
4449:
A Legal History of the Civil War and Reconstruction: A Nation of Rights
2598:
Elizabeth Gaspar Brown, "Frontier Justice: Wayne County 1796–1836", in
2522:
2478:
Effective Legal Research: A Practical Manual of Law Books and Their Use
1555:
The Restatement (Second) of Torts, a highly influential restatement of
1427:
1347:
1302:
All states have somewhat similar laws in regard to "higher crimes" (or
894:
866:
603:
386:
209:
194:
155:
4745:
3871:(Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning, 2002), 100–101. See also
3661:
The Judicial Branch of State Government: People, Process, and Politics
3625:
The Judicial Branch of State Government: People, Process, and Politics
3473:(Washington: Administrative Office of the United States Courts, 2016).
3412:
The Judicial Branch of State Government: People, Process, and Politics
2456:(New ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 3–48.
1735:
under the "domestic relations exception" to diversity jurisdiction.
1442:
is the most prominent of the small number of remaining equity courts.
1426:
was replaced by code pleading in 27 states after New York enacted the
853:
7330:
7323:
2509:, 35 Cal. 4th 1125, 29 Cal. Rptr. 3d 352, 113 P.3d 41 (2005) (citing
1334:
1329:(minor crimes). Generally, most felony convictions result in lengthy
170:
4334:
American Civil Procedure: A Guide to Civil Adjudication in US Courts
2263:
Represent Yourself in Court: How to Prepare & Try a Winning Case
1469:) or a settlement. U.S. courts pioneered the concept of the opt-out
1314:, although penalties for these crimes may vary from state to state.
452:. Since the start of the 20th century, broad interpretations of the
8087:
5513:
5463:
4425:
1599:
1423:
1303:
1217:
541:
178:
136:
4501:
The Opening of American Law: Neoclassical Legal Thought, 1870–1970
1434:
courts was abolished in the federal courts by the adoption of the
306:
As common law courts, U.S. courts have inherited the principle of
4296:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. xxxiii.
3697:
Sword and Shield: A Practical Approach to Section 1983 Litigation
2386:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 79–81.
2215:
1724:
374:
4553:. (Evolution of American legal institutions since 1790). (1974).
4228:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. xxxii.
3592:
Judicial Process: Law, Courts, and Politics in the United States
1670:
to reduce such interstate diversity were spectacular failures.
204:
At both the federal and state levels, with the exception of the
4740:
4262:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. xxxi.
3244:, 847 F.2d 564 (9th Cir. 1988). In this opinion, federal judge
1697:
or equivalent), bicycles (in certain cities and counties), and
1369:
1330:
1307:
124:
4515:
American Legal and Constitutional History: Cases and Materials
4337:. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International. p. 235.
4133:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 145.
4024:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 143.
3980:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 142.
3840:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 139.
3799:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 138.
3758:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 133.
2995:. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 19–46.
2626:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 605.
2125:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 646.
1322:
in certain states impose harsh penalties on repeat offenders.
746:. The contemporary form of the rule is descended from Justice
201:, which can and does vary greatly from one state to the next.
3942:"ALI Restatement of the Law Third, Torts: Products Liability"
3657:"Chapter 2, The Roles, Functions, and Powers of State Courts"
3621:"Chapter 2, The Roles, Functions, and Powers of State Courts"
2791:(5th ed.). Clifton Park, New York: Delmar. p. 139.
2764:(5th ed.). Clifton Park, New York: Delmar. p. 138.
2571:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 83.
2438:, 2nd ed. (Buffalo: William S. Hein Publishing, 1994), 34–36.
1951:
Introduction to the Law and Legal System of the United States
1633:
By the 1990s, the avalanche of American cases resulting from
1534:
1292:
4597:(Rev. ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
4194:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 1.
3439:
2952:
Judgment Calls: Principle and Politics in Constitutional Law
2833:
A Guide to Judicial and Political Review of Federal Agencies
2195:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 3.
1567:
of federal law, although some federal statutes, such as the
253:
In the United States, the law is derived from five sources:
79:
enacts federal statutes in accordance with the Constitution.
4735:
4730:
2658:, 40 Cal.4th 106, 51 Cal. Rptr. 3d 98, 146 P.3d 547 (2006).
1462:
1311:
1225:
208:, the law of the United States is largely derived from the
182:
4670:
Women in American Law: From Colonial Times to the New Deal
3263:
Stone Street Capital, LLC v. California State Lottery Com.
4689:. (1957). (Essays by eight distinguished American judges)
1325:
Some states distinguish between two levels: felonies and
104:
4637:
Sisters in Law: Women Lawyers in Modern American History
4130:
An Introduction to the Legal System of the United States
4021:
An Introduction to the Legal System of the United States
3977:
An Introduction to the Legal System of the United States
3837:
An Introduction to the Legal System of the United States
3796:
An Introduction to the Legal System of the United States
3755:
An Introduction to the Legal System of the United States
1537:
or something else which undermines the entire contract.
4092:
Whatever Happened to the Uniform Land Transactions Act?
4077:
Wasted Days and Wasted Nights: Why the Land Acts Failed
3699:. Chicago: American Bar Association. pp. 249–300.
3073:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
2480:, 3rd ed. (Buffalo: William Hein & Co., 1969), 272.
1598:, which originated with judicial glosses on the law of
1212:
States have delegated lawmaking powers to thousands of
787:
and political conservatives, such as Associate Justice
4731:
Official U.S. Government page on Laws and Legal Issues
4006:
4004:
3595:(7th ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning. p. 34.
3548:
3514:
2454:
A Matter of Interpretation: Federal Courts and the Law
1364:
varied greatly prior to 1990. State laws dealing with
645:
328:(still widely known in the U.S. by that name) and the
4736:
Official U.S. Government page for U.S. federal courts
4367:(7th ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning. p. 4.
2436:
A Practical Guide to Legal Writing & Legal Method
240:
Law affects every aspect of American life, including
4052:
Merrill, Thomas W.; Smith, Henry E. (January 2014).
1841:
Legal Research: How to Find & Understand the Law
335:
Despite the presence of reception statutes, much of
4748:
at Cornell University's Legal Information Institute
4322:
4320:
4113:
4001:
3960:
3820:
3779:
3738:
3690:
3614:
3612:
3561:(6th ed.). Clifton Park: Delmar. p. 101.
3527:(6th ed.). Clifton Park: Delmar. p. 102.
2600:
Essays in Nineteenth-Century American Legal History
2234:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 49–50.
1582:For example, a few jurisdictions allow actions for
865:, the codification of criminal law in the state of
4710:. (1986). (Introductory text on the nature of law)
4700:. (1961). (Introductory text on the nature of law)
4356:
4354:
3214:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 9–26.
2865:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 9–26.
2161:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 9–26.
2091:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 9–26.
4720:. (Nature of law and its role in society). (1942)
4651:(1978) Popular description of a lawyer's practice
4283:
4154:
3695:. In Ross, Mary Massaron; Voss, Edwin P. (eds.).
3589:Neubauer, David W.; Meinhold, Stephen S. (2017).
3582:
3496:First Amendment to the United States Constitution
3435:
3433:
2955:(New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 70–71.
2836:. Chicago: American Bar Association. p. 54.
2691:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 575.
2678:
2613:
2517:court relied on a line of cases originating with
2112:
1953:, 4th ed. (St. Paul, MN: Thomson West, 2006), 41.
1521:disputes arising from their contracts. Under the
8670:
6542:Native American recognition in the United States
4317:
3648:
3609:
3588:
3469:Office of Judges Programs, Statistics Division,
3383:Legal Information: How to Find It, How to Use It
3242:Trident Center v. Connecticut Gen. Life Ins. Co.
2674:. Sacramento: State of California. p. 1455.
2661:
2558:
2373:
1639:Restatement (Third) of Torts: Products Liability
602:Congress often enacts statutes that grant broad
265:, and the common law (which includes case law).
162:(actually tripartite because of the presence of
151:of general and permanent federal statutory law.
4400:Hadden, Sally F. and Brophy, Alfred L. (eds.),
4351:
4215:
3386:. Phoenix: Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
2182:
1457:, heavy reliance on live testimony obtained at
791:have criticized this trend as anti-democratic.
687:Article Three of the United States Constitution
4741:Texts of U.S. federal laws and U.S. state laws
4249:
3554:
3520:
3430:
3199:
3169:Romero v. International Terminal Operating Co.
3056:"Judicial Manipulation of the Commerce Clause"
2850:
2667:
2146:
2076:
352:Today, in the words of Stanford law professor
107:, of which the most important is the nation's
8103:
7822:
6939:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States
5123:
4767:
4486:The Transformation of American Law, 1780–1860
4160:
2778:
2751:
2221:
1681:) to manage title to real property, although
1256:
377:for certain limited purposes like regulating
244:. Note the citations to statutes on the sign.
4781:
4436:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
4051:
3373:
3045:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 80.
2993:Precedent in the United States Supreme Court
1318:is permitted in some states but not others.
1173:
538:National Archives and Records Administration
4630:The Rise of the Legal Profession in America
4479:American Legal History: Cases and Materials
4181:
4167:. Stamford: Cengage Learning. p. 435.
4161:McKinsey, John A.; Burke, Debra D. (2015).
3910:Ellen E. Beerworth, "Australia", 51–74, in
3663:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 37–96.
3627:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 37–96.
3266:, 165 Cal. App. 4th 109, 123 fn. 11 (2008).
2785:Bast, Carol M.; Hawkins, Margie A. (2013).
2784:
2758:Bast, Carol M.; Hawkins, Margie A. (2013).
2757:
1805:List of sources of law in the United States
733:publication of U.S. appellate decisions by
528:, the codification of federal statutory law
23:
8110:
8096:
7829:
7815:
5137:
5130:
5116:
4774:
4760:
4451:(Cambridge University Press, 2015) 212 pp.
4326:
4119:
4010:
3966:
3826:
3785:
3744:
3182:Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Elec. Mfg. Co., Inc.
3042:Designing Democracy: What Constitutions Do
2434:John C. Dernbach and Cathleen S. Wharton,
1699:some types of firearms (in certain states)
1584:negligent infliction of emotional distress
842:
24:
6552:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes
4472:The Magic Mirror: Law in American History
3654:
3618:
2989:"The Dialectic of Stare Decisis Doctrine"
2829:
2788:Foundations of Legal Research and Writing
2761:Foundations of Legal Research and Writing
2602:, ed. Wythe Holt, 676–703 (Westport, CT:
2261:Paul Bergman and Sara J. Berman-Barrett,
1821:List of United States Supreme Court cases
1816:List of United States federal legislation
1749:Admission to the bar in the United States
1573:Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act
516:List of United States federal legislation
115:of the United States, as well as various
111:, which prescribes the foundation of the
7836:
4420:
3867:Mark A. Kinzie & Christine F. Hart,
3442:"State Court Caseload Digest, 2018 Data"
3276:
3274:
3272:
3017:John R. Sand Gravel Co. v. United States
2910:, 266 F.3d 1155 (9th Cir. 2001), citing
2745:United States Government Printing Office
2684:
2619:
2564:
2379:
2188:
2118:
1985:
1677:system (coupled with privately provided
1550:
1494:
1270:
852:
704:through strict adherence to the rule of
659:
624:Regulations are adopted pursuant to the
586:
519:
235:
82:
70:
60:
32:This is an accepted version of this page
6603:List of counties and county equivalents
4656:Great American Lawyers: An Encyclopedia
4360:
4080:, 20 Nova L. Rev. 1037, 1037–41 (1996).
4045:
3414:, (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2006), xiv.
2986:
2980:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2488:
2486:
2306:James B. Beam Distilling Co. v. Georgia
1839:See Stephen Elias and Susan Levinkind,
872:The fifty American states are separate
14:
8671:
4663:Great American Judges: An Encyclopedia
4592:
4563:
4520:
4402:A Companion to American Legal History.
3205:
3084:___ (2012) (Thomas, J. dissenting)
2856:
2447:
2265:, 6th ed. (Berkeley: Nolo, 2008), 481.
2152:
2082:
1843:, 14th ed. (Berkeley: Nolo, 2005), 22.
911:
555:Public laws are incorporated into the
290:
8091:
7810:
5111:
4755:
4463:American Law in the Twentieth Century
4110:20 Nova L. Rev. 1091, 1091–92 (1996).
3873:Greenman v. Yuba Power Products, Inc.
3511:, 3rd ed. (St. Paul: West, 2009), 33.
3379:
3280:
3269:
3109: (2000) (Scalia, J., dissenting).
2949:Daniel A. Farber and Suzanna Sherry,
2688:American Law in the Twentieth Century
2668:Willis, E.B.; Stockton, P.K. (1881).
2227:
1812:—intended for state-level legislation
1525:(which has been interpreted to cover
683:Founding Fathers of the United States
432:(especially international treaties),
8117:
4676:
4412:The Oxford Companion to American Law
4289:
4255:
4221:
4187:
3159: (1992) (Scalia, J., dissenting)
3134: (1996) (Scalia, J., dissenting)
2886:
2483:
1810:List of Uniform Acts (United States)
1771:Legal education in the United States
1235:It is common for residents of major
771:Burnet v. Coronado Oil & Gas Co.
638:deference), but are not entitled to
346:California constitutional convention
268:
2991:. In Peters, Christopher J. (ed.).
2830:Duffy, John; Herz, Michael (2005).
2805:
2476:Miles O. Price & Harry Bitner,
2334:Doctor's Assocs., Inc. v. Casarotto
2036:Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins
1800:Legal research in the United States
1191:Law of the Northern Mariana Islands
811:The other major implication of the
752:Burnet v. Coronado Oil & Gas Co
646:Common law, case law, and precedent
231:
56:
4708:Karl N. Llewellyn on Legal Realism
4595:Law and People in Colonial America
4508:Readings in American Legal History
4404:Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
4385:
3925:Consumer Politics in Postwar Japan
3901:(Antwerp: Intersentia, 2005), 337.
3451:. National Center for State Courts
3440:National Center for State Courts.
1657:, and is therefore concerned with
1517:Parties are permitted to agree to
1407:
561:Office of the Law Revision Counsel
89:Supreme Court of the United States
57:
8695:
5948:Director of National Intelligence
4724:
4566:American Journal of Legal History
3729:Aguilar v. Atlantic Richfield Co.
2513:, 89 Eng. Rep. 836 (1680)). The
2413:U.S. Const., Art. 1, §§ 9 and 10.
1788:Privacy laws of the United States
1512:Restatement (Second) of Contracts
1243:
248:
131:, regulations promulgated by the
66:Constitution of the United States
7952:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
6104:Government Accountability Office
4837:
4441:
2918:, 235 F.3d 1054 (8th Cir. 2000).
1436:Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
1333:sentences as well as subsequent
1267:United States criminal procedure
906:National Center for State Courts
729:), and the beginning of regular
610:. Often, Congress is simply too
363:
147:is the official compilation and
4098:
4083:
4068:
3934:
3917:
3912:International Product Liability
3904:
3891:
3882:
3861:
3720:
3684:
3501:
3476:
3463:
3423:Alan B. Morrison, "Courts", in
3417:
3404:
3356:
3323:
3300:
3255:
3235:
3174:
3171:, 358 U.S. 354, 360–361 (1959).
3162:
3137:
3112:
3087:
3065:
3048:
3033:
3010:
2958:
2943:
2921:
2823:
2817:US Government Publishing Office
2741:"About Public and Private Laws"
2733:
2712:
2647:
2592:
2549:
2537:Phillippe v. Shapell Industries
2528:
2497:
2470:
2441:
2428:
2416:
2407:
2350:
2322:
2299:
2268:
2255:
2053:
2028:
1776:Law school in the United States
1653:has been heavily influenced by
1644:
1620:Greenman v. Yuba Power Products
1484:
783:and Commerce Clause decisions.
750:'s "landmark dissent in 1932's
670:, the official reporter of the
546:United States Statutes at Large
512:United States Statutes at Large
7747:Separation of church and state
5963:National Reconnaissance Office
5906:President of the United States
4164:Carper's Understanding the Law
3210:. In Morrison, Alan B. (ed.).
2861:. In Morrison, Alan B. (ed.).
2685:Friedman, Lawrence M. (2004).
2620:Friedman, Lawrence M. (2019).
2565:Friedman, Lawrence M. (2019).
2380:Friedman, Lawrence M. (2019).
2189:Friedman, Lawrence M. (2019).
2157:. In Morrison, Alan B. (ed.).
2119:Friedman, Lawrence M. (2019).
2087:. In Morrison, Alan B. (ed.).
2003:
1979:
1956:
1943:
1918:
1893:
1868:
1846:
1833:
1754:Attorneys in the United States
1201:Law of the U.S. Virgin Islands
595:, the codification of federal
570:
534:Office of the Federal Register
368:
13:
1:
4824:Bill (United States Congress)
3555:Walston-Dunham, Beth (2012).
3521:Walston-Dunham, Beth (2012).
1826:
1704:
1673:The majority of states use a
1628:Restatement (Second) of Torts
1414:United States civil procedure
1357:or dismissal of the charges.
802:no general federal common law
797:Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins
389:, which are published in the
303:and general search warrants.
8077:United States Virgin Islands
6109:Government Publishing Office
5577:Technological and industrial
4523:Theoretical Inquiries in Law
4361:Statsky, William P. (2020).
4095:20 Nova L. Rev. 1017 (1996);
3869:Product Liability Litigation
3691:Urbonya, Kathryn R. (2006).
3471:Judicial Caseload Indicators
3425:Fundamentals of American Law
3212:Fundamentals of American Law
2863:Fundamentals of American Law
2159:Fundamentals of American Law
2089:Fundamentals of American Law
1716:divorce in the United States
1695:department of motor vehicles
1626:rule in Section 402A of the
1207:
626:Administrative Procedure Act
7:
7581:Women's reproductive health
6547:Federally recognized tribes
6410:Public utilities commission
6314:Public Health Service Corps
6217:Code of Federal Regulations
6099:Congressional Budget Office
5953:Central Intelligence Agency
5859:Water supply and sanitation
5286:Declaration of Independence
4557:
3659:. In Hogan, Sean O. (ed.).
3623:. In Hogan, Sean O. (ed.).
3145:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
3007:Available via SpringerLink.
2916:vacated as moot on en banc
2912:Anastasoff v. United States
1901:Skidmore v. Swift & Co.
1766:Courts of the United States
1742:
1608:Supreme Court of California
1540:
593:Code of Federal Regulations
577:Code of Federal Regulations
499:
395:Code of Federal Regulations
295:The United States and most
10:
8700:
6759:Red states and blue states
6664:City commission government
6659:Council–manager government
4718:Social Control Through Law
4612:
3655:Manweller, Mathew (2006).
3619:Manweller, Mathew (2006).
3507:Osborne M. Reynolds, Jr.,
3095:Dickerson v. United States
1988:"The Forgotten Sovereigns"
1783:Legal systems of the world
1544:
1491:United States contract law
1488:
1461:or elicited in front of a
1440:Delaware Court of Chancery
1411:
1286:Criminal law involves the
1263:United States criminal law
1260:
1257:Criminal law and procedure
846:
649:
580:
574:
509:
503:
263:administrative regulations
222:American Revolutionary War
8684:United States federal law
8125:
8052:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
7970:
7844:
7768:
7594:
7467:
7399:
7052:
7048:
7039:
6987:
6852:
6843:
6739:
6710:
6687:
6626:
6593:
6584:
6527:
6515:Comparison of governments
6490:
6453:
6430:
6346:
6326:
6257:
6195:
6117:
6040:
5898:
5889:
5885:
5876:
5598:
5589:
5534:
5494:Post-Cold War (1991–2008)
5335:drafting and ratification
5308:Articles of Confederation
5221:
5155:
5146:
4972:
4949:Law School Admission Test
4934:
4912:
4857:
4846:
4835:
4789:
4506:Howe, Mark de Wolfe, ed.
4456:A History of American Law
4290:Katz, Sanford N. (2015).
4256:Katz, Sanford N. (2015).
4222:Katz, Sanford N. (2015).
4188:Katz, Sanford N. (2015).
4074:Marion W. Benfield, Jr.,
3944:. Ali.org. Archived from
3929:Columbia University Press
3484:Burton v. Municipal Court
3120:United States v. Virginia
2727:Dudgeon v. United Kingdom
2623:A History of American Law
2568:A History of American Law
2383:A History of American Law
2370: (2011) (per curiam).
2228:White, G. Edward (2012).
2192:A History of American Law
2122:A History of American Law
1174:Territorial legal systems
861:annotated version of the
849:State law (United States)
206:legal system of Louisiana
99:comprises many levels of
8679:Law of the United States
8072:Turks and Caicos Islands
7534:Prescription drug prices
6654:Mayor–council government
6644:Coterminous municipality
6634:Consolidated city-county
6400:Agriculture commissioner
6050:House of Representatives
5958:National Security Agency
5608:Contiguous United States
4783:Law of the United States
4668:Wortman, Marlene Stein.
3923:Patricia L. Maclachlan,
3449:Court Statistics Project
2448:Scalia, Antonin (2018).
1986:Kowalski, Tonya (2009).
1793:
1618:in the landmark case of
1569:Volunteer Protection Act
656:National Reporter System
565:House of Representatives
548:, and they are known as
277:and declare it invalid.
216:, which was in force in
103:and uncodified forms of
39:latest accepted revision
7619:Criticism of government
6964:Social welfare programs
6557:State-recognized tribes
5542:Outline of U.S. history
5254:Continental Association
4706:"The Bramble Bush", in
4632:(2 vols. 1965), to 1860
4477:Hall, Kermit L. et al.
4433:Encyclopædia Britannica
4416:excerpt and text search
3888:Kinzie & Hart, 101.
3380:Olson, Kent C. (1999).
3206:Hughes, Graham (1996).
2987:Starger, Colin (2013).
2938:Oxford University Press
2857:Hughes, Graham (1996).
2506:Gomez v. Superior Court
2153:Hughes, Graham (1996).
2083:Hughes, Graham (1996).
1523:Federal Arbitration Act
1501:Uniform Commercial Code
1277:Boone County Courthouse
1237:U.S. metropolitan areas
843:State and territory law
819:, federal trial courts
781:substantive due process
330:Statute of 13 Elizabeth
8002:British Virgin Islands
7838:Law of North America
7681:Environmental movement
7524:Health insurance costs
7419:Educational attainment
6944:Federal Reserve System
6902:Science and technology
6405:Insurance commissioner
5943:Intelligence Community
5638:minor outlying islands
5401:Civil rights movement
4687:An Introduction to Law
4635:Drachman, Virginia G.
4626:Chroust, Anton-Hermann
4593:Hoffer, Peter (1998).
4535:10.2202/1565-3404.1075
4461:Friedman, Lawrence M.
4454:Friedman, Lawrence M.
3281:Frost, Amanda (2015).
2933:The Power of Precedent
2521:in order to hold that
2423:U.S. Const., Amend. IV
2011:United States v. Lopez
1760:Black's Law Dictionary
1668:Uniform Law Commission
1559:
1557:United States tort law
1547:United States tort law
1503:
1283:
1281:Boone County, Arkansas
869:
817:diversity jurisdiction
794:Under the doctrine of
776:
695:cases or controversies
674:
632:interpreted (known as
599:
529:
393:and codified into the
245:
173:, each with their own
92:
80:
77:United States Congress
68:
8594:São Tomé and Príncipe
7942:Saint Kitts and Nevis
7507:Immigrant health care
7022:Transportation safety
7017:Transportation policy
7007:Public transportation
6077:President pro tempore
5933:Executive departments
5702:National Park Service
5357:Territorial evolution
4578:10.1093/ajlh/51.2.359
4458:(3rd ed. 2005) 640 pp
4392:Friedman, Lawrence M.
4293:Family Law in America
4259:Family Law in America
4225:Family Law in America
4191:Family Law in America
4089:Ronald Benton Brown,
3490:(1968) (invalidating
3290:Vanderbilt Law Review
2608:Territory of Michigan
2525:was a common carrier.
2330:Casarotto v. Lombardi
1651:American property law
1577:wrongful death claims
1554:
1498:
1396:Third Enforcement Act
1274:
1114:Law of South Carolina
1079:Law of North Carolina
863:California Penal Code
856:
767:
667:United States Reports
663:
652:United States Reports
650:Further information:
590:
581:Further information:
523:
510:Further information:
494:McCarran–Ferguson Act
438:intellectual property
239:
139:originating from the
86:
74:
64:
7676:Environmental issues
7341:Political ideologies
7240:Indigenous languages
6440:List of legislatures
6237:separation of powers
5938:Independent agencies
5864:World Heritage Sites
5499:September 11 attacks
5422:Spanish–American War
5362:Mexican–American War
5318:Confederation period
5249:Continental Congress
4959:Admission to the bar
4809:Separation of powers
4746:U.S. Code collection
4683:Cardozo, Benjamin N.
4513:Johnson, Herbert A.
4427:"American Law"
4121:Farnsworth, E. Allan
4012:Farnsworth, E. Allan
3968:Farnsworth, E. Allan
3828:Farnsworth, E. Allan
3787:Farnsworth, E. Allan
3746:Farnsworth, E. Allan
3509:Local Government Law
3208:"Common Law Systems"
2977:571, 595–602 (1987).
2859:"Common Law Systems"
2155:"Common Law Systems"
2085:"Common Law Systems"
1721:division of property
1341:, and orders to pay
1181:Law of America Samoa
1154:Law of West Virginia
1059:Law of New Hampshire
1019:Law of Massachusetts
890:state supreme courts
691:persuasive precedent
354:Lawrence M. Friedman
7957:Trinidad and Tobago
7852:Antigua and Barbuda
7519:Health care finance
7012:Rail transportation
6778:Imperial presidency
6500:State constitutions
6445:List of legislators
6395:Auditor/Comptroller
6368:Lieutenant governor
6094:Library of Congress
5985:Diplomatic Security
5628:Indian reservations
5291:American Revolution
4899:International Trade
4549:Schwartz, Bernard.
4491:Horwitz, Morton J.
4484:Horwitz, Morton J.
4058:Brooklyn Law Review
3558:Introduction to Law
3524:Introduction to Law
3307:Johnson v. Williams
3060:74 Tex. L. Rev. 695
2928:Michael J. Gerhardt
2813:"About the US Code"
2060:California v. Ramos
1993:Fla. St. U. L. Rev.
1963:Gregory v. Ashcroft
1119:Law of South Dakota
1109:Law of Rhode Island
1104:Law of Pennsylvania
1084:Law of North Dakota
912:State legal systems
878:state constitutions
379:interstate commerce
291:American common law
220:at the time of the
164:Indian reservations
160:American federalism
29:Page version status
8269:Dominican Republic
7892:Dominican Republic
7629:affirmative action
7602:Capital punishment
7561:Poverty and health
7556:Physician shortage
7529:Health care prices
7459:Standard of living
7142:standard of living
6949:Financial position
6576:Hawaiian home land
6564:Indian reservation
6537:Tribal sovereignty
6380:Secretary of state
6249:United States Code
6165:Territorial courts
6137:Associate Justices
6022:Inspector generals
5509:War in Afghanistan
5372:Reconstruction era
5239:Stamp Act Congress
4995:Child sexual abuse
4985:Administrative law
4829:United States Code
4791:Constitutional law
4704:Llewellyn, Karl N.
4697:The Concept of Law
4551:The Law in America
4498:Hovenkamp, Herbert
4447:Edwards, Laura F.
3039:Cass R. Sunstein,
2277:Marbury v. Madison
1853:Ex parte Virginia,
1683:title registration
1596:defective products
1560:
1504:
1377:criminal procedure
1320:Three strikes laws
1316:Capital punishment
1284:
1196:Law of Puerto Rico
1034:Law of Mississippi
949:Law of Connecticut
870:
675:
672:U.S. Supreme Court
600:
597:administrative law
557:United States Code
530:
526:United States Code
506:United States Code
466:telecommunications
383:United States Code
349:of that already."
315:reception statutes
301:bills of attainder
255:constitutional law
246:
166:), states are the
145:United States Code
113:federal government
93:
81:
69:
35:
8666:
8665:
8085:
8084:
7974:other territories
7804:
7803:
7764:
7763:
7760:
7759:
7730:National security
7439:Income inequality
7319:Statue of Liberty
7122:income inequality
7035:
7034:
7027:Trucking industry
6839:
6838:
6835:
6834:
6766:Foreign relations
6754:Electoral College
6735:
6734:
6523:
6522:
6475:District attorney
6322:
6321:
6149:Courts of appeals
5872:
5871:
5585:
5584:
5526:COVID-19 pandemic
5479:Feminist Movement
5325:American frontier
5244:Thirteen Colonies
5105:
5104:
4930:
4929:
4885:
4677:Philosophy of law
4618:Abel, Richard L.
4481:(2010); 752 pages
4327:Oakley, John B.;
3002:978-94-007-7950-1
2965:Frederick Schauer
2908:Hart v. Massanari
2721:Lawrence v. Texas
1949:William Burnham,
1693:(through a state
1663:personal property
1531:unconscionability
1382:exclusionary rule
1230:special districts
1149:Law of Washington
1069:Law of New Mexico
1064:Law of New Jersey
939:Law of California
882:state governments
876:, with their own
832:courts of appeals
800:(1938), there is
711:As federal judge
702:binding precedent
615:the principle of
430:foreign relations
326:Statute of Frauds
269:Constitutionality
141:federal judiciary
47:17 September 2024
26:
18:United States law
16:(Redirected from
8691:
8499:Papua New Guinea
8119:Law of the World
8112:
8105:
8098:
8089:
8088:
8042:Saint Barthélemy
7972:Dependencies and
7845:Sovereign states
7831:
7824:
7817:
7808:
7807:
7784:
7777:
7664:African American
7546:Health insurance
7434:Household income
7304:National symbols
7235:American English
7208:Federal holidays
7117:household income
7050:
7049:
7046:
7045:
6850:
6849:
6788:Anti-Americanism
6712:Special district
6639:Independent city
6608:County executive
6591:
6590:
6385:Attorney general
6344:
6343:
6333:Federal District
5916:Executive Office
5896:
5895:
5887:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5643:populated places
5623:federal enclaves
5618:federal district
5596:
5595:
5459:American Century
5442:Great Depression
5437:Roaring Twenties
5397:Women's suffrage
5276:Halifax Resolves
5269:Founding Fathers
5264:military history
5229:Pre-colonial era
5153:
5152:
5132:
5125:
5118:
5109:
5108:
5005:Conflict of laws
4879:
4855:
4854:
4841:
4776:
4769:
4762:
4753:
4752:
4648:My Life in Court
4620:American Lawyers
4608:
4589:
4546:
4529:(2): Article 5.
4437:
4429:
4379:
4378:
4358:
4349:
4348:
4324:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4117:
4111:
4104:Peter B. Maggs,
4102:
4096:
4087:
4081:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4008:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3938:
3932:
3921:
3915:
3908:
3902:
3895:
3889:
3886:
3880:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3742:
3736:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3616:
3607:
3606:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3518:
3512:
3505:
3499:
3480:
3474:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3446:
3437:
3428:
3421:
3415:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3377:
3371:
3360:
3354:
3345: (1985). In
3331:Heath v. Alabama
3327:
3321:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3287:
3278:
3267:
3259:
3253:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3203:
3197:
3178:
3172:
3166:
3160:
3141:
3135:
3116:
3110:
3091:
3085:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3052:
3046:
3037:
3031:
3014:
3008:
3006:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2962:
2956:
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2914:, 223 F.3d 898,
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2749:
2748:
2747:. March 9, 2017.
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2377:
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2357:Cavazos v. Smith
2354:
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2250:
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2110:
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2080:
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2051:
2032:
2026:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1983:
1977:
1960:
1954:
1947:
1941:
1922:
1916:
1897:
1891:
1876:Head Money Cases
1872:
1866:
1850:
1844:
1837:
1712:no-fault divorce
1655:English land law
1604:Roger J. Traynor
1592:strict liability
1467:summary judgment
1159:Law of Wisconsin
1124:Law of Tennessee
1029:Law of Minnesota
1004:Law of Louisiana
759:majority opinion
608:federal agencies
583:Federal Register
391:Federal Register
275:unconstitutional
232:General overview
133:executive branch
127:ratified by the
121:Acts of Congress
21:
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7787:
7780:
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7756:
7742:Opioid epidemic
7659:Native American
7639:intersex rights
7590:
7586:Life expectancy
7576:Medical deserts
7566:Race and health
7463:
7449:Personal income
7395:
7299:National anthem
7132:personal income
7097:Economic issues
7031:
6983:
6831:
6731:
6720:School district
6706:
6689:Minor divisions
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6505:Statutory codes
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6210:civil liberties
6191:
6182:Other tribunals
6161:District courts
6113:
6072:current members
6055:current members
6036:
5970:Law enforcement
5868:
5581:
5530:
5521:Great Recession
5392:Progressive Era
5382:Native genocide
5313:Perpetual Union
5301:Treaty of Paris
5259:United Colonies
5217:
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5136:
5106:
5101:
5000:Civil procedure
4968:
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4908:
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4819:Act of Congress
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4679:
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4605:
4560:
4469:Hall, Kermit L.
4444:
4408:Hall, Kermit L.
4388:
4386:Further reading
4383:
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4329:Amar, Vikram D.
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4125:Sheppard, Steve
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4016:Sheppard, Steve
4009:
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3992:
3990:
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3972:Sheppard, Steve
3965:
3961:
3951:
3949:
3948:on May 31, 2013
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3909:
3905:
3897:Norbert Reich,
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3850:
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3832:Sheppard, Steve
3825:
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3809:
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3791:Sheppard, Steve
3784:
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3750:Sheppard, Steve
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3733:25 Cal. 4th 826
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3418:
3410:Sean O. Hogan,
3409:
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3351:Tenth Amendment
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2655:People v. Kelly
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2634:
2618:
2614:
2604:Greenwood Press
2597:
2593:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2563:
2559:
2555:Burnham, 43–44.
2554:
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2533:
2529:
2511:Lovett v. Hobbs
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2008:
2004:
1984:
1980:
1961:
1957:
1948:
1944:
1926:Cooper v. Aaron
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1898:
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1873:
1869:
1851:
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1725:spousal support
1707:
1679:title insurance
1675:title recording
1647:
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1543:
1493:
1487:
1420:civil procedure
1416:
1410:
1408:Civil procedure
1386:Miranda warning
1355:plea bargaining
1269:
1261:Main articles:
1259:
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1210:
1205:
1176:
1170:
1168:
1144:Law of Virginia
1094:Law of Oklahoma
1074:Law of New York
1049:Law of Nebraska
1039:Law of Missouri
1024:Law of Michigan
1014:Law of Maryland
999:Law of Kentucky
979:Law of Illinois
954:Law of Delaware
944:Law of Colorado
934:Law of Arkansas
914:
857:Volumes of the
851:
845:
836:district courts
735:West Publishing
679:legal precedent
658:
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518:
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474:pharmaceuticals
371:
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319:common carriers
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218:British America
117:civil liberties
95:The law of the
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8259:Czech Republic
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8062:Sint Eustatius
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8007:Cayman Islands
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7698:Mass shootings
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7686:Climate change
7683:
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7624:Discrimination
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7414:American Dream
7411:
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7394:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7381:Transportation
7378:
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7328:
7327:
7326:
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7314:Mount Rushmore
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6934:Federal budget
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6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
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6872:Communications
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6802:
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6793:exceptionalism
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6774:
6773:
6771:foreign policy
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6470:
6468:Chief justices
6463:Supreme courts
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6363:
6352:
6350:
6341:
6324:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6317:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6305:
6304:
6302:National Guard
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
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6274:
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6246:
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6212:
6205:Bill of Rights
6201:
6199:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6178:
6177:
6175:list of judges
6172:
6170:list of courts
6158:
6157:
6156:
6154:list of judges
6146:
6145:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6123:
6121:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6089:Capitol Police
6086:
6085:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6064:
6063:
6062:
6057:
6046:
6044:
6038:
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6019:
6018:
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6012:
6010:Secret Service
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5967:
5966:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5923:Vice President
5920:
5919:
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5902:
5900:
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5771:
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5756:
5751:
5746:
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5731:
5726:
5721:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5707:National Parks
5699:
5698:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5667:
5662:
5660:Extreme points
5657:
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5407:
5399:
5394:
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5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5347:Federalist Era
5344:
5343:
5342:
5340:Bill of Rights
5337:
5327:
5322:
5321:
5320:
5315:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5298:
5288:
5283:
5281:Lee Resolution
5278:
5273:
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5266:
5261:
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5017:
5012:
5010:Constitutional
5007:
5002:
4997:
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4859:Federal courts
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4693:Hart, H. L. A.
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4422:Chisholm, Hugh
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1388:. The writ of
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748:Louis Brandeis
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6187:U.S. attorney
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6132:Chief Justice
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6127:Supreme Court
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5695:Sierra Nevada
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5633:insular zones
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5504:War on Terror
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5485:
5484:LGBT Movement
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5453:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5309:
5306:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5145:
5140:
5139:United States
5133:
5128:
5126:
5121:
5119:
5114:
5113:
5110:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5072:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4990:Child custody
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4923:
4922:State supreme
4920:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4883:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4850:United States
4848:Courts of the
4845:
4840:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4777:
4772:
4770:
4765:
4763:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4719:
4715:
4714:Pound, Roscoe
4712:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4660:
4657:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4617:
4616:
4606:
4604:0-8018-5822-4
4600:
4596:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4562:
4561:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4519:
4517:(2001) 733 pp
4516:
4512:
4509:
4505:
4502:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4446:
4445:
4442:Legal history
4435:
4434:
4428:
4423:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4410:et al., eds.
4409:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4376:
4374:9781337917537
4370:
4366:
4365:
4357:
4355:
4346:
4344:9789041128720
4340:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4323:
4321:
4305:
4303:9780199759224
4299:
4295:
4294:
4286:
4271:
4269:9780199759224
4265:
4261:
4260:
4252:
4237:
4235:9780199759224
4231:
4227:
4226:
4218:
4203:
4201:9780199759224
4197:
4193:
4192:
4184:
4176:
4174:9781305177307
4170:
4166:
4165:
4157:
4142:
4140:9780199733101
4136:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4109:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4078:
4071:
4064:(2): 681–708.
4063:
4059:
4055:
4048:
4033:
4031:9780199733101
4027:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4013:
4007:
4005:
3989:
3987:9780199733101
3983:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3952:September 23,
3947:
3943:
3937:
3931:, 2002), 226.
3930:
3926:
3920:
3913:
3907:
3900:
3894:
3885:
3878:
3877:59 Cal. 2d 57
3874:
3870:
3864:
3849:
3847:9780199733101
3843:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3808:
3806:9780199733101
3802:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3767:
3765:9780199733101
3761:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3741:
3735:, 849 (2001).
3734:
3730:
3723:
3708:
3706:9781590317662
3702:
3698:
3694:
3687:
3672:
3670:9781851097517
3666:
3662:
3658:
3651:
3636:
3634:9781851097517
3630:
3626:
3622:
3615:
3613:
3604:
3602:9781337025942
3598:
3594:
3593:
3585:
3570:
3568:9781133707981
3564:
3560:
3559:
3551:
3536:
3534:9781133707981
3530:
3526:
3525:
3517:
3510:
3504:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3472:
3466:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3434:
3426:
3420:
3413:
3407:
3399:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3376:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3326:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3265:
3264:
3258:
3251:
3247:
3246:Alex Kozinski
3243:
3238:
3223:
3221:9780198764052
3217:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3177:
3170:
3165:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3140:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3121:
3115:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3090:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3068:
3057:
3051:
3044:
3043:
3036:
3030:, 139 (2008).
3029:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3004:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2975:Stan. L. Rev.
2972:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2954:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2874:
2872:9780198764052
2868:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2845:
2843:9781590314838
2839:
2835:
2834:
2826:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2800:
2798:9781285402604
2794:
2790:
2789:
2781:
2773:
2771:9781285402604
2767:
2763:
2762:
2754:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2722:
2715:
2700:
2698:9780300102994
2694:
2690:
2689:
2681:
2673:
2672:
2664:
2657:
2656:
2650:
2635:
2633:9780190070915
2629:
2625:
2624:
2616:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2580:
2578:9780190070915
2574:
2570:
2569:
2561:
2552:
2545:
2544:
2543:Meija v. Reed
2539:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2500:
2494:
2489:
2487:
2479:
2473:
2465:
2463:9780691174044
2459:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2431:
2424:
2419:
2410:
2395:
2393:9780190070915
2389:
2385:
2384:
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2362:
2358:
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2318:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2258:
2243:
2241:9780195102475
2237:
2233:
2232:
2224:
2217:
2204:
2202:9780190070915
2198:
2194:
2193:
2185:
2170:
2168:9780198764052
2164:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2134:
2132:9780190070915
2128:
2124:
2123:
2115:
2100:
2098:9780198764052
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2031:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2006:
1999:(4): 765–826.
1998:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1952:
1946:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1921:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1871:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1842:
1836:
1832:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1729:child support
1726:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1659:real property
1656:
1652:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1616:public policy
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1508:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1475:American Rule
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1391:habeas corpus
1387:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1362:drunk driving
1358:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1297:incarceration
1294:
1289:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1254:
1252:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1099:Law of Oregon
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1054:Law of Nevada
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
994:Law of Kansas
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
969:Law of Hawaii
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
924:Law of Alaska
922:
920:
917:
916:
909:
907:
902:
900:
896:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
868:
864:
860:
855:
850:
840:
837:
833:
829:
824:
822:
818:
814:
809:
807:
806:stare decisis
803:
799:
798:
792:
790:
786:
782:
775:
772:
766:
764:
760:
755:
753:
749:
745:
740:
739:public policy
736:
732:
728:
722:
719:
714:
713:Alex Kozinski
709:
707:
706:stare decisis
703:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
673:
669:
668:
662:
657:
653:
643:
641:
637:
636:
629:
627:
622:
620:
619:
613:
609:
606:authority to
605:
598:
594:
589:
584:
578:
568:
566:
562:
558:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
536:(OFR) of the
535:
527:
522:
517:
513:
507:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
418:
416:
415:
414:stare decisis
410:
408:
403:
401:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
364:Levels of law
361:
359:
355:
350:
347:
341:
338:
333:
331:
327:
322:
320:
316:
311:
309:
308:stare decisis
304:
302:
298:
288:
286:
285:
284:stare decisis
278:
276:
266:
264:
260:
259:statutory law
256:
243:
238:
229:
228:innovations.
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
169:
165:
161:
157:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
97:United States
90:
85:
78:
73:
67:
63:
59:
48:
44:
40:
33:
28:
19:
8649:Vatican City
8633:
8564:South Africa
8539:Saudi Arabia
8067:Sint Maarten
8047:Saint Martin
7961:
7713:Human rights
7693:Gun politics
7644:Islamophobia
7634:antisemitism
7502:Hospice care
7444:Middle class
7424:Homelessness
7401:Social class
7361:Social class
7225:Human rights
7215:Homelessness
7127:middle class
7092:Demographics
7067:Architecture
6974:Unemployment
6954:Labor unions
6702:Town meeting
6679:City council
6674:City manager
6415:State police
6277:Marine Corps
6267:Armed Forces
6242:civil rights
6222:Constitution
6196:
5794:Southwestern
5789:Southeastern
5779:Northwestern
5774:Northeastern
5739:Mid-Atlantic
5729:Great Plains
5447:World War II
5330:Constitution
5234:Colonial era
5213:2008–present
5052:Human rights
4973:Types of law
4914:State courts
4814:Civil rights
4782:
4717:
4707:
4695:
4686:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4646:
4643:Nizer, Louis
4636:
4629:
4619:
4594:
4569:
4565:
4550:
4526:
4522:
4514:
4510:(2001) 540pp
4507:
4500:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4462:
4455:
4448:
4431:
4411:
4401:
4395:American Law
4394:
4363:
4333:
4309:November 23,
4307:. Retrieved
4292:
4285:
4275:November 23,
4273:. Retrieved
4258:
4251:
4241:November 23,
4239:. Retrieved
4224:
4217:
4207:November 23,
4205:. Retrieved
4190:
4183:
4163:
4156:
4146:November 17,
4144:. Retrieved
4129:
4115:
4106:
4100:
4091:
4085:
4076:
4070:
4061:
4057:
4047:
4037:November 17,
4035:. Retrieved
4020:
3993:November 17,
3991:. Retrieved
3976:
3962:
3950:. Retrieved
3946:the original
3936:
3924:
3919:
3911:
3906:
3898:
3893:
3884:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3853:November 17,
3851:. Retrieved
3836:
3822:
3812:November 17,
3810:. Retrieved
3795:
3781:
3771:November 17,
3769:. Retrieved
3754:
3740:
3728:
3722:
3710:. Retrieved
3696:
3686:
3674:. Retrieved
3660:
3650:
3638:. Retrieved
3624:
3591:
3584:
3574:November 26,
3572:. Retrieved
3557:
3550:
3540:November 26,
3538:. Retrieved
3523:
3516:
3508:
3503:
3483:
3478:
3465:
3453:. Retrieved
3448:
3424:
3419:
3411:
3406:
3382:
3375:
3358:
3346:
3329:
3325:
3320: (2013).
3306:
3302:
3296:(1): 53–103.
3293:
3289:
3261:
3257:
3249:
3241:
3237:
3225:. Retrieved
3211:
3201:
3196: (1941).
3180:
3176:
3168:
3164:
3143:
3139:
3118:
3114:
3093:
3089:
3071:
3067:
3062:(Mar. 1996).
3050:
3041:
3035:
3016:
3012:
2992:
2982:
2969:
2960:
2951:
2945:
2940:, 2008), 59.
2932:
2923:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2876:. Retrieved
2862:
2852:
2832:
2825:
2816:
2807:
2787:
2780:
2760:
2753:
2735:
2725:
2719:
2714:
2702:. Retrieved
2687:
2680:
2670:
2663:
2653:
2649:
2637:. Retrieved
2622:
2615:
2599:
2594:
2582:. Retrieved
2567:
2560:
2551:
2541:
2535:
2530:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2477:
2472:
2453:
2443:
2435:
2430:
2418:
2409:
2397:. Retrieved
2382:
2375:
2356:
2352:
2347: (1996).
2333:
2329:
2324:
2305:
2301:
2296: (1803).
2275:
2270:
2262:
2257:
2245:. Retrieved
2230:
2223:
2206:. Retrieved
2191:
2184:
2172:. Retrieved
2158:
2148:
2136:. Retrieved
2121:
2114:
2102:. Retrieved
2088:
2078:
2073: (1983).
2059:
2055:
2050: (1980).
2034:
2030:
2025: (1995).
2009:
2005:
1996:
1991:
1981:
1976: (1991).
1962:
1958:
1950:
1945:
1940: (1958).
1924:
1920:
1915: (1944).
1899:
1895:
1890: (1884).
1874:
1870:
1865: (1880).
1852:
1848:
1840:
1835:
1758:
1737:
1733:
1708:
1686:
1672:
1648:
1645:Property law
1638:
1634:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1589:
1581:
1565:
1563:advantage."
1561:
1526:
1516:
1507:Contract law
1505:
1485:Contract law
1479:English Rule
1471:class action
1452:
1448:
1444:
1417:
1399:
1389:
1374:
1359:
1352:
1327:misdemeanors
1324:
1301:
1285:
1247:
1234:
1211:
1169:
1129:Law of Texas
1009:Law of Maine
974:Law of Idaho
903:
898:
886:state courts
871:
859:Thomson West
827:
825:
820:
812:
810:
805:
801:
795:
793:
785:Originalists
777:
770:
768:
756:
751:
730:
723:
710:
705:
699:
676:
665:
639:
633:
630:
623:
616:
601:
554:
550:session laws
531:
419:
412:
406:
399:
372:
351:
342:
337:contemporary
336:
334:
323:
312:
307:
305:
297:Commonwealth
294:
282:
279:
272:
261:, treaties,
252:
242:parking lots
203:
175:constitution
153:
149:codification
109:Constitution
94:
58:
46:
37:This is the
31:
8589:Switzerland
8569:South Korea
8474:North Korea
8459:New Zealand
8454:Netherlands
8129:Afghanistan
8037:Puerto Rico
7947:Saint Lucia
7897:El Salvador
7718:Immigration
7649:LGBT rights
7551:Food safety
7386:Video games
6979:Wall Street
6959:Public debt
6862:Agriculture
6798:nationalism
6510:Uniform act
6432:Legislative
6339:Territorial
6297:Coast Guard
6292:Space Force
6042:Legislative
5837:Red (South)
5827:Mississippi
5749:New England
5685:Appalachian
5655:Earthquakes
5552:Discoveries
5547:Demographic
5489:Vietnam War
5432:World War I
5427:Imperialism
5377:Indian Wars
5352:War of 1812
4964:Reading law
4796:legislation
3927:(New York:
3492:Los Angeles
3482:See, e.g.,
3368:§ 1257
2936:(New York:
2534:See, e.g.,
2504:See, e.g.,
2319: (1991)
1610:threw away
1602:. In 1963,
1418:The law of
1375:The law of
1366:drug crimes
1348:infractions
1343:restitution
1306:), such as
1288:prosecution
1275:Inside the
1186:Law of Guam
1134:Law of Utah
1089:Law of Ohio
989:Law of Iowa
744:rule of law
718:natural law
642:deference.
571:Regulations
387:regulations
369:Federal law
214:English law
156:U.S. states
8673:Categories
8419:Luxembourg
8389:Kazakhstan
8274:East Timor
8179:Bangladesh
8164:Azerbaijan
8032:Montserrat
8027:Martinique
8022:Guadeloupe
7877:Costa Rica
7752:Xenophobia
7541:Disability
7482:Healthcare
7391:Visual art
7336:Philosophy
7282:television
7272:newspapers
7262:journalism
7252:Literature
7164:attainment
6815:Republican
6810:Democratic
6783:Ideologies
6744:Corruption
6309:NOAA Corps
6232:preemption
6227:federalism
5842:Rio Grande
5744:Midwestern
5724:West Coast
5719:East Coast
5562:Inventions
5474:Space Race
5469:Korean War
5452:home front
5387:Gilded Age
4944:Law school
4889:Bankruptcy
4804:Federalism
4364:Family Law
3676:October 5,
3640:October 5,
3397:0897749634
3227:August 11,
2878:August 11,
2704:August 12,
2639:August 11,
2584:August 11,
2523:Disneyland
2399:August 11,
2247:August 11,
2208:August 11,
2174:August 11,
2138:August 11,
2104:August 11,
1827:References
1710:until the
1705:Family law
1661:first and
1459:deposition
1428:Field Code
895:certiorari
874:sovereigns
867:California
761:signed by
612:gridlocked
604:rulemaking
482:trademarks
446:copyrights
358:Blackstone
212:system of
210:common law
195:family law
171:sovereigns
8654:Venezuela
8579:Sri Lanka
8549:Singapore
8489:Palestine
8414:Lithuania
8349:Indonesia
8154:Australia
8144:Argentina
8017:Greenland
7932:Nicaragua
7907:Guatemala
7735:Terrorism
7512:Rationing
7409:Affluence
7356:Sexuality
7324:Uncle Sam
7230:Languages
7159:Education
7102:affluence
7062:Americana
6989:Transport
6887:Insurance
6877:Companies
6857:By sector
6749:Elections
6390:Treasurer
6348:Executive
6287:Air Force
6259:Uniformed
6082:President
5899:Executive
5670:Mountains
5603:Territory
5591:Geography
5415:1954–1968
5410:1896–1954
5405:1865–1896
5367:Civil War
5208:1991–2008
5203:1980–1991
5198:1964–1980
5193:1945–1964
5188:1917–1945
5183:1865–1917
5178:1849–1865
5173:1815–1849
5168:1789–1815
5163:1776–1789
5156:By period
5035:Procedure
5025:Corporate
4936:Education
3455:March 18,
2970:Precedent
1519:arbitrate
1455:discovery
1335:probation
1251:state law
1218:townships
1208:Local law
490:insurance
478:antitrust
470:railroads
409:deference
226:civil law
199:state law
8604:Thailand
8554:Slovakia
8519:Portugal
8504:Paraguay
8484:Pakistan
8424:Malaysia
8294:Ethiopia
8239:Colombia
8219:Cambodia
8209:Bulgaria
8184:Barbados
7982:Anguilla
7917:Honduras
7887:Dominica
7862:Barbados
7791:Category
7487:Abortion
7351:Religion
7309:Columbia
7267:internet
7203:Holidays
7198:Folklore
7169:literacy
7107:eviction
6997:Aviation
6969:Taxation
6924:Currency
6917:by state
6827:Scandals
6697:Township
6455:Judicial
6356:Governor
6119:Judicial
6005:Marshals
5878:Politics
5832:Missouri
5822:Columbia
5817:Colorado
5812:Arkansas
5805:Longest
5784:Southern
5769:Northern
5613:counties
5567:Military
5557:Economic
5535:By topic
5514:Iraq War
5464:Cold War
5222:By event
5057:Juvenile
5030:Criminal
5020:Property
5015:Contract
4980:Abortion
4877:District
4558:Colonial
4543:56143958
4331:(2009).
4123:(2010).
4014:(2010).
3970:(2010).
3830:(2010).
3789:(2010).
3748:(2010).
2288:(Cranch
1743:See also
1635:Greenman
1624:Greenman
1600:warranty
1571:and the
1541:Tort law
1424:pleading
1337:, large
1304:felonies
1222:counties
1214:agencies
899:separate
731:verbatim
635:Skidmore
542:slip law
500:Statutes
462:aviation
458:Spending
454:Commerce
422:military
407:Skidmore
402:doctrine
375:statutes
191:criminal
187:property
179:contract
137:case law
125:treaties
101:codified
43:reviewed
8659:Vietnam
8644:Vanuatu
8639:Uruguay
8624:Ukraine
8559:Somalia
8529:Romania
8469:Nigeria
8444:Namibia
8439:Morocco
8364:Ireland
8339:Iceland
8334:Hungary
8314:Germany
8309:Georgia
8299:Finland
8289:Estonia
8279:Ecuador
8264:Denmark
8244:Croatia
8214:Burundi
8199:Bolivia
8189:Belgium
8174:Bahrain
8169:Bahamas
8159:Austria
8149:Armenia
8139:Andorra
8134:Albania
8012:Curaçao
7997:Bonaire
7992:Bermuda
7922:Jamaica
7902:Grenada
7857:Bahamas
7775:Outline
7723:illegal
7708:Smoking
7571:Obesity
7454:Poverty
7376:Theater
7366:Society
7220:Housing
7181:Fashion
7137:poverty
7082:Cuisine
7054:Culture
7041:Society
7002:Driving
6929:Exports
6907:Tourism
6867:Banking
6845:Economy
6805:Parties
6649:Charter
6613:Sheriff
6060:Speaker
5928:Cabinet
5891:Federal
5799:Western
5764:Eastern
5759:Central
5754:Pacific
5714:Regions
5665:Islands
5148:History
5067:Privacy
5062:Martial
4872:Appeals
4867:Supreme
4613:Lawyers
4586:1815230
4414:(2002)
4127:(ed.).
4018:(ed.).
3974:(ed.).
3879:(1963).
3834:(ed.).
3793:(ed.).
3752:(ed.).
3712:July 1,
2216:England
1687:Torrens
1606:of the
640:Chevron
618:Chevron
563:of the
448:), and
442:patents
434:tariffs
400:Chevron
168:plenary
8619:Uganda
8614:Tuvalu
8609:Turkey
8599:Taiwan
8584:Sweden
8544:Serbia
8534:Russia
8514:Poland
8494:Panama
8479:Norway
8434:Mexico
8404:Latvia
8394:Kosovo
8384:Jordan
8369:Israel
8324:Guyana
8319:Greece
8304:France
8254:Cyprus
8224:Canada
8204:Brazil
8194:Bhutan
7937:Panama
7927:Mexico
7872:Canada
7867:Belize
7796:Portal
7703:Hunger
7654:racism
7595:Issues
7469:Health
7371:Sports
7331:People
7176:Family
7147:wealth
7072:Cinema
6897:Mining
6882:Energy
6627:Cities
6595:County
6529:Tribal
6067:Senate
5911:powers
5807:rivers
5680:ranges
5648:states
5572:Postal
5082:Sports
5042:Energy
4954:US bar
4894:Claims
4685:, ed.
4672:(1985)
4665:(2003)
4658:(2001)
4639:(2001)
4622:(1991)
4601:
4584:
4541:
4503:(2015)
4488:(1977)
4474:(1989)
4465:(2002)
4397:(1984)
4371:
4341:
4300:
4266:
4232:
4198:
4171:
4137:
4028:
3984:
3844:
3803:
3762:
3703:
3667:
3631:
3599:
3565:
3531:
3394:
3366:
3218:
2999:
2869:
2840:
2795:
2768:
2695:
2630:
2575:
2519:Lovett
2460:
2390:
2292:)
2238:
2199:
2165:
2129:
2095:
1727:, and
1432:equity
1401:Bivens
1370:felony
1331:prison
1308:murder
1293:crimes
1228:, and
1226:cities
884:, and
826:Under
480:, and
381:. The
193:, and
143:. The
135:, and
129:Senate
8574:Spain
8524:Qatar
8464:Niger
8449:Nauru
8429:Malta
8409:Libya
8379:Japan
8374:Italy
8344:India
8329:Haiti
8284:Egypt
8234:China
8229:Chile
7987:Aruba
7912:Haiti
7782:Index
7607:Crime
7477:Aging
7294:Names
7289:Music
7277:radio
7257:Media
7087:Dance
7077:Crime
6912:Trade
6669:Mayor
6618:Clerk
6586:Local
6328:State
5847:Yukon
5690:Rocky
5675:peaks
5097:Trust
5087:State
5071:State
4539:S2CID
3445:(PDF)
3347:Heath
3338:
3313:
3286:(PDF)
3189:
3152:
3127:
3102:
3080:
3023:
2973:, 39
2515:Gomez
2493:Ibid.
2363:
2340:
2312:
2284:
2066:
2043:
2018:
1969:
1933:
1908:
1883:
1858:
1794:Lists
1535:fraud
1339:fines
426:money
8509:Peru
8399:Laos
8359:Iraq
8354:Iran
8249:Cuba
8057:Saba
7882:Cuba
7346:Race
7191:list
7186:Flag
6725:list
6569:list
6480:list
6420:list
6373:list
6361:list
6337:and
6282:Navy
6272:Army
6142:list
5854:Time
5734:Gulf
5092:Tort
5077:Race
4882:list
4794:and
4599:ISBN
4582:SSRN
4369:ISBN
4339:ISBN
4311:2020
4298:ISBN
4277:2020
4264:ISBN
4243:2020
4230:ISBN
4209:2020
4196:ISBN
4169:ISBN
4148:2020
4135:ISBN
4039:2020
4026:ISBN
3995:2020
3982:ISBN
3954:2013
3855:2020
3842:ISBN
3814:2020
3801:ISBN
3773:2020
3760:ISBN
3714:2015
3701:ISBN
3678:2020
3665:ISBN
3642:2020
3629:ISBN
3597:ISBN
3576:2020
3563:ISBN
3542:2020
3529:ISBN
3457:2023
3392:ISBN
3362:See
3340:U.S.
3315:U.S.
3250:Erie
3229:2020
3216:ISBN
3191:U.S.
3154:U.S.
3129:U.S.
3104:U.S.
3082:U.S.
3025:U.S.
2997:ISBN
2880:2020
2867:ISBN
2838:ISBN
2793:ISBN
2766:ISBN
2718:See
2706:2020
2693:ISBN
2641:2020
2628:ISBN
2586:2020
2573:ISBN
2458:ISBN
2401:2020
2388:ISBN
2365:U.S.
2342:U.S.
2328:See
2314:U.S.
2286:U.S.
2274:See
2249:2020
2236:ISBN
2210:2020
2197:ISBN
2176:2020
2163:ISBN
2140:2020
2127:ISBN
2106:2020
2093:ISBN
2068:U.S.
2045:U.S.
2020:U.S.
1971:U.S.
1935:U.S.
1910:U.S.
1885:U.S.
1860:U.S.
1594:for
1499:The
1463:jury
1398:and
1312:rape
1310:and
1265:and
1253:.)
834:and
828:Erie
821:must
813:Erie
664:The
654:and
591:The
524:The
514:and
456:and
450:mail
444:and
183:tort
87:The
75:The
7245:ASL
6492:Law
6197:Law
6015:TSA
6000:ICE
5995:FBI
5990:DEA
5980:CBP
5975:ATF
5296:War
5047:Gun
4904:Tax
4574:doi
4531:doi
3336:474
3318:289
3311:568
3194:487
3187:313
3157:833
3150:505
3132:515
3125:518
3107:428
3100:530
3078:567
3028:130
3021:552
2361:565
2345:681
2338:517
2317:529
2310:501
2294:137
2071:992
2064:463
2041:447
2023:549
2016:514
1974:452
1967:501
1931:358
1913:134
1906:323
1888:580
1881:112
1863:339
1856:100
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1533:or
1527:all
1279:in
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281:of
105:law
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8675::
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4628:.
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