Psychology of climate change denial

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part of moral social groups that have the ability to remain firm in the face of deep-seated threats. Conspiracy theories also feed into the human desire and motivation to maintain one's level of self-esteem, a concept known as self-enhancement. With climate change in particular, one possibility for the popularity of climate change conspiracy theories is that these theories knee-cap the reasoning that humans are culpable for the degradation of their own world and environment. This allows for maintenance of one's own self-esteem, and provides strong backing for belief in conspiracy theories. These climate change conspiracy theories pass the social blame to others, which upholds both the self and the in-group as moral and legitimate, making them highly appealing to those who perceive a threat to the esteem of themselves or their group. In a similar vein, much like how conspiracy belief is linked with narcissism, it is also predicted by collective narcissism. Collective narcissism is a belief in the distinction of one's own group whilst believing that those outside the group do not give the group enough recognition.

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where there are none when they perceive a loss of control in order to return the world to one they can make sense of. Research indicates that people hold stronger beliefs about conspiracies when they exhibit distress as a consequence of uncertainty, which are both prominent when it comes to climate change science. Additionally, in order to meet the psychological desire for clear, cognitive closure, the likes of which is not consistently accessible to lay people regarding climate change, people often lean on conspiracy theories. Bearing this in mind, it is also crucial to note that conspiracy belief is conversely lessened in intensity when individuals have their sense of control affirmed.

78: 326: 3091: 424:, in which people misattribute events to a secret plot or plan by a powerful group of individuals. The development of conspiracy theories is further prompted by the proportionality bias that results from climate change — an event of mass scale and a great deal of significance — being frequently presented as a result of daily small-scale human behavior; often, individuals are less likely to believe large events of this scale can be so easily explained by ordinary details. 360: 718: 4719: 4707: 856: 4743: 4731: 25: 436:

which often includes those who believe in paranormal activities. Climate change conspiracy disbelief is also linked with lower levels of education and analytic thinking. If a person has a predisposed inclination towards perceiving others’ actions as having been actively done willfully even when no such thing is happening, they are more likely to buy into conspiratorial thinking.

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also a barrier created by the distance portrayed in climate change discussions. Effects caused by climate change across the planet do not seem concrete to people living thousands of miles away, especially if they are not experiencing any effects. Climate change is also a complex, abstract concept to many, which can create barriers to understanding.

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trajectory, that any solution will be too expensive and do too little, or that it is not worth trying to find a solution to something we are unsure is happening. Climate change has been framed this way for years, and so these messages are instilled in peoples’ minds, elicited whenever the words "climate change" are brought up.

273:: limited cognition about the problem, ideological worldviews that tend to preclude pro-environmental attitudes and behavior, comparisons with other key people, sunk costs and behavioral momentum, discordance toward experts and authorities, perceived risk of change, and positive but inadequate behavior change". 203:

real, disastrous and happening now but in most other parts of one's life, one ignores that anthropogenic global warming is, in fact, a real existential emergency and catastrophic." According to Hoexter, "soft climate denial and the thin gruel of climate action policies that accompany it may be functioning as a '

478:’ in the relevant literature. Here the dangers of climate change are experienced in a purely intellectual way, resulting in no psychological disturbance: cognition is split off from feeling. Disavowal can be induced by a wide variety of psychological processes including: the diffusion of responsibility, 542:

People are also very invested in their own behavior. Behavioral momentum, or daily habits, are one of the most important barriers to remove for climate change mitigation. Lastly, conflicting values, goals, and aspirations can interfere with the acceptance of climate change mitigation. Because many of

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Because there is little solid action that people can take on a daily basis to combat climate change, then some believe climate change must not be as pressing an issue as it is made out to be. An example of this phenomenon is that most people know smoking cigarettes is not healthy, yet people continue

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and expanded on the idea in a follow-up article published the next month. Despite the term's earlier, informal usage, Hoexter has been credited with formally defining the concept. In Hoexter's terms, "soft" climate denial "means that one acknowledges in some parts of one's life that climate change is

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Social comparisons between individuals build social norms. These social norms then dictate how someone "should" behave in order to align with society's ideas of "proper" behavior. This barrier also includes perceived inequity, where an individual feels they should not or do not have to act a certain

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Research found that 80–90% of Americans underestimate the prevalence of support for major climate change mitigation policies and climate concern among fellow Americans. While 66–80% Americans support these policies, Americans estimate the prevalence to be 37–43%—barely half as much. Researchers have

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Individuals are alarmed about the dangerous potential futures resulting from a high-energy world in which climate change was occurring, but simultaneously create denial mechanisms to overcome the dissonance of knowing these futures, yet not wanting to change their convenient lifestyles. These denial

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A variety of factors related to the nature of climate change science itself also enable the proliferation of conspiratorial beliefs. Climate change is a complicated field of science for lay people to make sense of. Research has experimentally indicated that people are used to creating patterns

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This inclination is furthered by a variety of possible strong individually and socially grounded reasons to believe in these conspiracy theories. The social nature of being a human holds influential merit when it comes to information evaluation. Conspiracy theories reaffirm the idea that people are

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is an invisible gas, and it causes changes in overall average global temperatures, both of which are difficult, if not impossible, for one single person to discern. Due to these distances in time, space, and influence, climate change becomes a far-away, abstract issue that does not demand immediate

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Several types of perceived risk can occur when an individual is considering changing their behavior to accept and mitigate climate change: functional risk, physical risk, financial risk, social risk, psychological risk, and temporal risk. Due to the perception of all of these risks, the individual

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Ideologies, including suprahuman powers, technosalvation, and system justification, are all psychological barriers to climate change acceptance. Suprahuman powers describes the belief that humans cannot or should not interfere because they believe a religious deity will not turn on them or will do

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People with certain cognitive tendencies are also more drawn to conspiracy theories about climate change as compared to others. Aside from narcissism as previously mentioned, conspiratorial beliefs are more predominantly found in those who consistently look for meanings or patterns in their world,

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In order to address this dissonance, climate change is rejected or downplayed. This dissonance also fuels denial, wherein people cannot find a solution to an anxiety-inducing problem, and so the problem is denied outright. Creating stories that climate change is actually caused by something out of

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Climate change is often portrayed as occurring in the future, whether that be the near or distant future. Many estimations portray climate change effects as occurring by 2050 or 2100, which both seem much more distant in time than they really are, which can create a barrier to acceptance. There is

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McKibben's use of the word "denial" was an early expansion of the term's meaning in environmental discourse to include "denial of the significance or logical consequences of a fact or problem; in this case, what advocates see as the necessary policies that flow from the dangers of global warming."

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This is not climate denial of the Republican sort, where people simply pretend the science isn't real. This is climate denial of the status quo sort, where people accept the science, and indeed make long speeches about the immorality of passing on a ruined world to our children. They just deny the

609:– Events of everyday life usually lack an obvious connection to global warming. As such, people compartmentalize their awareness of global warming as abstract knowledge without taking any practical action. Hoexter identifies isolation/compartmentalization as the most common facet of soft denial. 155:

Climate change denial is most conspicuous when it is explicit, as it is in controversies over climate education. The idea of implicit (or "implicatory") denial, however, is increasingly discussed among those who study the controversies over climate change. Implicit denial occurs when people who

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In popular climate discourse framing, the three dominant framing ideas have been apocalypse, uncertainty and high costs/losses. These framings create intense feelings of fear and doom and helplessness. Framing climate change in these ways creates thoughts that nothing can be done to change the

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He also applied the term to "more 'radical' groups" that pushed for more responsive measures, but "often either miss the mark in terms of the climate challenge facing us or wrap themselves in communication strategies and 'memes' that limit their potential influence on politics and policy." In

700:" – The looming dread of climate change can emotionally overwhelm a person and may prompt a retreat into pleasure for its own sake. Alternately, people may indulge in pleasurable activities that they worry may not be readily accessible in a future society adapted to climate change. 620:, modern comforts and disconnection from nature lead to an assumption that the climate "will provide" for humans, regardless of drastic changes. Though named for a belief found in some forms of Christianity, Hoexter uses the term in a secular context and relates it to 156:

accept the scientific community's consensus on the answers to the central questions of climate change on the intellectual level fail to come to terms with it or to translate their acceptance into action. Such people are in denial, so to speak, about climate change.

447:, contested science, skepticism, and overall denial of climate science. Researchers studying science skepticism of vaccination for COVID-19 see direct linkages between this and science skepticism for other large-scale domain issues like that of climate science. 568:

The difficulty of comprehending the sheer scale of global warming and its effects can result in sincere (albeit ill-founded) belief that individual changes in behavior will suffice to address the problem without requiring more fundamental structural changes.

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will save us from climate change, and so mitigation behavior is not necessary. Another ideological barrier is the ideology of system justification, or the defense and justification of the status quo, so as to not "rock the boat" on a comfortable lifestyle.

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humans’ control, such as sunspots or natural weather patterns, or suggesting that we must wait until we are certain of all of the facts about climate change before any action be taken, are manifestations of this fear and consequent denial of climate change.

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mechanisms include things like overestimating the costs of changing their lifestyles, blaming others, including government, rather than their own inaction, and emphasizing the doubt that individual action could make a difference within a problem so large.

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with nihilism, defeatism, and depression" – In Hoexter's view, genuine nihilism remains a tendency within "hard" denialism; however, people who feel disempowered or overwhelmed about climate change may come to accept an uneasy coexistence with such

788:. But the reality of climate change has nothing to do with politics: it's an atmospheric fact, not a political fact. And the whole idea of needing to keep 'an open mind' to a legitimate 'controversy' is the very essence of modern 'soft' denialism. 113:: cognition, ideological worldviews, comparisons to key people, costs and momentum, disbelief in experts and authorities, perceived risks of change, and inadequate behavioral changes. Other factors include distance in time, space, and influence. 554:, where after completing one small task or engaging in one small behavior, the individual feels they have done their part to mitigate climate change, when in reality they could be doing much more. Individuals could also experience the 577:

If someone is held in a negative light, it is not likely others will take guidance from them due to feelings of mistrust, inadequacy, denial of their beliefs, and reactance against statements they believe threaten their freedom.

346:"It seems as if people stop paying attention to global climate change when they realize that there are no easy solutions for it. Many people instead judge as serious only those problems for which they think action can be found." 310:

said that one "almost couldn't design a worse fit for our underlying psychology or our institutions of decision-making" than dealing with climate change—owing primarily to the short-term focus of humans and their institutions.

1096:"Psychology and Global Climate Change: Addressing a Multi-faceted Phenomenon and Set of Challenges. A Report by the American Psychological Association's Task Force on the Interface Between Psychology and Global Climate Change" 463:’ – a refusal to accept and even deny the scientific evidence- manifested across all levels of society. Large organisations that have a strong vested interest in activities directly responsible for climate change, such as 670:" – Deriving a misplaced sense of superiority over "hard" climate deniers, soft deniers may come to believe that simply acknowledging the existence of climate change or expressing concern is sufficient by itself. 395:

Limited cognition of the human brain, caused by things like the fact that the human brain has not evolved much in thousands of years, and so has not transitioned to caring about the future rather than immediate

631:" – An assumption that global warming can be addressed though minor "tweaks" conducted over extended periods of time. Proposals for more drastic change may be more realistic, but appear "radical" by comparison. 119:

may include anxiety, depression, despair, dissonance, uncertainty, insecurity, and distress, with one psychologist suggesting that "despair about our changing climate may get in the way of fixing it." The

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the goals held by individuals directly conflict with climate change mitigation strategies, climate change gets pushed to the bottom of their list of values, so as to minimize the extent of its conflict.

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truth of both climate science-aligned claims and climate change skeptic/denial claims—"highlighting the insidious effect of repetition". This effect was found even among climate science endorsers.

3156: 565:) is often a reason for denial of climate change. If one accepts that these things cause climate change, they would have to lose their investment, and so continued denial is more acceptable. 399:

ignorance, the idea that environments are composed of more elements than humans can monitor, so we only attend to things causing immediate difficulty, which climate change does not seem to do

101:. A study assessed public perception and action on climate change on grounds of belief systems, and identified seven psychological barriers affecting behavior that otherwise would facilitate 1080: 1471: 657:

Intellectualization – Engaging with climate change in a primarily academic context makes the issue an abstraction, lacking the visceral stimuli that prompt people to take concrete action.

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Denial is manifested at the individual level where it is used to protect the self from overwhelming emotional responses to climate change. This is often referred to as ‘soft denial’ or ‘

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Belief that human activity is the primary cause of climate change varies widely by religious affiliation, with less than one-third of white evangelical Protestants holding that belief.

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is created when people know that things like driving, flying, and eating meat are causing climate change, but the infrastructure is not in place to change those behaviors effectively.

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against tendencies toward complacency and inaction. Depending on perspective, sources may differ on whether a person engages in "soft" or "hard" denial (or neither). For example, the

1141: 265:. Psychological barriers, such as emotions, opinions and morals refer to the internal beliefs that a person has which stop them from completing a certain action. Psychologist 4443: 3054: 1494: 683:– Activists become transfixed with a grand vision of an eventual, fundamental transformation of society, supplanting meaningful concrete action at the day-to-day level. 558:, where one positive activity is diminished or erased by a subsequent activity (like walking to work all week because you are flying across the country every weekend). 1413:

Stoll-Kleemann, S.; O’Riordan, Tim; Jaeger, Carlo C. (July 2001). "The psychology of denial concerning climate mitigation measures: evidence from Swiss focus groups".

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The idea of "soft" or implicit climate change denial became prominent in the mid-2010s, but variations of the same concept originated earlier. An article published by

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Substitutionism – A tendency among politically engaged people to "substitute a high-minded pre-existing activist cause" in place of the more immediate challenge of

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has urged psychologists and other social scientists to work on psychological barriers to taking action on climate change. The immediacy of a growing number of

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Michael Hoexter, a scholar and sustainability advocate, analyzed the phenomenon of "soft climate change denial" in a September 2016 article for the blog

663:– Emphasis on "small" changes to improve one's local environment is a well-intentioned but limited response to a problem on the scale of global warming. 3891: 46: 1535:

Leman, P.J.; Cinnirella, Marco (2007). "A major event has a major cause: Evidence for the role of heuristics in reasoning about conspiracy theories".

3759: 2854: 520: 3142: 2813: 1467: 3696: 1072: 1108: 677:, people may fail to integrate the significance or scale of climate change the framework of their existing beliefs, knowledge, and priorities. 3405: 734: 371:

displayed a snowball—in winter—as evidence the globe was not warming—in a year that was found to be Earth's warmest to date. The director of

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McCauley, Clark; Jacques, Susan (May 1979). "The popularity of conspiracy theories of presidential assassination: A Bayesian analysis".

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columnist remains stuck in various states of 'soft' climate denial". This applied to the writing of Stephens's fellow conservatives (

3991: 3712: 3430: 3207: 35: 4347: 4136: 3304: 2083:"Measuring Individual Differences in Generic Beliefs in Conspiracy Theories Across Cultures: Conspiracy Mentality Questionnaire" 3996: 3959: 3813: 3798: 3717: 3366: 3310: 3036: 1020:

Gifford, Robert (2011). "The dragons of inaction: Psychological barriers that limit climate change mitigation and adaptation".

874: 142: 98: 1486: 503: 4655: 3793: 3127: 2913: 2591: 2542: 1779:"Does Self-Love or Self-Hate Predict Conspiracy Beliefs? Narcissism, Self-Esteem, and the Endorsement of Conspiracy Theories" 1591: 148: 2987: 776:

The irony is that Stephens himself seems to presume that climate science must be understood in political terms—as part of a

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the belief that an individual can do nothing against climate change are all cognitive barriers to climate change acceptance.

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Opinions of five living demographic cohorts in the United States on climate change (Yellow bar is climate change denial.)

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to smoke cigarettes, and so an inner discomfort is elicited by the contradiction in ‘thinking’ and ‘doing’. A similar

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from "what is climate change?" to "nothing is proven!" to "even if it exists...it's a huge opportunity for business!"

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Various psychological factors can impact the effectiveness of communication about climate change, driving potential

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what it wants to do regardless of their intervention. Technosalvation is the ideology that technologies such as

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Help add sources such as review articles, monographs, or textbooks. Please also establish the relevance for any

4774: 4769: 4572: 3856: 3613: 2636:"Americans experience a false social reality by underestimating popular climate policy support by nearly half" 1357:

Stoknes, Per Espen (2014-03-01). "Rethinking climate communications and the "psychological climate paradox"".

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Douglas, Karen M.; Sutton, Robbie M.; Callan, Mitchell J.; Dawtry, Rael J.; Harvey, Annelie J. (2015-08-18).

555: 266: 4665: 4337: 3866: 3861: 3766: 3643: 3200: 3152: 889: 689:– Activists may become preoccupied with a particular vision of climate policy and become caught up in the 3876: 3729: 479: 204: 1834:

Cichocka, Aleksandra; Marchlewska, Marta; Golec de Zavala, Agnieszka; Olechowski, Mateusz (2015-10-28).

4779: 4735: 4499: 4302: 4259: 4032: 3954: 3808: 2608: 2274: 805: 2360: 4794: 4789: 4604: 4279: 4254: 4227: 4189: 4106: 3924: 3771: 3734: 3484: 3253: 3248: 3243: 246: 110: 106: 102: 4119: 3090: 1095: 4614: 4609: 4599: 4540: 4380: 3886: 3851: 3744: 3671: 3512: 3341: 3277: 3238: 2861:, two members of his cabinet defended the move by promulgating a form of soft climate denialism.") 2200:"Someone is pulling the strings: hypersensitive agency detection and belief in conspiracy theories" 879: 796:

expressed varying degrees of soft denial in their work: "Like many liberals, every current liberal

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Swami, Viren; Voracek, Martin; Stieger, Stefan; Tran, Ulrich S.; Furnham, Adrian (December 2014).

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Norgaard, K. M. (2011). Living in denial: Climate change, emotions, and everyday life. mit Press.

617: 207:' device to mask fundamental inertia or a deep manifest preference for inaction while continuing 4322: 4142: 4084: 4001: 3986: 3871: 3517: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 1281:

Jiang, Yangxueqing; Schwarz, Norbert; Reynolds, Katherine J.; Newman, Eryn J. (7 August 2024).

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and compromise their psychological integrity. The threat to self-interest can often result in ‘

3101: 2044:"The Influence of Control on Belief in Conspiracy Theories: Conceptual and Applied Extensions" 4711: 4357: 4234: 4042: 3502: 3425: 3173: 1283:"Repetition increases belief in climate-skeptical claims, even for climate science endorsers" 909: 869: 861: 651: 635: 530: 455:

The realisation that an individual's actions contribute to climate change can threaten their

262: 238: 94: 82: 693:, tedious debates, and far-flung hypotheticals to the detriment of more productive activity. 269:

wrote in 2011 "we are hindered by seven categories of psychological barriers, also known as

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in the abstract while remaining, to some extent, in partial psychological or intellectual

8: 4567: 4342: 3576: 3571: 3045: 2482:"Science Denial: A Narrative Review and Recommendations for Future Research and Practice" 904: 884: 750: 660: 482:, perceptual distortion, wishful thinking and projection. These are all avoidant ways of 325: 303: 270: 2745: 2728: 2651: 2434: 2322: 1916: 1426: 1370: 1309: 1282: 951: 4395: 4327: 4244: 4094: 4059: 4016: 4011: 4006: 3581: 2992: 2758: 2670: 2635: 2548: 2503: 2462: 2336: 2287: 2227: 2177: 2117: 2082: 1944: 1881: 1816: 1759: 1657: 1597: 1552: 1053: 899: 764: 1836:"'They will not control us': Ingroup positivity and belief in intergroup conspiracies" 1434: 654:

and inequality" at the expense of "the future-looking fight to stabilize the climate."

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in 2024 found that even a single repetition of a claim was sufficient to increase the

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Bruder, Martin; Haffke, Peter; Neave, Nick; Nouripanah, Nina; Imhoff, Roland (2013).

2063: 2024: 1983: 1936: 1928: 1873: 1865: 1820: 1808: 1751: 1743: 1704: 1696: 1649: 1641: 1587: 1556: 1392: 1045: 1037: 965: 755: 674: 444: 440: 421: 241:, which refers to explicit disavowal of the consensus on global warming's existence, 216: 2181: 2157: 1964:"Belief in conspiracy theories: The influence of uncertainty and perceived morality" 1885: 1661: 1601: 4672: 4239: 4222: 4163: 4054: 3818: 3542: 3415: 3351: 3115: 3078: 3018: 2933: 2740: 2665: 2655: 2530: 2493: 2466: 2438: 2326: 2269: 2261: 2211: 2199: 2153: 2112: 2094: 2055: 2014: 1975: 1948: 1920: 1855: 1847: 1798: 1790: 1777:

Cichocka, Aleksandra; Marchlewska, Marta; Golec de Zavala, Agnieszka (2015-11-13).

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movement, which he said tends to prioritize "laudable and important concerns about

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Financial investment in fossil fuels and other climate change inducing industries (

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Rutjens, Bastiaan T.; van der Linden, Sander; van der Lee, Romy (February 2021).

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It was pointed out in 2017 that all the other current opinion columnists at the

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may just reject climate change altogether to avoid potential risks completely.

513: 468: 296: 230: 2790:"Generation Z Looks a Lot Like Millennials on Key Social and Political Issues" 2522: 2001:

Marchlewska, Marta; Cichocka, Aleksandra; Kossowska, Małgorzata (2017-11-11).

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Sedikides, Constantine; Gaertner, Lowell; Toguchi, Yoshiyasu (January 2003).

1645: 1637: 1583: 1396: 1041: 969: 960: 935: 759: 639: 456: 161: 3102:"Feeling the Heat: The Challenge of Communicating 'High-End' Climate Change" 2853:("On the first round of Sunday shows since President Donald Trump announced 1924: 1833: 4535: 4332: 3976: 3966: 3623: 3507: 3420: 3143:"Trump cabinet officials propagate soft climate denial on the Sunday shows" 3133: 3083: 2847:

Sources describing Trump or administration officials as "soft" denialists:

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Climate change denial is commonly rooted in a phenomenon commonly known as

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cited. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed.

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There are several beliefs or thought patterns that tend to contribute to

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Wohl, Michael J. A.; Branscombe, Nyla R.; Reysen, Stephen (2010-06-02).

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companies, may even promote climate change denial through the spread of

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meaning of the science, which is that we must keep carbon in the ground.

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about its reality or impact. It is contrasted with conventional "hard"

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New in Our Time: The Truth in 'Post-Truth' – A Response to Finlayson"

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uncertainty, undervaluing of distant or future risk, optimism bias,

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events are thought to motivate people to deal with climate change.

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Sparkman, Gregg; Geiger, Nathan; Weber, Elke U. (23 August 2022).

2609:"Survey: Religion and race shape views on cause of climate change" 1776: 1138:"How our perception of time shapes our approach to climate change" 3527: 3185: 2480:

Jylhä, K. M.; Stanley, S. K.; Ojala, M.; Clarke, E. J. R (2023).

2361:"The psychology of climate change: Why people deny the evidence" 2247: 4530: 483: 143:

Climate change denial § Taxonomy of climate change denial

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Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

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Pew Research Center’s Social & Demographic Trends Project

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has been described as both "soft" and "hard" climate denial.

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weather in a single location in a single week from long-term

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A cartoon to describe the different stages and behaviours of

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credits "Data: PRRI" (Public Religion Research Institute).

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van Prooijen, Jan-Willem; Jostmann, Nils B. (2012-12-17).

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Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change

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Cognitive barriers to climate change acceptance include:

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Igielnik, Kim Parker, Nikki Graf and Ruth (2019-01-17).

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Hoexter's view, soft denial can only be escaped through

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Contreras, Russell; Freedman, Andrew (4 October 2023).

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van Prooijen, Jan-Willem; Acker, Michele (2015-08-10).

1901:"Lacking Control Increases Illusory Pattern Perception" 1249: 1247: 1271: 673:"Confirmation of pre-existing worldview" – Because of 4461:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

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Routledge Handbook of Psychoanalytic Political Theory

572: 537: 16:

Human behaviour with regards to climate change denial

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way because they believe no one else acts that way.

229:) is a state of mind acknowledging the existence of 2633: 1572:"The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior" 1293:(8): See esp. "Abstract" and "General discussion". 256: 2926: 2820: 2769: 2307:"Understanding and overcoming climate obstruction" 936:"Ideology and the Narrative of Climate Skepticism" 2606: 2041: 1478: 4761: 4661:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 3107:Handbook of Climate Change Communication: Vol. 1 2838:Sources describing Trump as a "hard" denialist: 1176: 743:environmental policy of the Trump administration 416:Climate change denial § Conspiracy theories 2583:Climate Psychology: On Indifference to Disaster 1898: 1534: 1507: 940:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2600: 1899:Whitson, J. A.; Galinsky, A. D. (2008-10-03). 1131: 1129: 768:opinion columnist and self-described "climate 725:Soft climate denial has been ascribed to both 3406:History of climate change policy and politics 3201: 2413: 1570:Tajfel, Henri; Turner, John C. (2004-01-09), 735:market-based environmental policy instruments 3031: 2988:"Obama's Catastrophic Climate-Change Denial" 2875: 2812:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1783:Social Psychological and Personality Science 1681:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1569: 1510:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1441: 308:Yale Program on Climate Change Communication 3523:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 2275:1871.1/cffabf10-548b-46a8-9d27-dc5cb2f2b4d6 1126: 4742: 4730: 4187: 3208: 3194: 2968:"A Pocket Handbook of Soft Climate Denial" 2951:"Living in the Web of Soft Climate Denial" 2358: 2254:Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 1626:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1155:National Center for Science Education 2016 638:. Hoexter associates substitutionism with 450: 4482: 4288:Adaptation strategies on the German coast 3431:United Nations Climate Change conferences 3140: 3100:Rees, Morien; Filho, Walter Leal (2018). 3099: 3087:– via NordicWittgensteinReview.com 3082: 3022: 2966:——— (October 6, 2016). 2850: 2744: 2669: 2659: 2520: 2497: 2330: 2273: 2250:"Science skepticism in times of COVID-19" 2116: 2098: 2018: 1859: 1802: 1386: 1308: 1298: 1265: 1238: 1210: 1073:"The Existential Dread of Climate Change" 959: 409: 65:Learn how and when to remove this message 3992:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation 3163: 3057:from the original on September 26, 2019. 2982: 2965: 2948: 2890: 2787: 2304: 1253: 1234: 1222: 1198: 1194: 1166: 716: 519: 502: 498: 358: 324: 219:, not individual action or realization. 76: 4348:National Adaptation Programme of Action 4137:Land use, land-use change, and forestry 3180:from the original on September 3, 2019. 3159:from the original on September 7, 2019. 2978:from the original on September 3, 2019. 2920:from the original on November 22, 2019. 2579: 2359:Mortillaro, Nicole (December 2, 2018). 1447: 1356: 1135: 1019: 314: 4762: 3997:Economics of climate change mitigation 3960:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard) 3483: 3311:Scientific consensus on climate change 2949:Hoexter, Michael (September 7, 2016). 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2383: 2381: 2354: 2352: 2350: 1578:, Psychology Press, pp. 276–293, 1474:from the original on 29 December 2023. 1352: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1344: 1342: 1340: 1083:from the original on 10 November 2021. 933: 875:Barriers to pro-environmental behavior 290:Distance in time, space, and influence 194:Analysis of soft climate change denial 99:scientific consensus on climate change 4656:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 4481: 4186: 3922: 3482: 3394: 3275: 3227: 3189: 3004: 2924: 2914:National Center for Science Education 2775: 2692: 2243: 2241: 2193: 2191: 2007:European Journal of Social Psychology 1968:European Journal of Social Psychology 1721: 1497:from the original on 21 October 2023. 1484: 1408: 1406: 1338: 1336: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1322: 1320: 1182: 1170: 1070: 1015: 1013: 1011: 1009: 1007: 1005: 1003: 1001: 999: 934:Lejano, Raul P. (16 September 2019). 808:) as well as his liberal colleagues ( 590:Psychological reasons for soft denial 354: 149:National Center for Science Education 4678:Representative Concentration Pathway 3629:Tipping points in the climate system 3305:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere 3077:(Special Issue: Post–Truth): 81–96. 3061: 3007:"Mediating Climate, Mediating Scale" 2841: 2826: 2726: 2705:from the original on 29 August 2022. 2619:from the original on 7 October 2023. 2387: 1359:Energy Research & Social Science 1144:from the original on 9 January 2023. 997: 995: 993: 991: 989: 987: 985: 983: 981: 979: 18: 4449:Nationally determined contributions 4159:Individual action on climate change 3374:World energy supply and consumption 3000:from the original on June 13, 2015. 2961:from the original on July 25, 2019. 2746:10.1146/annurev-psych-032720-042905 2709: 2573: 2564: 2514: 2473: 2378: 2347: 2298: 1456:from the original on April 7, 2023. 1136:Hersher, Rebecca (4 January 2023). 1114:from the original on 18 August 2021 895:Individual action on climate change 443:has contributed to the increase of 377:Goddard Institute for Space Studies 170:petroleum exploration in the Arctic 91:psychology of climate change denial 13: 4588:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis 3215: 2419:"Defeating the merchants of doubt" 2238: 2188: 1724:"The case for motivated reasoning" 1448:Barrett, Ted (February 27, 2015). 1403: 1317: 1188: 1104:American Psychological Association 573:Views of others and perceived risk 538:Own behaviors, habits, aspirations 176:, and remaining indecisive on the 131: 122:American Psychological Association 14: 4811: 4515:Satellite temperature measurement 4120:forestry for carbon sequestration 3411:History of climate change science 3166:"Cognitive Dissonance on Climate" 3112:Springer International Publishing 1485:Woolf, Nicky (26 February 2015). 976: 227:implicatory climate change denial 137:Expanding the meaning of "denial" 4741: 4729: 4718: 4717: 4705: 4366:Climate Change Performance Index 3164:Siddique, Ashik (May 16, 2017). 3089: 3005:Pasek, Anne (October 11, 2019). 1093: 1071:Green, Emily (13 October 2017). 854: 257:Psychological reasons for denial 23: 4505:Instrumental temperature record 4456:Sustainable Development Goal 13 3141:Resnikoff, Ned (June 4, 2017). 2832: 2781: 2686: 2529:, Routledge, pp. 417–428, 2521:Weintrobe, Sally (2019-09-05), 2407: 2388:Hall, David (October 8, 2019). 2158:10.1016/j.cognition.2014.08.006 2133: 2074: 2035: 1994: 1955: 1892: 1827: 1770: 1715: 1668: 1613: 1563: 1528: 1501: 1228: 1204: 691:narcissism of small differences 151:referred to "implicit" denial: 4573:Climate variability and change 3923: 3614:Retreat of glaciers since 1850 3035:; Lyons, Steve (May 8, 2017). 2729:"Psychology of Climate Change" 2693:Yoder, Kate (29 August 2022). 1677:"Pancultural self-enhancement" 1160: 1087: 1064: 927: 160:In May 2015, environmentalist 1: 4683:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 4218:Climate emergency declaration 3110:. Climate Change Management. 3062:Read, Rupert (July 8, 2019). 2855:the United States' withdrawal 2216:10.1080/13546783.2015.1051586 1840:British Journal of Psychology 1435:10.1016/S0959-3780(00)00061-3 920: 40:secondary or tertiary sources 4666:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 3892:Middle East and North Africa 3228: 3153:Center for American Progress 3120:10.1007/978-3-319-69838-0_20 2925:Geman, Ben (April 7, 2016). 2727:Steg, Linda (January 2023). 2580:Hoggett, Paul (2019-06-01). 2305:Herranen, Olli (June 2023). 2048:Applied Cognitive Psychology 1300:10.1371/journal.pone.0307294 890:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt 525:called this misperception a 329:Sign at Climate March (2017) 251:its effects on human society 164:penned an op-ed criticizing 7: 3395: 2733:Annual Review of Psychology 1740:10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.480 1549:10.53841/bpsspr.2007.9.2.18 1537:Social Psychological Review 1415:Global Environmental Change 847: 737:. It has also been used in 733:, as well as proponents of 712: 117:Reactions to climate change 93:is the study of why people 10: 4816: 4500:Global surface temperature 4391:Popular culture depictions 4303:Ecosystem-based adaptation 4033:Carbon capture and storage 3955:Carbon offsets and credits 3276: 3075:Nordic Wittgenstein Review 2910:"Why Is It Called Denial?" 2908:Anon. (January 15, 2016). 2900: 2661:10.1038/s41467-022-32412-y 2417:; Conway, Erik M. (2010). 2332:10.1038/s41558-023-01685-6 1522:10.1037/0022-3514.37.5.637 1379:10.1016/j.erss.2014.03.007 758:and Steve Lyons described 489: 413: 318: 223:Soft climate change denial 140: 4785:Environmental terminology 4712:Climate change portal 4699: 4638: 4605:Extreme event attribution 4523: 4492: 4488: 4477: 4421: 4356: 4278: 4228:School Strike for Climate 4200: 4196: 4182: 4151: 4107:Climate-smart agriculture 4068: 4025: 3935: 3931: 3918: 3842: 3705: 3652: 3495: 3491: 3478: 3401: 3390: 3319: 3288: 3284: 3271: 3254:Climate change adaptation 3249:Climate change mitigation 3244:Effects of climate change 3234: 3223: 2972:New Economic Perspectives 2955:New Economic Perspectives 2499:10.1027/1016-9040/a000487 1693:10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.60 1470:. NASA. 20 January 2016. 225:(also called implicit or 200:New Economic Perspectives 168:'s policies of approving 111:environmental stewardship 47:primary research articles 4800:Environmental psychology 4615:Global warming potential 4422:International agreements 4069:Preserving and enhancing 3513:Arctic methane emissions 3435:Years in climate change 3342:Greenhouse gas emissions 3239:Causes of climate change 3037:"Soft Climate Denial at 2876:Proctor & Lyons 2017 2535:10.4324/9781315524771-34 2266:10.1177/1368430220981415 2204:Thinking & Reasoning 2100:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00225 1795:10.1177/1948550615616170 1638:10.1177/0146167210372505 1584:10.4324/9780203505984-16 1197:(the original article); 961:10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0327.1 880:Environmental skepticism 772:", as a soft denialist: 32:This scientific article 4646:Climate change scenario 4298:Disaster risk reduction 3950:Carbon emission trading 3760:U.S. insurance industry 3740:Civilizational collapse 3587:sea surface temperature 2944:(subscription required) 2859:Paris climate agreement 2087:Frontiers in Psychology 1925:10.1126/science.1159845 666:"Moral or intellectual 618:post-industrial society 603:Psychological isolation 451:Threat to self-interest 4639:Research and modelling 4323:Nature-based solutions 4143:Nature-based solutions 4085:Carbon dioxide removal 4002:Fossil fuel divestment 3987:Climate risk insurance 3897:Small island countries 3518:Arctic sea ice decline 3084:10.15845/nwr.v8i0.3507 1728:Psychological Bulletin 1237:; partially quoted in 790: 722: 534: 508: 445:conspiratorial beliefs 410:Conspiratorial beliefs 388: 348: 330: 306:, the director of the 187: 158: 86: 4775:Climate communication 4770:Climate change denial 4600:Earth's energy budget 4483:Background and theory 4371:Climate crisis (term) 4043:Fossil fuel phase-out 3937:Economics and finance 3902:by individual country 3844:By country and region 3819:Security and conflict 3814:Psychological impacts 3503:Abrupt climate change 3426:Charles David Keeling 3259:By country and region 3174:Post Carbon Institute 2640:Nature Communications 2486:European Psychologist 2311:Nature Climate Change 1266:Rees & Filho 2018 1239:Rees & Filho 2018 1211:Rees & Filho 2018 1022:American Psychologist 910:Pluralistic ignorance 870:Anti-environmentalism 862:Climate change portal 774: 720: 652:environmental justice 636:fossil fuel phase-out 531:pluralistic ignorance 527:false social reality, 523: 506: 499:Ideology and religion 367:, Republican Senator 362: 344: 328: 276:A study published in 263:climate change denial 239:climate change denial 182: 153: 141:Further information: 83:climate change denial 80: 4429:Glasgow Climate Pact 4090:Carbon sequestration 3665:Mass mortality event 3114:. pp. 319–328. 2523:"The Climate Crisis" 1722:Kunda, Ziva (1990). 1576:Political Psychology 607:compartmentalization 363:On the floor of the 336:cognitive dissonance 321:Cognitive dissonance 315:Cognitive dissonance 211:business as usual." 178:Keystone XL pipeline 4568:Climate sensitivity 4343:The Adaptation Fund 3799:Infectious diseases 3706:Social and economic 3046:Scientific American 2652:2022NatCo..13.4779S 2435:2010Natur.465..686O 2323:2023NatCC..13..500H 1917:2008Sci...322..115W 1427:2001GEC....11..107S 1371:2014ERSS....1..161S 952:2019BAMS..100S.415L 946:(12): ES415–ES421. 905:Motivated reasoning 885:False consciousness 751:Scientific American 596:soft climate denial 304:Anthony Leiserowitz 271:dragons of inaction 95:deny climate change 4139:(LULUCF and AFOLU) 4111:Forest management 4095:Direct air capture 4060:Sustainable energy 4017:Net zero emissions 4012:Low-carbon economy 4007:Green Climate Fund 3794:Indigenous peoples 3697:Plant biodiversity 3485:Effects and issues 3039:The New York Times 2993:The New York Times 1852:10.1111/bjop.12158 900:Inoculation theory 723: 535: 509: 389: 355:Cognitive barriers 331: 180:. McKibben wrote: 87: 4780:Cognitive inertia 4757: 4756: 4695: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4630:Radiative forcing 4473: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4293:Adaptive capacity 4178: 4177: 4174: 4173: 4038:Energy transition 3914: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3634:Tropical cyclones 3560:Urban heat island 3474: 3473: 3386: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3347:Carbon accounting 3301:Greenhouse effect 3267: 3266: 3129:978-3-319-69838-0 2593:978-3-030-11741-2 2544:978-1-315-52477-1 2429:(7299): 686–687. 2020:10.1002/ejsp.2308 1980:10.1002/ejsp.1922 1911:(5898): 115–117. 1593:978-0-203-50598-4 762:, a conservative 756:Robert N. Proctor 675:cognitive inertia 441:COVID-19 pandemic 422:conspiracy theory 217:collective action 75: 74: 67: 34:needs additional 4807: 4795:Cognitive biases 4790:2010s neologisms 4745: 4744: 4733: 4732: 4721: 4720: 4710: 4709: 4708: 4673:Paleoclimatology 4490: 4489: 4479: 4478: 4240:Ecological grief 4223:Climate movement 4198: 4197: 4184: 4183: 4164:Plant-based diet 4055:Renewable energy 3933: 3932: 3920: 3919: 3755:Economic impacts 3687:Invasive species 3543:Coastal flooding 3493: 3492: 3480: 3479: 3416:Svante Arrhenius 3392: 3391: 3362:from agriculture 3352:Carbon footprint 3337:Greenhouse gases 3286: 3285: 3273: 3272: 3225: 3224: 3210: 3203: 3196: 3187: 3186: 3181: 3160: 3137: 3096: 3094: 3093: 3086: 3072: 3058: 3028: 3026: 3024:10.3390/h8040159 3001: 2986:(May 12, 2015). 2979: 2962: 2945: 2942: 2934:National Journal 2930: 2921: 2894: 2888: 2879: 2873: 2864: 2844:, pp. 92–93 2836: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2811: 2803: 2801: 2800: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2748: 2724: 2707: 2706: 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1034:10.1037/a0023566 1017: 974: 973: 963: 931: 864: 859: 858: 857: 834:Nicholas Kristof 622:anthropocentrism 548:limited behavior 387:climate change. 70: 63: 59: 56: 50: 27: 26: 19: 4815: 4814: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4805: 4804: 4760: 4759: 4758: 4753: 4706: 4704: 4687: 4634: 4625:Orbital forcing 4519: 4484: 4465: 4439:Paris Agreement 4417: 4413:Warming stripes 4352: 4318:Managed retreat 4313:Loss and damage 4274: 4208:Business action 4192: 4170: 4147: 4070: 4064: 4021: 3982:Climate finance 3927: 3906: 3838: 3701: 3677:Extinction risk 3653:Flora and fauna 3648: 3609:Permafrost thaw 3604:Ozone depletion 3533:Extreme weather 3487: 3470: 3397: 3378: 3315: 3280: 3263: 3230: 3219: 3214: 3184: 3130: 3088: 3070: 3051:Springer Nature 3033:Proctor, Robert 2943: 2903: 2898: 2897: 2889: 2882: 2874: 2867: 2837: 2833: 2825: 2821: 2805: 2804: 2798: 2796: 2786: 2782: 2774: 2770: 2725: 2710: 2691: 2687: 2632: 2628: 2605: 2601: 2594: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2565: 2557: 2555: 2545: 2519: 2515: 2478: 2474: 2443:10.1038/465686a 2412: 2408: 2398: 2396: 2386: 2379: 2369: 2367: 2357: 2348: 2303: 2299: 2246: 2239: 2196: 2189: 2138: 2134: 2079: 2075: 2040: 2036: 1999: 1995: 1960: 1956: 1897: 1893: 1832: 1828: 1775: 1771: 1720: 1716: 1673: 1669: 1618: 1614: 1606: 1604: 1594: 1568: 1564: 1533: 1529: 1506: 1502: 1483: 1479: 1466: 1465: 1461: 1446: 1442: 1411: 1404: 1355: 1318: 1279: 1272: 1264: 1260: 1252: 1245: 1233: 1229: 1221: 1217: 1209: 1205: 1193: 1189: 1181: 1177: 1165: 1161: 1153: 1149: 1134: 1127: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1098: 1092: 1088: 1069: 1065: 1018: 977: 932: 928: 923: 915:Status quo bias 860: 855: 853: 850: 838:Thomas Friedman 814:David Leonhardt 778:larger struggle 715: 696:"Commitment to 648:climate justice 644:green anarchism 614:providentialism 592: 575: 540: 501: 492: 480:rationalisation 453: 418: 412: 357: 323: 317: 292: 259: 196: 145: 139: 134: 132:Types of denial 126:extreme weather 71: 60: 54: 51: 44: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4813: 4803: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4751: 4739: 4727: 4715: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4669: 4668: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4642: 4640: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4591: 4590: 4580: 4578:Cloud feedback 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4533: 4527: 4525: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4496: 4494: 4486: 4485: 4475: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4436: 4434:Kyoto Protocol 4431: 4425: 4423: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4415: 4410: 4409: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4388: 4386:Media coverage 4383: 4378: 4376:Climate spiral 4373: 4368: 4362: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4284: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4272: 4267: 4265:Public opinion 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4231: 4230: 4220: 4215: 4213:Climate action 4210: 4204: 4202: 4194: 4193: 4180: 4179: 4176: 4175: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4168: 4167: 4166: 4155: 4153: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4145: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4132: 4127: 4125:REDD and REDD+ 4122: 4117: 4109: 4104: 4102:Carbon farming 4099: 4098: 4097: 4092: 4082: 4076: 4074: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4046: 4045: 4035: 4029: 4027: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3963: 3962: 3952: 3947: 3941: 3939: 3929: 3928: 3916: 3915: 3912: 3911: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3848: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3837: 3836: 3834:Water security 3831: 3829:Water scarcity 3826: 3824:Urban flooding 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3785: 3784: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3763: 3762: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3726: 3725: 3720: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3682:Forest dieback 3679: 3674: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3656: 3654: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3619:Sea level rise 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3600: 3599: 3594: 3592:stratification 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3564: 3563: 3562: 3557: 3547: 3546: 3545: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3499: 3497: 3489: 3488: 3476: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3468: 3467: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3402: 3399: 3398: 3388: 3387: 3384: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3376: 3371: 3370: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3357:Carbon leakage 3354: 3349: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3313: 3308: 3298: 3296:Climate system 3292: 3290: 3282: 3281: 3269: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3221: 3220: 3217:Climate change 3213: 3212: 3205: 3198: 3190: 3183: 3182: 3170:Resilience.org 3161: 3138: 3128: 3097: 3059: 3029: 3002: 2984:McKibben, Bill 2980: 2963: 2946: 2939:Atlantic Media 2922: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2895: 2880: 2865: 2863: 2862: 2851:Resnikoff 2017 2846: 2845: 2831: 2819: 2780: 2768: 2708: 2685: 2626: 2599: 2592: 2572: 2563: 2543: 2513: 2492:(3): 151–161. 2472: 2415:Oreskes, Naomi 2406: 2377: 2346: 2317:(6): 500–501. 2297: 2260:(2): 276–283. 2237: 2187: 2152:(3): 572–585. 2132: 2073: 2054:(5): 753–761. 2034: 2013:(2): 109–117. 1993: 1974:(1): 109–115. 1954: 1891: 1846:(3): 556–576. 1826: 1789:(2): 157–166. 1769: 1734:(3): 480–498. 1714: 1667: 1632:(7): 898–910. 1612: 1592: 1562: 1527: 1516:(5): 637–644. 1500: 1477: 1459: 1440: 1421:(2): 107–117. 1402: 1316: 1270: 1268:, p. 320. 1258: 1243: 1241:, p. 320. 1227: 1215: 1203: 1187: 1175: 1159: 1147: 1125: 1086: 1063: 1028:(4): 290–302. 975: 925: 924: 922: 919: 918: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 866: 865: 849: 846: 794:New York Times 765:New York Times 739:self-criticism 714: 711: 710: 709: 701: 694: 684: 681:Millenarianism 678: 671: 664: 658: 655: 632: 625: 610: 591: 588: 574: 571: 556:rebound effect 539: 536: 514:geoengineering 500: 497: 491: 488: 469:misinformation 452: 449: 411: 408: 407: 406: 403: 400: 397: 379:distinguished 356: 353: 316: 313: 297:Carbon dioxide 291: 288: 267:Robert Gifford 258: 255: 231:global warming 195: 192: 138: 135: 133: 130: 97:, despite the 73: 72: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4812: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4750: 4749: 4740: 4738: 4737: 4728: 4726: 4725: 4716: 4714: 4713: 4702: 4701: 4698: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4651:Climate model 4649: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4637: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4584: 4583:Cloud forcing 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4538: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4480: 4476: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4441: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4420: 4414: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4358:Communication 4355: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4338:Vulnerability 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4308:Flood control 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4181: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4131: 4130:reforestation 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4115:afforestation 4113: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4050:Nuclear power 4048: 4044: 4041: 4040: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3961: 3958: 3957: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3945:Carbon budget 3943: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3921: 3917: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3783: 3782:Mental health 3780: 3779: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3761: 3758: 3757: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3724: 3723:United States 3721: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3714: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3651: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3577:deoxygenation 3575: 3573: 3572:acidification 3570: 3569: 3568: 3565: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3551: 3548: 3544: 3541: 3540: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3400: 3393: 3389: 3375: 3372: 3368: 3367:from wetlands 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3327:Deforestation 3325: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3233: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3211: 3206: 3204: 3199: 3197: 3192: 3191: 3188: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3149: 3148:ThinkProgress 3144: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3092: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3069: 3067: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3047: 3042: 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811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 789: 787: 786:conservatives 783: 779: 773: 771: 767: 766: 761: 760:Bret Stephens 757: 753: 752: 746: 744: 740: 736: 732: 731:conservatives 728: 719: 706: 702: 699: 695: 692: 688: 685: 682: 679: 676: 672: 669: 665: 662: 659: 656: 653: 649: 645: 641: 640:eco-socialism 637: 633: 630: 626: 623: 619: 615: 611: 608: 604: 601: 600: 599: 597: 587: 583: 579: 570: 566: 564: 559: 557: 553: 549: 544: 532: 528: 522: 518: 515: 505: 496: 487: 485: 481: 477: 472: 470: 466: 462: 458: 457:self-interest 448: 446: 442: 437: 433: 429: 425: 423: 417: 404: 401: 398: 394: 393: 392: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 361: 352: 347: 343: 339: 337: 327: 322: 312: 309: 305: 301: 298: 287: 285: 281: 280: 274: 272: 268: 264: 254: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 218: 212: 210: 209:fossil-fueled 206: 201: 191: 186: 181: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 162:Bill McKibben 157: 152: 150: 144: 129: 127: 123: 118: 114: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 84: 79: 69: 66: 58: 55:February 2020 48: 42: 41: 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Retrieved 2793: 2783: 2778:, p. 6. 2771: 2736: 2732: 2698: 2688: 2643: 2639: 2629: 2621: 2612: 2602: 2586:. Springer. 2582: 2575: 2566: 2556:, retrieved 2526: 2516: 2489: 2485: 2475: 2426: 2422: 2409: 2397:. Retrieved 2393: 2368:. Retrieved 2364: 2314: 2310: 2300: 2257: 2253: 2210:(1): 57–77. 2207: 2203: 2149: 2145: 2135: 2090: 2086: 2076: 2051: 2047: 2037: 2010: 2006: 1996: 1971: 1967: 1957: 1908: 1904: 1894: 1843: 1839: 1829: 1786: 1782: 1772: 1731: 1727: 1717: 1687:(1): 60–79. 1684: 1680: 1670: 1629: 1625: 1615: 1605:, retrieved 1575: 1565: 1543:(2): 18–28. 1540: 1536: 1530: 1513: 1509: 1503: 1491:The Guardian 1490: 1480: 1462: 1443: 1418: 1414: 1388:11250/278817 1362: 1358: 1290: 1286: 1261: 1230: 1218: 1206: 1190: 1178: 1169:; quoted in 1162: 1150: 1116:. Retrieved 1102: 1089: 1076: 1066: 1025: 1021: 943: 939: 929: 830:Paul Krugman 826:Charles Blow 822:Gail Collins 810:Maureen Dowd 806:David Brooks 802:Ross Douthat 797: 793: 791: 775: 763: 749: 747: 724: 687:Sectarianism 595: 593: 584: 580: 576: 567: 560: 547: 546:One type of 545: 541: 526: 510: 493: 473: 454: 438: 434: 430: 426: 419: 390: 384: 380: 349: 345: 340: 332: 302: 293: 283: 278: 275: 260: 226: 222: 221: 213: 199: 197: 188: 183: 172:, expanding 166:Barack Obama 159: 154: 146: 115: 90: 88: 61: 52: 33: 4563:Carbon sink 4541:atmospheric 4406:video games 4080:Blue carbon 3713:Agriculture 3692:Marine life 3639:Water cycle 3597:temperature 3332:Fossil fuel 2739:: 391–421. 2646:(1): 4779. 2399:December 7, 2370:December 7, 1861:10071/12230 1804:10071/11366 1365:: 161–170. 1118:16 February 842:Roger Cohen 818:Frank Bruni 465:fossil fuel 439:The global 365:U.S. Senate 300:attention. 249:(including 205:face-saving 174:coal mining 4764:Categories 4595:Cryosphere 4556:permafrost 4328:Resilience 4280:Adaptation 4255:Litigation 4245:Governance 4190:adaptation 3972:Carbon tax 3925:Mitigation 3862:Antarctica 3750:Disability 3017:(4): 159. 3011:Humanities 2799:2024-01-15 2776:Pasek 2019 2558:2020-09-18 1607:2021-05-09 1183:Geman 2016 1171:Geman 2016 921:References 668:narcissism 646:, and the 629:gradualism 563:sunk costs 529:a form of 414:See also: 369:Jim Inhofe 319:See also: 107:adaptation 103:mitigation 4610:Feedbacks 4381:Education 3882:Caribbean 3877:Australia 3804:Migration 3767:Fisheries 3718:Livestock 3644:Wildfires 3550:Heat wave 2857:from the 2842:Read 2019 2827:Read 2019 2763:252310788 2553:210572297 2508:254665552 2451:0028-0836 2341:259114477 2292:232132760 2284:1368-4302 2232:146892686 2224:1354-6783 2166:0010-0277 2146:Cognition 2109:1664-1078 2068:0888-4080 2029:0046-2772 1988:0046-2772 1933:0036-8075 1870:0007-1269 1821:146661388 1813:1948-5506 1748:1939-1455 1701:1939-1315 1646:0146-1672 1557:245126866 1397:2214-6296 1042:1935-990X 970:0003-0007 708:nihilism. 612:"Climate 476:disavowal 461:denialism 284:perceived 235:denialism 36:citations 4736:Glossary 4724:Category 4546:biologic 4260:Politics 4152:Personal 3857:Americas 3730:Children 3496:Physical 3289:Overview 3229:Overview 3178:Archived 3157:Archived 3055:Archived 2998:Archived 2976:Archived 2959:Archived 2918:Archived 2808:cite web 2755:36108263 2703:Archived 2680:35999211 2617:Archived 2459:20535183 2365:CBC News 2182:15915194 2174:25217762 2127:23641227 1941:18832647 1886:25101456 1878:26511288 1709:12518971 1662:33363661 1654:20519571 1602:49235478 1495:Archived 1472:Archived 1454:Archived 1310:11305575 1287:PLOS ONE 1142:Archived 1109:Archived 1081:Archived 1050:21553954 848:See also 782:liberals 780:between 770:agnostic 727:liberals 713:Examples 698:Hedonism 661:Localism 627:"Carbon 552:tokenism 279:PLOS One 4551:oceanic 4401:fiction 4250:Justice 4201:Society 3809:Poverty 3528:Drought 3396:History 3320:Sources 2901:Sources 2671:9399177 2648:Bibcode 2467:4414326 2431:Bibcode 2319:Bibcode 2118:3639408 2093:: 225. 1949:1593413 1913:Bibcode 1905:Science 1764:9703661 1756:2270237 1452:. 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