5738:
legislation authorized to be adopted by
Congress for enforcing it is not direct legislation on the matters respecting which the States are prohibited from making or enforcing certain laws, or doing certain acts, but is corrective legislation, such as may be necessary or proper for counteracting and .redressing tho effect of such laws or acts. 3. The XIIIth Amendment relates only to slavery and involuntary servitude (which it abolishes) ; and although, by its reflex action, it establishes universal freedom in the United States, and Congress may probably pass laws directly enforcing its provisions; yet such legislative power extends only to the subject of slavery and its incidents; and the denial of equal accommodations in inns, public conveyances and places of public amusement (which is forbidden by the sections in question), imposes no badge of slavery or involuntary servitude upon the party, but at most, infringes rights which are protected from State aggression by the XIVth Amendment. 4. Whether the accommodations and privileges sought to be protected by the 1st and 2d sections of the Civil Rights Act, are, or are not, rights constitutionally demandable; and if they are, in what form they are to be protected, is not now decided. 5. Nor is it decided whether the law as it stands is operative in the Territories and District of Columbia : the decision only relating to its validity as applied to the States. 6. Nor is it decided whether Congress, under the commercial power, may or may not pass a law securing to all persons equal accommodations on lines of public conveyance between two or more States.
5370:—which has been called "the most important piece of federal legislation since the Civil Rights Act of 1964"—was influenced both by the structure and substance of the previous Civil Rights Act of 1964. The act was arguably of equal importance, and "draws substantially from the structure of that landmark legislation ". The Americans with Disabilities Act paralleled its landmark predecessor structurally, drawing upon many of the same titles and statutes. For example, "Title I of the ADA, which bans employment discrimination by private employers on the basis of disability, parallels Title VII of the Act". Similarly, Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act, "which proscribes discrimination on the basis of disability in public accommodations, tracks Title II of the 1964 Act while expanding upon the list of public accommodations covered." The Americans with Disabilities Act extended "the principle of nondiscrimination to people with disabilities", an idea unsought in the United States before the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Act also influenced later civil rights legislation, such as the
4237:
5193:, the Supreme Court held that White's reassignment to from forklift operator to less desirable duties as a track laborer as well as her suspension without pay after complaining about workplace sexual harassment constituted retaliatory discrimination. This was a landmark case because it clarified that Title VII’s retaliation provision is not confined to harmful acts occurring at the workplace or are related to employment. Title VII’s anti-discrimination provision prevents actions including a hire, a discharge, a change in compensation, conditions, privileges, opportunities, or status of employment. However, Title VII’s retaliation provision contains no such limiting language. The definition of retaliation against a complainant of sexual harassment was changed to encompass any unfavorable job decision or treatment that might deter a "reasonable worker" from filing a discrimination claim or from supporting one.
5910:
registered to vote. For example, in
Mississippi only five per cent are registered; in Alabama only fourteen per cent are registered; in South Carolina, sixteen per cent are registered; in Georgia, twenty-six per cent are registered; and in Louisiana, twenty-nine per cent are registered. Registration among adult whites invariably exceeds fifty per cent in the same areas, and Negroes are in the majority in ninety-one per cent of the counties where Negroes are in the majority. In ninety-seven counties fewer than three per cent of the adult Negroes are on the rolls. Indeed, in thirteen counties with sizable Negro populations the Negro voter rolls are significantly below the statewide percentage of eligible Negroes registered and in fifteen Negroes approaches the white voter percentage.
4004:
3713:
747:
978:
859:
79:
4406:). The section also states explicitly that in the latter situation such agency action shall not be deemed committed to unreviewable agency discretion within the meaning of section 10. The purpose of this provision is to obviate the possible argument that although section 603 provides for review in accordance with section 10, section 10 itself has an exception for action "committed to agency discretion," which might otherwise be carried over into section 603. It is not the purpose of this provision of section 603, however, otherwise to alter the scope of judicial review as presently provided in section 10(e) of the Administrative Procedure Act.
842:. After a series of hearings on the bill, Celler's committee strengthened the act, adding provisions to ban racial discrimination in employment, providing greater protection to black voters, eliminating segregation in all publicly owned facilities (not just schools), and strengthening the anti-segregation clauses regarding public facilities such as lunch counters. They also added authorization for the Attorney General to file lawsuits to protect individuals against the deprivation of any rights secured by the Constitution or U.S. law. In essence, this was the controversial "Title III" that had been removed from the
4394:
the objectives of the statute authorizing the assistance. In seeking the effect compliance with its requirements imposed under this section, an agency is authorized to terminate or to refuse to grant or to continue assistance under a program to any recipient as to whom there has been an express finding pursuant to a hearing of a failure to comply with the requirements under that program, and it may also employ any other means authorized by law. However, each agency is directed first to seek compliance with its requirements by voluntary means.
3786:
959:
3770:
12945:
4128:
4058:, who had been a leading figure in winning the right to vote for women in 1920, co-authored the first Equal Rights Amendment, and had been a chief supporter of equal rights proposals since then. She and other feminists had worked with Smith since 1945 to find a way to include sex as a protected civil rights category, and felt now was the moment. Griffiths argued that the new law would protect black women but not white women, and that that was unfair to white women. Black feminist lawyer
16421:
4313:, which acted as one barrier for black voters, other racial minorities, and poor whites in the South or address economic retaliation, police repression, or physical violence against nonwhite voters. While the Act did require that voting rules and procedures be applied equally to all races, it did not abolish the concept of voter "qualification". It accepted the idea that citizens do not have an automatic right to vote but would have to meet standards beyond citizenship. The
4104:, said it would not authorize such measures. Leading sponsor Hubert Humphrey wrote two amendments specifically designed to outlaw busing. Humphrey said, "if the bill were to compel it, it would be a violation , because it would be handling the matter on the basis of race and we would be transporting children because of race." Javits said any government official who sought to use the bill for busing purposes "would be making a fool of himself," but two years later the
12831:
12311:
4672:, a lawyer with Lambda Legal who previously served in the Civil Rights division of DOJ, rejected that argument, saying "his memo is not actually a reflection of the law as it is – it's a reflection of what the DOJ wishes the law were" and "The Justice Department is actually getting back in the business of making anti-transgender law in court." But the EEOC did not change its stance, putting it at odds with the DOJ in certain cases.
4299:
4657:(DOJ) took a position aligned with the EEOC's, namely that the prohibition of sex discrimination under Title VII encompassed the prohibition of discrimination based on gender identity or transgender status. DOJ had already stopped opposing claims of discrimination brought by federal transgender employees. The EEOC in 2015 reissued another non-binding memo, reaffirming its stance that sexual orientation was protected under Title VII.
4390:
agencies to take action to carry out this policy. This title is not intended to apply to foreign assistance programs. Section 601 – This section states the general principle that no person in the United States shall be excluded from participation in or otherwise discriminated against on the ground of race, color, or national origin under any program or activity receiving
Federal financial assistance.
3791:
3790:
3787:
11177:
3792:
4066:. Griffiths also argued that the laws "protecting" women from unpleasant jobs were actually designed to enable men to monopolize those jobs, and that that was unfair to women who were not allowed to try out for those jobs. The amendment passed with the votes of Republicans and Southern Democrats. The final law passed with the votes of Republicans and Northern Democrats. Thus, as Justice
4506:(BFOQ) reasonably necessary to the normal operation of that particular business or enterprise. To make a BFOQ defense, an employer must prove three elements: a direct relationship between the trait and the ability to perform the job; the BFOQ's relation to the "essence" or "central mission of the employer's business", and that there is no less restrictive or reasonable alternative (
3789:
4668:, he stated that Title VII should be narrowly interpreted to cover discrimination between "men and women". Sessions stated that as a matter of law, "Title VII does not prohibit discrimination based on gender identity per se." Devin O'Malley, on behalf of the DOJ, said, "the last administration abandoned that fundamental principle , which necessitated today's action."
4614:). Title VII also provides that an individual can bring a private lawsuit. They must file a complaint of discrimination with the EEOC within 180 days of learning of the discrimination or they may lose the right to file suit. Title VII applies only to employers who employ 15 or more employees for 20 or more weeks in the current or preceding calendar year (
4398:
because of a finding of a failure of the recipient to comply with the agency's requirements imposed under section 602, and the agency action would not otherwise be subject to judicial review under existing law, judicial review shall nevertheless be available to any person aggrieved as provided in section 10 of the
Administrative Procedure Act (
653:, the majority of the Supreme Court justices gradually shifted their legal theory to allow for greater government regulation of the private sector under the Commerce Clause, thus paving the way for the federal government to enact civil rights laws prohibiting both public and private sector discrimination on the basis of the commerce clause.
4484:. Title VII also prohibits discrimination against an individual because of their association with another individual of a particular race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, such as by an interracial marriage. The EEO Title VII has also been supplemented with legislation prohibiting pregnancy, age, and disability discrimination (
1089:
that time to end the debate and the filibuster. With six wavering senators providing a four-vote victory margin, the final tally stood at 71 to 29. Never before in its entire history had the Senate been able to muster enough votes to defeat a filibuster on a civil rights bill, and only once in the 37 years since 1927 had it agreed to
1057:, who was still a Democrat at the time: "This so-called Civil Rights Proposals , which the President has sent to Capitol Hill for enactment into law, are unconstitutional, unnecessary, unwise and extend beyond the realm of reason. This is the worst civil-rights package ever presented to the Congress and is reminiscent of the
4076:, "The prohibition against discrimination based on sex was added to Title VII at the last minute on the floor of the House of Representatives the bill quickly passed as amended, and we are left with little legislative history to guide us in interpreting the Act's prohibition against discrimination based on 'sex.
4748:
Between 1965 and 1972, Title VII lacked any strong enforcement provisions. Instead, the Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission was authorized only to investigate external claims of discrimination. The EEOC could then refer cases to the Justice Department for litigation if reasonable cause was found.
4328:
outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, or national origin in hotels, motels, restaurants, theaters, and all other public accommodations engaged in interstate commerce; Title II defined "public accommodations" as establishments that serve the public. It exempted private clubs, without
797:
to join lawsuits against state governments that operated segregated school systems, among other provisions. But it did not include a number of provisions civil rights leaders deemed essential, including protection against police brutality, ending discrimination in private employment, and granting the
4393:
Section 602 directs each
Federal agency administering a program of Federal financial assistance by way of grant, contract, or loan to take action pursuant to rule, regulation, or order of general applicability to effectuate the principle of section 601 in a manner consistent with the achievement of
4195:
There were white business owners who claimed that
Congress did not have the constitutional authority to ban segregation in public accommodations. For example, Moreton Rolleston, the owner of a motel in Atlanta, Georgia, said he should not be forced to serve black travelers, saying, "the fundamental
945:
the bill from the Rules
Committee; it required the support of a majority of House members to move the bill to the floor. Initially, Celler had a difficult time acquiring the signatures necessary, with many Representatives who supported the civil rights bill itself remaining cautious about violating
6539:
Seconds before his name was called, Senator Clair Engle, of
California, was pushed into the chamber in a wheel chair. He was smiling slightly. "Mr. Engle," the clerk called. There was a long silence. Senator Engle, recuperating from two brain operations, tried to speak. He could not. Finally, he
1080:
introduced a substitute bill that they hoped would overcome it by combining a sufficient number of
Republicans as well as core liberal Democrats. The compromise bill was weaker than the House version as to the government's power in regulating the conduct of private business, but not weak enough to
949:
After the return of Congress from its winter recess, however, it was apparent that public opinion in the North favored the bill and that the petition would acquire the necessary signatures. To avert the humiliation of a successful discharge petition, Chairman Smith relented and allowed the bill to
89:
An Act to enforce the constitutional right to vote, to confer jurisdiction upon the district courts of the United States of America to provide injunctive relief against discrimination in public accommodations, to authorize the Attorney General to institute suits to protect constitutional rights in
1088:
ended his filibuster in opposition to the bill on the morning of June 10, 1964, after 14 hours and 13 minutes. Up to then, the measure had occupied the Senate for 60 working days, including six Saturdays. The day before, Humphrey, the bill's manager, concluded that he had the 67 votes required at
13468:
4418:
on combating antisemitism states: "While Title VI does not cover discrimination based on religion, individuals who face discrimination on the basis of race, color, or national origin do not lose protection under Title VI for also being a member of a group that shares common religious practices.
1022:
took a novel approach to prevent the Judiciary Committee from keeping the bill in limbo: initially waiving a second reading immediately after the first reading, which would have sent it to the Judiciary Committee, he took the unprecedented step of giving the bill a second reading on February 26,
5300:
wrote that a business that discriminates against homosexual or transgender individuals is discriminating "for traits or actions it would not have questioned in members of a different sex." Thus discrimination against homosexual and transgender employees is a form of sex discrimination, which is
4397:
Section 603 provides that any agency action taken pursuant to section 602 shall be subject to such judicial review as would be available for similar actions by that agency on other grounds. Where the agency action consists of terminating or refusing to grant or to continue financial assistance
4389:
This title declares it to be the policy of the United States that discrimination on the ground of race, color, or national origin shall not occur in connection with programs and activities receiving Federal financial assistance and authorizes and directs the appropriate Federal departments and
825:
both voiced support for the president's bill, except for provisions guaranteeing equal access to places of public accommodations. This led to several Republican Representatives drafting a compromise bill to be considered. On June 19, the president sent his bill to Congress as it was originally
645:
In the late 19th and early 20th century, the legal justification for voiding the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was part of a larger trend by members of the United States Supreme Court to invalidate most government regulations of the private sector, except when dealing with laws designed to protect
5909:
Despite these long-standing guarantees, the United States Commission on Civil Rights has found that racial denials of the right to vote occur in sections of eight states. In five of those states Negroes constitute more than a quarter of the adult population, but very few of these Negroes are
4638:
status is prohibited under Title VII. The decision held that discrimination on the basis of gender identity qualified as discrimination on the basis of sex whether the discrimination was due to sex stereotyping, discomfort with a transition, or discrimination due to a perceived change in the
4217:
Resistance to the public accommodation clause continued for years on the ground, especially in the South. When local college students in Orangeburg, South Carolina, attempted to desegregate a bowling alley in 1968, they were violently attacked, leading to rioting and what became known as the
5737:
1. The 1st and 2d sections of the Civil Rights Act passed March 1st, 1875, are unconstitutional enactments as applied to the several States, not being authorized either by the XIllth or XTVth Amendments of the Constitution. 2. The XIVth Amendment is prohibitory upon the States only, and the
6540:
raised his left arm, as though trying to point toward his eyes. He nodded his head, signaling that he was voting "aye." He was wheeled out of the chamber minutes later and taken by ambulance back to his home here. It was Senator Engle's first appearance on the Senate floor since April 13.
4135:
The bill divided both major American political parties and engendered a long-term change in the demographics of the support for each. President Kennedy realized that supporting this bill would risk losing the South's overwhelming support of the Democratic Party. Both Attorney General
4728:
gives a defendant accused of certain categories of criminal contempt in a matter arising under title II, III, IV, V, VI, or VII of the Act the right to a jury trial. If convicted, the defendant can be fined an amount not to exceed $ 1,000 or imprisoned for not more than six months.
722:" against desegregation, and even the few moderate white leaders shifted to openly racist positions. Partly in an effort to defuse calls for more far-reaching reforms, Eisenhower proposed a civil rights bill that would increase the protection of African American voting rights.
4964:, a 1971 Supreme Court case about the Act's gender provisions, the Court ruled that a company could not discriminate against a potential female employee because she had a preschool-age child unless it did the same with potential male employees. A federal court overruled an
777:
on June 11, 1963. He sought legislation "giving all Americans the right to be served in facilities which are open to the public—hotels, restaurants, theaters, retail stores, and similar establishments"—as well as "greater protection for the right to vote". In late July,
8618:
725:
Despite having a limited impact on African-American voter participation, at a time when black voter registration from 0% (in 11 counties) to less than 5% (in 97 counties) despite being majority-Black counties, the Civil Rights Act of 1957 did establish the
3788:
762:, Kennedy took 70% of the African American vote. But due to his somewhat narrow victory and Democrats' narrow majorities in Congress, he was wary to push hard for civil rights legislation for fear of losing southern support. Moreover, according to the
4610:). The EEOC and state FEPAs investigate, mediate, and may file lawsuits on employees' behalf. Where a state law contradicts federal law, it is overridden. Every state except Arkansas and Mississippi maintains a state FEPA (see EEOC and state FEPA
4236:
4196:
question is whether or not Congress has the power to take away the liberty of an individual to run his business as he sees fit in the selection and choice of his customers". Rolleston claimed that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a breach of the
4423:
may give rise to a Title VI violation when the discrimination is based on an individual’s race, color, or national origin. It shall be the policy of the executive branch to enforce Title VI against prohibited forms of discrimination rooted in
4027:
in their party's platform since 1944, would probably vote for the amendment. Historians speculate that Smith was trying to embarrass northern Democrats who opposed civil rights for women because labor unions opposed the clause. Representative
3817:
3779:
4032:
of Alabama later said, "Smith didn't give a damn about women's rights", as "he was trying to knock off votes either then or down the line because there was always a hard core of men who didn't favor women's rights", and according to the
4480:). Title VII applies to and covers an employer "who has fifteen (15) or more employees for each working day in each of twenty or more calendar weeks in the current or preceding calendar year" as written in the Definitions section under
614:
on June 19, 1964. The final vote was 290–130 in the House of Representatives and 73–27 in the Senate. After the House agreed to a subsequent Senate amendment, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was signed into law by President Johnson at the
11320:
4284:
stated that in addition to LGBTQ employment discrimination, "he court's ruling is likely to have a sweeping impact on federal civil rights laws barring sex discrimination in education, health care, housing and financial credit."
937:
on November 27, 1963, Johnson told the legislators, "No memorial oration or eulogy could more eloquently honor President Kennedy's memory than the earliest possible passage of the civil rights bill for which he fought so long."
900:
Kennedy called the congressional leaders to the White House in late October 1963 to line up the necessary votes in the House for passage. The bill was reported out of the Judiciary Committee in November 1963 and referred to the
13937:
13218:
4639:
individual's sex. In 2014, the EEOC initiated two lawsuits against private companies for discrimination on the basis of gender identity, with additional litigation under consideration. As of November 2014, Commissioner
4222:." Resistance by school boards continued into the next decade, with the most significant declines in black-white school segregation only occurring at the end of the 1960s and the start of the 1970s in the aftermath of the
90:
public facilities and public education, to extend the Commission on Civil Rights, to prevent discrimination in federally assisted programs, to establish a Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity, and for other purposes.
7540:
4783:
After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed, the Supreme Court upheld the law's application to the private sector, on the grounds that Congress has the power to regulate commerce between the States. The landmark case
897:, and Walter Reuther attempted to persuade him to support a provision establishing a Fair Employment Practices Commission that would ban discriminatory practices by all federal agencies, unions, and private companies.
5327:
4266:
12611:
13397:
4701:
made it easier to move civil rights cases from U.S. state courts to federal court. This was of crucial importance to civil rights activists who contended that they could not get fair trials in state courts.
8387:
3815:
6739:, Prologue Magazine, The National Archives, Summer 2004, Vol. 36, No. 2 ("Certainly Smith hoped that such a divisive issue would torpedo the civil rights bill, if not in the House, then in the Senate.")
15793:
15788:
5810:
8289:
4019:, a powerful Virginia Democrat who chaired the House Rules Committee and strongly opposed the legislation. Smith's amendment was passed by a teller vote of 168 to 133. Historians debate whether Smith
4599:
8325:
4428:
as vigorously as against all other forms of discrimination prohibited by Title VI." The order specifies that agencies responsible for Title VI enforcement shall "consider" the (non-legally binding)
7944:
5247:
4437:
850:. Civil rights organizations pressed hard for this provision because it could be used to protect peaceful protesters and black voters from police brutality and suppression of free speech rights.
7330:
4756:. The Act amended Title VII and gave EEOC authority to initiate its own enforcement litigation. The EEOC now played a major role in guiding judicial interpretations of civil rights legislation.
15800:
4563:
15541:
13484:
13226:
4381:
prevents discrimination by programs and activities that receive federal funds. If a recipient of federal funds is found in violation of Title VI, that recipient may lose its federal funding.
7514:
5047:
766:, he wanted to wait until his second term to send Congress a civil rights bill. But with elevated racial tensions and a wave of African-American protests in the spring of 1963, such as the
13796:
6226:
4023:
because he opposed civil rights for Black people and women or attempted to support their rights by broadening the bill to include women. Smith expected that Republicans, who had included
3816:
13801:
4163:
of Arizona, voted against the bill, remarking, "You can't legislate morality." Goldwater had supported previous attempts to pass civil rights legislation in 1957 and 1960 as well as the
13971:
13349:
8356:
5392:
4148:
later warned President Johnson that his strong support for the civil rights bill "will not only cost you the South, it will cost you the election". Johnson, however, went on to win the
4547:
Title VII allows any employer, labor organization, joint labor-management committee, or employment agency to bypass the "unlawful employment practice" for any person involved with the
556:
Initially, powers given to enforce the act were weak, but these were supplemented during later years. Congress asserted its authority to legislate under several different parts of the
15805:
6361:
6606:
14203:
13126:
4882:
school district was violating non-English speaking students' rights under the 1964 act by placing them in regular classes rather than providing some sort of accommodation for them.
11315:
13632:
4970:
7117:
6128:
5777:
4551:
or of any other organization required to register as a Communist-action or Communist-front organization by final order of the Subversive Activities Control Board pursuant to the
12521:
7307:
5925:
7836:
7485:
15476:
11987:
8588:
Pedriana, Nicholas, and Stryker, Robin. "The Strength of a Weak Agency: Enforcement of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the Expansion of State Capacity, 1965–1971,"
7277:
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by one of the biggest landslides in American history. The South, which had five states swing Republican in 1964, became a stronghold of the Republican Party by the 1990s.
569:
11505:
8613:
Rodriguez, Daniel B. and Weingast, Barry R. "The Positive Political Theory of Legislative History: New Perspectives on the 1964 Civil Rights Act and Its Interpretation",
13357:
11892:
6255:
Wilkins, Roy; Mitchell, Clarence; King, Martin Luther Jr; Lewis, John; Humphrey, Hubert; Parks, Gordon; Ellison, Ralph; Rustin, Bayard; Warren, Earl (October 10, 2014).
6465:
7910:
7390:"Civil Rights Movement History 1964 Jan–June. Here: Sections "Civil Rights Bill Passes in the House (Feb)" and "Civil Rights Bill – Battle in the Senate (March–June)""
6844:
13910:
13850:
11962:
11932:
10935:
9220:
6636:
6227:"History of The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights & The Leadership Conference Education Fund – The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights"
5233:
4164:
4007:
Engrossing copy of H.R. 7152, which added sex to the categories of persons against whom the bill prohibited discrimination, as passed by the House of Representatives
811:
On June 11, 1963, President Kennedy met with Republican leaders to discuss the legislation before his television address to the nation that evening. Two days later,
731:
438:
389:
4643:
is making an active effort to increase awareness of Title VII remedies for individuals discriminated against on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity.
13944:
13855:
13845:
13325:
11253:
6503:
484:
17:
10915:
4270:) that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, which barred employers from discriminating on the basis of sex, precluded employers from discriminating on the basis of
13835:
11310:
8379:
7871:
6732:
5667:
16326:
16321:
15870:
14602:
14459:
13840:
13813:
13540:
13083:
13033:
11865:
10959:
7751:
5184:
4205:
4197:
8250:
5802:
16466:
16133:
16005:
14590:
13830:
13119:
12564:
12559:
12554:
12549:
12544:
11664:
11659:
11654:
10713:
8279:
7777:
6951:
6421:
5412:
5162:
5103:
5070:
4530:
4513:
581:
5950:
5642:
4591:. It says an employer can "differentiate upon the basis of sex" when it compensates employees "if such differentiation is authorized by" the Equal Pay Act.
14229:
13728:
13723:
13642:
11353:
8883:
8701:
8315:
6071:
7616:
16501:
14158:
13949:
12516:
12069:
11875:
11675:
11670:
11550:
11298:
11007:
10855:
7192:
5139:
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4562:
Federal government; (the proscriptions against employment discrimination under Title VII are now applicable to certain federal government offices under
14700:
14254:
13500:
13460:
13242:
11403:
11162:
8530:
Brauer, Carl M., "Women Activists, Southern Conservatives, and the Prohibition of Sexual Discrimination in Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act", 49
7338:
4457:
7720:
7675:
5832:
638:, the United States Supreme Court had ruled that Congress did not have the power to prohibit discrimination in the private sector, thus stripping the
16511:
15289:
14424:
13808:
13194:
12089:
12059:
11870:
11245:
7993:
7590:
7415:
7364:"Civil Rights Movement History 1964 July-Dec. Here: Sections "Civil Rights Act of 1964 Signed into Law (July)" and "Effects of the Civil Rights Act""
6299:
4201:
14249:
4974:, the Supreme Court decided that printing separate job listings for men and women is illegal, ending that practice at the country's newspapers. The
4968:
state law that barred women from obtaining jobs that required the ability to lift 25 pounds and required women but not men to take lunch breaks. In
4540: (1977) 97 S. Ct. 2720). An employer or customer's preference for an individual of a particular religion is not sufficient to establish a BFOQ (
16506:
15783:
14283:
14016:
13759:
13574:
13420:
13170:
13112:
12396:
7518:
345:
6089:
16331:
15571:
13652:
13258:
11920:
9466:
9357:
8777:
7695:
7091:
6264:
5955:
4224:
4063:
1000:
871:
6230:
16486:
16400:
16375:
14219:
14148:
14082:
12029:
11724:
11520:
11257:
11012:
6357:
5611:"H.R. 7152. Civil Rights Act of 1964. Adoption of a Resolution (H. RES. 789) Providing for House Approval of the Bill As Amended by the Senate"
831:
224:
8348:
5292:, the Supreme Court ruled 6–3 that Title VII protections against workplace discrimination on the basis of sex apply to discrimination against
16385:
16380:
15312:
14760:
14224:
13791:
12584:
12224:
11997:
11860:
11594:
10920:
9258:
9177:
7672:
U.S. Department of Labor Employment and Training Administration. (1999) "Chapter 2: Laws and Regulations with Implications for Assessments".
6521:
4778:
4523: (1991), 111 S. Ct. 1196). BFOQ is an extremely narrow exception to the general prohibition of discrimination based on protected traits (
4340:
prohibited state and municipal governments from denying access to public facilities on grounds of race, color, religion, or national origin.
4210:
3808:
774:
751:
577:
419:
11515:
11293:
7231:
7057:
4175:. Democrats and Republicans from the Southern states opposed the bill and led an unsuccessful 60 working day filibuster, including Senators
16481:
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15294:
15284:
12606:
12599:
12594:
12589:
12377:
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1120:, which adopted the Senate version of the bill, then was passed by both houses of Congress and signed into law by Johnson on July 2, 1964.
471:
5750:
3728:. "Northern" refers to members from the other 39 states, regardless of their geographic location including Southern states like Kentucky.
1042:
to prevent its passage. Russell proclaimed, "We will resist to the bitter end any measure or any movement which would tend to bring about
946:
normal House procedure with the rare use of a discharge petition. By the time of the 1963 winter recess, 50 signatures were still needed.
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9436:
9138:
8677:
7113:
6112:
5205:
5113: (1989) established that discrimination related to non-conformity of gender stereotypical behavior is unallowable under Title VII.
4214:(1964), the Supreme Court held that Congress drew its authority from the Constitution's Commerce Clause, rejecting Rolleston's claims.
42:
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10992:
9543:
9245:
7826:
7475:
7453:
5892:
4089:
404:
399:
8572:
Loevy, Robert D. "The Presidency and Domestic Policy: The Civil Rights Act of 1964," in David C. Kozak and Kenneth N. Ciboski, ed.,
7257:
874:, a coalition of 70 liberal and labor organizations. The principal lobbyists for the Leadership Conference were civil rights lawyer
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4171:. He stated that the reason for his opposition to the 1964 bill was Title II, which in his opinion violated individual liberty and
4149:
886:
866:
on August 28, 1963, civil rights leaders met with President Kennedy and Vice President Johnson to discuss civil rights legislation.
863:
759:
727:
681:
424:
270:
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In very narrowly defined situations, an employer is permitted to discriminate on the basis of a protected trait if the trait is a
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4015:, which prohibited wage differentials based on sex. The prohibition on sex discrimination was added to the Civil Rights Act by
902:
827:
607:
6839:
A Tale of Two Amendments: The Reasons Congress Added Sex to Title VII and Their Implication for the Issue of Comparable Worth.
5803:"Gillman on Klarman, 'From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality' | H-Law | H-Ne t"
16353:
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14671:
14537:
14532:
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14351:
14304:
13017:
12039:
10678:
8798:
8409:
Dinerstein, Robert D. (Summer 2004). "The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990: Progeny of the Civil Rights Act of 1964".
6484:
6462:
6214:
6122:
5992:
5875:
4894:
4155:
Although majorities in both parties voted for the bill, there were notable exceptions. Though he opposed forced segregation,
553:, and employment discrimination. The act "remains one of the most significant legislative achievements in American history".
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7900:
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4683:
required compilation of voter-registration and voting data in geographic areas specified by the Commission on Civil Rights.
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9471:
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8770:
8723:
7716:
5311:. Before the Supreme Court's intervention, there was a split in the circuit courts, including these two cases as well as
4654:
4351:
enforced the desegregation of public schools and authorized the U.S. Attorney General to file suits to enforce said act.
3853:
673:
8539:
Discrimination, Jobs and Politics: The Struggle for Equal Employment Opportunity in the United States since the New Deal
6500:
4749:
The EEOC documented the nature and magnitude of discriminatory employment practices, the first study of this kind done.
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Dierenfield, Bruce J (1981). "Conservative Outrage: the Defeat in 1966 of Representative Howard W. Smith of Virginia".
6397:
4615:
4603:
4473:
4468:
4429:
4131:
United States President Lyndon B. Johnson speaks to a television camera at the signing of the Civil Rights Act in 1964.
1805:
709:
305:
187:
5778:"Executive Orders 9980 and 9981: Ending segregation in the Armed Forces and the Federal workforce – Pieces of History"
4140:
and Vice President Johnson had pushed for the introduction of the civil rights legislation. Johnson told Kennedy aide
359:
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that "I know the risks are great and we might lose the South, but those sorts of states may be lost anyway." Senator
3849:
3712:
561:
4472:, prohibits discrimination by covered employers on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin (see
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1152:
1147:
1008:
922:
746:
599:
210:
12648:
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Religious groups performing work connected to the group's activities, including associated education institutions;
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514:
331:
147:
139:
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4050:(with no linkage to racial issues) in the House because he believed in it. For decades he had been close to the
793:, Kennedy's civil rights bill included provisions to ban discrimination in public accommodations and enable the
786:, warned that if Congress failed to pass Kennedy's civil rights bill, the country would face another civil war.
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Note that "Southern", as used here, only refers to members of Congress from the 11 states that had made up the
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is a form of discrimination on the basis of sex and is therefore also outlawed by the Civil Rights Act. See
992:
Johnson, who wanted the bill passed as soon as possible, ensured that it would be quickly considered by the
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Jeong, Gyung-Ho, Gary J. Miller, and Itai Sened, "Closing the Deal: Negotiating Civil Rights Legislation",
7673:
7580:
5840:
661:
545:, religion, sex, and national origin. It prohibits unequal application of voter registration requirements,
275:
62:
This article is about the 1964 Civil Rights Act. For other American laws called the Civil Rights Acts, see
8584:
The Walls of Jericho: Lyndon Johnson, Hubert Humphrey, Richard Russell, and the Struggle for Civil Rights.
7985:
7423:
1023:
1964, thereby bypassing the Judiciary Committee, and sending it to the Senate floor for immediate debate.
688:, providing for fair employment and desegregation throughout the federal government and the armed forces.
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said that Southern school districts would be required to meet mathematical ratios of students by busing.
714:
538:
414:
99:
8116:
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684:, proposed the 20th century's first comprehensive Civil Rights Act, and issued Executive Order 9980 and
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Smith asserted that he was not joking and sincerely supported the amendment. Along with Representative
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8814:
7515:"Civil Rights Act of 1964 – CRA – Title VII – Equal Employment Opportunities – 42 US Code Chapter 21"
6018:
5502:
5371:
5279:
4691:
For the prohibition of sex discrimination in federally funded education programs and activities, see
4314:
4254:
4051:
458:
448:
374:
38:
11408:
8577:
5492:
Three Supreme Court rulings in June 2020 interpreted that employment discrimination on the basis of
4788:
established the law's constitutionality, but did not settle all the legal questions surrounding it.
4244:
speaks at an event celebrating the 60th Anniversary of the Civil Rights Act on 29 July 2024, at the
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9043:
8967:
8665:
8418:
7804:"ICYMI – EEOC helping LGBT people get protection from discrimination under sex discrimination laws"
7581:"Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Plaintiff-appellant, v. Kamehameha Schools/bishop Estate"
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4088:
One of the bill's opponents' most damaging arguments was that once passed, the bill would require
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On June 19, the compromise bill passed the Senate by a vote of 73–27, quickly passed through the
573:
530:
8458:
Freeman, Jo. "How 'Sex' Got Into Title VII: Persistent Opportunism as a Maker of Public Policy"
8155:
7018:
Judgment Days: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Laws that Changed America
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on March 26, 1964, listening to the Senate debate on the bill. The two met for only one minute.
962:
819:
812:
12074:
8632:
If It Takes All Summer: Martin Luther King, the KKK, and States' Rights in St. Augustine, 1964
8027:
7654:
6990:
6882:, p. 187 notes that Smith had been working for years with two Virginia feminists on the issue.
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8724:
110 Congressional Record (Bound) – Volume 110, Part 2 (January 30, 1964 to February 10, 1964)
7965:
7144:"Travelers, Strangers, and Jim Crow: Law, Public Accommodations, and Civil Rights in America"
6955:
6661:
Excerpt of the Engrossing Copy of H.R. 7152, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Showing Amendments
5407:
5166:
5107:
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4908:
4800:
4588:
4534:
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4122:
4012:
970:
879:
550:
355:
7901:"Jeff Sessions Just Reversed A Policy That Protects Transgender Workers From Discrimination"
6333:
6327:
4309:
barred unequal application of voter registration requirements. This title did not eliminate
1015:, whose firm opposition made it seem impossible that the bill would reach the Senate floor.
826:
written, saying legislative action was "imperative". The president's bill went first to the
78:
16425:
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6841:
Faculty Publications – Collective Bargaining, Labor Law, and Labor History. Cornell, 1981
5457:
5033:
4583:
is a U.S. labor law provision in Title VII that limits sex discrimination claims regarding
4542:
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Kamehameha School – Bishop Estate
4525:
4180:
4035:
3889:
3533:
3424:
3317:
3221:
3208:
1973:
993:
701:
685:
669:
611:
379:
323:
13104:
7445:
6257:"Civil Rights Era (1950–1963) – The Civil Rights Act of 1964: A Long Struggle for Freedom"
6158:"Civil Rights Movement History 1964 Jan-June: Civil Rights Bill Passes in the House (Feb)"
4440:, "to the extent that any examples might be useful as evidence of discriminatory intent".
8:
16208:
15566:
15481:
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14750:
14640:
14570:
13469:
Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Contractors of America v. City of Jacksonville
13428:
13162:
13093:
12854:
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12752:
12188:
12170:
11982:
11824:
11545:
11393:
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10741:
10289:
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10199:
10109:
10069:
10044:
9999:
9804:
9759:
9604:
9584:
9553:
9548:
9491:
9402:
9197:
9150:
9100:
9061:
7939:
5080: (1986) determined that sexual harassment is considered discrimination based on sex.
4990:
4584:
4219:
4145:
3966:
3197:
3173:
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1853:
1661:
1637:
1062:
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on November 22, 1963, changed the political situation. Kennedy's successor as president,
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10770:
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10494:
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10059:
9964:
9744:
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9013:
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8746:
110 Congressional Record (Bound) – Volume 110, Part 12 (June 29, 1964 to July 21, 1964)
8736:
110 Congressional Record (Bound) – Volume 110, Part 11 (June 17, 1964 to June 26, 1964)
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withdrew the Holder memorandum. According to a copy of Sessions' directive reviewed by
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4271:
4020:
3885:
3725:
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2693:
2560:
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1373:
942:
894:
889:, on August 28, 1963, the organizers visited Kennedy to discuss the civil rights bill.
875:
719:
665:
634:
546:
8130:
7273:
6958:
6658:
U.S. House of Representatives. Office of the Clerk of the House (September 25, 1964).
6570:
5689:
5610:
5571:
5532:
5172: (1998) further ruled that same-sex harassment is discrimination under Title VII.
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7934:"US Attorney General Jefferson Sessions Issues New Guidance On Transgender Employees"
7827:"Justice Department Will Now Support Transgender Discrimination Claims In Litigation"
7221:
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603:
478:
251:
8755:
8714:
7217:
Race, Riots, and Roller Coasters: The Struggle over Segregated Recreation in America
6689:"How 'Sex' Got Into Title VII: Persistent Opportunism as a Maker of Public Policy,"
6481:
5333:
R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
5328:
R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
5320:
R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
4267:
R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
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10374:
10269:
10144:
10079:
9954:
9869:
9829:
9819:
9809:
9794:
9789:
9764:
9654:
9038:
8953:
8916:
8567:
To End All Segregation: The Politics of the Passage of The Civil Rights Act of 1964
8546:
Delaying the Dream: Southern Senators and the Fight Against Civil Rights, 1938–1965
7638:
7331:"Supreme Court grants federal job protections to gay, lesbian, transgender workers"
7269:
7155:
7052:
6929:
5933:
5261:
5224:
5018:
4481:
4046:, he was the amendment's chief spokesperson. For 20 years, Smith had sponsored the
4043:
3917:
3750:
3605:
3557:
3389:
3149:
3101:
3029:
2416:
2333:
2320:
2285:
2189:
1589:
1277:
835:
798:
Justice Department power to initiate desegregation or job discrimination lawsuits.
610:
passed the bill on February 10, 1964, and after a 72-day filibuster, it passed the
510:
214:
63:
8508:
The Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Passage of the Law That Ended Racial Segregation
7774:"What You Should Know about EEOC and the Enforcement Protections for LGBT Workers"
6897:"How 'Sex' Got into Title VII: Persistent Opportunism as a Maker of Public Policy"
6422:"The Civil Rights Act: What JFK, LBJ, Martin Luther King and Malcolm X had to say"
6184:
The Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Passage of the Law that Ended Racial Segregation
4717:, tasked with assisting in community disputes involving claims of discrimination.
958:
15879:
15706:
15616:
15611:
15542:
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
15392:
15347:
15201:
15191:
15171:
15156:
15056:
14931:
14921:
14560:
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14006:
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12821:
12803:
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12681:
12441:
11222:
11137:
11122:
11107:
10925:
10554:
10544:
10504:
10484:
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10319:
10309:
10274:
10234:
10219:
10154:
10019:
9969:
9899:
9784:
9734:
9719:
9709:
9704:
9684:
9669:
9664:
9639:
9579:
9503:
9106:
9077:
9072:
9028:
9008:
8987:
8959:
8705:
8673:
8316:"Supreme Court Will Hear Cases On LGBTQ Discrimination Protections For Employees"
7972:
7699:
7679:
7661:
7358:
7356:
7079:
6848:
6736:
6701:
6507:
6488:
6469:
5929:
5646:
5497:
5175:
5004:
4631:
4558:
There are partial and whole exceptions to Title VII for four types of employers:
4415:
4403:
4317:
directly addressed and eliminated most voting qualifications beyond citizenship.
4275:
4176:
4160:
4016:
3982:
3974:
3958:
3413:
3365:
3293:
3269:
2741:
2669:
2597:
2549:
2501:
2405:
2237:
2045:
2021:
1997:
1733:
1469:
1445:
1073:
1069:
1043:
906:
815:
591:
565:
542:
8280:"Supreme Court rules existing civil rights law protects gay and lesbian workers"
16316:
15721:
15684:
15674:
15434:
15429:
15371:
15206:
15136:
15066:
15061:
14565:
14489:
14268:
14234:
14188:
13713:
13592:
12904:
12456:
12150:
12004:
11500:
11343:
11176:
11157:
10746:
10594:
10579:
10509:
10459:
10424:
10409:
10394:
10354:
10334:
10324:
10279:
10264:
10244:
10014:
9984:
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9614:
9240:
9192:
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5351:
4869:
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4097:
3869:
3448:
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3053:
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2573:
2525:
2392:
2344:
2165:
1936:
1829:
1757:
1421:
1349:
1054:
1019:
839:
822:
779:
704:
on September 9, 1957, was the first federal civil rights legislation since the
534:
430:
206:
12944:
8475:
JFK: Day by Day: A Chronicle of the 1,036 Days of John F. Kennedy's Presidency
7353:
7160:
7143:
4373:
4208:
Amendments by depriving him of "liberty and property without due process". In
16440:
15274:
15256:
15246:
15216:
15161:
15116:
15101:
15046:
15036:
15021:
14971:
14966:
14936:
14733:
14661:
14484:
14376:
14371:
14299:
14067:
13698:
12991:
12810:
12260:
12109:
11957:
11495:
11447:
11419:
11335:
11152:
11082:
10930:
10796:
10619:
10549:
10454:
10304:
10239:
10224:
10214:
10174:
10099:
10089:
10049:
10034:
9924:
9914:
9874:
9824:
9699:
9624:
9594:
8606:
8426:
8131:"Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53 (2006)"
7905:
7831:
7799:
7646:
6552:
5130:
4879:
4661:
4640:
4425:
4329:
defining the term "private", or other establishments not open to the public.
4310:
4127:
4093:
3954:
3950:
3943:
3877:
3341:
3232:
3136:
2933:
2813:
2704:
2645:
2477:
2453:
2440:
2261:
1696:
1685:
1565:
1541:
1528:
1493:
1253:
1077:
1047:
1026:
When the bill came before the full Senate for debate on March 30, 1964, the "
657:
8241:"Civil Rights Law Protects Gay and Transgender Workers, Supreme Court Rules"
8074:
15586:
15354:
15279:
15251:
15236:
15221:
15176:
15151:
15131:
15041:
15011:
15006:
14976:
14926:
14778:
14464:
14336:
14077:
14011:
12996:
12961:
12711:
12669:
12206:
11457:
11112:
11092:
10614:
10569:
10564:
10524:
10359:
10339:
10294:
10229:
10164:
10149:
10064:
10054:
10009:
9959:
9949:
9939:
9909:
9904:
9894:
9879:
9839:
9774:
9754:
9749:
9729:
9724:
9714:
9674:
9629:
9599:
8982:
8553:
The Civil Rights Era: Origins and Development of National Policy, 1960–1972
8469:
7712:
7253:
6202:
5297:
4978:
ended the practice of designating federal jobs "women only" or "men only."
4141:
4101:
4059:
4029:
3857:
3592:
3581:
3256:
3064:
3016:
3005:
2920:
2680:
2309:
2213:
2093:
1648:
1613:
1480:
1301:
1229:
1104:, unable to speak, he pointed to his left eye, signifying his affirmative "
1101:
933:
he wielded as president, in support of the bill. In his first address to a
930:
677:
526:
8349:"Supreme Court clashes over meaning of 'sex' in LGBT discrimination cases"
7966:
Milestones In The History of Equal Employment Opportunity Commission: 1972
7393:
6659:
4374:
Title VI – nondiscrimination in federally assisted programs
734:. By 1960, black voting had increased by only 3%, and Congress passed the
15606:
15591:
15439:
15402:
15241:
15196:
15181:
14946:
14941:
14788:
12689:
12254:
12140:
11388:
11330:
11132:
11102:
10729:
10693:
10634:
10629:
10589:
10539:
10474:
10469:
10379:
10329:
10259:
10254:
10194:
10179:
10029:
10024:
9889:
9769:
9739:
9679:
9644:
8905:
8088:
7744:"U.S. government lawsuits target transgender discrimination in workplace"
7392:. Civil Rights Movement Archive – SNCC, SCLC, CORE, NAACP. Archived from
7366:. Civil Rights Movement Archive – SNCC, SCLC, CORE, NAACP. Archived from
6859:
6019:"The Kennedys and the Civil Rights Movement (U.S. National Park Service)"
5336:
5248:
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores
5240:
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores
4650:
4635:
4184:
3939:
3376:
3160:
2837:
2765:
2429:
2117:
2069:
1901:
1840:
1768:
1709:
1517:
1097:
1085:
1027:
1012:
890:
616:
13267:
Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College
8434:
7367:
7169:
5720:
15141:
15126:
15096:
15091:
14840:
14808:
14647:
14615:
13666:
13586:
12981:
12966:
12877:
12788:
10756:
10414:
10344:
10314:
10184:
10159:
10104:
10004:
9619:
9589:
8015:
6978:
6892:
6756:
6686:
4769:
4630:
In 2012, the EEOC ruled that employment discrimination on the basis of
4055:
3978:
3928:
3832:
3544:
3461:
3245:
2909:
2885:
2752:
2464:
1949:
1912:
1600:
1397:
1325:
1288:
1039:
1031:
595:
518:
151:
15477:
Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
13227:
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
8639:
The Longest Debate: A Legislative History of the 1964 Civil Rights Act
5013:, holding that employers may fire employees who refuse to work on the
15755:
15601:
15106:
14890:
14828:
14723:
13012:
12446:
11942:
10734:
10204:
10189:
8680:
7258:"60 Years After Brown: Trends and Consequences of School Segregation"
7013:
6864:
Freedom's Daughters: The Unsung Heroines of the Civil Rights Movement
5196:
5048:
Christiansburg Garment Co. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
5040:
Christiansburg Garment Co. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
4298:
4280:
4241:
3873:
3865:
3496:
3112:
2968:
2608:
2512:
2248:
2032:
1925:
1888:
966:
929:, made use of his experience in legislative politics, along with the
14402:
12326:
8560:
The Civil Rights Act and the Battle to End Workplace Discrimination.
6389:
Dred Scott's Revenge: A Legal History of Race and Freedom in America
6152:
6150:
6148:
6146:
5893:"Speeches and interviews: Federal Protection of Negro Voting Rights"
913:, indicated his intention to keep the bill bottled up indefinitely.
16228:
16223:
15733:
14381:
14331:
13972:
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996
13646:
13626:
13616:
13606:
12272:
11325:
10094:
8651:
Zimmer, Michael J., Charles A. Sullivan & Richard F. Richards,
8284:
6603:
67th Annual Conference of the Midwest Political Science Association
5393:
Angelita C. et al. v. California Department of Pesticide Regulation
5014:
4692:
3520:
3400:
3184:
2872:
2824:
2728:
2632:
2536:
2224:
2080:
1984:
1864:
1816:
1792:
1744:
1720:
1672:
1504:
1456:
1432:
1360:
1264:
1096:
The most dramatic moment during the cloture vote came when Senator
985:
signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Among the guests behind him is
910:
672:, the first federal anti-discrimination order, and established the
650:
15492:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
11191:
6088:. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. June 11, 1963.
5870:(Revised ed.). University Press of Kansas. pp. 145–146.
5718:
5011:
landmark United States Supreme Court case on religion and business
4675:
1068:
After the filibuster had gone on for 54 days, Senators Mansfield,
14845:
13733:
13636:
10683:
8709:
8515:
The Bill of the Century: The Epic Battle for the Civil Rights Act
7811:
6143:
5660:"U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: The Civil Rights Act of 1964"
4913:
4819:
4332:
3986:
3962:
3881:
3352:
3304:
3280:
3088:
2776:
2656:
2584:
2200:
2176:
2128:
2104:
2008:
1336:
1240:
1090:
870:
Lobbying support for the Civil Rights Act was coordinated by the
8623:
Rothstein, Mark A., Andria S. Knapp & Lance Liebman (1987).
8380:"U.S. high court turns away dispute over gay worker protections"
6595:
Jeong, Gyung-Ho; Miller, Gary J.; Sened, Itai (March 14, 2009).
4971:
Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations
15679:
14391:
11429:
10751:
7585:
5144:
4885:
4686:
4343:
3040:
2992:
2848:
2272:
2056:
1960:
1576:
1552:
1408:
1312:
12540:
United States House of Representatives special elections, 1937
6052:. March 26, 2017. Archived from the original on March 26, 2017
4676:
Title VIII – registration and voting statistics
15491:
13065:
12846:
9486:
7717:"EEOC rules job protections also apply to transgender people"
7300:"Justices rule LGBT people protected from job discrimination"
6522:"Packed Senate Galleries Tense; 10-Minute Vote Makes History"
4333:
Title III – desegregation of public facilities
3932:
3921:
3845:
3844:
Southern Democrats: 8–83 (9–91%) – four Representatives from
3754:
3568:
3472:
3328:
2944:
2368:
1624:
1100:(D-CA) was wheeled into the chamber. Suffering from terminal
6934:
On Account of Sex: The Politics of Women's Issues, 1945–1968
6086:"Radio and television address on civil rights, 11 June 1963"
5335:
determined that Title VII covers gender identity, including
4611:
1108:" vote when his name was called. He died seven weeks later.
353:
15536:
13134:
8494:
On Account of Sex: The Politics of Women's Issues 1945–1968
8352:
7497:
5293:
4965:
4946:
4737:
4687:
Title IX – intervention and removal of cases
4443:
4420:
4344:
Title IV – desegregation of public education
4252:
In June 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in three cases (
4187:(D-WV), who personally filibustered for 14 hours straight.
4039:, laughter greeted Smith when he introduced the amendment.
3970:
3616:
2896:
2800:
2488:
2152:
1384:
738:, which eliminated certain loopholes left by the 1957 Act.
6602:
6329:
Martin & Malcolm & America: A Dream or a Nightmare
5361:
5116:
4841:
3654:
Senate version, as voted on by the House: 289–126 (70–30%)
2858:
8320:
7862:"Justice Department Says Rights Law Doesn't Protect Gays"
6048:
5937:
at boston.com, 21 November 2007, accessed 28 October 2011
5234:
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center v. Nassar
5226:
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center v. Nassar
3935:, the only Southern Republican at the time, voted against
2138:
1030:" of 18 southern Democratic Senators and lone Republican
732:
United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division
522:
13945:
Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act
6254:
6044:"American Experience.Eyes on the Prize.Transcript | PBS"
5052:
4705:
923:
assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy
10936:
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
10714:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
8718:
8055:
Sexual Harassment and the Law: the Mechelle Vinson Case
5191:
Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White
5185:
Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White
5177:
Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White
4444:
Title VII – equal employment opportunity
4354:
3530:
3314:
3218:
1970:
664:, just before the U.S. entered World War II, President
13774:
13219:
Doe v. Kamehameha Schools/Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate
13084:
Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
10960:
African American founding fathers of the United States
9313:
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
9178:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
6880:
Divided Lives: American Women in the Twentieth Century
6717:
Divided Lives: American Women in the Twentieth Century
6598:
Closing The Deal: Negotiating Civil Rights Legislation
4064:
National Federation of Business and Professional Women
3757:
was the only Southerner to vote in favor in the Senate
3194:
3170:
2714:
1850:
1658:
1634:
315:
12545:
1938 United States House of Representatives elections
8785:
7932:
Goico, Allison L.; Geller, Hayley (October 6, 2017).
5721:"U.S. Reports: Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883)"
5378:, aiding not only African Americans, but also women.
5083:
3482:
2690:
1370:
1053:
Strong opposition to the bill also came from Senator
712:
ruled school segregation unconstitutional in 1954 in
8460:
Law and Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice
8185:
Burlington N. & S. F. R. Co. v. White (Syllabus)
6691:
Law and Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice
5923:"An inside look at Eisenhower's civil rights record"
5690:"HR. 7152. Passage. Senate Vote #409 – Jun 19, 1964"
5527:
5525:
5523:
4759:
4706:
Title X – Community Relations Service
4575:
Bona fide nonprofit private membership organizations
4436:(IHRA) on May 26, 2016, as well as the IHRA list of
3802:
of July 2, 1964, about the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
3122:
3074:
2978:
2618:
2378:
2354:
1874:
1778:
13950:
Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act
11551:
Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961
11008:
Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
8752:
House July 2 amendment vote roll call p. 15897
8732:
House February 10 vote roll call pp. 2804–2805
7541:
Parr v. Woodmen of the World Life Insurance Company
5945:
5943:
5776:Johnson, Jennifer; Hussey, Michael (May 19, 2014).
5140:
United Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls, Inc.
5132:
United Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls, Inc.
4646:On December 15, 2014, under a memorandum issued by
4509:
United Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls, Inc.
4355:
Title V – Commission on Civil Rights
4320:
4062:wrote a supportive memorandum at the behest of the
4011:One year earlier, the same Congress had passed the
3809:"Remarks upon Signing the Civil Rights Act of 1964"
3780:"Remarks upon Signing the Civil Rights Act of 1964"
3602:
3554:
3506:
3386:
3146:
3098:
3026:
2330:
2282:
2186:
1586:
1274:
999:Normally, the bill would have been referred to the
13243:Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action
8052:
8019:
7422:. The Dirksen Congressional Center. Archived from
6982:
6730:LBJ Champions the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Part 2
6676:– via US National Archives Research Catalog.
5863:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5558:
4932:
4805:
4458:Employment discrimination law in the United States
3410:
3362:
3290:
3266:
2738:
2666:
2594:
2546:
2498:
2402:
2234:
2042:
2018:
1994:
1730:
1466:
1442:
770:, Kennedy realized he had to act on civil rights.
627:
580:, and its duty to protect voting rights under the
502:
12090:John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School
8510:, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
8453:Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years 1963–65
8270:
8268:
6430:. Archived from the original on February 24, 2016
5959:. Archived from the original on December 14, 2018
5520:
5430:
5413:Post–civil rights era in African-American history
4246:Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library and Museum
3434:
3050:
2954:
2570:
2522:
2162:
1826:
1754:
1418:
1346:
741:
16438:
15527:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
13911:U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division
13171:Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
11963:U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
9544:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
8653:Cases and Materials on Employment Discrimination
8576:(Chicago: Nelson Hall, 1985), pp. 411–419.
8207:"Bostock v. Clayton County, 590 U.S. ___ (2020)"
7416:"Major Features of the Civil Rights Act of 1964"
7141:
6594:
6519:
6463:1963 Year In Review – Part 1 – Civil Rights Bill
6070:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
5940:
4693:Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972
3338:
2930:
2810:
2642:
2474:
2450:
2258:
1682:
1562:
1538:
1490:
1250:
642:of much of its ability to protect civil rights.
15572:Black players in professional American football
15522:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
13259:Coalition for TJ v. Fairfax County School Board
13034:Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument
11921:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
9534:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
9467:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
9358:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
8496:, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
8462:, Vol. 9, No. 2, March 1991, pp. 163–184.
7895:
6973:
6971:
6969:
6967:
6751:
6749:
6747:
6745:
6160:. Civil Rights Movement Archive. Archived from
5956:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
5890:
5555:
4899:
4791:
4370:with additional powers, rules, and procedures.
4321:Title II – public accommodations
4225:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
3578:
3002:
2306:
2210:
2090:
1802:
1610:
1298:
1226:
916:
11013:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
8634:, Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.
8309:
8307:
8265:
8059:. Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas.
7824:
7555:"Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967"
6186:, State University of New York Press, p. 171.
5993:"The Civil Rights Act of 1964 | Miller Center"
5951:"Civil Rights Movement (The Election of 1960)"
5861:
5757:. Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History
5024:
4231:
2834:
2786:
2762:
2426:
2114:
2066:
1898:
1706:
1514:
14418:
14225:Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era
13760:
13120:
12862:
12590:Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1960
12342:
12225:Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington
11595:Report to the American People on Civil Rights
11207:
10921:List of lynching victims in the United States
9259:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
8771:
8377:
7702:, EEOC Appeal No. 0120120821 (April 20, 2012)
5775:
4981:
4779:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
4771:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
3458:
3242:
2906:
2882:
1946:
1394:
1322:
909:, a Democrat and staunch segregationist from
775:Report to the American People on Civil Rights
339:
16467:Anti-discrimination law in the United States
15285:Historically black colleges and universities
13398:Charlton-Perkins v. University of Cincinnati
12570:United States Senate special elections, 1941
8637:Whalen, Charles and Whalen, Barbara (1985),
8008:
7891:
7889:
7509:
7507:
7476:"Executive Order on Combating Anti-Semitism"
7252:
7137:
7135:
7114:"U.S. Senate: Civil Rights Filibuster Ended"
6964:
6742:
6300:"1963 Year In Review: Transition to Johnson"
5210:
4625:
4569:Federally recognized Native American tribes;
4434:International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance
1922:
1131:Senate vote on the Civil Rights Act of 1964
941:Judiciary Committee chairman Celler filed a
773:Kennedy first proposed the 1964 bill in his
472:District of Columbia v. John R. Thompson Co.
238:on June 19, 1964 (73–27) with amendment
14322:Democratic backsliding in the United States
13960:Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act
9388:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
8742:Senate June 19 vote roll call p. 14511
8304:
8156:"Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964"
7931:
7856:
7854:
7776:. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
6815:
6358:"A Case History: The 1964 Civil Rights Act"
5862:Pach, Chester J.; Richardson, Elmo (1991).
5719:Supreme Court of the United States (1883).
5206:Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
5198:Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
5159:Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc.
5154:Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc.
4720:
4106:Department of Health, Education and Welfare
4096:in schools. The bill's proponents, such as
3716:Senate vote on the Civil Rights Act of 1964
1048:intermingling and amalgamation of the races
806:
691:
23:
16502:United States federal criminal legislation
14425:
14411:
13767:
13753:
13310:Hazelwood School District v. United States
13127:
13113:
12869:
12855:
12512:Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs
12497:Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park
12349:
12335:
11214:
11200:
9437:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
8778:
8764:
8569:, Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
8408:
7042:
6818:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
6557:Lyndon B. Johnson: Portrait of a President
6382:
5605:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5597:
5252:
4302:First page of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
4293:
4116:
718:, Southern Democrats began a campaign of "
564:to regulate interstate commerce under the
346:
332:
24:
15502:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
13558:Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
12935:Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
12035:John F. Kennedy Federal Building (Boston)
11653:U.S. House of Representatives elections:
11521:Status of Women (Presidential Commission)
10993:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
8601:. Congressional Quarterly Service. 1967.
7986:"Equal Employment Opportunity Commission"
7886:
7741:
7504:
7159:
7132:
6693:, Vol. 9, No. 2, March 1991, pp 163–184.
4995:
16512:Industrial and organizational psychology
13553:Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
13044:United States ten-dollar bill (proposed)
12634:1960 United States presidential election
12487:Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum
11669:U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts:
11028:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
9068:University of Georgia desegregation riot
8592:, Nov 2004, Vol. 110 Issue 3, pp 709–760
8313:
8274:
7851:
7798:
7711:
7214:Wolcott, Victoria W. (August 16, 2012).
7078:
6117:. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 64, 129.
5342:
4860:
4833:
4744:Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972
4738:Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972
4600:state fair employment practices agencies
4297:
4235:
4126:
4002:
3938:Northern Democrats: 45–1 (98–2%) – only
3916:Southern Democrats: 1–20 (5–95%) – only
3711:
3645:Original House version: 290–130 (69–31%)
976:
957:
953:
887:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
857:
760:1960 United States presidential election
750:United States President John F. Kennedy
745:
728:United States Commission on Civil Rights
420:President Kennedy's civil rights address
316:§ United States Supreme Court cases
271:Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972
59:Landmark U.S. civil rights and labor law
32:This is an accepted version of this page
18:Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
16507:United States federal labor legislation
13967:National Voter Registration Act of 1993
13923:Title I of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
13136:Affirmative action in the United States
11948:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
10942:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
10679:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
10674:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
8699:Narrative: The Civil Rights Act of 1964
8541:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
8346:
8050:
7213:
6891:
6833:
6831:
6680:
6668:from the original on September 25, 2017
6482:Civil Rights Act – Battle in the Senate
6419:
6250:
6248:
6092:from the original on September 30, 2018
5640:"Transcript of Civil Rights Act (1964)"
5621:from the original on September 10, 2019
5594:
5388:Affirmative action in the United States
5368:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
5362:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
4923:Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard
4915:Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard
4829:Newman v. Piggie Park Enterprises, Inc.
4821:Newman v. Piggie Park Enterprises, Inc.
4786:Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States
4721:Title XI – miscellaneous
4596:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
4497:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
4211:Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States
4190:
3696:Senate version, voted on by the House:
14:
16439:
16401:Topics related to the African diaspora
15507:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
14204:United States Virgin Islands residents
12899:Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage
12030:Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts
11614:Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts
10856:African-American women in the movement
9308:White House Conference on Civil Rights
9139:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
8468:
8390:from the original on December 11, 2017
8235:
8089:https://www.oyez.org/cases/2005/05-259
7723:from the original on December 20, 2014
7142:Sandoval-Strausz, A.K. (Spring 2005).
6664:. Series: General Records, 1789–2015.
6639:from the original on December 23, 2020
6551:
5915:
5866:The Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower
5506:, and also see below for more details.
4976:United States Civil Service Commission
4438:Contemporary Examples of Anti-Semitism
4294:Title I – voting rights
4021:cynically attempted to defeat the bill
3949:Northern Republicans: 27–5 (84–16%) –
3761:
801:
608:United States House of Representatives
188:Title 42—The Public Health and Welfare
16487:July 1964 events in the United States
16381:Landmark African-American legislation
14432:
14406:
13748:
13108:
13089:Women's suffrage in the United States
12850:
12356:
12330:
12040:John F. Kennedy International Airport
11195:
9297:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
8759:
8615:University of Pennsylvania Law Review
8292:from the original on January 22, 2021
8178:
8176:
7947:from the original on October 16, 2017
7780:from the original on November 8, 2014
7742:Rosenberg, Mica (September 9, 2014).
7488:from the original on January 25, 2021
7120:from the original on January 14, 2022
7094:from the original on October 20, 2012
6621:
6513:
5837:National Endowment for the Humanities
5700:from the original on December 6, 2020
5582:from the original on December 6, 2020
5543:from the original on December 6, 2020
5296:individuals. In the opinion, Justice
5146:Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services
4927:
4895:Regents of the Univ. of Cal. v. Bakke
4887:Regents of the Univ. of Cal. v. Bakke
4159:1964 presidential candidate, Senator
3927:Southern Republicans: 0–1 (0–100%) –
3905:Note that four Representatives voted
3901:Northern Republicans: 136–24 (85–15%)
872:Leadership Conference on Civil Rights
682:President's Committee on Civil Rights
572:, its duty to guarantee all citizens
327:
15512:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
13797:House Electors Qualifications Clause
13493:Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Mineta
13485:Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Slater
13334:Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education
12657:Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture
12492:Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland
12095:John F. Kennedy University (defunct)
11399:Migration and Refugee Assistance Act
11065:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
9529:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
9477:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
9423:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
8900:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
8825:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
8641:, Cabin John, MD: Seven Locks Press.
8625:Employment Law: Cases and Materials.
8555:, New York: Oxford University Press.
8359:from the original on October 8, 2019
8014:
7913:from the original on October 5, 2017
7839:from the original on October 5, 2017
7825:Geidner, Chris (December 18, 2014).
7328:
7220:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
6977:
6828:
6755:
6360:. The Dirksen Congressional Center.
6322:
6267:from the original on January 9, 2020
6245:
6131:from the original on January 1, 2021
6110:
5751:"FDR on racial discrimination, 1942"
4855:
4764:
4549:Communist Party of the United States
4504:bona fide occupational qualification
4493:Age Discrimination in Employment Act
4489:Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978
594:in June 1963, but it was opposed by
296:Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009
281:Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987
16482:Events of the civil rights movement
15866:African-American Vernacular English
13445:City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.
12619:Democratic National Convention 1956
12575:1948 United States Senate elections
12381:Vice President of the United States
12370:36th President of the United States
11367:Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
11221:
9472:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
9408:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
9078:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
8655:, Little, Brown and Company (1982).
8646:LBJ: Architect of American Ambition
8562:Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
8378:Chung, Andrew (December 11, 2017).
8347:Higgens, Tucker (October 8, 2019).
8328:from the original on April 23, 2019
7874:from the original on April 29, 2019
7619:from the original on March 16, 2016
7456:from the original on April 10, 2015
7446:"Civil Rights Act of 1964 Title II"
7234:from the original on April 18, 2021
6911:from the original on April 23, 2006
6287:President Kennedy: Profile of Power
5813:from the original on March 26, 2018
5670:from the original on April 16, 2019
4878:, the Supreme Court ruled that the
4732:
4655:United States Department of Justice
3895:Southern Republicans: 0–11 (0–100%)
853:
676:. Roosevelt's successor, President
674:Fair Employment Practices Committee
232:on February 10, 1964 (290–130)
56:
15784:U.S. cities with large populations
15487:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
14194:Northern Mariana Islands residents
13776:Voting rights in the United States
13477:Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña
13018:Women's Social and Political Union
12741:Claudia "Lady Bird" Taylor Johnson
10916:African-American churches attacked
9482:Montgomery Improvement Association
9457:Georgia Council on Human Relations
9442:Council of Federated Organizations
9413:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
9171:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
9129:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
8935:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
8839:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
8524:
8253:from the original on June 17, 2020
8217:from the original on June 15, 2020
8173:
8044:
7754:from the original on March 7, 2016
7310:from the original on June 15, 2020
7280:from the original on June 18, 2020
7195:from the original on March 9, 2021
7182:
6797:from the original on June 24, 2016
6728:Gittinger, Ted and Fisher, Allen,
6609:from the original on July 29, 2016
6520:Hunter, Marjorie (June 11, 1964).
6364:from the original on July 29, 2020
5313:Evans v. Georgia Regional Hospital
4660:In October 2017, Attorney General
4469:Title 42 of the United States Code
4430:working definition of antisemitism
3831:Problems playing these files? See
3768:
950:pass through the Rules Committee.
533:in the United States that outlaws
507:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
485:23rd U.S. Constitutional Amendment
439:24th U.S. Constitutional Amendment
57:
16523:
16477:Civil rights in the United States
14657:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
14653:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009
14460:African American founding fathers
13955:Federal Voting Assistance Program
13382:Piscataway School Board v. Taxman
13350:Firefighters v. City of Cleveland
11690:Democratic National Conventions:
11526:University of Alabama integration
10988:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
10861:Jews in the civil rights movement
8659:
8501:American Political Science Review
8455:, New York: Simon & Schuster.
8314:Chappell, Bill (April 22, 2019).
7996:from the original on May 28, 2015
7990:LII / Legal Information Institute
7593:from the original on May 27, 2012
7274:10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043152
7060:from the original on May 24, 2009
6791:"The American Presidency Project"
5453:Employment Non-Discrimination Act
5418:Jews in the civil rights movement
4962:Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp.
4956:Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp.
4948:Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp.
4760:United States Supreme Court cases
4553:Subversive Activities Control Act
4544:, 990 F.2d 458 (9th Cir. 1993)).
3998:
3898:Northern Democrats: 145–8 (95–5%)
3703:Republican Party: 136–35 (80–20%)
3700:Democratic Party: 153–91 (63–37%)
3670:Republican Party: 138–34 (80–20%)
3667:Democratic Party: 152–96 (61–39%)
16472:Anti-racism in the United States
16419:
15537:United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
14682:Nadir of American race relations
14362:Ranked-choice voting in the U.S.
14279:Women's poll tax repeal movement
13374:Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio
13366:Johnson v. Transportation Agency
13251:Fisher v. University of Texas II
12943:
12830:
12829:
12310:
12309:
11182:Civil rights movement portal
11175:
11023:Freedom Riders National Monument
10765:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
9277:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
9236:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
9123:Second Emancipation Proclamation
8402:
8371:
7544:, 791 F.2d 888 (11th Cir. 1986).
6472:United Press International, 1963
5126:Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio
5118:Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio
4851:McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green
4843:McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green
4754:Equal Employment Opportunity Act
4602:(FEPAs), enforce Title VII (see
4083:
3813:
3784:
3689:Democratic Party: 46–21 (69–31%)
3678:Democratic Party: 44–23 (66–34%)
1111:
754:on civil rights on June 11, 1963
602:on November 22, 1963, President
587:The legislation was proposed by
242:House agreed to Senate amendment
77:
16492:Liberalism in the United States
14543:Civil rights movement 1954–1968
14533:Civil rights movement 1865–1896
13906:U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
13824:Privileges or Immunities Clause
13453:Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC
13235:Fisher v. University of Texas I
12085:John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge
11702:U.S. presidential election 1960
11491:Federal housing segregation ban
11372:Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
11246:U.S. Senator from Massachusetts
11050:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
11038:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
9514:National Council of Negro Women
9452:Deacons for Defense and Justice
8681:Statute Compilations collection
8445:
8340:
8229:
8199:
8148:
8123:
8081:
7978:
7959:
7925:
7818:
7792:
7766:
7735:
7705:
7684:
7666:
7631:
7605:
7573:
7557:. Finduslaw.com. Archived from
7547:
7533:
7468:
7438:
7408:
7382:
7329:Wolf, Richard (June 15, 2020).
7322:
7292:
7256:; Owens, Ann (August 1, 2014).
7246:
7207:
7176:
7106:
7072:
7036:
7023:
7007:
6939:
6923:
6885:
6869:
6853:
6809:
6783:
6722:
6706:
6651:
6588:
6563:
6545:
6494:
6491:~ Civil Rights Movement Archive
6475:
6456:
6420:Remnick, Noah (June 28, 2014).
6413:
6376:
6350:
6316:
6292:
6279:
6219:
6196:
6176:
6104:
6078:
6036:
6011:
5985:
5899:. Duke University School of Law
5884:
5855:
5825:
5795:
5769:
5309:Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda
5284:Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda
5272:Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda
4815:United States v. Johnson (1968)
4467:Subchapter VI of Chapter 21 of
4261:Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda
3692:Republican Party: 27–6 (82–18%)
3681:Republican Party: 27–6 (82–18%)
830:, where it was referred to the
628:Reconstruction and New Deal era
15532:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
14538:Civil right movement 1896–1954
14184:District of Columbia residents
14114:Multiple non-transferable vote
14037:Voter registration in the U.S.
13982:Election Assistance Commission
13802:Congressional Elections Clause
12894:1913 Woman Suffrage Procession
12876:
12502:Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center
11238:President of the United States
8930:Mansfield school desegregation
8648:, New York: Free Press, ch 22.
7288:– via cepa.stanford.edu.
7048:"For GOP, A Southern Exposure"
6947:Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson
6392:. Thomas Nelson. p. 188.
5743:
5712:
5682:
5652:
5633:
5486:
5473:Second Enforcement Act of 1871
5431:Other civil rights legislation
5067:Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson
5062:Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson
5054:Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson
4073:Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson
1123:
1081:make the House reconsider it.
742:1963 Kennedy civil rights bill
244:on July 2, 1964 (289–126)
13:
1:
15712:Cherokee freedmen controversy
14688:The Negro Motorist Green Book
14367:National Voting Rights Museum
13977:Help America Vote Act of 2002
12934:
12517:Memorial Grove on the Potomac
11799:John F. Kennedy document hoax
11793:Happy Birthday, Mr. President
11787:Coretta Scott King phone call
11725:Birthplace and childhood home
11608:A rising tide lifts all boats
11511:Presidential Medal of Freedom
11060:National Voting Rights Museum
11003:Civil Rights Movement Archive
10802:Lynching in the United States
10689:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
9144:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
9117:University of Chicago sit-ins
8884:Davis v. Prince Edward County
8590:American Journal of Sociology
8506:Loevy, Robert D. ed. (1997),
8051:Cochran, Augustus B. (2004).
6501:Civil Rights Filibuster Ended
5897:Law and Contemporary Problems
5513:
5468:First Enforcement Act of 1871
5424:The Negro Motorist Green Book
4752:In 1972, Congress passed the
3722:Confederate States of America
1061:proposals and actions of the
646:traditional public morality.
622:
606:pushed the bill forward. The
205:in the House as H.R. 7152 by
14230:Timeline of women's suffrage
13318:United Steelworkers v. Weber
11998:Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences
11466:Communications Satellite Act
11055:National Civil Rights Museum
10911:March on Washington Movement
10896:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
9365:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
8719:Civil Rights Digital Library
8558:Gregory, Raymond F. (2014).
7943:. Dinsmore & Shohl LLP.
7185:"1964: Civil Rights Battles"
6629:"Were Republicans Really..?"
6114:The Civil Rights Act of 1964
5356:
4111:
3707:
3648:Cloture in the Senate: 71–29
917:Johnson's appeal to Congress
662:March on Washington Movement
276:Pregnancy Discrimination Act
7:
16462:88th United States Congress
15582:Black players in ice hockey
15517:National Urban League (NUL)
15343:American Society of Muslims
14581:Selma to Montgomery marches
14501:Brown v. Board of Education
14284:History of direct democracy
14274:Selma to Montgomery marches
14017:Initiatives and referendums
13342:Sheet Metal Workers v. EEOC
12676:The Years of Lyndon Johnson
11900:Gravesite and Eternal Flame
11758:Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana
11681:1960 presidential primaries
11589:We choose to go to the Moon
11471:Community Mental Health Act
10699:"This Little Light of Mine"
9447:Dallas County Voters League
9393:Atlanta Negro Voters League
9156:Letter from Birmingham Jail
8863:Brown v. Board of Education
8532:Journal of Southern History
7643:Contemporary Employment Law
7517:. finduslaw. Archived from
6847:September 21, 2006, at the
6111:Gold, Susan Dudley (2011).
5381:
5301:forbidden under Title VII.
5099:Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins
5093:Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins
5085:Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins
4715:Community Relations Service
4598:(EEOC), as well as certain
4366:established by the earlier
4232:Later impact on LGBT rights
4183:(D-AR), as well as Senator
3658:
715:Brown v. Board of Education
656:Influenced in part by the "
306:United States Supreme Court
100:88th United States Congress
10:
16528:
15739:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
15497:Nashville Student Movement
14508:Children of the plantation
14104:First-past-the-post voting
13874:U.S. Department of Justice
12447:Texas Broadcasting Company
11686:1960 presidential campaign
11619:State of the Union Address
11583:American University speech
11486:Federal affirmative action
11316:Presidential Proclamations
11033:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
10901:Holt Street Baptist Church
10871:16th Street Baptist Church
9855:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
9499:Nashville Student Movement
9429:An Appeal for Human Rights
8704:February 17, 2020, at the
8644:Woods, Randall B. (2006),
8598:Revolution in Civil Rights
8492:Harrison, Cynthia (1988),
7971:November 12, 2018, at the
7698:December 31, 2014, at the
7678:November 30, 2012, at the
7262:Annual Review of Sociology
6487:December 25, 2012, at the
5649:. Retrieved July 28, 2012.
5349:
5325:
5277:
5259:
5245:
5231:
5217:
5203:
5182:
5151:
5137:
5123:
5090:
5059:
5045:
5031:
5002:
4988:
4953:
4939:
4920:
4906:
4892:
4867:
4848:
4826:
4812:
4798:
4776:
4741:
4690:
4564:42 U.S.C. Section 2000e-16
4447:
4120:
3993:
3840:House of Representatives:
3731:House of Representatives:
1001:Senate Judiciary Committee
558:United States Constitution
61:
16452:1964 in American politics
16409:
16376:Index of related articles
16254:
16169:
15893:
15826:
15764:
15664:
15625:
15557:
15550:
15465:
15385:
15377:Doctrine of Father Divine
15323:
15265:
14914:
14769:
14761:Women's suffrage movement
14714:Reconstruction Amendments
14521:Voting Rights Act of 1965
14440:
14292:
14240:Woman Suffrage Procession
14212:
14131:
14096:
14050:
13999:
13992:
13928:Voting Rights Act of 1965
13864:
13782:
13676:
13572:
13515:
13408:
13358:United States v. Paradise
13277:
13154:
13142:
13076:
13026:
13005:
12952:
12941:
12884:
12798:
12731:
12647:
12530:
12507:Lyndon Baines Johnson Day
12470:
12411:
12364:
12288:
12149:
12080:John F. Kennedy Arboretum
12013:
11908:
11848:
11807:
11717:
11644:
11568:
11541:Oil Pollution Act of 1961
11456:
11443:Moscow–Washington hotline
11352:
11268:
11229:
11171:
11073:
10975:
10789:
10722:
10664:
10643:
10530:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
10500:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
9572:
9564:Women's Political Council
9559:Wednesdays in Mississippi
9554:United Auto Workers (UAW)
9539:Southern Regional Council
9509:Northern Student Movement
9418:Committee for Freedom Now
9378:
9325:Memphis sanitation strike
9291:Voting Rights Act of 1965
9213:
9034:Savannah Protest Movement
8996:
8854:
8815:Journey of Reconciliation
8807:
8794:
8565:Loevy, Robert D. (1990),
8548:, Baton Rouge: LSU Press.
8544:Finley, Keith M. (2008),
8022:How We Got Here: The '70s
7242:– via Google Books.
7161:10.1017/s0738248000000055
7084:"Conservatism as Phoenix"
6985:How We Got Here: The '70s
6762:How We Got Here: The '70s
6506:December 2, 2009, at the
6448:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
6209:, Running Press, p. 284.
5977:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5503:Bostock v. Clayton County
5372:Voting Rights Act of 1965
5315:in the Eleventh Circuit.
5290:Bostock v. Clayton County
5280:Bostock v. Clayton County
5268:Bostock v. Clayton County
4626:Administrative precedents
4315:Voting Rights Act of 1965
4288:
4255:Bostock v. Clayton County
3749:Southern: 1–21 (5–95%) –
3735:Northern: 281–32 (90–10%)
1217:
1211:
1202:
1194:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1130:
935:joint session of Congress
708:to become law. After the
649:In the 1930s, during the
449:Voting Rights Act of 1965
390:Strom Thurmond filibuster
375:Journey of Reconciliation
367:
312:
304:
266:
261:
198:
193:
183:
162:
157:
138:
128:
123:
105:
94:
85:
76:
16426:United States portal
15861:African-American English
15290:Inventors and scientists
14982:George Washington Carver
14586:Chicago Freedom Movement
14179:American Samoa residents
13918:Civil Rights Act of 1960
13901:Civil Rights Act of 1957
13532:Civil Rights Act of 1866
13286:Griggs v. Duke Power Co.
13179:United States v. Fordice
12783:George Washington Baines
12435:Civil Rights Act of 1960
12430:Civil Rights Act of 1957
12237:Patricia Kennedy Lawford
11938:Civil Rights Act of 1964
11926:Profile in Courage Award
11536:All-Channel Receiver Act
11506:Pilot Food Stamp Program
9398:Atlanta Student Movement
9347:Civil Rights Act of 1968
9272:1964–1965 Scripto strike
9253:Civil Rights Act of 1964
9151:1963 Birmingham campaign
9044:Civil Rights Act of 1960
8968:Civil Rights Act of 1957
8715:Civil Rights Act of 1964
8686:Civil Rights Act of 1964
8666:Civil Rights Act of 1964
8419:American Bar Association
6989:. Basic Books. pp.
6765:. Basic Books. pp.
6735:August 31, 2017, at the
6285:Reeves, Richard (1993),
6205:and Krantz, Les (2010),
5891:Marshall, Burke (1962).
5479:
5448:Civil Rights Act of 1991
5443:Civil Rights Act of 1871
5438:Civil Rights Act of 1866
5376:Civil Rights Act of 1968
4942:Griggs v. Duke Power Co.
4934:Griggs v. Duke Power Co.
4807:United States v. Johnson
4465:of the Act, codified as
4368:Civil Rights Act of 1957
3663:Original House version:
981:United States President
828:House of Representatives
807:House of Representatives
791:Civil Rights Act of 1875
736:Civil Rights Act of 1960
706:Civil Rights Act of 1875
698:Civil Rights Act of 1957
692:Civil Rights Act of 1957
640:Civil Rights Act of 1875
600:Kennedy was assassinated
498:Civil Rights Act of 1964
454:Civil Rights Act of 1968
444:Civil Rights Act of 1964
410:Civil Rights Act of 1960
395:Civil Rights Act of 1957
291:No Child Left Behind Act
286:Civil Rights Act of 1991
175:Civil Rights Act of 1960
170:Civil Rights Act of 1957
72:Civil Rights Act of 1964
39:latest accepted revision
16457:1964 in labor relations
16349:African-American firsts
15398:Back-to-Africa movement
15367:Black Hebrew Israelites
15147:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
14695:Partus sequitur ventrem
13884:Enforcement Act of 1870
13819:Equal Protection Clause
13537:Equal Protection Clause
12771:Samuel Ealy Johnson Sr.
12759:Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr.
12747:Lynda Bird Johnson Robb
12389:U.S. Senator from Texas
12177:Patrick Bouvier Kennedy
12100:John F. Kennedy Stadium
11933:Twenty-fourth Amendment
11531:Voter Education Project
10950:Voter Education Project
10704:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
10365:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
9800:Josephine Dobbs Clement
9226:Chester school protests
9221:Twenty-fourth Amendment
9183:Detroit Walk to Freedom
8925:Tallahassee bus boycott
8846:Baton Rouge bus boycott
8630:Warren, Dan R. (2008),
8574:The American Presidency
8537:Burstein, Paul (1985),
8451:Branch, Taylor (1998),
8026:. Basic Books. p.
7660:March 30, 2019, at the
7029:Branch, Taylor (1998),
6700:April 23, 2006, at the
6332:. Orbis Books. p.
5645:April 18, 2021, at the
5463:Enforcement Act of 1870
4454:United States labor law
4419:Discrimination against
4414:The December 11, 2019,
4364:Civil Rights Commission
4228:(1968) court decision.
4117:Political repercussions
3909:while 13 did not vote.
3674:Cloture in the Senate:
2862:Thruston Ballard Morton
1003:, which was chaired by
415:Baldwin–Kennedy meeting
221:Committee consideration
16317:Spingarn Medal winners
15806:States and territories
15577:Black NFL quarterbacks
15077:Martin Luther King Jr.
14609:Dred Scott v. Sandford
14548:Montgomery bus boycott
13889:Second Enforcement Act
13437:Fullilove v. Klutznick
13326:Firefighters v. Stotts
13302:Schlesinger v. Ballard
12930:Equal Rights Amendment
12913:National Woman's Party
12685:(1991 television film)
12419:Early years and career
12294:← Dwight D. Eisenhower
12231:Eunice Kennedy Shriver
12025:Harvard Kennedy School
11943:Apollo 11 Moon landing
11836:A Nation of Immigrants
11326:Presidential limousine
11163:Movement photographers
10405:Bernice Johnson Reagon
10125:Martin Luther King Sr.
10120:Martin Luther King Jr.
9690:William Holmes Borders
9462:Highlander Folk School
9352:Poor People's Campaign
9205:St. Augustine movement
9055:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
8978:Katz Drug Store sit-in
8949:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
8911:Montgomery bus boycott
7450:Wake Forest University
7148:Law and History Review
6510:– United States Senate
6182:Loevy, Robert (1997),
5833:"Racism to Redemption"
5403:Bourke B. Hickenlooper
5307:was consolidated with
4303:
4249:
4200:and also violated the
4132:
4052:National Woman's Party
4048:Equal Rights Amendment
4025:equal rights for women
4008:
3967:Bourke B. Hickenlooper
3773:
3746:Northern: 72–6 (92–8%)
3738:Southern: 8–94 (8–92%)
3717:
2142:Bourke B. Hickenlooper
1017:Senate Majority Leader
989:
987:Martin Luther King Jr.
974:
963:Martin Luther King Jr.
867:
820:Senate Majority Leader
813:Senate Minority Leader
755:
700:, signed by President
576:of the laws under the
459:Poor People's Campaign
111:; 60 years ago
15627:Athletic associations
15562:Negro league baseball
15333:African-American Jews
15052:Ketanji Brown Jackson
15017:Henry Highland Garnet
14876:Negro National Anthem
14626:George Floyd protests
14591:Post–civil rights era
14342:Elections in the U.S.
14199:Puerto Rico residents
13938:covered jurisdictions
13563:Executive Order 11246
13547:Executive Order 10925
13148:lower court decisions
12213:Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.
12201:Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.
11893:attending dignitaries
11481:Executive Order 11110
11362:Alliance for Progress
11299:Judicial appointments
10998:Civil Rights Memorial
10886:Bethel Baptist Church
10535:Charles Kenzie Steele
9980:Audrey Faye Hendricks
9885:Myrlie Evers-Williams
9865:Patricia Stephens Due
9835:Abraham Lincoln Davis
9770:Colia Lafayette Clark
9524:Operation Breadbasket
9519:National Urban League
9266:Katzenbach v. McClung
9134:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
8787:Civil rights movement
8582:Mann, Robert (1996).
8551:Graham, Hugh (1990),
7975:Accessed July 1, 2014
7719:. Los Angeles Times.
7637:Fields, C. K., &
6384:Napolitano, Andrew P.
5755:www.gilderlehrman.org
5727:. Library of Congress
5408:Civil Rights Movement
5288:On June 15, 2020, in
5189:On June 22, 2006, in
4909:Alexander v. Sandoval
4901:Alexander v. Sandoval
4801:Katzenbach v. McClung
4793:Katzenbach v. McClung
4589:Equal Pay Act of 1963
4301:
4239:
4130:
4123:Political realignment
4013:Equal Pay Act of 1963
4006:
3772:
3715:
3651:Senate version: 73–27
980:
971:United States Capitol
961:
954:Passage in the Senate
943:petition to discharge
880:Clarence Mitchell Jr.
861:
795:U.S. Attorney General
749:
632:In the 1883 landmark
598:in the Senate. After
551:public accommodations
356:Civil rights movement
16447:1964 in American law
15834:Afro-Seminole Creole
15360:Azusa Street Revival
15232:Booker T. Washington
14756:Underground Railroad
14621:Free people of color
14475:Atlantic slave trade
13541:Fourteenth Amendment
13530:Section 1981 of the
13211:Grutter v. Bollinger
13039:2012 ten-dollar coin
12777:Joseph Wilson Baines
11993:U.S. five cent stamp
11953:Kennedy Space Center
11601:Ich bin ein Berliner
11425:Cuban Missile Crisis
11415:Bay of Pigs Invasion
11321:Presidential pardons
11043:other King memorials
11018:Freedom Rides Museum
10955:1960s counterculture
10906:Edmund Pettus Bridge
10585:Walter Francis White
10490:Alexander D. Shimkin
9004:New Year's Day March
8973:Ministers' Manifesto
8820:Executive Order 9981
8750:Congressional Record
8740:Congressional Record
8729:Congressional Record
8694:US Statutes at Large
7802:(November 6, 2014).
7396:on December 15, 2020
7370:on December 15, 2020
6837:Gold, Michael Evan.
6468:May 2, 2010, at the
5843:on December 10, 2017
5533:"H.R. 7152. Passage"
5458:Equality Act of 2015
5034:Dothard v. Rawlinson
5026:Dothard v. Rawlinson
5017:in observation of a
4587:to the rules in the
4526:Dothard v. Rawlinson
4198:Fourteenth Amendment
4191:Continued resistance
4181:J. William Fulbright
4146:Richard Russell, Jr.
4036:Congressional Record
3798:Public statement by
3534:Harrison A. Williams
3318:Margaret Chase Smith
3222:Leverett Saltonstall
1974:J. William Fulbright
1118:conference committee
752:addresses the nation
702:Dwight D. Eisenhower
686:Executive Order 9981
670:Executive Order 8802
612:United States Senate
570:Article I, Section 8
465:District of Columbia
380:Executive Order 9981
16229:Trinidad and Tobago
15844:Black American Sign
15671:By African descent
15665:Ethnic subdivisions
15652:Southwestern (SWAC)
15567:Baseball color line
15482:Black Panther Party
15386:Political movements
15303:in computer science
14962:Carol Moseley Braun
14751:Tulsa race massacre
14744:Treatment of slaves
14576:March on Washington
14571:Birmingham movement
13429:Califano v. Webster
13163:DeFunis v. Odegaard
12785:(great-grandfather)
12765:Sam Houston Johnson
12753:Luci Baines Johnson
12397:U.S. Representative
12301:Lyndon B. Johnson →
12189:Tatiana Schlossberg
12171:John F. Kennedy Jr.
11988:U.S. postage stamps
11983:Kennedy half dollar
11973:Cultural depictions
11826:Profiles in Courage
11546:Revenue Act of 1962
11394:Trade Expansion Act
11254:U.S. Representative
10781:Mary McLeod Bethune
10742:Sermon on the Mount
10709:"We Shall Overcome"
10290:William Lewis Moore
10070:Frank Minis Johnson
10045:Richie Jean Jackson
10000:Donald L. Hollowell
9805:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
9610:Gwendolyn Armstrong
9605:William G. Anderson
9585:Victoria Gray Adams
9549:The Freedom Singers
9403:Black Panther Party
9188:March on Washington
9101:Garner v. Louisiana
9062:Boynton v. Virginia
8617:, Vol. 151. (2003)
7940:National Law Review
7899:(October 5, 2017).
7561:on December 8, 2011
7521:on October 21, 2010
7426:on December 6, 2014
6876:Rosenberg, Rosalind
6713:Rosenberg, Rosalind
6635:. August 28, 2013.
6571:"HR. 7152. PASSAGE"
6261:Library of Congress
5999:. December 27, 2016
5572:"HR. 7152. Passage"
4991:Washington v. Davis
4983:Washington v. Davis
4482:42 U.S.C. §2000e(b)
4220:Orangeburg massacre
4092:to achieve certain
3762:By party and region
3198:Richard Russell Jr.
3174:A. Willis Robertson
2718:Patrick V. McNamara
1854:J. Howard Edmondson
1662:John Sherman Cooper
1638:Joseph S. Clark Jr.
1038:(D-GA), launched a
864:March on Washington
832:Judiciary Committee
802:Legislative history
784:United Auto Workers
782:, president of the
768:Birmingham campaign
660:" advisors and the
425:March on Washington
194:Legislative history
73:
29:Page version status
16327:US representatives
16322:US cabinet members
16214:Dominican Republic
15801:Metropolitan areas
15642:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
15467:Civic and economic
15445:Self-determination
15266:Education, science
15187:Fred Shuttlesworth
15167:A. Philip Randolph
15072:Coretta Scott King
14997:Frederick Douglass
14824:Harlem Renaissance
14729:Separate but equal
14719:Reconstruction era
14707:Plessy v. Ferguson
14598:Cornerstone Speech
14512:Civil Rights Acts
14495:Black Lives Matter
14470:American Civil War
14387:Voter registration
14263:Give Us the Ballot
14159:Transgender people
14063:Grandfather clause
14027:Provisional ballot
13729:Stephan Thermstrom
13724:Abigail Thermstrom
13709:Richard Kahlenberg
13643:State Question 759
13390:Ricci v. DeStefano
13203:Gratz v. Bollinger
13050:Jailed for Freedom
12522:U.S. Postage stamp
12425:Southern Manifesto
12267:John F. Fitzgerald
12249:Jean Kennedy Smith
12159:Jacqueline Bouvier
12105:Kennedy Expressway
12075:Runnymede memorial
11876:in popular culture
11777:Castle Hot Springs
11331:Presidential yacht
11098:Michael Eric Dyson
10983:In popular culture
10866:Fifth Circuit Four
10850:Loving v. Virginia
10843:Hernandez v. Texas
10822:Buchanan v. Warley
10814:Separate but equal
10808:Plessy v. Ferguson
10771:Frederick Douglass
10605:Robert F. Williams
10515:Kelly Miller Smith
10495:Fred Shuttlesworth
10420:Frederick D. Reese
10400:George Raymond Jr.
10390:A. Philip Randolph
10370:Fay Bellamy Powell
10285:Queen Mother Moore
10170:Z. Alexander Looby
10115:Coretta Scott King
10060:Barbara Rose Johns
10040:Jimmie Lee Jackson
9965:William E. Harbour
9745:Stokely Carmichael
9660:Randolph Blackwell
9330:King assassination
9319:Loving v. Virginia
9303:March Against Fear
9283:How Long, Not Long
9161:Children's Crusade
9112:Cambridge movement
9049:Ax Handle Saturday
9014:Greensboro sit-ins
8941:Give Us the Ballot
8717:– Provided by the
8710:The Dirksen Center
8246:The New York Times
7867:The New York Times
7715:(April 25, 2012).
7341:on October 7, 2020
7044:Brownstein, Ronald
6901:Law and Inequality
6312:on April 29, 2020.
5928:2012-01-07 at the
5807:networks.h-net.org
5494:sexual orientation
5220:Ricci v. DeStefano
5212:Ricci v. DeStefano
4928:Title VII case law
4304:
4272:sexual orientation
4250:
4248:in Austin, Texas.
4133:
4009:
3886:Charles L. Weltner
3774:
3726:American Civil War
3718:
3486:Herbert S. Walters
2694:Thomas J. McIntyre
1374:Wallace F. Bennett
1063:radical Republican
990:
975:
905:, whose chairman,
895:A. Philip Randolph
876:Joseph L. Rauh Jr.
868:
756:
720:massive resistance
666:Franklin Roosevelt
635:Civil Rights Cases
560:, principally its
547:racial segregation
217:) on June 20, 1963
71:
35:
16497:Civil Rights Acts
16434:
16433:
16262:African Americans
16134:Dallas–Fort Worth
15729:Black Southerners
15660:
15659:
15112:Thurgood Marshall
15082:Bernard Lafayette
14677:Million Man March
14434:African Americans
14400:
14399:
14347:Electoral College
14169:African Americans
14127:
14126:
14119:One man, one vote
14088:Voter suppression
13742:
13741:
13719:Stuart Taylor Jr.
13684:Peter Arcidiacono
13511:
13510:
13294:Morton v. Mancari
13102:
13101:
13058:Iron Jawed Angels
12977:Inez Haynes Irwin
12844:
12843:
12822:Hubert Humphrey →
12804:← John F. Kennedy
12452:Johnson Amendment
12358:Lyndon B. Johnson
12324:
12323:
12279:Billie and Debbie
12243:Robert F. Kennedy
12070:Portland memorial
12050:Brooklyn memorial
11840:
11830:
11820:
11816:Why England Slept
11578:Inaugural address
11564:
11563:
11556:Wetlands Loan Act
11379:Flexible response
11189:
11188:
10966:Eyes on the Prize
10881:A.G. Gaston Motel
10876:Kelly Ingram Park
10836:Sweatt v. Painter
10520:Mary Louise Smith
10480:Cleveland Sellers
10465:Michael Schwerner
10430:Gloria Richardson
10210:Thurgood Marshall
10130:Bernard Lafayette
9860:John Wesley Dobbs
9374:
9373:
9093:Birmingham attack
9073:Rock Hill sit-ins
9024:Sibley Commission
9019:Nashville sit-ins
8891:Gebhart v. Belton
8877:Briggs v. Elliott
8870:Bolling v. Sharpe
8831:Sweatt v. Painter
8627:Foundation Press.
8503:, 103 (Nov. 2009)
8478:. Running Press.
8278:(June 15, 2020).
8239:(June 15, 2020).
8111:Missing or empty
7870:. July 27, 2017.
7498:National Archives
7306:. June 15, 2020.
6930:Harrison, Cynthia
6427:Los Angeles Times
6215:978-0-7624-3742-9
6124:978-1-60870-040-0
5921:James A. Miller,
5877:978-0-7006-0437-1
5782:National Archives
5398:Bennett Amendment
4874:In the 1974 case
4856:Title VI case law
4765:Title II case law
4581:Bennett Amendment
4450:Bennett Amendment
4138:Robert F. Kennedy
4068:William Rehnquist
3818:
3800:Lyndon B. Johnson
3793:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3624:
3126:Jennings Randolph
3078:Winston L. Prouty
2982:Maurine Neuberger
2622:John L. McClellan
2382:B. Everett Jordan
2358:Leonard B. Jordan
1878:Allen J. Ellender
1782:Peter H. Dominick
1093:for any measure.
1050:in our states."
1034:of Texas, led by
1005:James O. Eastland
983:Lyndon B. Johnson
927:Lyndon B. Johnson
619:on July 2, 1964.
604:Lyndon B. Johnson
493:
492:
479:Bolling v. Sharpe
385:Prayer Pilgrimage
370:National movement
322:
321:
252:Lyndon B. Johnson
236:Passed the Senate
141:Statutes at Large
109:July 2, 1964
47:24 September 2024
26:
16:(Redirected from
16519:
16424:
16423:
16422:
16386:Lynching victims
15885:Louisiana Creole
15856:American English
15744:Louisiana Creole
15717:Choctaw freedmen
15555:
15554:
15092:Huddie Ledbetter
15032:Fannie Lou Hamer
15002:W. E. B. Du Bois
14992:Claudette Colvin
14987:Shirley Chisholm
14804:Family structure
14672:Military history
14554:Browder v. Gayle
14427:
14420:
14413:
14404:
14403:
14357:Electoral system
14352:Electoral reform
14327:Disfranchisement
14315:Native Americans
14305:Campaign finance
14250:U.S. suffragists
14245:Silent Sentinels
14174:Native Americans
13997:
13996:
13894:Ku Klux Klan Act
13879:Enforcement Acts
13769:
13762:
13755:
13746:
13745:
13501:Vitolo v. Guzman
13464:(D.C. Cir. 1992)
13461:Lamprecht v. FCC
13187:Hopwood v. Texas
13152:
13151:
13129:
13122:
13115:
13106:
13105:
13094:Women's suffrage
12947:
12918:Silent Sentinels
12871:
12864:
12857:
12848:
12847:
12833:
12832:
12404:
12392:
12384:
12373:
12351:
12344:
12337:
12328:
12327:
12313:
12312:
12219:Rosemary Kennedy
12195:Jack Schlossberg
12183:Rose Schlossberg
12165:Caroline Kennedy
12060:Hyannis memorial
11838:
11828:
11818:
11782:Hammersmith Farm
11730:Kennedy Compound
11496:Fifty-mile hikes
11384:Kennedy Doctrine
11350:
11349:
11311:Executive Orders
11261:
11249:
11241:
11216:
11209:
11202:
11193:
11192:
11180:
11179:
11143:Charles M. Payne
11128:Steven F. Lawson
11118:David Halberstam
11088:Clayborne Carson
10829:Hocutt v. Wilson
10776:W. E. B. Du Bois
10625:Sammy Younge Jr.
10610:Q. V. Williamson
10575:Wyatt Tee Walker
10440:Bernice Robinson
10385:Lincoln Ragsdale
10375:Rodney N. Powell
10270:Douglas E. Moore
10145:Sanford R. Leigh
10080:J. Charles Jones
9955:Fannie Lou Hamer
9870:Joseph Ellwanger
9830:Jonathan Daniels
9820:Claudette Colvin
9810:Annie Lee Cooper
9795:Kathleen Cleaver
9790:Eldridge Cleaver
9765:Shirley Chisholm
9655:Gloria Blackwell
9246:workers' murders
9193:"I Have a Dream"
9088:Anniston bombing
9039:Greenville Eight
8954:Little Rock Nine
8917:Browder v. Gayle
8805:
8804:
8780:
8773:
8766:
8757:
8756:
8610:
8534:, February 1983.
8489:
8439:
8438:
8406:
8400:
8399:
8397:
8395:
8375:
8369:
8368:
8366:
8364:
8344:
8338:
8337:
8335:
8333:
8311:
8302:
8301:
8299:
8297:
8272:
8263:
8262:
8260:
8258:
8233:
8227:
8226:
8224:
8222:
8203:
8197:
8196:
8195:
8193:
8180:
8171:
8170:
8168:
8166:
8152:
8146:
8145:
8143:
8141:
8127:
8121:
8120:
8114:
8109:
8107:
8099:
8097:
8095:
8085:
8079:
8078:
8058:
8048:
8042:
8041:
8025:
8012:
8006:
8005:
8003:
8001:
7982:
7976:
7963:
7957:
7956:
7954:
7952:
7929:
7923:
7922:
7920:
7918:
7893:
7884:
7883:
7881:
7879:
7858:
7849:
7848:
7846:
7844:
7822:
7816:
7815:
7796:
7790:
7789:
7787:
7785:
7770:
7764:
7763:
7761:
7759:
7739:
7733:
7732:
7730:
7728:
7709:
7703:
7688:
7682:
7670:
7664:
7639:Cheeseman, H. R.
7635:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7624:
7609:
7603:
7602:
7600:
7598:
7589:. May 10, 1993.
7577:
7571:
7570:
7568:
7566:
7551:
7545:
7537:
7531:
7530:
7528:
7526:
7511:
7502:
7501:
7495:
7493:
7472:
7466:
7465:
7463:
7461:
7442:
7436:
7435:
7433:
7431:
7412:
7406:
7405:
7403:
7401:
7386:
7380:
7379:
7377:
7375:
7360:
7351:
7350:
7348:
7346:
7337:. Archived from
7326:
7320:
7319:
7317:
7315:
7296:
7290:
7289:
7287:
7285:
7254:Reardon, Sean F.
7250:
7244:
7243:
7241:
7239:
7211:
7205:
7204:
7202:
7200:
7180:
7174:
7173:
7163:
7139:
7130:
7129:
7127:
7125:
7110:
7104:
7103:
7101:
7099:
7082:(May 25, 2001).
7080:Sherrill, Robert
7076:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7065:
7053:National Journal
7046:(May 23, 2009).
7040:
7034:
7027:
7021:
7011:
7005:
7004:
6988:
6975:
6962:
6943:
6937:
6927:
6921:
6920:
6918:
6916:
6889:
6883:
6873:
6867:
6857:
6851:
6835:
6826:
6825:
6813:
6807:
6806:
6804:
6802:
6787:
6781:
6780:
6753:
6740:
6726:
6720:
6710:
6704:
6684:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6673:
6655:
6649:
6648:
6646:
6644:
6625:
6619:
6618:
6616:
6614:
6592:
6586:
6585:
6583:
6581:
6567:
6561:
6560:
6549:
6543:
6542:
6536:
6534:
6517:
6511:
6498:
6492:
6479:
6473:
6460:
6454:
6453:
6447:
6439:
6437:
6435:
6417:
6411:
6410:
6408:
6406:
6380:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6369:
6354:
6348:
6347:
6320:
6314:
6313:
6308:. Archived from
6296:
6290:
6283:
6277:
6276:
6274:
6272:
6252:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6238:
6233:on June 29, 2017
6229:. Archived from
6223:
6217:
6200:
6194:
6180:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6169:
6154:
6141:
6140:
6138:
6136:
6108:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6097:
6082:
6076:
6075:
6069:
6061:
6059:
6057:
6040:
6034:
6033:
6031:
6029:
6015:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6004:
5989:
5983:
5982:
5976:
5968:
5966:
5964:
5947:
5938:
5934:The Boston Globe
5919:
5913:
5912:
5906:
5904:
5888:
5882:
5881:
5869:
5859:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5848:
5839:. Archived from
5829:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5818:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5773:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5734:
5732:
5716:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5686:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5656:
5650:
5637:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5607:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5587:
5568:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5548:
5529:
5507:
5490:
5262:Green v. Brennan
5254:Green v. Brennan
5019:biblical sabbath
4733:Major amendments
4713:established the
4648:Attorney General
4177:Albert Gore, Sr.
4079:
4044:Martha Griffiths
3918:Ralph Yarborough
3820:
3819:
3795:
3794:
3771:
3751:Ralph Yarborough
3685:Senate version:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3606:Stephen M. Young
3586:
3585:
3584:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3558:Ralph Yarborough
3538:
3537:
3536:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3510:John J. Williams
3490:
3489:
3488:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3390:Stuart Symington
3370:
3369:
3368:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3150:Abraham Ribicoff
3130:
3129:
3128:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3102:William Proxmire
3082:
3081:
3080:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3030:James B. Pearson
3010:
3009:
3008:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2334:Olin D. Johnston
2314:
2313:
2312:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2286:Henry M. Jackson
2266:
2265:
2264:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2190:Spessard Holland
2170:
2169:
2168:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1590:Clifford P. Case
1570:
1569:
1568:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1278:Clinton Anderson
1258:
1257:
1256:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1209:
1208:
1198:
1128:
1127:
854:Lobbying efforts
680:, appointed the
574:equal protection
562:enumerated power
525:) is a landmark
524:
508:
504:
362:
348:
341:
334:
325:
324:
262:Major amendments
230:Passed the House
142:
119:
117:
112:
81:
74:
70:
64:Civil Rights Act
21:
16527:
16526:
16522:
16521:
16520:
16518:
16517:
16516:
16437:
16436:
16435:
16430:
16420:
16418:
16405:
16371:Historic places
16364:US state firsts
16250:
16165:
15889:
15822:
15794:2010 majorities
15789:2000 majorities
15760:
15707:Black Seminoles
15656:
15647:Southern (SIAC)
15630:
15629:and conferences
15628:
15621:
15617:Serena Williams
15612:Jackie Robinson
15546:
15470:
15468:
15461:
15381:
15348:Nation of Islam
15319:
15267:
15261:
15202:Sojourner Truth
15192:Clarence Thomas
15157:Gabriel Prosser
15057:Michael Jackson
14932:Crispus Attucks
14922:Ralph Abernathy
14910:
14866:Musical theater
14765:
14631:Great Migration
14603:COVID-19 impact
14561:Sit-in movement
14436:
14431:
14401:
14396:
14288:
14208:
14123:
14092:
14058:Electoral fraud
14046:
14042:Voting in space
14032:Recall election
14007:Absentee ballot
13988:
13866:
13860:
13784:
13778:
13773:
13743:
13738:
13704:Arthur Fletcher
13672:
13669:, 2020, failed)
13659:, 2019, failed)
13633:Proposition 107
13619:, 2008, failed)
13583:Proposition 209
13568:
13520:
13507:
13504:(6th Cir. 2021)
13412:
13410:
13404:
13401:(6th Cir. 2022)
13273:
13262:(4th Cir. 2023)
13222:(9th Cir. 2006)
13195:Texas v. Lesage
13190:(5th Cir. 1996)
13147:
13138:
13133:
13103:
13098:
13072:
13022:
13001:
12987:Inez Milholland
12972:Crystal Eastman
12954:
12948:
12939:
12923:Night of Terror
12886:
12880:
12875:
12845:
12840:
12818:← Richard Nixon
12811:Richard Nixon →
12794:
12727:
12643:
12526:
12472:
12466:
12442:Operation Texas
12407:
12395:
12387:
12376:
12368:
12360:
12355:
12325:
12320:
12284:
12207:Rose Fitzgerald
12191:(granddaughter)
12185:(granddaughter)
12145:
12134:John F. Kennedy
12125:John F. Kennedy
12117:John F. Kennedy
12065:London memorial
12055:Dallas memorial
12016:
12009:
11904:
11888:Riderless horse
11844:
11803:
11713:
11640:
11570:
11560:
11452:
11348:
11272:
11264:
11252:
11244:
11233:
11225:
11223:John F. Kennedy
11220:
11190:
11185:
11174:
11167:
11148:Thomas E. Ricks
11138:Diane McWhorter
11123:Vincent Harding
11108:Adam Fairclough
11075:
11069:
10971:
10926:Freedom Schools
10785:
10718:
10666:
10660:
10651:Omaha, Nebraska
10639:
10555:Hartman Turnbow
10545:Dorothy Tillman
10505:Glenn E. Smiley
10485:Charles Sherrod
10445:Jo Ann Robinson
10320:Charles Neblett
10310:Elijah Muhammad
10275:Harriette Moore
10235:Floyd McKissick
10220:Franklin McCain
10155:Stanley Levison
10020:T. R. M. Howard
9970:Vincent Harding
9900:Walter Fauntroy
9785:Xernona Clayton
9735:John H. Calhoun
9720:Aurelia Browder
9710:Stanley Branche
9705:Raylawni Branch
9685:Joseph E. Boone
9670:Ezell Blair Jr.
9665:Unita Blackwell
9640:Harry Belafonte
9580:Ralph Abernathy
9568:
9504:Nation of Islam
9380:
9370:
9209:
9166:Birmingham riot
9107:Albany Movement
9029:Atlanta sit-ins
9009:Sit-in movement
8992:
8988:Biloxi wade-ins
8960:Cooper v. Aaron
8850:
8796:
8790:
8784:
8706:Wayback Machine
8662:
8595:
8527:
8525:Further reading
8486:
8448:
8443:
8442:
8407:
8403:
8393:
8391:
8376:
8372:
8362:
8360:
8345:
8341:
8331:
8329:
8312:
8305:
8295:
8293:
8273:
8266:
8256:
8254:
8234:
8230:
8220:
8218:
8205:
8204:
8200:
8191:
8189:
8188:, June 22, 2006
8182:
8181:
8174:
8164:
8162:
8154:
8153:
8149:
8139:
8137:
8129:
8128:
8124:
8112:
8110:
8101:
8100:
8093:
8091:
8087:
8086:
8082:
8067:
8049:
8045:
8038:
8013:
8009:
7999:
7997:
7984:
7983:
7979:
7973:Wayback Machine
7964:
7960:
7950:
7948:
7930:
7926:
7916:
7914:
7897:Holden, Dominic
7894:
7887:
7877:
7875:
7860:
7859:
7852:
7842:
7840:
7823:
7819:
7800:Feldblum, Chai
7797:
7793:
7783:
7781:
7772:
7771:
7767:
7757:
7755:
7740:
7736:
7726:
7724:
7710:
7706:
7700:Wayback Machine
7689:
7685:
7680:Wayback Machine
7671:
7667:
7662:Wayback Machine
7636:
7632:
7622:
7620:
7611:
7610:
7606:
7596:
7594:
7579:
7578:
7574:
7564:
7562:
7553:
7552:
7548:
7538:
7534:
7524:
7522:
7513:
7512:
7505:
7491:
7489:
7474:
7473:
7469:
7459:
7457:
7444:
7443:
7439:
7429:
7427:
7414:
7413:
7409:
7399:
7397:
7388:
7387:
7383:
7373:
7371:
7362:
7361:
7354:
7344:
7342:
7327:
7323:
7313:
7311:
7304:Arkansas Online
7298:
7297:
7293:
7283:
7281:
7251:
7247:
7237:
7235:
7228:
7212:
7208:
7198:
7196:
7181:
7177:
7140:
7133:
7123:
7121:
7112:
7111:
7107:
7097:
7095:
7077:
7073:
7063:
7061:
7041:
7037:
7028:
7024:
7012:
7008:
7001:
6976:
6965:
6944:
6940:
6928:
6924:
6914:
6912:
6890:
6886:
6874:
6870:
6858:
6854:
6849:Wayback Machine
6836:
6829:
6814:
6810:
6800:
6798:
6789:
6788:
6784:
6777:
6754:
6743:
6737:Wayback Machine
6727:
6723:
6711:
6707:
6702:Wayback Machine
6685:
6681:
6671:
6669:
6656:
6652:
6642:
6640:
6627:
6626:
6622:
6612:
6610:
6593:
6589:
6579:
6577:
6569:
6568:
6564:
6550:
6546:
6532:
6530:
6518:
6514:
6508:Wayback Machine
6499:
6495:
6489:Wayback Machine
6480:
6476:
6470:Wayback Machine
6461:
6457:
6441:
6440:
6433:
6431:
6418:
6414:
6404:
6402:
6400:
6381:
6377:
6367:
6365:
6356:
6355:
6351:
6344:
6321:
6317:
6298:
6297:
6293:
6284:
6280:
6270:
6268:
6253:
6246:
6236:
6234:
6225:
6224:
6220:
6207:JFK: Day by Day
6201:
6197:
6181:
6177:
6167:
6165:
6164:on May 21, 2020
6156:
6155:
6144:
6134:
6132:
6125:
6109:
6105:
6095:
6093:
6084:
6083:
6079:
6063:
6062:
6055:
6053:
6042:
6041:
6037:
6027:
6025:
6017:
6016:
6012:
6002:
6000:
5991:
5990:
5986:
5970:
5969:
5962:
5960:
5949:
5948:
5941:
5930:Wayback Machine
5920:
5916:
5902:
5900:
5889:
5885:
5878:
5860:
5856:
5846:
5844:
5831:
5830:
5826:
5816:
5814:
5801:
5800:
5796:
5786:
5784:
5774:
5770:
5760:
5758:
5749:
5748:
5744:
5730:
5728:
5717:
5713:
5703:
5701:
5688:
5687:
5683:
5673:
5671:
5658:
5657:
5653:
5647:Wayback Machine
5638:
5634:
5624:
5622:
5609:
5608:
5595:
5585:
5583:
5570:
5569:
5556:
5546:
5544:
5531:
5530:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5510:
5498:gender identity
5491:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5433:
5384:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5348:
5330:
5324:
5286:
5278:Main articles:
5276:
5264:
5258:
5250:
5244:
5236:
5230:
5222:
5216:
5208:
5202:
5187:
5181:
5156:
5150:
5142:
5136:
5128:
5122:
5095:
5089:
5064:
5058:
5050:
5044:
5036:
5030:
5007:
5005:TWA v. Hardison
5001:
4997:TWA v. Hardison
4993:
4987:
4958:
4952:
4944:
4938:
4930:
4925:
4919:
4911:
4905:
4897:
4891:
4872:
4866:
4858:
4853:
4847:
4839:
4831:
4825:
4817:
4811:
4803:
4797:
4781:
4775:
4767:
4762:
4746:
4740:
4735:
4723:
4708:
4696:
4689:
4678:
4632:gender identity
4628:
4460:
4446:
4432:adopted by the
4416:executive order
4410:Executive Order
4376:
4357:
4346:
4335:
4323:
4296:
4291:
4276:gender identity
4234:
4193:
4161:Barry Goldwater
4125:
4119:
4114:
4086:
4077:
4054:and its leader
4017:Howard W. Smith
4001:
3996:
3989:) voted against
3983:Milward Simpson
3975:Edwin L. Mechem
3959:Barry Goldwater
3838:
3837:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3814:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3796:
3785:
3782:
3775:
3769:
3764:
3710:
3661:
3627:
3626:
3604:
3603:
3580:
3579:
3556:
3555:
3532:
3531:
3508:
3507:
3484:
3483:
3460:
3459:
3436:
3435:
3414:Herman Talmadge
3412:
3411:
3388:
3387:
3366:John C. Stennis
3364:
3363:
3340:
3339:
3316:
3315:
3294:George Smathers
3292:
3291:
3270:Milward Simpson
3268:
3267:
3244:
3243:
3220:
3219:
3196:
3195:
3172:
3171:
3148:
3147:
3124:
3123:
3100:
3099:
3076:
3075:
3052:
3051:
3028:
3027:
3004:
3003:
2980:
2979:
2956:
2955:
2932:
2931:
2908:
2907:
2884:
2883:
2860:
2859:
2836:
2835:
2812:
2811:
2788:
2787:
2764:
2763:
2742:Edwin L. Mechem
2740:
2739:
2716:
2715:
2692:
2691:
2670:George McGovern
2668:
2667:
2644:
2643:
2620:
2619:
2598:Eugene McCarthy
2596:
2595:
2572:
2571:
2550:Warren Magnuson
2548:
2547:
2524:
2523:
2502:Russell B. Long
2500:
2499:
2476:
2475:
2452:
2451:
2428:
2427:
2406:Kenneth Keating
2404:
2403:
2380:
2379:
2356:
2355:
2332:
2331:
2308:
2307:
2284:
2283:
2260:
2259:
2238:Hubert Humphrey
2236:
2235:
2212:
2211:
2188:
2187:
2164:
2163:
2140:
2139:
2116:
2115:
2092:
2091:
2068:
2067:
2046:Ernest Gruening
2044:
2043:
2022:Albert Gore Sr.
2020:
2019:
1998:Barry Goldwater
1996:
1995:
1972:
1971:
1948:
1947:
1924:
1923:
1900:
1899:
1876:
1875:
1852:
1851:
1828:
1827:
1804:
1803:
1780:
1779:
1756:
1755:
1734:Everett Dirksen
1732:
1731:
1708:
1707:
1684:
1683:
1660:
1659:
1636:
1635:
1612:
1611:
1588:
1587:
1564:
1563:
1540:
1539:
1516:
1515:
1492:
1491:
1470:Quentin Burdick
1468:
1467:
1446:Daniel Brewster
1444:
1443:
1420:
1419:
1396:
1395:
1372:
1371:
1348:
1347:
1324:
1323:
1300:
1299:
1276:
1275:
1252:
1251:
1228:
1227:
1206:
1196:
1126:
1114:
1074:Everett Dirksen
1070:Hubert Humphrey
1044:social equality
1036:Richard Russell
956:
919:
907:Howard W. Smith
903:Rules Committee
856:
816:Everett Dirksen
809:
804:
758:In winning the
744:
694:
630:
625:
592:John F. Kennedy
566:Commerce Clause
549:in schools and
506:
494:
489:
405:2nd Youth March
400:1st Youth March
363:
360:Washington D.C.
354:
352:
318:
300:
257:
254:on July 2, 1964
248:Signed into law
179:
140:
115:
113:
110:
95:Enacted by
67:
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
16525:
16515:
16514:
16509:
16504:
16499:
16494:
16489:
16484:
16479:
16474:
16469:
16464:
16459:
16454:
16449:
16432:
16431:
16429:
16428:
16416:
16410:
16407:
16406:
16404:
16403:
16398:
16393:
16388:
16383:
16378:
16373:
16368:
16367:
16366:
16361:
16356:
16346:
16345:
16344:
16339:
16337:Visual artists
16334:
16329:
16324:
16319:
16314:
16309:
16304:
16299:
16297:Mathematicians
16294:
16289:
16284:
16279:
16274:
16269:
16258:
16256:
16252:
16251:
16249:
16248:
16247:
16246:
16238:
16233:
16232:
16231:
16226:
16221:
16216:
16211:
16203:
16202:
16201:
16196:
16191:
16186:
16175:
16173:
16167:
16166:
16164:
16163:
16158:
16153:
16148:
16147:
16146:
16141:
16136:
16131:
16121:
16116:
16114:South Carolina
16111:
16106:
16105:
16104:
16096:
16091:
16086:
16084:North Carolina
16081:
16080:
16079:
16069:
16064:
16063:
16062:
16052:
16047:
16046:
16045:
16037:
16036:
16035:
16029:Massachusetts
16027:
16026:
16025:
16015:
16010:
16009:
16008:
15998:
15993:
15992:
15991:
15981:
15976:
15975:
15974:
15964:
15959:
15958:
15957:
15947:
15946:
15945:
15940:
15930:
15925:
15924:
15923:
15918:
15908:
15903:
15897:
15895:
15891:
15890:
15888:
15887:
15882:
15877:
15876:
15875:
15874:
15873:
15871:social context
15868:
15858:
15848:
15847:
15846:
15836:
15830:
15828:
15824:
15823:
15821:
15820:
15819:
15818:
15813:
15803:
15798:
15797:
15796:
15791:
15781:
15780:
15779:
15768:
15766:
15762:
15761:
15759:
15758:
15753:
15752:
15751:
15741:
15736:
15731:
15726:
15725:
15724:
15722:Creek Freedmen
15719:
15714:
15709:
15699:
15697:Alabama Creole
15694:
15693:
15692:
15687:
15682:
15677:
15668:
15666:
15662:
15661:
15658:
15657:
15655:
15654:
15649:
15644:
15639:
15637:Central (CIAA)
15633:
15631:
15626:
15623:
15622:
15620:
15619:
15614:
15609:
15604:
15599:
15594:
15589:
15584:
15579:
15574:
15569:
15564:
15558:
15552:
15548:
15547:
15545:
15544:
15539:
15534:
15529:
15524:
15519:
15514:
15509:
15504:
15499:
15494:
15489:
15484:
15479:
15473:
15471:
15466:
15463:
15462:
15460:
15459:
15454:
15453:
15452:
15442:
15437:
15432:
15430:Pan-Africanism
15427:
15422:
15417:
15412:
15411:
15410:
15400:
15395:
15389:
15387:
15383:
15382:
15380:
15379:
15374:
15372:Black theology
15369:
15364:
15363:
15362:
15352:
15351:
15350:
15345:
15335:
15329:
15327:
15321:
15320:
15318:
15317:
15316:
15315:
15313:in STEM fields
15310:
15305:
15297:
15292:
15287:
15282:
15277:
15271:
15269:
15268:and technology
15263:
15262:
15260:
15259:
15254:
15249:
15244:
15239:
15234:
15229:
15224:
15219:
15214:
15209:
15207:Harriet Tubman
15204:
15199:
15194:
15189:
15184:
15179:
15174:
15169:
15164:
15159:
15154:
15149:
15144:
15139:
15137:Michelle Obama
15134:
15129:
15124:
15119:
15114:
15109:
15104:
15099:
15094:
15089:
15084:
15079:
15074:
15069:
15067:Barbara Jordan
15064:
15062:Harriet Jacobs
15059:
15054:
15049:
15044:
15039:
15034:
15029:
15024:
15019:
15014:
15009:
15004:
14999:
14994:
14989:
14984:
14979:
14974:
14969:
14964:
14959:
14954:
14952:Amelia Boynton
14949:
14944:
14939:
14934:
14929:
14924:
14918:
14916:
14915:Notable people
14912:
14911:
14909:
14908:
14903:
14898:
14893:
14888:
14883:
14878:
14873:
14868:
14863:
14858:
14853:
14851:LGBT community
14848:
14843:
14838:
14833:
14832:
14831:
14821:
14816:
14811:
14806:
14801:
14796:
14791:
14786:
14781:
14775:
14773:
14767:
14766:
14764:
14763:
14758:
14753:
14748:
14747:
14746:
14736:
14731:
14726:
14721:
14716:
14711:
14703:
14698:
14691:
14684:
14679:
14674:
14669:
14664:
14659:
14650:
14645:
14644:
14643:
14638:
14628:
14623:
14618:
14613:
14605:
14600:
14595:
14594:
14593:
14588:
14583:
14578:
14573:
14568:
14566:Freedom Riders
14563:
14558:
14550:
14540:
14535:
14530:
14529:
14528:
14523:
14518:
14510:
14505:
14497:
14492:
14490:Black genocide
14487:
14482:
14477:
14472:
14467:
14462:
14457:
14452:
14446:
14444:
14438:
14437:
14430:
14429:
14422:
14415:
14407:
14398:
14397:
14395:
14394:
14389:
14384:
14379:
14374:
14369:
14364:
14359:
14354:
14349:
14344:
14339:
14334:
14329:
14324:
14319:
14318:
14317:
14307:
14302:
14296:
14294:
14290:
14289:
14287:
14286:
14281:
14276:
14271:
14269:Freedom Summer
14266:
14259:
14258:
14257:
14247:
14242:
14237:
14235:Suffrage Hikes
14232:
14227:
14222:
14216:
14214:
14210:
14209:
14207:
14206:
14201:
14196:
14191:
14189:Guam residents
14186:
14181:
14176:
14171:
14166:
14161:
14156:
14151:
14146:
14141:
14135:
14133:
14129:
14128:
14125:
14124:
14122:
14121:
14116:
14111:
14109:Gerrymandering
14106:
14100:
14098:
14094:
14093:
14091:
14090:
14085:
14080:
14075:
14070:
14065:
14060:
14054:
14052:
14048:
14047:
14045:
14044:
14039:
14034:
14029:
14024:
14019:
14014:
14009:
14003:
14001:
13994:
13990:
13989:
13987:
13986:
13985:
13984:
13974:
13969:
13964:
13963:
13962:
13957:
13947:
13942:
13941:
13940:
13935:
13925:
13920:
13915:
13914:
13913:
13908:
13898:
13897:
13896:
13891:
13886:
13876:
13870:
13868:
13862:
13861:
13859:
13858:
13856:26th Amendment
13853:
13851:24th Amendment
13848:
13846:23rd Amendment
13843:
13841:19th Amendment
13838:
13836:17th Amendment
13833:
13831:15th Amendment
13828:
13827:
13826:
13821:
13814:14th Amendment
13811:
13806:
13805:
13804:
13799:
13788:
13786:
13783:Constitutional
13780:
13779:
13772:
13771:
13764:
13757:
13749:
13740:
13739:
13737:
13736:
13731:
13726:
13721:
13716:
13714:Richard Sander
13711:
13706:
13701:
13696:
13691:
13686:
13680:
13678:
13674:
13673:
13671:
13670:
13663:Proposition 16
13660:
13650:
13640:
13630:
13623:Initiative 424
13620:
13610:
13600:
13593:Initiative 200
13590:
13579:
13577:
13570:
13569:
13567:
13566:
13560:
13555:
13550:
13544:
13534:
13527:
13525:
13513:
13512:
13509:
13508:
13506:
13505:
13497:
13489:
13481:
13473:
13465:
13457:
13449:
13441:
13433:
13425:
13421:Kahn v. Shevin
13416:
13414:
13413:and Set-Asides
13406:
13405:
13403:
13402:
13394:
13386:
13385:(3d Cir. 1996)
13378:
13370:
13362:
13354:
13346:
13338:
13330:
13322:
13314:
13306:
13298:
13290:
13281:
13279:
13275:
13274:
13272:
13271:
13263:
13255:
13247:
13239:
13231:
13223:
13215:
13207:
13199:
13191:
13183:
13175:
13167:
13158:
13156:
13149:
13140:
13139:
13132:
13131:
13124:
13117:
13109:
13100:
13099:
13097:
13096:
13091:
13086:
13080:
13078:
13074:
13073:
13071:
13070:
13069:(2022 musical)
13062:
13054:
13046:
13041:
13036:
13030:
13028:
13024:
13023:
13021:
13020:
13015:
13009:
13007:
13003:
13002:
13000:
12999:
12994:
12989:
12984:
12979:
12974:
12969:
12964:
12958:
12956:
12950:
12949:
12942:
12940:
12938:
12937:
12932:
12927:
12926:
12925:
12915:
12910:
12909:
12908:
12905:The Suffragist
12896:
12890:
12888:
12887:co-strategized
12885:Initiated and
12882:
12881:
12874:
12873:
12866:
12859:
12851:
12842:
12841:
12839:
12838:
12825:
12824:
12819:
12815:
12814:
12807:
12799:
12796:
12795:
12793:
12792:
12786:
12780:
12774:
12768:
12762:
12756:
12750:
12744:
12737:
12735:
12729:
12728:
12726:
12725:
12717:
12709:
12695:
12687:
12679:
12672:
12667:
12659:
12653:
12651:
12645:
12644:
12642:
12641:
12636:
12631:
12626:
12621:
12616:
12615:
12614:
12604:
12603:
12602:
12592:
12587:
12582:
12577:
12572:
12567:
12562:
12557:
12552:
12547:
12542:
12536:
12534:
12528:
12527:
12525:
12524:
12519:
12514:
12509:
12504:
12499:
12494:
12489:
12484:
12478:
12476:
12468:
12467:
12465:
12464:
12459:
12457:Box 13 scandal
12454:
12449:
12444:
12439:
12438:
12437:
12432:
12427:
12415:
12413:
12409:
12408:
12406:
12405:
12393:
12385:
12374:
12365:
12362:
12361:
12354:
12353:
12346:
12339:
12331:
12322:
12321:
12319:
12318:
12305:
12304:
12297:
12289:
12286:
12285:
12283:
12282:
12276:
12270:
12264:
12258:
12252:
12246:
12240:
12234:
12228:
12222:
12216:
12210:
12204:
12198:
12192:
12186:
12180:
12174:
12168:
12162:
12155:
12153:
12147:
12146:
12144:
12143:
12138:
12136: (CVN-79)
12129:
12120:
12112:
12107:
12102:
12097:
12092:
12087:
12082:
12077:
12072:
12067:
12062:
12057:
12052:
12047:
12042:
12037:
12032:
12027:
12021:
12019:
12011:
12010:
12008:
12007:
12005:Operation Sail
12002:
12001:
12000:
11995:
11990:
11985:
11980:
11970:
11965:
11960:
11955:
11950:
11945:
11940:
11935:
11930:
11929:
11928:
11918:
11912:
11910:
11906:
11905:
11903:
11902:
11897:
11896:
11895:
11890:
11880:
11879:
11878:
11873:
11868:
11866:media coverage
11863:
11852:
11850:
11846:
11845:
11843:
11842:
11832:
11822:
11811:
11809:
11805:
11804:
11802:
11801:
11796:
11789:
11784:
11779:
11774:
11767:
11766:
11765:
11760:
11749:Navy service:
11747:
11742:
11737:
11732:
11727:
11721:
11719:
11715:
11714:
11712:
11711:
11710:
11709:
11699:
11694:
11688:
11683:
11678:
11673:
11667:
11662:
11657:
11650:
11648:
11642:
11641:
11639:
11638:
11637:
11636:
11631:
11626:
11616:
11611:
11604:
11597:
11592:
11585:
11580:
11574:
11572:
11566:
11565:
11562:
11561:
11559:
11558:
11553:
11548:
11543:
11538:
11533:
11528:
11523:
11518:
11513:
11508:
11503:
11501:Food for Peace
11498:
11493:
11488:
11483:
11478:
11473:
11468:
11462:
11460:
11454:
11453:
11451:
11450:
11445:
11440:
11436:Soviet Union:
11434:
11433:
11432:
11422:
11417:
11411:
11406:
11401:
11396:
11391:
11386:
11381:
11376:
11375:
11374:
11364:
11358:
11356:
11354:Foreign policy
11347:
11346:
11344:Situation Room
11341:
11333:
11328:
11323:
11318:
11313:
11308:
11307:
11306:
11296:
11291:
11286:
11280:
11278:
11266:
11265:
11263:
11262:
11250:
11242:
11230:
11227:
11226:
11219:
11218:
11211:
11204:
11196:
11187:
11186:
11172:
11169:
11168:
11166:
11165:
11160:
11158:Akinyele Umoja
11155:
11150:
11145:
11140:
11135:
11130:
11125:
11120:
11115:
11110:
11105:
11100:
11095:
11090:
11085:
11079:
11077:
11071:
11070:
11068:
11067:
11062:
11057:
11052:
11047:
11046:
11045:
11035:
11030:
11025:
11020:
11015:
11010:
11005:
11000:
10995:
10990:
10985:
10979:
10977:
10973:
10972:
10970:
10969:
10962:
10957:
10952:
10947:
10946:
10945:
10933:
10928:
10923:
10918:
10913:
10908:
10903:
10898:
10893:
10888:
10883:
10878:
10873:
10868:
10863:
10858:
10853:
10846:
10839:
10832:
10825:
10818:
10817:
10816:
10804:
10799:
10793:
10791:
10787:
10786:
10784:
10783:
10778:
10773:
10768:
10761:
10760:
10759:
10754:
10747:Mahatma Gandhi
10744:
10739:
10738:
10737:
10726:
10724:
10720:
10719:
10717:
10716:
10711:
10706:
10701:
10696:
10691:
10686:
10681:
10676:
10670:
10668:
10662:
10661:
10659:
10658:
10656:South Carolina
10653:
10647:
10645:
10641:
10640:
10638:
10637:
10632:
10627:
10622:
10617:
10612:
10607:
10602:
10597:
10595:Hosea Williams
10592:
10587:
10582:
10580:Hollis Watkins
10577:
10572:
10567:
10562:
10557:
10552:
10547:
10542:
10537:
10532:
10527:
10522:
10517:
10512:
10510:A. Maceo Smith
10507:
10502:
10497:
10492:
10487:
10482:
10477:
10472:
10467:
10462:
10460:Bernie Sanders
10457:
10452:
10450:Angela Russell
10447:
10442:
10437:
10435:David Richmond
10432:
10427:
10425:Walter Reuther
10422:
10417:
10412:
10410:Cordell Reagon
10407:
10402:
10397:
10395:George Raymond
10392:
10387:
10382:
10377:
10372:
10367:
10362:
10357:
10355:Charles Person
10352:
10347:
10342:
10337:
10332:
10327:
10325:Huey P. Newton
10322:
10317:
10312:
10307:
10302:
10297:
10292:
10287:
10282:
10280:Harry T. Moore
10277:
10272:
10267:
10265:Cecil B. Moore
10262:
10257:
10252:
10247:
10245:James Meredith
10242:
10237:
10232:
10227:
10222:
10217:
10212:
10207:
10202:
10197:
10192:
10187:
10182:
10177:
10172:
10167:
10162:
10157:
10152:
10147:
10142:
10137:
10132:
10127:
10122:
10117:
10112:
10107:
10102:
10097:
10092:
10087:
10082:
10077:
10075:Clarence Jones
10072:
10067:
10062:
10057:
10052:
10047:
10042:
10037:
10032:
10027:
10022:
10017:
10015:Zilphia Horton
10012:
10007:
10002:
9997:
9992:
9987:
9985:Lola Hendricks
9982:
9977:
9975:Dorothy Height
9972:
9967:
9962:
9957:
9952:
9947:
9945:Lawrence Guyot
9942:
9937:
9935:Jack Greenberg
9932:
9927:
9922:
9920:Andrew Goodman
9917:
9912:
9907:
9902:
9897:
9892:
9887:
9882:
9877:
9872:
9867:
9862:
9857:
9852:
9847:
9845:Joseph DeLaine
9842:
9837:
9832:
9827:
9822:
9817:
9815:Dorothy Cotton
9812:
9807:
9802:
9797:
9792:
9787:
9782:
9777:
9772:
9767:
9762:
9760:J. L. Chestnut
9757:
9752:
9747:
9742:
9737:
9732:
9727:
9722:
9717:
9712:
9707:
9702:
9697:
9695:Amelia Boynton
9692:
9687:
9682:
9677:
9672:
9667:
9662:
9657:
9652:
9647:
9642:
9637:
9632:
9627:
9622:
9617:
9615:Arnold Aronson
9612:
9607:
9602:
9597:
9592:
9587:
9582:
9576:
9574:
9570:
9569:
9567:
9566:
9561:
9556:
9551:
9546:
9541:
9536:
9531:
9526:
9521:
9516:
9511:
9506:
9501:
9496:
9495:
9494:
9484:
9479:
9474:
9469:
9464:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9444:
9439:
9434:
9433:
9432:
9420:
9415:
9410:
9405:
9400:
9395:
9390:
9384:
9382:
9376:
9375:
9372:
9371:
9369:
9368:
9361:
9354:
9349:
9344:
9343:
9342:
9337:
9327:
9322:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9293:
9288:
9287:
9286:
9274:
9269:
9262:
9255:
9250:
9249:
9248:
9241:Freedom Summer
9238:
9233:
9231:Bloody Tuesday
9228:
9223:
9217:
9215:
9211:
9210:
9208:
9207:
9202:
9201:
9200:
9195:
9185:
9180:
9175:
9174:
9173:
9168:
9163:
9158:
9148:
9147:
9146:
9136:
9131:
9126:
9119:
9114:
9109:
9104:
9097:
9096:
9095:
9090:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9058:
9051:
9046:
9041:
9036:
9031:
9026:
9021:
9016:
9011:
9006:
9000:
8998:
8994:
8993:
8991:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8964:
8963:
8951:
8946:
8945:
8944:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8921:
8920:
8908:
8903:
8896:
8895:
8894:
8887:
8880:
8873:
8858:
8856:
8852:
8851:
8849:
8848:
8843:
8835:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8811:
8809:
8802:
8792:
8791:
8783:
8782:
8775:
8768:
8760:
8754:
8753:
8743:
8733:
8721:
8712:
8708:– Provided by
8696:
8683:
8661:
8660:External links
8658:
8657:
8656:
8649:
8642:
8635:
8628:
8621:
8611:
8593:
8586:
8580:
8578:online version
8570:
8563:
8556:
8549:
8542:
8535:
8526:
8523:
8522:
8521:
8511:
8504:
8497:
8490:
8484:
8466:
8464:online version
8456:
8447:
8444:
8441:
8440:
8401:
8370:
8339:
8303:
8276:Williams, Pete
8264:
8228:
8198:
8172:
8147:
8122:
8080:
8065:
8043:
8037:978-0465041954
8036:
8007:
7977:
7958:
7924:
7885:
7850:
7817:
7810:) – via
7791:
7765:
7734:
7704:
7692:Macy v. Holder
7683:
7665:
7651:Wolters Kluwer
7630:
7613:"H.R. 7152–16"
7604:
7572:
7546:
7532:
7503:
7481:whitehouse.gov
7467:
7437:
7407:
7381:
7352:
7321:
7291:
7245:
7227:978-0812207590
7226:
7206:
7183:Taylor, Alan.
7175:
7131:
7116:. Senate.gov.
7105:
7071:
7035:
7031:Pillar of Fire
7022:
7006:
6999:
6963:
6938:
6922:
6907:(2): 163–184.
6895:(March 1991).
6884:
6868:
6852:
6827:
6808:
6782:
6775:
6741:
6721:
6705:
6695:online version
6679:
6650:
6620:
6605:. p. 29.
6587:
6562:
6559:. p. 169.
6553:Dallek, Robert
6544:
6527:New York Times
6512:
6493:
6474:
6455:
6412:
6399:978-1595552655
6398:
6375:
6349:
6342:
6324:Cone, James H.
6315:
6291:
6278:
6244:
6218:
6195:
6175:
6142:
6123:
6103:
6077:
6035:
6010:
5984:
5939:
5914:
5883:
5876:
5854:
5824:
5794:
5768:
5742:
5711:
5681:
5664:www.senate.gov
5651:
5632:
5593:
5554:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5383:
5380:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5352:Groff v. DeJoy
5350:Main article:
5347:
5344:Groff v. DeJoy
5341:
5326:Main article:
5323:
5317:
5275:
5265:
5260:Main article:
5257:
5251:
5246:Main article:
5243:
5237:
5232:Main article:
5229:
5223:
5218:Main article:
5215:
5209:
5204:Main article:
5201:
5195:
5183:Main article:
5180:
5174:
5152:Main article:
5149:
5143:
5138:Main article:
5135:
5129:
5124:Main article:
5121:
5115:
5091:Main article:
5088:
5082:
5060:Main article:
5057:
5051:
5046:Main article:
5043:
5037:
5032:Main article:
5029:
5023:
5003:Main article:
5000:
4994:
4989:Main article:
4986:
4980:
4954:Main article:
4951:
4945:
4940:Main article:
4937:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4921:Main article:
4918:
4912:
4907:Main article:
4904:
4898:
4893:Main article:
4890:
4884:
4876:Lau v. Nichols
4870:Lau v. Nichols
4868:Main article:
4865:
4862:Lau v. Nichols
4859:
4857:
4854:
4849:Main article:
4846:
4840:
4838:
4835:Daniel v. Paul
4832:
4827:Main article:
4824:
4818:
4813:Main article:
4810:
4804:
4799:Main article:
4796:
4790:
4777:Main article:
4774:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4742:Main article:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4722:
4719:
4707:
4704:
4688:
4685:
4677:
4674:
4670:Sharon McGowan
4627:
4624:
4620:§ 2000e#b
4616:42 U.S.C.
4608:§ 2000e-4
4604:42 U.S.C.
4577:
4576:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4478:§ 2000e-2
4474:42 U.S.C.
4445:
4442:
4375:
4372:
4356:
4353:
4345:
4342:
4334:
4331:
4322:
4319:
4311:literacy tests
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4233:
4230:
4192:
4189:
4173:states' rights
4167:outlawing the
4165:24th Amendment
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4098:Emanuel Celler
4085:
4082:
4000:
3999:Women's rights
3997:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3947:
3936:
3925:
3924:voted in favor
3903:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3892:voted in favor
3870:Richard Fulton
3862:Henry González
3828:
3822:
3812:
3807:
3806:
3797:
3783:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3747:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3633:Totals are in
3629:
3628:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3614:
3611:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3590:
3587:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3566:
3563:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3542:
3539:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3518:
3515:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3494:
3491:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3470:
3467:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3449:South Carolina
3446:
3443:
3438:Strom Thurmond
3431:
3430:
3427:
3422:
3419:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3398:
3395:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3374:
3371:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3350:
3347:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3326:
3323:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3302:
3299:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3278:
3275:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3254:
3251:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3230:
3227:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3206:
3203:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3182:
3179:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3158:
3155:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3134:
3131:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3110:
3107:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3086:
3083:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3062:
3059:
3054:Claiborne Pell
3047:
3046:
3043:
3038:
3035:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3014:
3011:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2987:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2966:
2963:
2958:Gaylord Nelson
2951:
2950:
2947:
2942:
2939:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2918:
2915:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2894:
2891:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2870:
2867:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2846:
2843:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2822:
2819:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2798:
2795:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2774:
2771:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2750:
2747:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2723:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2699:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2678:
2675:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2654:
2651:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2627:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2606:
2603:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2579:
2574:Mike Mansfield
2567:
2566:
2563:
2558:
2555:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2531:
2526:Edward V. Long
2519:
2518:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2486:
2483:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2459:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2438:
2435:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2414:
2411:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2393:North Carolina
2390:
2387:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2366:
2363:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2345:South Carolina
2342:
2339:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2318:
2315:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2294:
2291:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2270:
2267:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2246:
2243:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2222:
2219:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2195:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2174:
2171:
2166:J. Lister Hill
2159:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2147:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2123:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2102:
2099:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2078:
2075:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2051:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2027:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2003:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1937:North Carolina
1934:
1931:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1859:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1838:
1835:
1830:James Eastland
1823:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1790:
1787:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1766:
1763:
1758:Thomas J. Dodd
1751:
1750:
1747:
1742:
1739:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1718:
1715:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1595:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1571:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1547:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1499:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1422:J. Caleb Boggs
1415:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1403:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1358:
1355:
1350:J. Glenn Beall
1343:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1307:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1235:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1205:Roll call vote
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1136:June 19, 1964
1133:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1113:
1110:
1059:Reconstruction
1055:Strom Thurmond
1020:Mike Mansfield
955:
952:
918:
915:
882:of the NAACP.
862:Following the
855:
852:
840:Emanuel Celler
823:Mike Mansfield
808:
805:
803:
800:
789:Emulating the
780:Walter Reuther
743:
740:
693:
690:
629:
626:
624:
621:
582:15th Amendment
578:14th Amendment
535:discrimination
491:
490:
488:
487:
482:
475:
462:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
435:
434:
431:I Have a Dream
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
368:
365:
364:
351:
350:
343:
336:
328:
320:
319:
313:
310:
309:
302:
301:
299:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
267:
264:
263:
259:
258:
256:
255:
245:
239:
233:
227:
218:
207:Emanuel Celler
199:
196:
195:
191:
190:
185:
184:Titles amended
181:
180:
178:
177:
172:
166:
164:
160:
159:
155:
154:
144:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
121:
120:
107:
103:
102:
96:
92:
91:
87:
83:
82:
58:
36:
30:
27:
25:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
16524:
16513:
16510:
16508:
16505:
16503:
16500:
16498:
16495:
16493:
16490:
16488:
16485:
16483:
16480:
16478:
16475:
16473:
16470:
16468:
16465:
16463:
16460:
16458:
16455:
16453:
16450:
16448:
16445:
16444:
16442:
16427:
16417:
16415:
16412:
16411:
16408:
16402:
16399:
16397:
16396:Neighborhoods
16394:
16392:
16389:
16387:
16384:
16382:
16379:
16377:
16374:
16372:
16369:
16365:
16362:
16360:
16359:Sports firsts
16357:
16355:
16352:
16351:
16350:
16347:
16343:
16340:
16338:
16335:
16333:
16330:
16328:
16325:
16323:
16320:
16318:
16315:
16313:
16310:
16308:
16305:
16303:
16300:
16298:
16295:
16293:
16290:
16288:
16285:
16283:
16280:
16278:
16275:
16273:
16270:
16268:
16265:
16264:
16263:
16260:
16259:
16257:
16253:
16245:
16242:
16241:
16239:
16237:
16234:
16230:
16227:
16225:
16222:
16220:
16217:
16215:
16212:
16210:
16207:
16206:
16204:
16200:
16197:
16195:
16192:
16190:
16187:
16185:
16182:
16181:
16180:
16177:
16176:
16174:
16172:
16168:
16162:
16161:West Virginia
16159:
16157:
16154:
16152:
16149:
16145:
16142:
16140:
16137:
16135:
16132:
16130:
16127:
16126:
16125:
16122:
16120:
16117:
16115:
16112:
16110:
16107:
16103:
16100:
16099:
16098:Pennsylvania
16097:
16095:
16092:
16090:
16087:
16085:
16082:
16078:
16077:New York City
16075:
16074:
16073:
16070:
16068:
16065:
16061:
16058:
16057:
16056:
16053:
16051:
16048:
16044:
16041:
16040:
16038:
16034:
16031:
16030:
16028:
16024:
16021:
16020:
16019:
16016:
16014:
16011:
16007:
16004:
16003:
16002:
15999:
15997:
15994:
15990:
15987:
15986:
15985:
15982:
15980:
15977:
15973:
15970:
15969:
15968:
15965:
15963:
15960:
15956:
15953:
15952:
15951:
15948:
15944:
15941:
15939:
15936:
15935:
15934:
15931:
15929:
15926:
15922:
15921:San Francisco
15919:
15917:
15914:
15913:
15912:
15909:
15907:
15904:
15902:
15899:
15898:
15896:
15894:By state/city
15892:
15886:
15883:
15881:
15878:
15872:
15869:
15867:
15864:
15863:
15862:
15859:
15857:
15854:
15853:
15852:
15849:
15845:
15842:
15841:
15840:
15839:American Sign
15837:
15835:
15832:
15831:
15829:
15825:
15817:
15814:
15812:
15809:
15808:
15807:
15804:
15802:
15799:
15795:
15792:
15790:
15787:
15786:
15785:
15782:
15778:
15775:
15774:
15773:
15772:Neighborhoods
15770:
15769:
15767:
15763:
15757:
15754:
15750:
15747:
15746:
15745:
15742:
15740:
15737:
15735:
15732:
15730:
15727:
15723:
15720:
15718:
15715:
15713:
15710:
15708:
15705:
15704:
15703:
15702:Black Indians
15700:
15698:
15695:
15691:
15688:
15686:
15683:
15681:
15678:
15676:
15673:
15672:
15670:
15669:
15667:
15663:
15653:
15650:
15648:
15645:
15643:
15640:
15638:
15635:
15634:
15632:
15624:
15618:
15615:
15613:
15610:
15608:
15605:
15603:
15600:
15598:
15595:
15593:
15590:
15588:
15585:
15583:
15580:
15578:
15575:
15573:
15570:
15568:
15565:
15563:
15560:
15559:
15556:
15553:
15549:
15543:
15540:
15538:
15535:
15533:
15530:
15528:
15525:
15523:
15520:
15518:
15515:
15513:
15510:
15508:
15505:
15503:
15500:
15498:
15495:
15493:
15490:
15488:
15485:
15483:
15480:
15478:
15475:
15474:
15472:
15464:
15458:
15455:
15451:
15448:
15447:
15446:
15443:
15441:
15438:
15436:
15433:
15431:
15428:
15426:
15423:
15421:
15418:
15416:
15413:
15409:
15406:
15405:
15404:
15401:
15399:
15396:
15394:
15391:
15390:
15388:
15384:
15378:
15375:
15373:
15370:
15368:
15365:
15361:
15358:
15357:
15356:
15353:
15349:
15346:
15344:
15341:
15340:
15339:
15336:
15334:
15331:
15330:
15328:
15326:
15322:
15314:
15311:
15309:
15306:
15304:
15301:
15300:
15298:
15296:
15293:
15291:
15288:
15286:
15283:
15281:
15280:Black schools
15278:
15276:
15275:Black studies
15273:
15272:
15270:
15264:
15258:
15257:Whitney Young
15255:
15253:
15250:
15248:
15247:Oprah Winfrey
15245:
15243:
15240:
15238:
15235:
15233:
15230:
15228:
15225:
15223:
15220:
15218:
15217:Denmark Vesey
15215:
15213:
15210:
15208:
15205:
15203:
15200:
15198:
15195:
15193:
15190:
15188:
15185:
15183:
15180:
15178:
15175:
15173:
15170:
15168:
15165:
15163:
15162:Joseph Rainey
15160:
15158:
15155:
15153:
15150:
15148:
15145:
15143:
15140:
15138:
15135:
15133:
15130:
15128:
15125:
15123:
15120:
15118:
15117:Toni Morrison
15115:
15113:
15110:
15108:
15105:
15103:
15102:Joseph Lowery
15100:
15098:
15095:
15093:
15090:
15088:
15085:
15083:
15080:
15078:
15075:
15073:
15070:
15068:
15065:
15063:
15060:
15058:
15055:
15053:
15050:
15048:
15047:Jesse Jackson
15045:
15043:
15040:
15038:
15037:Kamala Harris
15035:
15033:
15030:
15028:
15025:
15023:
15022:Marcus Garvey
15020:
15018:
15015:
15013:
15010:
15008:
15005:
15003:
15000:
14998:
14995:
14993:
14990:
14988:
14985:
14983:
14980:
14978:
14975:
14973:
14972:Blanche Bruce
14970:
14968:
14967:Edward Brooke
14965:
14963:
14960:
14958:
14957:James Bradley
14955:
14953:
14950:
14948:
14945:
14943:
14940:
14938:
14937:James Baldwin
14935:
14933:
14930:
14928:
14925:
14923:
14920:
14919:
14917:
14913:
14907:
14904:
14902:
14899:
14897:
14894:
14892:
14889:
14887:
14884:
14882:
14881:Neighborhoods
14879:
14877:
14874:
14872:
14869:
14867:
14864:
14862:
14859:
14857:
14854:
14852:
14849:
14847:
14844:
14842:
14839:
14837:
14834:
14830:
14827:
14826:
14825:
14822:
14820:
14817:
14815:
14812:
14810:
14807:
14805:
14802:
14800:
14797:
14795:
14792:
14790:
14787:
14785:
14782:
14780:
14777:
14776:
14774:
14772:
14768:
14762:
14759:
14757:
14754:
14752:
14749:
14745:
14742:
14741:
14740:
14737:
14735:
14734:Silent Parade
14732:
14730:
14727:
14725:
14722:
14720:
14717:
14715:
14712:
14709:
14708:
14704:
14702:
14699:
14697:
14696:
14692:
14690:
14689:
14685:
14683:
14680:
14678:
14675:
14673:
14670:
14668:
14665:
14663:
14662:Jim Crow laws
14660:
14658:
14654:
14651:
14649:
14646:
14642:
14639:
14637:
14634:
14633:
14632:
14629:
14627:
14624:
14622:
14619:
14617:
14614:
14611:
14610:
14606:
14604:
14601:
14599:
14596:
14592:
14589:
14587:
14584:
14582:
14579:
14577:
14574:
14572:
14569:
14567:
14564:
14562:
14559:
14556:
14555:
14551:
14549:
14546:
14545:
14544:
14541:
14539:
14536:
14534:
14531:
14527:
14524:
14522:
14519:
14517:
14514:
14513:
14511:
14509:
14506:
14503:
14502:
14498:
14496:
14493:
14491:
14488:
14486:
14485:Black cowboys
14483:
14481:
14478:
14476:
14473:
14471:
14468:
14466:
14463:
14461:
14458:
14456:
14453:
14451:
14448:
14447:
14445:
14443:
14439:
14435:
14428:
14423:
14421:
14416:
14414:
14409:
14408:
14405:
14393:
14390:
14388:
14385:
14383:
14380:
14378:
14377:Secret ballot
14375:
14373:
14372:Redistricting
14370:
14368:
14365:
14363:
14360:
14358:
14355:
14353:
14350:
14348:
14345:
14343:
14340:
14338:
14335:
14333:
14330:
14328:
14325:
14323:
14320:
14316:
14313:
14312:
14311:
14308:
14306:
14303:
14301:
14300:Ballot access
14298:
14297:
14295:
14291:
14285:
14282:
14280:
14277:
14275:
14272:
14270:
14267:
14264:
14260:
14256:
14253:
14252:
14251:
14248:
14246:
14243:
14241:
14238:
14236:
14233:
14231:
14228:
14226:
14223:
14221:
14218:
14217:
14215:
14211:
14205:
14202:
14200:
14197:
14195:
14192:
14190:
14187:
14185:
14182:
14180:
14177:
14175:
14172:
14170:
14167:
14165:
14162:
14160:
14157:
14155:
14152:
14150:
14147:
14145:
14142:
14140:
14137:
14136:
14134:
14130:
14120:
14117:
14115:
14112:
14110:
14107:
14105:
14102:
14101:
14099:
14097:Vote dilution
14095:
14089:
14086:
14084:
14083:Voter ID laws
14081:
14079:
14076:
14074:
14071:
14069:
14068:Literacy test
14066:
14064:
14061:
14059:
14056:
14055:
14053:
14049:
14043:
14040:
14038:
14035:
14033:
14030:
14028:
14025:
14023:
14022:Postal voting
14020:
14018:
14015:
14013:
14010:
14008:
14005:
14004:
14002:
13998:
13995:
13991:
13983:
13980:
13979:
13978:
13975:
13973:
13970:
13968:
13965:
13961:
13958:
13956:
13953:
13952:
13951:
13948:
13946:
13943:
13939:
13936:
13934:
13931:
13930:
13929:
13926:
13924:
13921:
13919:
13916:
13912:
13909:
13907:
13904:
13903:
13902:
13899:
13895:
13892:
13890:
13887:
13885:
13882:
13881:
13880:
13877:
13875:
13872:
13871:
13869:
13863:
13857:
13854:
13852:
13849:
13847:
13844:
13842:
13839:
13837:
13834:
13832:
13829:
13825:
13822:
13820:
13817:
13816:
13815:
13812:
13810:
13809:1st Amendment
13807:
13803:
13800:
13798:
13795:
13794:
13793:
13790:
13789:
13787:
13781:
13777:
13770:
13765:
13763:
13758:
13756:
13751:
13750:
13747:
13735:
13732:
13730:
13727:
13725:
13722:
13720:
13717:
13715:
13712:
13710:
13707:
13705:
13702:
13700:
13699:Ward Connerly
13697:
13695:
13692:
13690:
13687:
13685:
13682:
13681:
13679:
13675:
13668:
13664:
13661:
13658:
13654:
13653:Referendum 88
13651:
13648:
13644:
13641:
13638:
13634:
13631:
13628:
13624:
13621:
13618:
13614:
13611:
13608:
13604:
13601:
13598:
13594:
13591:
13588:
13584:
13581:
13580:
13578:
13576:
13571:
13564:
13561:
13559:
13556:
13554:
13551:
13548:
13545:
13542:
13538:
13535:
13533:
13529:
13528:
13526:
13524:
13519:
13514:
13503:
13502:
13498:
13495:
13494:
13490:
13487:
13486:
13482:
13479:
13478:
13474:
13471:
13470:
13466:
13463:
13462:
13458:
13455:
13454:
13450:
13447:
13446:
13442:
13439:
13438:
13434:
13431:
13430:
13426:
13423:
13422:
13418:
13417:
13415:
13407:
13400:
13399:
13395:
13392:
13391:
13387:
13384:
13383:
13379:
13376:
13375:
13371:
13368:
13367:
13363:
13360:
13359:
13355:
13352:
13351:
13347:
13344:
13343:
13339:
13336:
13335:
13331:
13328:
13327:
13323:
13320:
13319:
13315:
13312:
13311:
13307:
13304:
13303:
13299:
13296:
13295:
13291:
13288:
13287:
13283:
13282:
13280:
13276:
13269:
13268:
13264:
13261:
13260:
13256:
13253:
13252:
13248:
13245:
13244:
13240:
13237:
13236:
13232:
13229:
13228:
13224:
13221:
13220:
13216:
13213:
13212:
13208:
13205:
13204:
13200:
13197:
13196:
13192:
13189:
13188:
13184:
13181:
13180:
13176:
13173:
13172:
13168:
13165:
13164:
13160:
13159:
13157:
13153:
13150:
13145:
13144:Supreme Court
13141:
13137:
13130:
13125:
13123:
13118:
13116:
13111:
13110:
13107:
13095:
13092:
13090:
13087:
13085:
13082:
13081:
13079:
13075:
13068:
13067:
13063:
13060:
13059:
13055:
13052:
13051:
13047:
13045:
13042:
13040:
13037:
13035:
13032:
13031:
13029:
13025:
13019:
13016:
13014:
13011:
13010:
13008:
13004:
12998:
12995:
12993:
12992:Doris Stevens
12990:
12988:
12985:
12983:
12980:
12978:
12975:
12973:
12970:
12968:
12965:
12963:
12960:
12959:
12957:
12951:
12946:
12936:
12933:
12931:
12928:
12924:
12921:
12920:
12919:
12916:
12914:
12911:
12907:
12906:
12902:
12901:
12900:
12897:
12895:
12892:
12891:
12889:
12883:
12879:
12872:
12867:
12865:
12860:
12858:
12853:
12852:
12849:
12837:
12836:
12827:
12826:
12823:
12820:
12817:
12816:
12813:
12812:
12808:
12806:
12805:
12801:
12800:
12797:
12790:
12787:
12784:
12781:
12779:(grandfather)
12778:
12775:
12773:(grandfather)
12772:
12769:
12766:
12763:
12760:
12757:
12754:
12751:
12748:
12745:
12742:
12739:
12738:
12736:
12734:
12730:
12724:
12722:
12718:
12716:
12714:
12710:
12707:
12703:
12699:
12696:
12694:
12692:
12688:
12686:
12684:
12680:
12678:
12677:
12673:
12671:
12668:
12666:
12665:advertisement
12664:
12660:
12658:
12655:
12654:
12652:
12650:
12646:
12640:
12637:
12635:
12632:
12630:
12627:
12625:
12622:
12620:
12617:
12613:
12610:
12609:
12608:
12605:
12601:
12598:
12597:
12596:
12593:
12591:
12588:
12586:
12583:
12581:
12578:
12576:
12573:
12571:
12568:
12566:
12563:
12561:
12558:
12556:
12553:
12551:
12548:
12546:
12543:
12541:
12538:
12537:
12535:
12533:
12529:
12523:
12520:
12518:
12515:
12513:
12510:
12508:
12505:
12503:
12500:
12498:
12495:
12493:
12490:
12488:
12485:
12483:
12480:
12479:
12477:
12475:
12469:
12463:
12460:
12458:
12455:
12453:
12450:
12448:
12445:
12443:
12440:
12436:
12433:
12431:
12428:
12426:
12422:
12421:
12420:
12417:
12416:
12414:
12410:
12402:
12398:
12394:
12390:
12386:
12382:
12379:
12375:
12371:
12367:
12366:
12363:
12359:
12352:
12347:
12345:
12340:
12338:
12333:
12332:
12329:
12317:
12316:
12307:
12306:
12303:
12302:
12298:
12296:
12295:
12291:
12290:
12287:
12280:
12277:
12274:
12271:
12269:(grandfather)
12268:
12265:
12263:(grandfather)
12262:
12261:P. J. Kennedy
12259:
12256:
12253:
12250:
12247:
12244:
12241:
12238:
12235:
12232:
12229:
12226:
12223:
12220:
12217:
12214:
12211:
12208:
12205:
12202:
12199:
12196:
12193:
12190:
12187:
12184:
12181:
12178:
12175:
12172:
12169:
12166:
12163:
12160:
12157:
12156:
12154:
12152:
12148:
12142:
12139:
12137:
12135:
12130:
12128:
12127: (CV-67)
12126:
12121:
12119:
12118:
12113:
12111:
12110:Mount Kennedy
12108:
12106:
12103:
12101:
12098:
12096:
12093:
12091:
12088:
12086:
12083:
12081:
12078:
12076:
12073:
12071:
12068:
12066:
12063:
12061:
12058:
12056:
12053:
12051:
12048:
12046:
12045:Boston statue
12043:
12041:
12038:
12036:
12033:
12031:
12028:
12026:
12023:
12022:
12020:
12018:
12012:
12006:
12003:
11999:
11996:
11994:
11991:
11989:
11986:
11984:
11981:
11979:
11976:
11975:
11974:
11971:
11969:
11966:
11964:
11961:
11959:
11958:Kennedy Round
11956:
11954:
11951:
11949:
11946:
11944:
11941:
11939:
11936:
11934:
11931:
11927:
11924:
11923:
11922:
11919:
11917:
11914:
11913:
11911:
11907:
11901:
11898:
11894:
11891:
11889:
11886:
11885:
11884:
11883:State funeral
11881:
11877:
11874:
11872:
11869:
11867:
11864:
11862:
11859:
11858:
11857:
11856:Assassination
11854:
11853:
11851:
11847:
11841:
11837:
11833:
11831:
11827:
11823:
11821:
11817:
11813:
11812:
11810:
11806:
11800:
11797:
11794:
11790:
11788:
11785:
11783:
11780:
11778:
11775:
11773:
11772:
11768:
11764:
11761:
11759:
11756:
11755:
11754:
11753:
11748:
11746:
11743:
11741:
11738:
11736:
11733:
11731:
11728:
11726:
11723:
11722:
11720:
11718:Personal life
11716:
11708:
11705:
11704:
11703:
11700:
11698:
11695:
11693:
11689:
11687:
11684:
11682:
11679:
11677:
11674:
11672:
11668:
11666:
11663:
11661:
11658:
11656:
11652:
11651:
11649:
11647:
11643:
11635:
11632:
11630:
11627:
11625:
11622:
11621:
11620:
11617:
11615:
11612:
11609:
11605:
11602:
11598:
11596:
11593:
11590:
11586:
11584:
11581:
11579:
11576:
11575:
11573:
11567:
11557:
11554:
11552:
11549:
11547:
11544:
11542:
11539:
11537:
11534:
11532:
11529:
11527:
11524:
11522:
11519:
11517:
11514:
11512:
11509:
11507:
11504:
11502:
11499:
11497:
11494:
11492:
11489:
11487:
11484:
11482:
11479:
11477:
11476:Equal Pay Act
11474:
11472:
11469:
11467:
11464:
11463:
11461:
11459:
11455:
11449:
11448:Vienna summit
11446:
11444:
11441:
11439:
11438:Berlin Crisis
11435:
11431:
11428:
11427:
11426:
11423:
11421:
11420:Cuban Project
11418:
11416:
11412:
11410:
11407:
11405:
11402:
11400:
11397:
11395:
11392:
11390:
11387:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11373:
11370:
11369:
11368:
11365:
11363:
11360:
11359:
11357:
11355:
11351:
11345:
11342:
11340:
11338:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11317:
11314:
11312:
11309:
11305:
11304:Supreme Court
11302:
11301:
11300:
11297:
11295:
11292:
11290:
11287:
11285:
11282:
11281:
11279:
11276:
11271:
11267:
11259:
11255:
11251:
11247:
11243:
11239:
11236:
11232:
11231:
11228:
11224:
11217:
11212:
11210:
11205:
11203:
11198:
11197:
11194:
11184:
11183:
11178:
11170:
11164:
11161:
11159:
11156:
11154:
11153:Timothy Tyson
11151:
11149:
11146:
11144:
11141:
11139:
11136:
11134:
11131:
11129:
11126:
11124:
11121:
11119:
11116:
11114:
11111:
11109:
11106:
11104:
11101:
11099:
11096:
11094:
11091:
11089:
11086:
11084:
11083:Taylor Branch
11081:
11080:
11078:
11072:
11066:
11063:
11061:
11058:
11056:
11053:
11051:
11048:
11044:
11041:
11040:
11039:
11036:
11034:
11031:
11029:
11026:
11024:
11021:
11019:
11016:
11014:
11011:
11009:
11006:
11004:
11001:
10999:
10996:
10994:
10991:
10989:
10986:
10984:
10981:
10980:
10978:
10974:
10968:
10967:
10963:
10961:
10958:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10943:
10939:
10938:
10937:
10934:
10932:
10931:Freedom songs
10929:
10927:
10924:
10922:
10919:
10917:
10914:
10912:
10909:
10907:
10904:
10902:
10899:
10897:
10894:
10892:
10889:
10887:
10884:
10882:
10879:
10877:
10874:
10872:
10869:
10867:
10864:
10862:
10859:
10857:
10854:
10852:
10851:
10847:
10845:
10844:
10840:
10838:
10837:
10833:
10831:
10830:
10826:
10824:
10823:
10819:
10815:
10812:
10811:
10810:
10809:
10805:
10803:
10800:
10798:
10797:Jim Crow laws
10795:
10794:
10792:
10788:
10782:
10779:
10777:
10774:
10772:
10769:
10767:
10766:
10762:
10758:
10755:
10753:
10750:
10749:
10748:
10745:
10743:
10740:
10736:
10733:
10732:
10731:
10728:
10727:
10725:
10721:
10715:
10712:
10710:
10707:
10705:
10702:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10694:"Oh, Freedom"
10692:
10690:
10687:
10685:
10682:
10680:
10677:
10675:
10672:
10671:
10669:
10663:
10657:
10654:
10652:
10649:
10648:
10646:
10642:
10636:
10633:
10631:
10628:
10626:
10623:
10621:
10620:Whitney Young
10618:
10616:
10613:
10611:
10608:
10606:
10603:
10601:
10600:Kale Williams
10598:
10596:
10593:
10591:
10588:
10586:
10583:
10581:
10578:
10576:
10573:
10571:
10568:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10560:Albert Turner
10558:
10556:
10553:
10551:
10550:A. P. Tureaud
10548:
10546:
10543:
10541:
10538:
10536:
10533:
10531:
10528:
10526:
10523:
10521:
10518:
10516:
10513:
10511:
10508:
10506:
10503:
10501:
10498:
10496:
10493:
10491:
10488:
10486:
10483:
10481:
10478:
10476:
10473:
10471:
10468:
10466:
10463:
10461:
10458:
10456:
10455:Bayard Rustin
10453:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10418:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10408:
10406:
10403:
10401:
10398:
10396:
10393:
10391:
10388:
10386:
10383:
10381:
10378:
10376:
10373:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10363:
10361:
10358:
10356:
10353:
10351:
10348:
10346:
10343:
10341:
10338:
10336:
10333:
10331:
10328:
10326:
10323:
10321:
10318:
10316:
10313:
10311:
10308:
10306:
10305:William Moyer
10303:
10301:
10298:
10296:
10293:
10291:
10288:
10286:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10276:
10273:
10271:
10268:
10266:
10263:
10261:
10258:
10256:
10253:
10251:
10248:
10246:
10243:
10241:
10240:Joseph McNeil
10238:
10236:
10233:
10231:
10228:
10226:
10225:Charles McDew
10223:
10221:
10218:
10216:
10215:Benjamin Mays
10213:
10211:
10208:
10206:
10203:
10201:
10200:Vivian Malone
10198:
10196:
10193:
10191:
10188:
10186:
10183:
10181:
10178:
10176:
10175:Joseph Lowery
10173:
10171:
10168:
10166:
10163:
10161:
10158:
10156:
10153:
10151:
10148:
10146:
10143:
10141:
10138:
10136:
10133:
10131:
10128:
10126:
10123:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10101:
10100:Clyde Kennard
10098:
10096:
10093:
10091:
10090:Vernon Jordan
10088:
10086:
10085:Matthew Jones
10083:
10081:
10078:
10076:
10073:
10071:
10068:
10066:
10063:
10061:
10058:
10056:
10053:
10051:
10050:T. J. Jemison
10048:
10046:
10043:
10041:
10038:
10036:
10035:Jesse Jackson
10033:
10031:
10028:
10026:
10023:
10021:
10018:
10016:
10013:
10011:
10008:
10006:
10003:
10001:
9998:
9996:
9993:
9991:
9988:
9986:
9983:
9981:
9978:
9976:
9973:
9971:
9968:
9966:
9963:
9961:
9958:
9956:
9953:
9951:
9948:
9946:
9943:
9941:
9938:
9936:
9933:
9931:
9928:
9926:
9925:Robert Graetz
9923:
9921:
9918:
9916:
9915:Golden Frinks
9913:
9911:
9908:
9906:
9903:
9901:
9898:
9896:
9893:
9891:
9888:
9886:
9883:
9881:
9878:
9876:
9875:Charles Evers
9873:
9871:
9868:
9866:
9863:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9851:
9848:
9846:
9843:
9841:
9838:
9836:
9833:
9831:
9828:
9826:
9825:Vernon Dahmer
9823:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9813:
9811:
9808:
9806:
9803:
9801:
9798:
9796:
9793:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9780:Septima Clark
9778:
9776:
9773:
9771:
9768:
9766:
9763:
9761:
9758:
9756:
9753:
9751:
9748:
9746:
9743:
9741:
9738:
9736:
9733:
9731:
9728:
9726:
9723:
9721:
9718:
9716:
9713:
9711:
9708:
9706:
9703:
9701:
9700:Bruce Boynton
9698:
9696:
9693:
9691:
9688:
9686:
9683:
9681:
9678:
9676:
9673:
9671:
9668:
9666:
9663:
9661:
9658:
9656:
9653:
9651:
9648:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9633:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9625:James Baldwin
9623:
9621:
9618:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9606:
9603:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9595:Mathew Ahmann
9593:
9591:
9588:
9586:
9583:
9581:
9578:
9577:
9575:
9571:
9565:
9562:
9560:
9557:
9555:
9552:
9550:
9547:
9545:
9542:
9540:
9537:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9527:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9493:
9492:Youth Council
9490:
9489:
9488:
9485:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9473:
9470:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9431:
9430:
9426:
9425:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9409:
9406:
9404:
9401:
9399:
9396:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9385:
9383:
9377:
9367:
9366:
9362:
9360:
9359:
9355:
9353:
9350:
9348:
9345:
9341:
9338:
9336:
9333:
9332:
9331:
9328:
9326:
9323:
9321:
9320:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9299:
9298:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9284:
9280:
9279:
9278:
9275:
9273:
9270:
9268:
9267:
9263:
9261:
9260:
9256:
9254:
9251:
9247:
9244:
9243:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9234:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9219:
9218:
9216:
9212:
9206:
9203:
9199:
9196:
9194:
9191:
9190:
9189:
9186:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9154:
9153:
9152:
9149:
9145:
9142:
9141:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9124:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9102:
9098:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9085:
9084:
9083:Freedom Rides
9081:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9063:
9059:
9057:
9056:
9052:
9050:
9047:
9045:
9042:
9040:
9037:
9035:
9032:
9030:
9027:
9025:
9022:
9020:
9017:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9002:
9001:
8999:
8995:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8962:
8961:
8957:
8956:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8942:
8938:
8937:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8919:
8918:
8914:
8913:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8901:
8897:
8893:
8892:
8888:
8886:
8885:
8881:
8879:
8878:
8874:
8872:
8871:
8867:
8866:
8865:
8864:
8860:
8859:
8857:
8853:
8847:
8844:
8841:
8840:
8836:
8833:
8832:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8812:
8810:
8808:Prior to 1954
8806:
8803:
8800:
8793:
8788:
8781:
8776:
8774:
8769:
8767:
8762:
8761:
8758:
8751:
8747:
8744:
8741:
8737:
8734:
8731:
8730:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8707:
8703:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8691:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8675:
8671:
8667:
8664:
8663:
8654:
8650:
8647:
8643:
8640:
8636:
8633:
8629:
8626:
8622:
8620:
8616:
8612:
8608:
8604:
8600:
8599:
8594:
8591:
8587:
8585:
8581:
8579:
8575:
8571:
8568:
8564:
8561:
8557:
8554:
8550:
8547:
8543:
8540:
8536:
8533:
8529:
8528:
8520:
8516:
8513:Risen, Clay.
8512:
8509:
8505:
8502:
8498:
8495:
8491:
8487:
8485:9780762437429
8481:
8477:
8476:
8471:
8470:Golway, Terry
8467:
8465:
8461:
8457:
8454:
8450:
8449:
8436:
8432:
8428:
8424:
8420:
8416:
8412:
8405:
8389:
8385:
8381:
8374:
8358:
8354:
8350:
8343:
8327:
8323:
8322:
8317:
8310:
8308:
8291:
8287:
8286:
8281:
8277:
8271:
8269:
8252:
8248:
8247:
8242:
8238:
8232:
8216:
8212:
8208:
8202:
8187:
8186:
8179:
8177:
8161:
8157:
8151:
8136:
8132:
8126:
8118:
8105:
8090:
8084:
8076:
8072:
8068:
8062:
8057:
8056:
8047:
8039:
8033:
8029:
8024:
8023:
8017:
8011:
7995:
7991:
7987:
7981:
7974:
7970:
7967:
7962:
7946:
7942:
7941:
7935:
7928:
7912:
7908:
7907:
7906:BuzzFeed News
7902:
7898:
7892:
7890:
7873:
7869:
7868:
7863:
7857:
7855:
7838:
7834:
7833:
7832:BuzzFeed News
7828:
7821:
7813:
7809:
7805:
7801:
7795:
7779:
7775:
7769:
7753:
7749:
7745:
7738:
7722:
7718:
7714:
7713:Quinones, Sam
7708:
7701:
7697:
7694:
7693:
7687:
7681:
7677:
7674:
7669:
7663:
7659:
7656:
7652:
7648:
7644:
7640:
7634:
7618:
7614:
7608:
7592:
7588:
7587:
7582:
7576:
7560:
7556:
7550:
7543:
7542:
7536:
7520:
7516:
7510:
7508:
7499:
7487:
7483:
7482:
7477:
7471:
7455:
7451:
7447:
7441:
7425:
7421:
7417:
7411:
7395:
7391:
7385:
7369:
7365:
7359:
7357:
7340:
7336:
7332:
7325:
7309:
7305:
7301:
7295:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7263:
7259:
7255:
7249:
7233:
7229:
7223:
7219:
7218:
7210:
7194:
7190:
7186:
7179:
7171:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7153:
7149:
7145:
7138:
7136:
7119:
7115:
7109:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7081:
7075:
7059:
7055:
7054:
7049:
7045:
7039:
7032:
7026:
7019:
7015:
7010:
7002:
7000:9780465041954
6996:
6992:
6987:
6986:
6980:
6974:
6972:
6970:
6968:
6960:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6948:
6942:
6935:
6931:
6926:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6888:
6881:
6877:
6872:
6865:
6861:
6856:
6850:
6846:
6843:
6840:
6834:
6832:
6823:
6819:
6812:
6796:
6792:
6786:
6778:
6776:0-465-04195-7
6772:
6768:
6764:
6763:
6758:
6752:
6750:
6748:
6746:
6738:
6734:
6731:
6725:
6718:
6714:
6709:
6703:
6699:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6683:
6672:September 25,
6667:
6663:
6662:
6654:
6643:September 16,
6638:
6634:
6630:
6624:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6599:
6591:
6576:
6572:
6566:
6558:
6554:
6548:
6541:
6533:September 13,
6529:
6528:
6523:
6516:
6509:
6505:
6502:
6497:
6490:
6486:
6483:
6478:
6471:
6467:
6464:
6459:
6451:
6445:
6429:
6428:
6423:
6416:
6401:
6395:
6391:
6390:
6385:
6379:
6363:
6359:
6353:
6345:
6343:0-88344-721-5
6339:
6335:
6331:
6330:
6325:
6319:
6311:
6307:
6306:
6301:
6295:
6289:, pp. 628–631
6288:
6282:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6251:
6249:
6232:
6228:
6222:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6203:Golway, Terry
6199:
6193:
6192:0-7914-3362-5
6189:
6185:
6179:
6163:
6159:
6153:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6130:
6126:
6120:
6116:
6115:
6107:
6091:
6087:
6081:
6073:
6067:
6051:
6050:
6045:
6039:
6024:
6020:
6014:
5998:
5997:Miller Center
5994:
5988:
5980:
5974:
5958:
5957:
5952:
5946:
5944:
5936:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5924:
5918:
5911:
5903:September 13,
5898:
5894:
5887:
5879:
5873:
5868:
5867:
5858:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5828:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5798:
5783:
5779:
5772:
5756:
5752:
5746:
5739:
5731:September 13,
5726:
5722:
5715:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5685:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5655:
5648:
5644:
5641:
5636:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5606:
5604:
5602:
5600:
5598:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5561:
5559:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5528:
5526:
5524:
5519:
5505:
5504:
5499:
5495:
5489:
5485:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5426:
5425:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5379:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5353:
5345:
5340:
5338:
5334:
5329:
5321:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5285:
5281:
5273:
5269:
5263:
5255:
5249:
5241:
5235:
5227:
5221:
5213:
5207:
5199:
5194:
5192:
5186:
5178:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5155:
5147:
5141:
5133:
5127:
5119:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5100:
5094:
5086:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5063:
5055:
5049:
5041:
5035:
5027:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5006:
4998:
4992:
4984:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4967:
4963:
4957:
4949:
4943:
4935:
4924:
4916:
4910:
4902:
4896:
4888:
4883:
4881:
4880:San Francisco
4877:
4871:
4863:
4852:
4844:
4836:
4830:
4822:
4816:
4808:
4802:
4794:
4789:
4787:
4780:
4772:
4757:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4730:
4727:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4703:
4700:
4694:
4684:
4682:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4666:BuzzFeed News
4663:
4662:Jeff Sessions
4658:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4644:
4642:
4641:Chai Feldblum
4637:
4633:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4470:
4464:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4400:5 U.S.C.
4395:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4380:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4362:expanded the
4361:
4352:
4350:
4341:
4339:
4330:
4327:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4300:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4278:. Afterward,
4277:
4273:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4256:
4247:
4243:
4238:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4153:
4151:
4150:1964 election
4147:
4143:
4139:
4129:
4124:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4094:racial quotas
4091:
4090:forced busing
4084:Desegregation
4081:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4031:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4005:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3951:Norris Cotton
3948:
3946:voted against
3945:
3944:West Virginia
3941:
3937:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3878:Claude Pepper
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3854:Albert Thomas
3851:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3834:
3810:
3801:
3781:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3714:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3343:
3342:John Sparkman
3337:
3336:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3234:
3233:Massachusetts
3231:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3138:
3137:West Virginia
3135:
3132:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2935:
2934:Edmund Muskie
2929:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2815:
2814:Mike Monroney
2809:
2808:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2706:
2705:New Hampshire
2703:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2646:Gale W. McGee
2641:
2640:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2479:
2478:Frank Lausche
2473:
2472:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2454:Thomas Kuchel
2449:
2448:
2444:
2442:
2441:Massachusetts
2439:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2263:
2262:Daniel Inouye
2257:
2256:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1697:New Hampshire
1695:
1692:
1687:
1686:Norris Cotton
1681:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1566:Frank Carlson
1561:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1543:
1542:Howard Cannon
1537:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1529:West Virginia
1527:
1524:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1494:Harry F. Byrd
1489:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1255:
1254:Gordon Allott
1249:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1210:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1134:
1129:
1121:
1119:
1112:Final passage
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1078:Thomas Kuchel
1075:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:Southern Bloc
1024:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
995:
988:
984:
979:
972:
968:
964:
960:
951:
947:
944:
939:
936:
932:
928:
924:
914:
912:
908:
904:
898:
896:
892:
888:
883:
881:
877:
873:
865:
860:
851:
849:
845:
841:
837:
834:, chaired by
833:
829:
824:
821:
817:
814:
799:
796:
792:
787:
785:
781:
776:
771:
769:
765:
764:Miller Center
761:
753:
748:
739:
737:
733:
729:
723:
721:
717:
716:
711:
710:Supreme Court
707:
703:
699:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:Black Cabinet
654:
652:
647:
643:
641:
637:
636:
620:
618:
613:
609:
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593:
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528:
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486:
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371:
366:
361:
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349:
344:
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335:
330:
329:
326:
317:
311:
307:
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297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
265:
260:
253:
250:by President
249:
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237:
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228:
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208:
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201:
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137:
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127:
122:
108:
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101:
97:
93:
88:
84:
80:
75:
69:
65:
48:
44:
40:
33:
28:
19:
16312:Sportspeople
16282:Billionaires
16199:Sierra Leone
16102:Philadelphia
15938:Jacksonville
15765:Demographics
15597:Jack Johnson
15587:Muhammad Ali
15420:Conservatism
15355:Black church
15252:Andrew Young
15237:Ida B. Wells
15227:David Walker
15222:C. T. Vivian
15177:Paul Robeson
15172:Hiram Revels
15152:Colin Powell
15132:Barack Obama
15087:James Lawson
15042:Jimi Hendrix
15012:James Farmer
15007:Medgar Evers
14977:Ralph Bunche
14927:Maya Angelou
14901:Middle class
14779:Afrofuturism
14705:
14693:
14686:
14607:
14552:
14515:
14499:
14465:Afrocentrism
14455:Abolitionism
14337:Election law
14255:Publications
14164:Young adults
14078:Voter caging
14012:Early voting
14000:Voter access
13922:
13867:and agencies
13865:Federal laws
13613:Amendment 46
13499:
13491:
13483:
13475:
13467:
13459:
13451:
13443:
13435:
13427:
13419:
13411:Contracting,
13396:
13388:
13380:
13372:
13364:
13356:
13348:
13340:
13332:
13324:
13316:
13308:
13300:
13292:
13284:
13265:
13257:
13249:
13241:
13233:
13225:
13217:
13209:
13201:
13193:
13185:
13177:
13169:
13161:
13064:
13056:
13048:
12997:Mabel Vernon
12962:Alva Belmont
12903:
12828:
12809:
12802:
12791:(son-in-law)
12720:
12712:
12697:
12690:
12682:
12674:
12670:Johnson cult
12662:
12649:Public image
12482:Bibliography
12462:Bashir Ahmad
12308:
12299:
12292:
12133:
12124:
12116:
11937:
11916:Bibliography
11835:
11825:
11815:
11770:
11763:Arthur Evans
11751:
11735:Hickory Hill
11569:Presidential
11516:Space policy
11458:New Frontier
11336:
11289:Inauguration
11173:
11113:David Garrow
11093:John Dittmer
10964:
10891:Brown Chapel
10848:
10841:
10834:
10827:
10820:
10806:
10763:
10615:Andrew Young
10570:A. T. Walden
10565:C. T. Vivian
10525:Maxine Smith
10360:Homer Plessy
10340:James Orange
10295:Irene Morgan
10250:William Ming
10230:Ralph McGill
10165:Viola Liuzzo
10150:Jim Letherer
10135:James Lawson
10065:Vernon Johns
10055:Esau Jenkins
10010:Myles Horton
9960:Fred Hampton
9950:Prathia Hall
9940:Dick Gregory
9910:Marie Foster
9905:James Forman
9895:James Farmer
9880:Medgar Evers
9840:Angela Davis
9775:Ramsey Clark
9755:James Chaney
9750:Johnnie Carr
9730:Ralph Bunche
9725:H. Rap Brown
9715:Ruby Bridges
9675:Joanne Bland
9650:Claude Black
9630:Marion Barry
9600:Muhammad Ali
9427:
9363:
9356:
9317:
9295:
9264:
9257:
9252:
9099:
9060:
9053:
8983:Kissing Case
8958:
8915:
8898:
8889:
8882:
8875:
8868:
8861:
8837:
8829:
8749:
8739:
8727:
8688:as enacted (
8668:as amended (
8652:
8645:
8638:
8631:
8624:
8614:
8597:
8589:
8583:
8573:
8566:
8559:
8552:
8545:
8538:
8531:
8514:
8507:
8500:
8493:
8474:
8459:
8452:
8446:Bibliography
8414:
8411:Human Rights
8410:
8404:
8394:December 11,
8392:. Retrieved
8383:
8373:
8361:. Retrieved
8342:
8330:. Retrieved
8319:
8294:. Retrieved
8283:
8255:. Retrieved
8244:
8237:Liptak, Adam
8231:
8219:. Retrieved
8210:
8201:
8190:, retrieved
8184:
8163:. Retrieved
8159:
8150:
8138:. Retrieved
8134:
8125:
8113:|title=
8092:. Retrieved
8083:
8054:
8046:
8021:
8010:
7998:. Retrieved
7989:
7980:
7961:
7949:. Retrieved
7937:
7927:
7915:. Retrieved
7904:
7876:. Retrieved
7865:
7841:. Retrieved
7830:
7820:
7794:
7782:. Retrieved
7768:
7756:. Retrieved
7747:
7737:
7725:. Retrieved
7707:
7691:
7686:
7668:
7642:
7633:
7623:December 28,
7621:. Retrieved
7607:
7595:. Retrieved
7584:
7575:
7563:. Retrieved
7559:the original
7549:
7539:
7535:
7523:. Retrieved
7519:the original
7496:– via
7490:. Retrieved
7479:
7470:
7458:. Retrieved
7440:
7428:. Retrieved
7424:the original
7420:CongressLink
7419:
7410:
7400:December 15,
7398:. Retrieved
7394:the original
7384:
7374:December 15,
7372:. Retrieved
7368:the original
7343:. Retrieved
7339:the original
7334:
7324:
7312:. Retrieved
7303:
7294:
7282:. Retrieved
7265:
7261:
7248:
7236:. Retrieved
7216:
7209:
7197:. Retrieved
7189:The Atlantic
7188:
7178:
7154:(1): 53–94.
7151:
7147:
7124:February 14,
7122:. Retrieved
7108:
7096:. Retrieved
7087:
7074:
7062:. Retrieved
7051:
7038:
7030:
7025:
7017:
7009:
6984:
6961: (1986).
6945:
6941:
6933:
6925:
6913:. Retrieved
6904:
6900:
6887:
6879:
6871:
6863:
6860:Olson, Lynne
6855:
6838:
6821:
6817:
6811:
6799:. Retrieved
6785:
6767:245–246, 249
6761:
6724:
6719:, pp. 187–88
6716:
6708:
6690:
6687:Freeman, Jo.
6682:
6670:. Retrieved
6660:
6653:
6641:. Retrieved
6633:The Guardian
6632:
6623:
6611:. Retrieved
6597:
6590:
6578:. Retrieved
6574:
6565:
6556:
6547:
6538:
6531:. Retrieved
6525:
6515:
6496:
6477:
6458:
6432:. Retrieved
6425:
6415:
6403:. Retrieved
6388:
6378:
6366:. Retrieved
6352:
6328:
6318:
6310:the original
6303:
6294:
6286:
6281:
6269:. Retrieved
6260:
6235:. Retrieved
6231:the original
6221:
6206:
6198:
6183:
6178:
6166:. Retrieved
6162:the original
6133:. Retrieved
6113:
6106:
6096:November 23,
6094:. Retrieved
6080:
6054:. Retrieved
6047:
6038:
6026:. Retrieved
6022:
6013:
6001:. Retrieved
5996:
5987:
5961:. Retrieved
5954:
5932:
5917:
5908:
5901:. Retrieved
5896:
5886:
5865:
5857:
5845:. Retrieved
5841:the original
5836:
5827:
5815:. Retrieved
5806:
5797:
5785:. Retrieved
5781:
5771:
5759:. Retrieved
5754:
5745:
5736:
5729:. Retrieved
5725:U.S. Reports
5724:
5714:
5704:November 30,
5702:. Retrieved
5693:
5684:
5674:February 27,
5672:. Retrieved
5663:
5654:
5635:
5625:November 30,
5623:. Retrieved
5614:
5586:November 30,
5584:. Retrieved
5575:
5545:. Retrieved
5536:
5501:
5488:
5422:
5365:
5343:
5332:
5331:
5319:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5298:Neil Gorsuch
5289:
5287:
5271:
5267:
5253:
5239:
5225:
5211:
5197:
5190:
5188:
5176:
5158:
5157:
5145:
5131:
5117:
5097:
5096:
5084:
5066:
5065:
5053:
5039:
5025:
5008:
4996:
4982:
4969:
4961:
4959:
4947:
4933:
4914:
4900:
4886:
4875:
4873:
4861:
4842:
4834:
4820:
4806:
4792:
4785:
4782:
4770:
4751:
4747:
4725:
4724:
4710:
4709:
4698:
4697:
4680:
4679:
4665:
4659:
4645:
4629:
4593:
4578:
4557:
4546:
4541:
4524:
4507:
4501:
4485:
4466:
4462:
4461:
4426:antisemitism
4413:
4409:
4408:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4377:
4359:
4358:
4348:
4347:
4337:
4336:
4325:
4324:
4306:
4305:
4279:
4265:
4259:
4253:
4251:
4223:
4216:
4209:
4194:
4154:
4142:Ted Sorensen
4134:
4102:Jacob Javits
4087:
4071:
4060:Pauli Murray
4041:
4034:
4030:Carl Elliott
4010:
3911:
3906:
3904:
3864:), two from
3858:J. J. Pickle
3839:
3830:
3741:
3730:
3719:
3695:
3684:
3673:
3662:
3638:
3634:
3632:
3593:North Dakota
3582:Milton Young
3257:Pennsylvania
3065:Rhode Island
3017:Rhode Island
3006:John Pastore
2921:South Dakota
2681:South Dakota
2310:Jacob Javits
2214:Roman Hruska
2094:Vance Hartke
1806:Paul Douglas
1649:Pennsylvania
1614:Frank Church
1481:North Dakota
1302:Bob Bartlett
1230:George Aiken
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1142:Total votes
1115:
1102:brain cancer
1095:
1083:
1067:
1052:
1025:
998:
991:
948:
940:
931:bully pulpit
920:
899:
884:
869:
810:
788:
772:
757:
724:
713:
695:
678:Harry Truman
655:
648:
644:
633:
631:
586:
555:
527:civil rights
523:July 2, 1964
497:
495:
477:
470:
464:
463:
443:
369:
247:
241:
235:
229:
220:
202:
163:Acts amended
158:Codification
68:
46:
37:This is the
31:
16332:US senators
16302:Republicans
16287:Journalists
16144:San Antonio
16109:Puerto Rico
16050:Mississippi
15943:Tallahassee
15916:Los Angeles
15607:Jesse Owens
15592:Arthur Ashe
15450:Nationalism
15440:Raised fist
15403:Black power
15308:in medicine
15242:Roy Wilkins
15197:Emmett Till
15182:Al Sharpton
14947:Julian Bond
14942:James Bevel
14906:Upper class
14896:Stereotypes
14789:Black mecca
14701:Plantations
14480:Black Codes
14310:Citizenship
14051:Vote denial
13689:Edward Blum
13575:initiatives
13518:legislation
13061:(2004 film)
13053:(1920 book)
12723:(2017 film)
12715:(2014 film)
12698:All the Way
12693:(2002 film)
12691:Path to War
12403:(1937–1949)
12391:(1949–1961)
12383:(1961–1963)
12372:(1963–1969)
12255:Ted Kennedy
12141:Yad Kennedy
11409:Vietnam War
11389:Peace Corps
11260:(1947–1953)
11248:(1953–1960)
11240:(1961–1963)
11133:Doug McAdam
11103:Chuck Fager
10730:Nonviolence
10635:James Zwerg
10630:Bob Zellner
10590:Roy Wilkins
10540:Hank Thomas
10475:Pete Seeger
10470:Bobby Seale
10335:Jack O'Dell
10330:Edgar Nixon
10260:Amzie Moore
10255:Jack Minnis
10195:Mae Mallory
10180:Clara Luper
10140:Bernard Lee
10030:Cecil Ivory
10025:Ruby Hurley
9995:Oliver Hill
9990:Aaron Henry
9890:Chuck Fager
9850:Dave Dennis
9740:Guy Carawan
9680:Julian Bond
9645:James Bevel
9635:Daisy Bates
8906:Emmett Till
8789:(1954–1968)
8386:. Reuters.
8192:December 1,
8165:December 1,
8140:December 1,
8094:December 1,
8016:Frum, David
7951:October 15,
7784:November 8,
7758:November 4,
7727:November 4,
7597:November 1,
7268:(40): 199.
7238:November 9,
6979:Frum, David
6893:Freeman, Jo
6757:Frum, David
6135:January 13,
6023:www.nps.gov
5694:GovTrack.us
5615:GovTrack.us
5576:GovTrack.us
5537:GovTrack.us
5337:transgender
5270:(2020) and
5015:seventh-day
4651:Eric Holder
4636:transgender
4404:§ 1009
4185:Robert Byrd
4179:(D-TN) and
3940:Robert Byrd
3850:Jack Brooks
3377:Mississippi
3161:Connecticut
2838:Wayne Morse
2790:Jack Miller
2766:Lee Metcalf
2430:Ted Kennedy
2118:Carl Hayden
2070:Philip Hart
1902:Clair Engle
1841:Mississippi
1769:Connecticut
1710:Carl Curtis
1518:Robert Byrd
1124:Vote totals
1098:Clair Engle
1086:Robert Byrd
1065:Congress."
1013:Mississippi
891:Roy Wilkins
617:White House
16441:Categories
16277:Astronauts
16067:New Jersey
15911:California
15415:Capitalism
15212:Nat Turner
15142:Rosa Parks
15127:Diane Nash
15097:John Lewis
14886:Newspapers
14856:Literature
14841:Juneteenth
14794:Businesses
14648:Exodusters
14616:Free Negro
14154:Foreigners
13993:State laws
13933:amendments
13785:provisions
13694:Carl Cohen
13603:Proposal 2
13278:Employment
12982:Dora Lewis
12967:Lucy Burns
12955:associates
12878:Alice Paul
12789:Chuck Robb
12755:(daughter)
12749:(daughter)
12612:withdrawal
12471:Legacy and
12281:(hamsters)
12197:(grandson)
12167:(daughter)
12015:Memorials,
11740:La Querida
11284:Transition
11270:Presidency
11076:historians
10757:Satyagraha
10723:Influences
10415:James Reeb
10350:James Peck
10345:Rosa Parks
10315:Diane Nash
10185:Danny Lyon
10160:John Lewis
10105:A. D. King
10005:James Hood
9620:Ella Baker
9590:Zev Aelony
8363:October 8,
8211:Justia Law
8135:Justia Law
8066:0700613234
7917:October 5,
7843:October 5,
7345:October 8,
7098:August 24,
7088:The Nation
7014:Kotz, Nick
5547:October 3,
5514:References
4681:Title VIII
4612:directory
4448:See also:
4240:President
4206:Thirteenth
4157:Republican
4121:See also:
4056:Alice Paul
3929:John Tower
3833:media help
3823:audio only
3545:New Jersey
3462:John Tower
3246:Hugh Scott
2910:Karl Mundt
2886:Frank Moss
2753:New Mexico
2561:Washington
2465:California
2297:Washington
1950:Hiram Fong
1913:California
1601:New Jersey
1398:Alan Bible
1326:Birch Bayh
1289:New Mexico
1153:Republican
1148:Democratic
1040:filibuster
1032:John Tower
885:After the
623:Background
596:filibuster
521:, enacted
513:, 78
203:Introduced
129:Public law
116:1964-07-02
86:Long title
16391:Monuments
16267:Activists
16119:Tennessee
16039:Michigan
16023:Baltimore
16013:Louisiana
16006:Lexington
15989:Davenport
15928:Cleveland
15827:Languages
15756:Melungeon
15734:Blaxicans
15602:Joe Louis
15457:Socialism
15393:Anarchism
15122:Bob Moses
15107:Malcolm X
15027:Fred Gray
14891:Soul food
14829:New Negro
14814:Folktales
14724:Redlining
13792:Article I
13155:Education
13013:Paulsdale
12767:(brother)
12706:2016 film
12702:2012 play
12532:Elections
12474:memorials
12257:(brother)
12245:(brother)
12215:(brother)
12132:USS
12123:USS
12017:namesakes
11871:reactions
11646:Elections
10735:Padayatra
10684:"Kumbaya"
10644:By region
10300:Bob Moses
10205:Bob Mants
10190:Malcolm X
10110:C.B. King
9930:Fred Gray
9573:Activists
9214:1964–1968
8997:1960–1963
8855:1954–1959
8692:) in the
8676:) in the
8607:894988538
8427:0046-8185
8421:: 10–11.
8332:April 23,
7878:March 28,
7653:, 2017),
7430:March 14,
7335:USA Today
7033:, p. 187.
6915:April 23,
6824:(2): 194.
6580:April 27,
6444:cite news
5847:March 31,
5817:March 31,
5787:April 11,
5761:April 11,
5357:Influence
4555:of 1950.
4463:Title VII
4338:Title III
4281:USA Today
4242:Joe Biden
4112:Aftermath
4070:wrote in
3874:Ross Bass
3866:Tennessee
3708:By region
3497:Tennessee
3113:Wisconsin
2969:Wisconsin
2609:Minnesota
2513:Louisiana
2249:Minnesota
2033:Tennessee
1926:Sam Ervin
1889:Louisiana
967:Malcolm X
838:Democrat
589:President
537:based on
531:labor law
225:Judiciary
124:Citations
106:Effective
16414:Category
16205:America
16171:Diaspora
16156:Virginia
16089:Oklahoma
16072:New York
16055:Nebraska
16018:Maryland
16001:Kentucky
15967:Illinois
15906:Arkansas
15811:Illinois
15749:of color
15435:Populism
15408:Movement
15325:Religion
14667:Lynching
14450:Timeline
14382:Suffrage
14332:Election
14220:Timeline
14132:By group
14073:Poll tax
13516:Federal
12835:Category
12761:(father)
12600:campaign
12315:Category
12273:Pushinka
12251:(sister)
12239:(sister)
12233:(sister)
12227:(sister)
12221:(sister)
12209:(mother)
12203:(father)
11861:timeline
11571:speeches
11337:Resolute
11275:timeline
10665:Movement
10095:Tom Kahn
9379:Activist
8799:timeline
8702:Archived
8472:(2010).
8435:27880436
8388:Archived
8357:Archived
8326:Archived
8296:June 15,
8290:Archived
8285:NBC News
8257:June 15,
8251:Archived
8221:June 16,
8215:Archived
8104:cite web
8075:53284947
8018:(2000).
7994:Archived
7969:Archived
7945:Archived
7911:Archived
7872:Archived
7837:Archived
7778:Archived
7752:Archived
7721:Archived
7696:Archived
7676:Archived
7658:Archived
7647:New York
7617:Archived
7591:Archived
7492:March 1,
7486:Archived
7460:June 15,
7454:Archived
7314:June 15,
7308:Archived
7284:June 17,
7278:Archived
7232:Archived
7199:March 6,
7193:Archived
7170:30042844
7118:Archived
7092:Archived
7058:Archived
7020:, p. 61.
7016:(2005),
6981:(2000).
6936:, p. 179
6932:(1989),
6909:Archived
6878:(2008),
6866:, p. 360
6862:(2001),
6845:Archived
6795:Archived
6759:(2000).
6733:Archived
6715:(2008),
6698:Archived
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6607:Archived
6575:Govtrack
6555:(2004).
6504:Archived
6485:Archived
6466:Archived
6386:(2009).
6368:July 21,
6362:Archived
6326:(1991).
6265:Archived
6237:June 30,
6129:Archived
6090:Archived
6066:cite web
5973:cite web
5926:Archived
5811:Archived
5698:Archived
5668:Archived
5643:Archived
5619:Archived
5580:Archived
5541:Archived
5382:See also
5374:and the
5339:status.
4726:Title XI
4699:Title IX
4379:Title VI
4349:Title IV
4326:Title II
4169:poll tax
3912:Senate:
3742:Senate:
3659:By party
3641:format:
3521:Delaware
3401:Missouri
3185:Virginia
2873:Kentucky
2825:Oklahoma
2729:Michigan
2633:Arkansas
2537:Missouri
2417:New York
2321:New York
2225:Nebraska
2081:Michigan
1985:Arkansas
1865:Oklahoma
1817:Illinois
1793:Colorado
1745:Illinois
1721:Nebraska
1673:Kentucky
1505:Virginia
1457:Maryland
1433:Delaware
1361:Maryland
1265:Colorado
1195:Result:
1084:Senator
1009:Democrat
911:Virginia
848:1960 Act
844:1957 Act
836:New York
730:and the
651:New Deal
146:78
43:reviewed
16342:Writers
16307:Singers
16292:Jurists
16240:Europe
16194:Liberia
16139:Houston
16043:Detroit
15979:Indiana
15972:Chicago
15955:Atlanta
15950:Georgia
15933:Florida
15901:Alabama
15851:English
15425:Leftism
15295:Museums
14846:Kwanzaa
14771:Culture
14739:Slavery
14442:History
14293:Related
14213:History
13734:Ron Unz
13649:, 2012)
13639:, 2010)
13629:, 2008)
13609:, 2006)
13599:, 1998)
13589:, 1996)
13539:of the
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13077:Related
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11707:debates
11294:Cabinet
10790:Related
10380:Al Raby
9335:funeral
9198:Big Six
8690:details
8674:details
8517:(2014)
8384:Reuters
8160:US EEOC
8000:May 28,
7812:Twitter
7748:Reuters
7565:June 6,
7525:June 6,
7064:July 7,
6991:251–252
6801:May 29,
6434:July 7,
6405:July 7,
6271:May 14,
6168:May 31,
6056:July 3,
6028:July 3,
6003:July 3,
5963:July 3,
5305:Bostock
4711:Title X
4385:General
4360:Title V
4307:Title I
3994:Aspects
3981:), and
3907:Present
3890:Georgia
3882:Florida
3724:in the
3425:Georgia
3353:Alabama
3305:Florida
3281:Wyoming
3209:Georgia
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2777:Montana
2657:Wyoming
2585:Montana
2201:Florida
2177:Alabama
2129:Arizona
2105:Indiana
2009:Arizona
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969:at the
668:issued
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16033:Boston
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15962:Hawaii
15880:Gullah
15690:Yoruba
15680:Gullah
15551:Sports
15469:groups
15299:Women
14836:Hoodoo
14710:(1896)
14636:Second
14612:(1857)
14557:(1956)
14504:(1954)
14392:Voting
14149:Felons
13677:People
13573:State
13565:(1965)
13549:(1961)
13543:(1868)
13523:edicts
13496:(2001)
13488:(2000)
13480:(1995)
13472:(1993)
13456:(1990)
13448:(1989)
13440:(1980)
13432:(1977)
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13254:(2016)
13246:(2014)
13238:(2013)
13230:(2007)
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13206:(2003)
13198:(1999)
13182:(1992)
13174:(1978)
13166:(1974)
13027:Legacy
12743:(wife)
12733:Family
12161:(wife)
12151:Family
11909:Legacy
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11829:(1956)
11819:(1940)
11752:PT-109
11430:ExComm
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10976:Legacy
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