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by Arab physicians around 1000 AD . Opium addiction was rampant in China, and after opium was banned in 1799, opium smuggling became a general industry, and in 1839, the Opium War broke out between
Britain and China. The psychoactive plant Cannabis sativa (hemp plant) was already known in ancient China and India 5000 years ago. The earliest reference was found in a pharmacist's book from 2737 BC. It was written during the reign of Emperor Shennong of China. By 1000 AD, hemp products had spread to the Middle East and Africa. Cannabis probably came to South America in the 16th century. In the 19th century, cannabis was used medicinally due to its narcotic effects. Although many scientific articles on the therapeutic value of cannabis were published in Europe and America in the late 19th century, the use of cannabis in medicine declined significantly in the early 20th century.
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831:). Phytochemicals give plants their color, aroma and taste, and protect them from infectious diseases and predators. As explained in the next section, phytochemicals inhibit cancer cell growth, boost the immune system, and prevent damage to DNA that can lead to cancer and other diseases. This fact suggests that phytochemicals act as antioxidants to protect the body from oxidative damage caused by water, food, and air.
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Many plants contain substances that alter moods and cause euphoria. Some of these psychoactive plants were known to the ancients. The history of poppy cultivation dates back to 3400 BC. In
Mesopotamia. Poppies were cultivated by the Egyptians and then spread to India and China. Opium was widely used
475:
Botanical taxonomy delimits groups of plants and describes and names taxa based on these groups to identify other members of the same taxa. The circumscription of taxa is directed by the principles of classification, and the name assigned is governed by a code of nomenclature. In the
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are not part of the plant kingdom. Some important plant families containing psychoactive species are listed below. The listed species are examples only, and a family may contain more psychoactive species than listed.
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found in plants, the functions of these compounds in human and plant biology, and the biosynthesis of these compounds. Plants synthesize phytochemicals for many reasons, including to protect themselves against
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Psychoactive plants are plants that people ingest in the form of simple or complex preparations in order to affect the mind or
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In the table below, a few examples of significant psychoactive plants and their effects are shown. For further examples, see
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738:, which are chemicals derived from plants. Phytochemists strive to describe the structures of the large number of
751:. The compounds found in plants are of many kinds, but most can be grouped into four major biosynthetic classes:
169:) for thousands of years. Hence, the sociocultural and economic significance of psychoactive plants is enormous.
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Several hundred psychoactive plants are known. Some popular examples of psychoactive plants include
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803:. Examples of psychoactive compounds of plant origin that do not contain nitrogen are
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The
Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnopharmacology and Its Applications
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767:. Active constituents of the majority of psychoactive plants fall within the
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are plants, or preparations thereof, that upon ingestion induce
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Plants that induce psychotropic effects upon ingestion
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137:Psychoactive plants have been used ritually (
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974:. Rochester, Vermont: Healing Arts Press.
488:(angiosperms). There are many examples of
999:Erowid – Psychoactive Plants & Fungi
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59:effects. As stated in a reference work:
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200:Examples of psychoactive plants
65:alter the state of consciousness
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182:Examples of psychoactive plants
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173:History of psychoactive plants
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842:List of psychoactive plants
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675:Erythroxylum novogranatense
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194:List of psychoactive plants
188:List of psychoactive plants
71:Psychoactivity may include
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909:. Park Street Press, U.S.
905:Rätsch, Christian (2004).
253:, temporarily warding off
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210:
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598:Tabernaemontana undulata
161:), and therapeutically (
931:Schultes, Richard Evans
626:Echinopsis lageniformis
211:Main active constituent
882:Richard Evans Schultes
640:Echinopsis scopulicola
69:
49:
937:Hallucinogenic Plants
740:secondary metabolites
612:Lophophora williamsii
433:Lophophora williamsii
214:Psychoactive effects
61:
33:
805:tetrahydrocannabinol
633:Echinopsis peruviana
379:appetite suppressant
324:tetrahydrocannabinol
619:Echinopsis pachanoi
201:
53:Psychoactive plants
862:Psychoactive drugs
857:Psychoactive fungi
852:Psychoactive cacti
654:Papaver somniferum
490:psychoactive fungi
471:Botanical taxonomy
387:Papaver somniferum
208:Common preparation
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167:cannabis as a drug
50:
18:Psychotropic plant
872:Ethnopharmacology
668:Erythroxylum coca
591:Voacanga africana
584:Tabernanthe iboga
549:Camellia sinensis
521:Datura stramonium
514:Nicotiana tabacum
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345:Erythroxylum coca
267:Nicotiana tabacum
117:Nicotiana tabacum
107:Camellia sinensis
41:Nicotiana tabacum
16:(Redirected from
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828:Salvia divinorum
809:phytocannabinoid
801:natural products
757:phenylpropanoids
734:is the study of
717:Salvia divinorum
703:Ipomoea tricolor
486:flowering plants
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563:Cannabis sativa
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689:Catha edulis
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57:psychotropic
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945:. pp.
867:Ethnobotany
823:diterpenoid
761:polyketides
578:Apocynaceae
557:Cannabaceae
507:nightshades
299:, relaxant
130:(including
889:References
765:terpenoids
503:Solanaceae
255:drowsiness
797:ephedrine
789:mescaline
769:alkaloids
753:alkaloids
711:Lamiaceae
606:Cactaceae
529:Rubiaceae
451:mescaline
417:analgesia
375:stimulant
297:stimulant
259:alertness
251:stimulant
159:analgesic
147:entheogen
91:effects.
85:deliriant
77:stimulant
1008:Category
947:2, 9, 34
933:(1976).
835:See also
793:caffeine
781:morphine
777:nicotine
543:Theaceae
425:euphoria
421:sedation
405:morphine
336:euphoria
285:nicotine
239:caffeine
127:Cannabis
81:euphoric
73:sedative
46:nicotine
785:cocaine
482:Plantae
363:cocaine
319:hashish
280:tobacco
132:hashish
124:), and
122:tobacco
38:plant (
36:tobacco
978:
953:
913:
817:) and
763:, and
745:insect
492:, but
446:peyote
234:coffee
157:as an
145:as an
143:peyote
102:coffee
87:, and
825:from
811:from
494:fungi
400:opium
205:Plant
155:opium
976:ISBN
951:ISBN
911:ISBN
773:e.g.
358:coca
163:e.g.
151:e.g.
139:e.g.
34:The
821:(a
807:(a
134:).
114:),
112:tea
104:),
1010::
949:.
897:^
795:,
791:,
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984:.
959:.
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771:(
505:(
480:(
120:(
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48:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
