Psychological operations (United States)

858: 453: 1185:. PSYOP conveys selected information and indicators to foreign audiences to influence their emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and ultimately the behavior of foreign organizations, groups, and individuals in a manner favorable to the commander’s objectives. PSYOP enables the Marine Corps to understand and achieve effects in the information environment. PSYOP Marines are primarily responsible for the analysis of cultural factors, as well as the development and distribution of products used to cause informational and psychological effects. PSYOP researches and determines effective methods of influencing foreign populations from a variety of information sources. PSYOP Marines operate and maintain a variety of message dissemination equipment. Interpersonal communication skills, interest in foreign cultures and languages, and the ability to analyze and organize information are required. PSYOP Marines build rapport with key leaders in unfamiliar surroundings. 1363:

the United Nations (UN) forces claimed to have surrendered at least in part because of the propaganda leaflets. The contributions of PSYOP in the first Persian Gulf War have also been corroborated through POW interviews. Ninety-eight percent of the 87,000 POWs captured either possessed or had seen PSYOP leaflets that provided them with instructions on how to approach U.S. troops to surrender. Fifty-eight percent of the prisoners interviewed claimed to have heard coalition radio broadcasts, and 46 percent believed that the coalition broadcasts were truthful despite coming from their enemy. Again, some portion of the surrenders might have occurred even without PSYOP encouragement; but certainly, there would appear to be a correlation between PSYOP, which offered the enemy a way to escape the onslaught of U.S. military power, and their compliance with those instructions.

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the leaflets. General Pershing is supposed to have personally composed Leaflet “Y,” Austria Is Out of the War, which was run off on First Army presses, but distributed by the Propaganda Sub-Section. That Sub-Section, perhaps reflecting some professional jealousy, thought the leaflet sound in principle, but too prolix and a little too “brotherly.” Corps and Army presses issued several small leaflet editions containing a “news flash,” after the Sub-Section had approved their content. But in one or two cases that approval was not obtained, and in one unfortunate example a leaflet in Romanian committed the Allies and the United States to the union of all Romanians in Austria-Hungary with Romania. Such geopolitics was emphatically not the job of AEF propaganda and had the potential to cause serious embarrassment.

1100:(1) The formulation of policies and plans for a national foreign information program in time of peace. This program shall include all foreign information activities conducted by departments and agencies of the U. S. Government. (2) The formulation of national psychological warfare policy in time of national emergency and the initial stages of war. (3) The coordination of policies and plans for the national foreign information program and for overt psychological warfare with the Department of Defense, with other appropriate departments and agencies of the U.S. Government, and with related planning. (4) Plans prepared by this organization for overt psychological warfare in time of national emergency or the initial stages of war shall provide for: 1771:

911 in the United States, with the ultimately successful goal of encouraging civilians to report the presence of landmines and unexploded ordnance for safe removal and destruction. The threat was so significant and the civilian casualty rate so alarming that this mission became the major focus. Support was sought and achieved from DC Comics, who produced special editions of Superman comics printed in the Croatian and Serbian dialects, with equal editions printed in Latinic and Cyrillic alphabets for appropriate audiences. German organizations also contributed with print editions of a children's magazine developed in Germany specifically for this mission called "Mirko", a play on the Serbo-Croatian word "mir", meaning "peace".

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of the decision prior to burning the bodies. When his battalion commander was notified, he ordered the flaming bodies to be extinguished. An official investigation into the incident found evidence of poor decision making, poor judgement, poor reporting, and a lack of knowledge and respect for local Afghan custom and tradition. The infantry officer received a general officer letter of reprimand. Reserve PSYOP soldiers were involved because they heard about the incident and used the information to incite Taliban fighters in another area where freelance journalist Stephen Dupont was located. Dupont reported that the PSYOP soldiers claimed the bodies were to be burned due to hygiene concerns.

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dependents at the installation, but security considerations prevented evacuating them before the attack. Concern for U.S. citizens, and rules of engagement (ROE) that directed casualties be minimized, PSYOP loudspeaker teams, from the 1st Bn, 4th PSYOP Gp, became a key asset. When the PDF did not surrender after initial appeals, the message changed, with the tactical commander warning "that resistance was hopeless in the face of overwhelming firepower and a series of demonstrations took place, escalating from small arms to 105 mm howitzer rounds. Subsequent broadcasts convinced the PDF to give up. The entire process allowed Ft. Amador to be secured with few casualties and minimal damage."

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6th PSYOP Battalion, which had just arrived from Fort Bragg. 6th PSYOP Battalion was based in downtown Saigon, with subordinate companies of 244th in DaNang (I Corps), 245th in Nha Trang (II Corps), and 246th in Bien Hoa (III Corps). In late 1967, the 19th PSYOP Company was reassigned from the 3rd Special Forces Group at Fort Bragg to be a subordinate company based in the Mekong Delta (IV Corps) of the 6th Battalion. These companies were later enlarged to each become a battalion, and 6th PSYOP Battalion became the 4th PSYOP Group, the headquarters unit in Saigon for the four companies, now battalions.

743: 183: 1406:, was both more ambitious and more thoroughly successful than either precedent. Rather than helping a prominent contender gain power with a few inducements, PBSuccess used an intensive paramilitary and psychological campaign to replace a popular, elected government with a political non-entity. In method scale and conception it had no antecedent, and its triumph confirmed the belief of many in the Eisenhower Administration that covert operations offered a safe, inexpensive substitute for armed force in resisting what they declared was Communist inroad in the Third World. 1763:

Campaign" (IFOR-CJIIC) at Sarajevo, initially operating out of the former Zetra Olympic Stadium. Security at Sarajevo was provided by British, French, Italian and Turkish conventional military forces, who had been operating there under United Nations control until NATO initiated operations. Elements of the 3rd PSYOP Battalion also deployed to Sarajevo and conducted print, radio and television product development. Elements of the 9th PSYOP Battalion deployed to Tuzla in direct support of the 1st Armored Division conducting media dissemination by radio and handbill.

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win this war by military means alone.” Westmoreland’s successor, Creighton Abrams, is known to have sent down guidelines to the 4th Psychological Operations Group that resulted in the drawing up of no fewer than 17 leaflets along those lines. In fact, the interest in PSYOP went all the way up to the Presidency; weekly reports from JUSPAO were sent to the White House, as well as to the Pentagon and the Ambassador in Saigon. In sum, it is a myth that the United States, stubbornly fixated on a World War II-style conventional war, was unaware of the "other war."

1063:, the 2003 invasion of Iraq, one in the northern area and one in the southern part of the country, both far enough from harm’s way to keep the aircraft out of reach of potential enemy attack. At their operational altitude of 18,000 feet (5,500 m) and assuming clear channels, these aircraft can transmit radio and TV signals approximately 170 miles (270 km), which does not reach the objective areas near Baghdad. Straightforward physics dictate the range, given the power installed and the antenna configuration and assuming clear channels. 1726:

take the strongpoint by force, the Spanish-speaking personnel would phone the Panamian commander, tell him to put away his weapons and assemble his men on the parade ground, or face lethal consequences. Because of the heavy reliance on telephones, these missions were nicknamed "Ma Bell" operations. "During this ten day period, TF BLACK elements were instrumental in the surrender of 14 cuartels (strongpoints), almost 2,000 troops, and over 6,000 weapons without a single U.S. casualty. Several high-ranking cronies of

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Baghdad, but was carefully orchestrated and overseen by a team within US Army PSYOP. Accusations centered around inaccurate media depictions that included inflation of the number of "locals" who were present and cheering that day, as well as the charge that the "local" Iraqis were not even from the area, but were in fact recruited by American Intelligence, and brought in for the sole purpose of participating in the pre-planned toppling.

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Operations (IO) includes all actions taken to affect enemy information and information systems while defending friendly information and information systems. IO is focused on the adversary’s key decision-makers and is conducted during all phases of an operation, across the range of military operations, and at every level. IO, in planning and execution, seeks to coordinate and integrate MAGTF actions and communications and enhance all

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necessary. The unit is capable of being fully operational within 48 hours of receipt of tasking. The unit's equipment consists of a 10.6 kW AM band broadcast radio transmitter; a broadcast studio van; antenna tuner; two antennas (a pneumatically raised 100-foot (30 m) top-loaded antenna mast and a 500-foot (150 m) wire helium balloon antenna); and a 30 kW generator that provides power to the system.

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Operations officer nor was he in charge of a Psychological Operations unit and acknowledged that Caldwell's orders were "fairly innocuous." Officials say that Holmes spent his time in theater starting a strategic communications business with Maj. Laural Levine, with whom he conducted an improper relationship in Afghanistan. A former aid said, "At no point did Holmes ever provide a product to Gen. Caldwell". General

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Reserve PSYOP audiovisual unit supports the Atlantic Fleet. Navy personnel assets have the capability to produce documents, posters, articles, and other material suitable for PSYOP. Administrative capabilities exist ashore and afloat that prepare and produce various quantities of printed materials. Language capabilities exist in naval intelligence and among naval personnel for most European and Asian languages.

1518: 330:(DOD) assets. Operational PSYOP are conducted across the range of military operations, including during peacetime, in a defined operational area to promote the effectiveness of the joint force commander's (JFC) campaigns and strategies. Tactical PSYOP are conducted in the area assigned to a tactical commander across the range of military operations to support the tactical mission against opposing forces. 1358:

front lines, while heavy bombers dropped leaflets in the rear. Over 2.5 billion leaflets were dropped over North Korea during the war. There was a somewhat artificial distinction made between strategic and tactical leaflets: rather than differentiating by the message, tactical leaflets were delivered within 40 miles (64 km) of the front lines and strategic leaflets were those delivered farther away.

834:. Upon selection for Psychological Operations, Soldiers then enter the Psychological Operations Qualification Course (POQC) or "Q-Course" consisting of Special Operations Language training, advance cultural and regional studies, MOS specific training, special operations particular training along with a culmination exercise which incorporates and validates the new skillsets attained by the Soldier. 27: 96: 1767:

and television as well as considerable handbill, poster and souvenir distribution such as soccer balls and coloring books. At the start of the mission, PSYOP forces in Sarajevo often came under sniper fire. Although several 6th PSYOP Battalion HUMMWV vehicles were damaged by gunfire, no casualties were sustained. Gunfire incidents largely subsided within the first 90 days of the mission.

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cyberspace). One of the foundational struggles, in warfare in the physical domains, is to shape the environment such that the contest of arms will be fought on terms that are to your advantage. Likewise, a key component of the “Battle of the Narrative” is to succeed in establishing the reasons for and potential outcomes of the conflict, on terms favorable to your efforts.

196: 1915:, U.S. PSYOP teams often broadcast abrasive messages over loudspeakers to try to tempt enemy fighters into direct confrontation, where the Americans have the upper hand. Other times, they use their loudspeaker to convince enemy soldiers to surrender. In the Afghanistan incident, a PSYOP sergeant allegedly broadcast the following message to the Taliban: 1055:. The purpose of COMMANDO SOLO is to provide an aerial platform for broadcast media on both television and radio. The media broadcast is created by various agencies and organizations. As part of the broader function of information operations, COMMANDO SOLO can also jam the enemy's broadcasts to his own people, or his psychological warfare broadcasting. 610:

PSYOP into all plans and operations, and limited the PSYOP focus to the operational and tactical levels. Psychological operations do not accomplish missions alone. They work best when they are combined with and integrated in an overall theater campaign plan. In Operation RESTORE HOPE, U.S. physchological operations were successful in doing that.

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command and control. When properly employed, PSYOP have the potential to save the lives of friendly or enemy forces by reducing the adversary's will to fight. By lowering the adversary's morale and then its efficiency, PSYOP can also discourage aggressive actions by creating indifference within their ranks, ultimately leading to surrender.

444:, and counterinsurgency (COIN) operations. PSYOP can include military operations other than warfare and also include joint operations. They include counterterrorism operations, peace operations, noncombatant evacuation, enforcement of sanctions and maritime interception operations, strikes and raids, etc. 1709:

were hardly noticed by either the U.S. public or the general military community. But the special operations community did notice. The lessons learned in Panama were incorporated into standard operating procedures. Where possible, immediate changes were made to capitalize on the PSYOP successes of the

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Various methods were used to deliver propaganda, with constraints imposed by exceptionally rugged terrain and that radios were relatively uncommon among DPRK and PRC troops. Loudspeaker teams often had to get dangerously close to enemy positions. Artillery and light aircraft delivered leaflets on the

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PSYOP Marines enable the Marine Corps to achieve targeted effects in the information environment (IE) by conducting Military Information Support Operations (MISO), providing Civil Authorities Information Support (CAIS), or supporting Military Deception (MILDEC). MISO are missions that convey selected

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Gray information is information whose content is such that the effect will be increased if the hand of the U.S. Government and in some cases any American participation are not revealed. It is simply a means for the U.S. to present viewpoints which are in the interest of U.S. foreign policy, but which

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in an influence operation in Central Asia and the Middle East. Their posts, including nearly 300,000 tweets, were primarily in Arabic, Farsi and Russian. They criticized Iran, China and Russia and gave pro-Western narratives. Data suggested the activity was a series of covert campaigns rather than a

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a three-star General in charge of training troops in Afghanistan, ordered Holmes and his group to perform in-depth research on visiting U.S. congressmen in order to spin presentations and visits. According to Holmes, his team was tasked with "illegally providing themes and messages to influence the

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An unusual technique, developed in real time, was termed the "Ma Bell Mission", or, more formally, capitulation missions. There were a number of Panamian strongpoints that continued to have telephone access. By attaching Spanish-speaking Special Forces personnel to a combat unit that would otherwise

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was notably supportive of psychological operations, had psychological warfare organization in the staff of all his commands, and worked with OSS and OWI. The military did theater-level white propaganda, although the black propaganda function varied, often carried out by joint U.S.-UK organizations.

1006:(aka Leaflet Bomb). The Navy coordinates extensively with the Army as the majority of PSYOP assets reside within USASOC. PSYOP planning and execution is coordinated through the Naval Network Warfare Command (NETWARCOM) and the Naval Information Operations Command (NIOC), both located in Norfolk, VA. 848:

A U.S. Army field manual released in January 2013 states that "Inform and Influence Activities" are critical for describing, directing, and leading military operations. Several Army Division leadership staff are assigned to “planning, integration and synchronization of designated information-related

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PSYOP forces are restricted by policy and SecDef guidance to only broadcasting and disseminating public information. When authorized for employment in this manner, PSYOP forces utilize their media development, production, and dissemination capabilities to deliver public or other critical information

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PSYOP involves the careful creation and dissemination of a product message. There are three types of products that are used to create these messages. They include White products which are used in overt operations and Gray or Black products which are used in covert PSYOP. White, Gray, and Black don't

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On 1 October 2005 in Gumbad, Afghanistan, soldiers from the 173rd Airborne burned the bodies of two Taliban fighters killed in a firefight the previous day for hygienic reasons, despite Islamic customs that forbid cremation. The platoon leader also failed to properly notify his battalion commander

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during the late 1990s. The program was an attempt to provide its PSYOP personnel with the expertise developed by the private sector under its "Training with Industry" program. The program caused concern about the influence these soldiers might have on American news and the programs were terminated.

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As the mission continued to develop, PSYOP forces assumed new information support missions focused on educating the civilian population to the considerable danger of landmines and unexploded ordnance littering the countryside. A reporting system was developed for the civilian population similar to

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As early as August 1964, almost one year before the activation of the Joint U.S. Public Affairs Office (JUSPAO), General William Westmoreland told a CA and PSYOP conference that “psychological warfare and civic action are the very essence of the counterinsurgency campaign here in Vietnam…you cannot

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Less direct and immediate correlation between tactical PSYOP efforts and target audience behavior may still be substantiated after the fact, especially by means of polling and interviews. For example, in the Korean War, approximately one-third of the total prisoner of war (POW) population polled by

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The Fleet Tactical Readiness Group provides equipment and technical maintenance support to conduct civil radio broadcasts and broadcast jamming in the amplitude modulation frequency band. This unit is not trained to produce PSYOP products and must be augmented with PSYOP personnel or linguists when

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United States PSYOP units and soldiers of all branches of the military are prohibited by law from conducting PSYOP missions on domestic audiences. While PSYOP soldiers may offer non-PSYOP related support to domestic military missions, PSYOP can only target foreign audiences. It is worth noting that

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During such Defense Support of Civil Authorities (DSCA) operations, military public affairs activities, military civil authority information support (CAIS) activities, public information actions, and news media access to the DSCA operational area are subject to approval by the federal department or

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White PSYOP is attributable to PSYOP as a source. White is acknowledged as an official statement or act of the U.S. government, or emanates from a source associated closely enough with the U.S. government to reflect an official viewpoint. The information should be true and factual. It also includes

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Interview with Lieutenant Colonel Stephen C. Larsen, US Army (Retired), former Chief, IFOR-CJIIC Product Development Center, Sarajevo, Bosnia, from December 1995- June 1996. In 1995-1996, he was then a captain, serving as the commander of PSYOP Operational Detachment 61 (Balkans), Company A, 6th

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The initial mission was to provide information to military and civilians of all three warring factions (Croat, Bosniak and Serb) helping to restore a peaceful environment with the ultimate goal of saving lives and reducing tensions. The primary means of information dissemination was through radio

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The first official American Vietnam PSYOP unit was the 24th Detachment, sent from Fort Bragg to II Corps in September 1965. Later that year, the 24th Detachment became the 245th Company, based at Nha Trang in II Corps. In February 1966, the 245th Company became the II Corps unit belonging to the

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Psychological operations were used extensively during the Korean War. The first unit, the 1st Loudspeaker and Leaflet Company, was sent to Korea in fall 1950. Especially for the operations directed against troops of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK; North Korea), it was essential to

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During World War I, the Propaganda Sub-Section was established under the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) Military Intelligence Branch within the Executive Division of the General Staff in early 1918. Although they produced most propaganda, the AEF Propaganda Sub-Section did not produce a few of

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The enhanced altitude capability of the Commando Solo EC–130J (now funded) is increasing transmitter range. While this is an improvement over 130E capability, it is a small step, since the increase in altitude is only 7,000 feet (less than 50 percent) and the range increase is governed by a square

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The U.S. Navy possesses the capability to produce audiovisual products in the Fleet Audiovisual Command, Pacific; the Fleet Imagery Command, Atlantic; the Fleet Combat Camera Groups; Naval Imaging Command; various film libraries; and limited capability from ships and aircraft of the fleet. A Naval

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Psychological operations were a key Battlefield Operating System used extensively to support Unified Task Force (UNITAF) Somalia operations. In order to maximize the PSYOP impact, the United States established a Joint PSYOP Task Force under the supervision of the Director of Operations, integrated

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U.S. PSYOP forces are generally forbidden to attempt to change the opinions of "U.S. persons" (citizens, residents, or legal entities), in any location globally. However, commanders may use PSYOP forces to provide public information to U.S. audiences during times of disaster or crisis. Information

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PSYOP conveys messages via visual, audio, and audiovisual media. Military psychological operations, at the tactical level, are usually delivered by loudspeaker, and face to face communication. For more deliberate campaigns, they may use leaflets, radio or television. Strategic operations may use

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Following the signing of the Dayton Peace Accords in 1995, active duty PSYOP units reinforced with US Army reserve personnel deployed to Bosnia in support of NATO Peace Implementation Forces (IFOR). Elements of the 6th PSYOP Battalion served as the "Headquarters, Coalition Joint IFOR Information

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and Panama operations. This led to improved production, performance, and effect in the next contingency, which took place within 6 months after the return of the last PSYOP elements from Panama. Operations employed PSYOP of an order of magnitude and effectiveness which many credit to the lessons

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Before these steps can occur, intelligence analysts must profile potential targets in order to determine which ones it would be most beneficial to target. In order to figure this out, analysts must determine the vulnerabilities of these groups and what they would be susceptible to. The analysts

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PSYOP can encourage popular discontent with the opposition's leadership, and by combining persuasion with a credible threat, degrade an adversary's ability to conduct or sustain military operations. They can also disrupt, confuse, and protract the adversary's decision-making process, undermining

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bombers, and urged them to surrender and save their own lives. The subsequent bombings were then performed in a way that did not necessarily maximize casualties. Subsequently, another set of leaflets were dropped, saying the promise was kept and the survivors should surrender to save themselves.

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with designator 0521. The aim of PSYOP Marines (0521) is to influence target audiences and advise higher officers and partner forces on cultural considerations to ensure mission success. Candidates will have to complete the Army’s Psychological Qualification Operations Course. The qualification

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Navy psychological operations policy is specified in OPNAVINST 3434.1, "Psychological Operations". The Navy provides support to Joint PSYOP programs by providing assets (such as broadcast platforms using shortwave and very high frequency (VHF) frequencies) for the production and dissemination of

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In May 2006 the USCAPOC was reorganized to instead fall under the Army reserve command, and all active duty PSYOP elements were placed directly into USASOC. While reserve PSYOP forces no longer belong to USASOC, that command retains control of PSYOP doctrine. Operationally, PSYOP individuals and

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support to a noncombatant evacuation operation (NEO) by PSYOP forces to provide evacuation information to U.S. and third-country nationals would also adhere to the order. The use of PSYOP forces to deliver necessary public information to a U.S. audience was established in relief activities after

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U.S. authorities investigated the incident and the two Reserve PSYOP soldiers received administrative punishment for broadcasting messages which were not approved. Investigators found no evidence that the bodies were burned for a psychological effect. They concluded that the broadcast violated

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in central Baghdad. This widely reported event led to allegations of American manipulation and staging for mass consumption and pro-US propaganda value. Further claims have been made that the toppling of Saddam's statue was not the natural and spontaneous celebration of the local population in

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has placed a renewed emphasis on operating in the information environment. The Marine Corps seeks to meet this demand by building a capability to influence target audiences and to advise staffs and partners on cultural considerations to achieve tactical and operational objectives. Information

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For the first time in U.S. history, American psywarriors employed electronic psywar in the field, in September 1944. Engineers of the 1st Radio Section of the 1st MRBC recorded POW interviews for front- line broadcasts, and reproduced the sound effects of vast numbers of tanks and other motor

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Covert PSYOP is not a function of the U.S. military but instead is used in special operations due to their political sensitivity and need for higher level compartmentalization. Further, black PSYOP, to be credible, may need to disclose sensitive material, with the damage caused by information

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Caldwell's spokesman, Lt. Col. Shawn Stroud, denied Holmes's assertions, and other unnamed military officials disputed Holmes's claims as false and misleading, saying there are no records of him ever completing any PSYOP training. Subsequently, Holmes conceded that he was not a Psychological

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In order for PSYOP to be successful they must be based in reality. All messages must be consistent and must not contradict each other. Any gap between the product and reality will be quickly noticed. A credible "truth" must be presented which is consistent to all audiences. Primarily it is a

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Psychological operations sometimes are intimately linked to combat operations, with the use of force driving home the propaganda mission. During the Panamanian operation, it was necessary. In Ft. Amador, an installation shared by the U.S. and Panamanian Defence Forces (PDF). There were U.S.

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is to induce or reinforce behavior perceived to be favorable to U.S. objectives. They are an important part of the range of diplomatic, informational, military and economic activities available to the U.S. They can be utilized during both peacetime and conflict. There are three main types:

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reported that various musicians were coordinating their objections to the use of their music as a technique for softening up captives through an initiative called Zero dB. However, not all musicians have taken issue with the possibility that their music is being used during interrogations.

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An emerging field of Strategic Psychological Operations is the "Battle of the Narratives". The battle of the narrative is a full-blown battle in the cognitive dimension of the information environment, just as traditional warfare is fought in the physical domains (air, land, sea, space, and

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The OSS Morale Operations (MO) branch was the psychological operations arm of the OSS. In general, its units worked on a theater-by-theater basis, without a great deal of central coordination. It was present in most theaters, with the exception of the Southwest Pacific theater under

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also determine the attitudes of the targets toward the current situation, their complaints, ethnic origin, frustrations, languages, problems, tensions, attitudes, motivations, and perceptions, and so on. Once the appropriate target(s) have been determined, the PSYOP can be created.

1077:, which will not receive signals from airborne, ground, or any other transmitters that the cable operator does not want to connect to the system. At best, in the presence of cable TV, COMMANDO SOLO may be able to jam enemy broadcasts that are not, themselves, transmitted by cable. 1251:(OWl) was created with Elmer Davis as director. FIS, still under Sherwood, became the Overseas Branch of OWl, dealing in white propaganda. The OSS was created at the same time. Donovan obtained considerable help from the British, especially with black propaganda, from the British 503:

The activity engaged in appears to emanate from a source (government, party, group, organization, person) usually hostile in nature. The interest of the U.S. government is concealed and the U.S. government would deny responsibility. It is best used in support of strategic plans.

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disclosure considered to be outweighed by the impact of successful deception. In order to achieve maximum results and to prevent the compromise of overt PSYOP, overt and covert operations need to be kept separate. Personnel involved in one must not be engaged in the other.

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Psychological operations should be planned carefully, in that even a tactical message, with modern news media, can spread worldwide and be treated as the policy of the United States. The U.S. Army is responsible for military psychological warfare doctrine. See the

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The U.S. Army's Psychological Operations unit placed interns at CNN and NPR in 1998 and 1999. The placements at CNN were reported in the European press in February of this year and the program was terminated. The NPR placements will be reported this week in TV

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sized elements, with Tactical Control through G-3. Brigades are typically supported by a Tactical PSYOP Detachment. The PSYOP Commander maintains Operational Control of PSYOP elements, advises the Commander and General Staff on the psychological battlespace.

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Psychological operations were particularly valuable during the Gulf War due to the reluctance of many in the Iraqi military to engage in combat. Through leaflets and loudspeaker broadcasts, PSYOP forces walked many enemy soldiers through successful surrender.

845:. Certain reserve soldiers serving in units designated as Airborne are also required to attend Airborne training, while language training and Airborne qualification for PSYOP soldiers assigned to non-Airborne units is awarded on a merit and need basis. 1232:, with the responsibility for psychological operations targeted at Latin America. Special operations and intelligence concerning Latin America was a bureaucratic problem throughout the war. Where the OSS eventually had most such responsibilities, the 1122:

b. The employment and expansion, insofar as is feasible, of the activities and facilities which compose the national foreign information program in time of peace, in order to assure rapid transition to operations in time of national emergency or

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in 1954 marked an early zenith in the Agency's long record of covert action. Following closely on two successful operations, one of which was the installation of the Shah as ruler of Iran in August 1953, the Guatemalan operation, known as

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was named the Coordinator of Information, which subsequently became the OSS. At first, there was a unit called the Foreign Information Service inside COI, headed by Robert Sherwood, which produced white propaganda outside Latin America.

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The true source (U.S. Government) is not revealed to the target audience. The activity engaged in plausibly appears to emanate from a non-official American source, or an indigenous, non-hostile source, or there may be no attribution.

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plays a recurring role as the civilian PSYOPs director at the US Department of Defense. In the 15th season they also introduced Jacqueline Sloane to the main cast, she was former Army PSYOP and it is shown to have an impact on her

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Attention, Taliban, you are all cowardly dogs. You allowed your fighters to be laid down facing west and burned. You are too scared to retrieve their bodies. This just proves you are the lady boys we always believed you to be.

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PSYOP materials. With the ability of naval vessels (especially the larger task forces) to produce audio-visual materials the Navy can often produce PSYOP products for use in denied areas. Leaflets are dropped utilizing the

315:) are operations to convey selected information and indicators to audiences to influence their motives and objective reasoning, and ultimately the behavior of governments, organizations, groups, and large foreign powers. 1189:

information and indicators to foreign organizations, groups, and individuals to influence their emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and ultimately their behavior in a manner favorable to the Commander’s objectives.

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After the OPC was consolidated into the CIA, there has been a psychological operations staff, under various names, in what has variously been named the Deputy Directorate of Plans, the Directorate of Operations, or the

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During the Vietnam era, the organization of the 4th Psychological Operations Group was very different. The four battalions of the group were divided by geographic region rather than area of expertise as they are now.

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Hidden behind that appearance of objectivity, though, is a Pentagon information apparatus that has used those analysts in a campaign to generate favorable news coverage of the administration's wartime performance

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Since November 2001, the 345th Tactical Psychological Operations Company (Airborne) has deployed detachments of soldiers to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (2008-2009), Iraq, and the Horn of

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You attack and run away like women. You call yourself Talibs but you are a disgrace to the Muslim religion and you bring shame upon your family. Come and fight like men instead of the cowardly dogs you

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The Commando Solo aircraft currently is the only stand-off, high-altitude means available to PSYOP forces to disseminate information to large denied areas. Two orbits were established during

199: 2775: 2976: 2940: 1672:, a Swedish author, claimed that U.S. submarines as well as other vessels "frequently" and "regularly" operated in the territorial waters of neutral Sweden in the early 1980s, including 3881: 1749:

One unusual technique employed during the Gulf War was dropping leaflets in advance of a strike. These leaflets informed the Iraqi soldiers that they would be bombed the next day by

5448: 5368: 326:

strategic, operational, and tactical. Strategic PSYOP includes informational activities conducted by the U.S. government agencies outside of the military arena, though many utilize

342:, in concert with specified supporting and related capabilities, to influence, disrupt, corrupt or usurp adversarial human and automated decision making while protecting our own. 676:

in October 2003, it stated "information intended for foreign audiences, including public diplomacy and PSYOP, increasingly is consumed by our domestic audience and vice-versa."

661:

with COMMANDO SOLO units under the Air Force Special Operations Command's 193rd Special Operations Wing. The United States Navy also plans and executes limited PSYOP missions.

456:

U.S. Army PSYOP soldiers with Detachment 1080, 318th Psychological Operations Company distribute newspaper products in the East Rashid region of Baghdad, Iraq, July 11, 2007.

4358: 1267:(SIS, also known as MI6), was an essentially independent organization. For the U.S., the OSS included the functions of SIS and SOE, and the black propaganda work of PWE. 2459: 2104:. The campaign consisted of hundreds of fake social network profiles manned by PSYOP staff in Florida that sowed doubts about the Chinese vaccine's efficacy and argued 1722:

removed key parts of the transmitters. After-action reports indicate that this action should have had a much higher priority and been done very early in the operation.

1089:, with oversight by the Department of State. The overall psychological operations of the United States, overt and covert, were to be under the policy direction of the 517:

social media, radio or television broadcasts, various publications, airdropped leaflets, or, as part of a covert operation, with material placed in foreign news media.

2268:, playing LTC Bill Kilgore says over the radio, "Put on psy war op. Make it loud....Shall we dance?", at which point the helicopter mounted loudspeakers start playing 1213:

There was extensive use of psychological operations in World War II, from the strategic to the tactical. National-level white propaganda was the responsibility of the

3626: 2977:"SOLICITATION OF QUALIFIED MARINES FOR LATERAL MOVE INTO THE PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS PRIMARY MOS 0521 > United States Marine Corps Flagship > Messages Display" 2915: 5473: 3844: 3822: 2798: 2143: 1441: 707: 385: 5309: 5304: 5299: 3451: 2047:

found that for five years people associated with the U.S. military, who tried to conceal their identities, created fake accounts on social media systems including

465:

Authorized to engage in white activity directed at foreign audiences are: The State Department, USIA, the Foreign Operations Administration (a predecessor of the

1746:

Coalition forces worked extensively with Saudi, Kuwaiti, and other partners, to be sure psychological operations were culturally and linguistically appropriate.

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in 1992. Tactical Psychological Operations teams (TPTs) were employed to disseminate information by loudspeaker on locations of relief shelters and facilities.

4992: 3773: 1676:

harbor, as part of an elaborate psychological warfare operation whose target was the Swedish people. It is claimed that U.S. operations were conducted by the

4765: 2482: 1542:

and provided services to the tactical units, both American and Vietnamese, and to the various political entities such as provinces and cities in the area of

1173:

course includes classes in psychology, sociology, cultural training blocks, language training, and human dynamics training, among other training components.

5634: 3324: 354:), then briefly renamed PSYOP in August 2014, only to return to MISO shortly thereafter in 2015. The term was again renamed back to PSYOP in October 2017. 3358: 1225: 452: 338:

The integrated employment of the core capabilities of electronic warfare, computer network operations, psychological operations, military deception, and

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Parry-Giles, Shawn J. (1994). "Rhetorical experimentation and the cold war, 1947–1953: The development of an internationalist approach to propaganda".

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exposed how analysts portrayed in the U.S. news media as independent and objective were in fact under the tutelage of the Pentagon. According to the

622:

The majority of U.S. military psychological operations units are in the Army. White PSYOP can come from the Voice of America or regional radio/TV.

5184: 3915: 1719: 3272: 1934:

standing policies for the content of loudspeaker messages and urged that all soldiers in the command undergo training on Afghan sensitivities.

5497: 5453: 5259: 4934: 3870: 1644: 6740: 5726: 5480: 2108:

should reject it because it allegedly contained pork protein. In 2021, a few months after Trump's defeat in the presidential election, the

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Until shortly after the start of the war on terror, the Army's Psychological Operations elements were administratively organized alongside

3718: 3501: 2882: 2531: 968:

Formed during Vietnam as an Active component unit February 10th, 1965, transferred to the Reserves in Abilene Texas on October 30th, 1975.

5522: 5463: 3744:, Caldwell also supported using blogs and Knowledge to "widen the military’s ability to influence the public, both foreign and domestic." 3598: 983: 3162: 1335:

work with Republic of Korea (ROK; South Korea personnel) to develop propaganda with the most effective linguistic and cultural context.

5277: 5169: 4836: 3661: 2615: 3529: 3473: 1718:

The broader scope of information operations in Panama included denying the Noriega regime use of their own broadcasting facilities. A

4809: 1677: 3687: 596:. Since October 2018, PSYOP forces may be employed domestically for such CAIS activities during an emergency under direction of the 6897: 6021: 4390: 3552: 2752: 1754:

Afterwards, this technique would be employed on other units, telling them the specific unit that had been bombed the previous day.

978:

Reactivated and became the 344th PSYOP Company. Since September 16th, 2008, has deployed detachments of soldiers to Afghanistan in

130: 2649:. Joint Publication 3-13.2. Joint Doctrine Development Community, US Joint Forces Command: Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. 830:

All active duty PSYOP soldiers must initially volunteer for Psychological Operations Assessment and Selection, held year-round at

5490: 5321: 5284: 4882: 2719: 3192: 2684:. Joint Publication 3-28. Joint Doctrine Development Community, US Joint Forces Command: Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. 5239: 4892: 441: 2709:

Commander’s Handbook for Strategic Communication and Communication Strategy, US Joint Forces Command, Suffolk, VA. 2010. P. 15

2579: 580:

The message to be delivered can be adapted to tactical situations, but promises made must be consistent with national policy.

5173: 3395: 2455: 1278:

The OSS was responsible for strategic propaganda, while the military commanders had operational and tactical responsibility.

1137:

d. Transmittal of approved psychological warfare plans and policies to theater commanders through the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

808:), and an additional soldier to serve as a gunner and to operate the speaker system (Specialist). A team is equipped with a 796:

The smallest organizational PSYOP element is the Tactical PSYOP Team (TPT). A TPT generally consists of a PSYOP team chief (

4168: 3814: 3630: 3297: 2907: 1652: 775: 479: 466: 626:

units are apt to have responsibility, on a strategic level, for black and some gray PSYOP. White PSYOP, especially at the

5443: 4846: 4653: 2650: 1996: 1898:"I take it as an honor to think that perhaps our song could be used to quell another 9/11 attack or something like that." 1497: 785:

Army Psychological Operations provide support to operations ranging from strategic planning down to tactical employment.

642: 327: 79:

This article is about operations within the United States military and intelligence agencies. For the general topic, see

3443: 1311:

The U.S. engaged in major worldwide radio broadcasts to contain communism, through Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty.

5349: 4914: 3219: 3013: 2685: 1809: 913: 901: 893: 888: 882: 877: 842: 838: 670: 654: 650: 153: 148: 5131: 4744: 4317: 4188: 4150: 4115: 4062: 4035: 3954: 3301: 3246: 3130: 3097: 2878: 2527: 2362: 2204: 2165: 1839: 1711: 1467: 1144: 729: 407: 66: 4363: 1449: 494:

will be acceptable or more acceptable to the intended target audience than an official government statement will be.

6733: 6677: 5719: 5684: 5029: 2181: 1787: 1706: 1493: 788:

PSYOP Units generally support Corps sized elements. Tactical Psychological Operations Companies typically support

635: 592:

agency assigned primary responsibility for managing and coordinating a specific emergency support function in the

37: 6670: 6458: 5502: 4831: 4799: 1622:

The B companies consisted of the field teams that were stationed throughout their respective corps billeted with

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fitted with a loud speaker, and often works with a local translator indigenous to the host or occupied country.

6892: 5512: 5485: 5422: 4941: 4207: 3980: 2377: 2147: 1976: 1485: 1445: 1350:, first due to fear it would increase their intervention, and later because it might demoralize ROK civilians, 943:

The 345th also deployed post-9/11 to Afghanistan working with U.S. Army Special Forces and Conventional Forces.

711: 666: 389: 3352: 2019:; the Czech ambassador to Afghanistan; the German interior minister, and think-tank analysts. Under the 1948 478:

The source of the gray PSYOP product is deliberately ambiguous. According to a 2007 State Department from the

5619: 5363: 5244: 5050: 3759: 2517:"Paper Prepared by the Operations Coordinating Board: Principles to Assure Coordination of Gray Activities", 2332: 2044: 1966: 1505: 1343: 1086: 861:

345th PSYOP Company (pictured left to right: SPC Jeffrey A. Cogbill, SPC William O'Connell, CPL Ryan Lewis),

4344: 3907: 3424: 5517: 5272: 5179: 4551: 4383: 3039: 1868:

In 2003 Sergeant Mark Hadsell claimed to have used loud music during the interrogation of Iraqi prisoners:

1488:

Team IX (CAT IX 1969–70). Painting shows army soldiers airdropping Psy Op leaflets during the Vietnam War.

1260: 1256: 1218: 1157: 1052: 569:

section for an example of how a tactical leaflet, not properly coordinated, can cause national-level harm.

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Psychological operations, at any level, must be consistent with the policies of higher levels of command.

1619:, and a PSYOP Development Center (PDC). Additionally, they generally had extensive printing facilities. 1168:

The career field is fairly new. It was only in the summer of 2018 that the Marine Corps created the new

6785: 5639: 5069: 4512: 4425: 2299: 2199: 2093: 1750: 1224:

Psychological operations planning started before the U.S. entry into the war, with the creation of the

979: 917: 905: 862: 205: 189: 176: 6438: 5799: 5556: 5532: 4596: 1543: 1248: 1214: 114: 4055:

Instruments of statecraft: US guerrilla warfare, counterinsurgency, and counter-terrorism, 1940-1990

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vehicles for Allied armored units in attempts to mislead German intelligence and lower enemy morale.

144: 125: 5977: 5972: 5644: 5458: 5326: 4455: 1596: 1581: 1430: 1090: 322: 44: 2799:"PSYOP team prepares for expanded HOA mission; 345th PSYOP Company begins pre-deployment training" 1217:, while black propaganda was most often the responsibility of the Morale Operations branch of the 6702: 6639: 6350: 6287: 6229: 6171: 6161: 5874: 5859: 5570: 5527: 5409: 5399: 4887: 4751: 4690: 4492: 4376: 3379: 2224: 2136: 2109: 1558: 1434: 1372: 1060: 700: 658: 378: 159: 3498: 1319: 6355: 6051: 5267: 5229: 5194: 4919: 4660: 4576: 3845:"Meta Report: US Military Behind Online Influence Campaign Targeting Central Asia, Middle East" 2869: 2518: 2290: 1980: 1240: 972: 937: 747: 425: 3594: 6797: 6622: 6574: 6554: 6473: 6463: 6247: 6131: 5612: 5417: 5206: 5002: 4924: 4909: 4804: 4736: 4728: 4665: 4621: 4591: 4556: 4482: 3509: 3158: 2372: 2357: 2281: 2273: 2190: 2016: 1817: 1783: 1774:

By summer of 1996, most PSYOP missions in Bosnia were being assumed by Reserve PSYOP forces.

1003: 182: 80: 3653: 819:-sized element in a theater of war or operational area has at least one TPT attached to it. 742: 6763: 6589: 6380: 6330: 6066: 6061: 6031: 5894: 5331: 4899: 3525: 3477: 1492:

Psychological operations were extensively used in Vietnam, with white propaganda under the

1342:

mandated operation, political sensitivities were high. While rules limited mentioning the

1047: 1692:. It is also claimed that British submarines also participated in such secret operations. 469:), the Defense Department and other U.S. government departments and agencies as necessary. 8: 6857: 6792: 6778: 6549: 6539: 6496: 6267: 6094: 6056: 5952: 5659: 5394: 5224: 5012: 4929: 4866: 4616: 3188: 2609: 2411:

Joint Publication 1-02: Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms

2347: 2064: 2020: 1685: 789: 339: 3710: 3683: 3572: 2743: 1876:

Other reports of the use of music during interrogation have occasionally plagued PSYOP.

1864:

caught in a rat trap which is being held by an Iraqi Army soldier or an Iraqi Policeman.

6749: 6660: 6423: 6322: 6312: 6262: 6181: 5962: 5957: 5849: 5735: 5100: 5090: 4904: 4758: 4631: 4606: 4445: 4139: 4024: 3964: 1944: 1813: 1229: 1038: 909: 646: 433:

refer to the product's content but rather the methods used to carry out the operation.

138: 2834:

Review of Psychological Operations: Lessons Learned from Recent Operational Experience

2725: 6852: 6569: 6506: 6282: 6252: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6109: 6089: 5947: 5932: 5884: 5829: 5537: 5219: 4700: 4680: 4648: 4529: 4507: 4462: 4430: 4353: 4323: 4313: 4213: 4203: 4184: 4156: 4146: 4121: 4111: 4091: 4078: 4068: 4058: 4041: 4031: 3976: 3950: 3564: 3429: 3391: 3136: 3126: 3103: 3093: 1279: 1272: 1030: 826:

U.S. Army PSYOP branch of service collar insignia and regimental distinctive insignia

805: 4368: 3354:

OPERATION JUST CAUSE. Lessons learned. Volume II, Operations. CALL Bulletin No. 90-9

837:

At the conclusion of the POQC the new PSYOP Soldier is typically assigned to either

6707: 6531: 6511: 6413: 6375: 6360: 6151: 6126: 6000: 5982: 5942: 5839: 5754: 4819: 4794: 4643: 4611: 4536: 4296: 4266: 4176: 4010: 2570: 2285:, the Chinese continuously broadcast propaganda over loud speakers between battles. 2251: 2246: 1881: 1689: 1368: 1292:

Leaflets were delivered principally from aircraft, but also with artillery shells.

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organizations support Army and Joint maneuver forces or interagency organizations.

665:

this does not rule out PSYOP targeting foreign audiences of allied nations. In the

631: 585: 2188:

A USACAPOC combat patch (FWS-SSI) can be seen being worn by a soldier in the film

912:

following the close of the Vietnam War, until the August 26th, 2011 activation of

6697: 6682: 6627: 6448: 6224: 6071: 6046: 6011: 5854: 5427: 5214: 4978: 4814: 4626: 4348: 4310:

Broadcasting Freedom: The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty

4131: 3986: 3871:"Unheard Voice: Evaluating five years of pro-Western covert influence operations" 3595:"A Reprieve project: Zero dB musicians lead silent protest against music torture" 3505: 3308: 3276: 3123:

Broadcasting Freedom: The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty

2782: 2352: 673: 3792:"Military Officials Dispute Claim Army Unit Was Directed to Manipulate Senators" 3384:

It Doesn't Take a Hero : The Autobiography of General H. Norman Schwarzkopf

3215: 1382:

Some leafleting of North Korea was resumed after the Korean War, such as in the

1132:(2) the Department of State in areas other than theaters of military operations. 43:

The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of

16:

Psychological operations within United States military and intelligence agencies

6872: 6822: 6804: 6768: 6579: 6443: 6428: 6390: 6370: 6307: 6146: 6121: 6026: 5909: 5889: 5844: 5822: 5507: 5389: 5017: 4670: 4450: 4440: 4403: 4399: 4270: 4251: 4103: 3998: 2337: 2294:, Former CIA agent Tobin Frost, with excellent psychological warfare expertise. 2269: 2260: 2040: 2028: 1727: 1339: 1042: 797: 544:

pretesting - determines the probable impact of the PSYOP on the target audience

437:

component of offensive counterinformation but can be used defensively as well.

420: 297: 274: 165: 48: 4300: 4125: 4001:(1949). "Some psychological lessons from leaflet propaganda in World War II". 3969: 3302:

The Secret War Against Sweden--US and British Submarine Deception in the 1980s

2641: 6886: 6687: 6644: 6453: 6433: 6272: 6016: 5864: 5769: 5649: 5607: 4997: 4601: 4541: 4095: 4072: 3768: 3740: 3568: 2999: 2963: 2871:

Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955: The Intelligence Community

2520:

Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955: The Intelligence Community

2456:"Two Big Organizational Renamings In SOCOM Last Week - Soldier Systems Daily" 2265: 2238: 2233: 2219: 2060: 1992: 1979:, the supposed leader of a PSYOP group in Afghanistan, alleged that Lt. Gen. 1971: 1912: 1891: 1887: 1791: 1730:

who were on the "most wanted" list were also captured in Ma Bell operations.

1616: 1612: 1608: 1351: 1022: 767: 319: 4327: 4217: 4160: 4026:

Psychological Warfare Against Germany, The Sykewar Campaign, D-Day to VE-Day

3990: 3140: 3017: 2676: 2426:"Somali American caught up in a shadowy Pentagon counterpropaganda campaign" 1680:(NURO) and aspects of the operations were coordinated with the secret NATO " 1379:, in order for the U.S. to conduct analysis of the capabilities of the MiG. 6846: 6692: 6612: 6607: 6491: 6335: 6277: 6257: 5764: 5249: 5143: 5035: 4695: 4085: 3387: 3293: 3107: 2008: 1669: 1347: 916:(Airborne). The 2nd and the 7th Psychological Operations Groups are in the 831: 270: 3908:"Pentagon ran secret anti-vax campaign to undermine China during pandemic" 3242: 936:

Reactivated and became the 345th PSYOP Company. Deployed soldiers during

6584: 6544: 6395: 6302: 6297: 6166: 6156: 6141: 5967: 5937: 5919: 5784: 5542: 5022: 5007: 4851: 4566: 4517: 4487: 3040:"Organization of the United States Propaganda Effort During World War II" 2832: 2211: 2210:

The USACAPOC patch can be seen being worn by the characters portrayed by

2101: 2012: 1988: 1844: 1681: 1324: 950:

In 2003 the 345th deployed to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom.

525:

In order to create a successful PSYOP the following must be established:

4243:

Total Cold War: Eisenhower's Secret Propaganda Battle at Home and Abroad

2483:"The Army's psychological operations community is getting its name back" 1143:

Douglas Keane and Michael Warner, The Intelligence Community 1950-1955,

6773: 6665: 6564: 6521: 6486: 6405: 6345: 6239: 6176: 5995: 5879: 5869: 5794: 5779: 5774: 5749: 5669: 5119: 5095: 4826: 4685: 4675: 4638: 4571: 4546: 4180: 3289: 3090:

America's other voice: the story of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty

2367: 2327: 2150: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2004: 2000: 1861: 1856:. The text translates as "This is your future al-Zarqawi," and depicts 772:

U.S. Army Civil Affairs and Psychological Operations Command (USACAPOC)

746:

Soldiers from the U.S. Army's 350th Tactical Psychological Operations,

714: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 392: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5155: 4173:

Hearts and Minds in Guerrilla Warfare: The Malayan Emergency 1948-1960

2868:"The Foreign Information Program and Psychological Warfare Planning", 2083: 6718: 6385: 6365: 6340: 6219: 6191: 6104: 6041: 5927: 5789: 5759: 5704: 5664: 5654: 5373: 5064: 4586: 4502: 4477: 4472: 4087:

Paper Bullets: A Brief Story of Psychological Warfare in World War II

3066: 2342: 2313: 2097: 2072: 2056: 2048: 1673: 1569: 1403: 1398: 816: 627: 529:

clearly define the mission so that it aligns with national objectives

200:

United States Army Civil Affairs and Psychological Operations Command

3410: 3408: 3406: 2125: 1419: 908:, was historically the only active duty PSYOP unit remaining in the 689: 605:

during domestic emergencies. Their mission is strictly to inform....

367: 6516: 6292: 6116: 6099: 6036: 5899: 5817: 5809: 5689: 5679: 5575: 5404: 4014: 3795: 2215: 2052: 1857: 1849: 1539: 1383: 801: 771: 4280:

The rhetorical presidency, propaganda, and the Cold War, 1945-1955

3279:, CIA History Staff document by Nicholas Cullather, 1994. Excerpt. 2908:"Marines reading minds? Corps pushes for Psychological Operations" 2830: 758: 6632: 6617: 6501: 6418: 6136: 5904: 5834: 5369:

Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests

5234: 5105: 4524: 4497: 4435: 4341: 4045: 3403: 2998:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

2962:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

2179:

The general's daughter from both the novel and blockbuster movie

2105: 2089: 2076: 2068: 1833: 1649: 1639: 1592: 1554: 1129:(1) the Department of Defense in theaters of military operations; 866: 572: 4108:

Stories are Weapons: Psychological Warfare and the American Mind

3764:"Another Runaway General: Army Deploys Psy-Ops on U.S. Senators" 3269:

Operation PBSuccess: The United States and Guatemala, 1952- 1954

3043: 873:

There are four psychological operations units in the U.S. Army:

6832: 6559: 5674: 3444:"Clarion dossier: Deception and toppling Saddam Hussein statue" 3350: 3292:, Zurich, Parallel History Project on Cooperative Security, by 2614:. Electronic Briefing Book No. 177. National Security Archive. 1960: 1577: 1517: 1376: 1375:

was to target Communist pilots to defect to South Korea with a

1126:

c. Control of the execution of approved plans and policies by:

1041:

provides support for Psychological Operations using a modified

822: 809: 751: 2031:

has since ordered an investigation into the alleged incident.

6827: 6599: 6199: 5468: 1937: 1354:

was depicted and Chinese troops were targeted in leafleting.

1328: 1182: 3557:

Revista Transcultural de Música / Transcultural Music Review

3326:

OPERATION JUST CAUSE, Task Force BLACK, Post H-Hour Missions

963:

244th Psychological Operations Company (POC): Austin, Texas

931:

245th Psychological Operations Company (POC): Dallas, Texas

461:

all output identified as coming from U.S. official sources.

95: 6081: 4581: 1853: 1623: 3520: 3518: 2264:, during the famous helicopter attack on the beach, actor 195: 3971:

Military propaganda: psychological warfare and operations

2318: 1580:

nearly 100 kilometers away. The 8th Battalion served the

1233: 1069:

root function (that is, a 14 percent increase in range).

4364:

Psychological Operations: Lineage and Honors Information

3189:"The First Loudspeaker and Leaflet Company - Korea 1953" 4234:

Pressing the Fight: Print, Propaganda, and the Cold War

3515: 3216:"The American PSYOP Organization during the Korean War" 2831:

Lamb, Christopher J.; Genalis, Paris (September 2005),

3790:

Griffin, Jennifer; Justin Fishel (February 25, 2011).

2303:, the father of the main character is a PSYOP Colonel. 1902: 1073:

A challenge to COMMANDO SOLO is the increasing use of

4766:

After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News

4398: 2741: 2408: 1104:

a. Coordination of overt psychological warfare with:

1085:

Psychological operations was assigned to the pre-CIA

5635:

Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act

4963: 3815:"Spinning Senators Wasn't a 'Psyop,' Officer Admits" 3789: 2608:

Adair, Kristin; Blanton, Thomas (January 26, 2006).

1247:

To deal with some of the bureaucratic problems, the

669:

made public January 2006 but originally approved by

3300:, article highlighting portions of author's book, " 3014:"OSS - Development of Psychological Warfare (WWII)" 2084:

Anti-vaccine propaganda targeted at the Philippines

1484:Chieu Hoi Mission by Craig L. Stewart, U. S. Army 1397:The CIA's operation to overthrow the Government of 1226:

Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs

424:A Somali boy holding up a leaflet dispersed during 210:

Naval Reserve Atlantic Fleet PSYOP Audiovisual Unit

4738:Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy 4354:U.S. - PSYOP producing mid-eastern kids comic book 4138: 4023: 3968: 3182: 3180: 2745:OPNAV INSTRUCTION 3434.1: Psychological Operations 1824:National Public Radio reported on April 10, 2000: 1236:had its own intelligence system in Latin America. 5290:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine 4842:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine 4232:Barnhisel, Greg; Turner, Catherine, eds. (2012). 4202:. Edinburgh University Press: Selling Democracy. 1987:Reported targets included United States Senators 1812:had been interning at the American news networks 1808:In 2000, it came to light that soldiers from the 1705:Most PSYOP activities and accomplishments in the 1263:, which conducted guerrilla warfare. The British 1149:Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950–1955 1097:The Secretary of State shall be responsible for: 975:(The Gulf War). Inactivated September 15th, 1994. 617: 440:PSYOP are used in support of special operations, 6884: 5185:Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos 3812: 3378: 3240: 3213: 3186: 2115: 4252:"Hearts and minds: the unconventional cold war" 4231: 3947:The fourth arm: psychological warfare 1938-1945 3620: 3618: 3616: 3177: 3156: 3152: 3150: 2572:FM 3-05.30/MCRP 3-40.6 Psychological Operations 2034: 1803: 1603:The A company of each battalion consisted of a 1576:, which was its field teams, was based out of 750:, drop leaflets over a village near Hawijah in 3906:Bing, Chris; Schectman, Joel (June 14, 2024). 3627:"Musicians protest use of songs by US jailers" 1834:Use of music in the interrogation of prisoners 1093:during peacetime and the early stages of war: 1080: 645:, Psychological Operations units exist as the 547:production and dissemination of PSYOP material 6783: 6734: 5720: 5498:Election denial movement in the United States 4384: 3905: 3702: 3624: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 2674: 1984:people and leadership of the United States." 1645:Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare 986:(2019) from its new location in Austin Texas. 6802: 3863: 3837: 3711:"Behind TV Analysts, Pentagon's Hidden Hand" 3613: 3147: 2905: 2881:, March 9, 1950, NSC 59/1; FRUS document 2, 2607: 2011:of the House Appropriations Committee; Adm. 1961:2009 congressional delegation to Afghanistan 1648:in order to bolster their fight against the 4718: 4286: 4277: 4200:British Propaganda in the Twentieth Century 3963: 3944: 3476:. Information Clearinghouse. Archived from 3372: 3344: 3037: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2244:In the 9th season of the television series 1448:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 984:Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa 6741: 6727: 5727: 5713: 5170:COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines 4391: 4377: 4307: 4052: 3785: 3783: 3207: 3120: 3024: 2863: 2861: 1938:Pentagon analysts and the mainstream media 1500:, and grey and black propaganda under the 553:posttesting - evaluates audience responses 186:Marine Corps Information Operations Center 3654:"US Army accused of Taleban body burning" 3425:Army Stage-Managed Fall of Hussein Statue 3243:"The Cold War in Korea - Operation Jilli" 3087: 2906:Atlamazoglou, Stavros (January 4, 2020). 2776:"Pentagon gearing up to fight the PR war" 2675:O'Donohue, Daniel J. (October 29, 2018). 2166:Learn how and when to remove this message 1678:National Underwater Reconnaissance Office 1638:wrote a manual for right-wing rebels—the 1468:Learn how and when to remove this message 730:Learn how and when to remove this message 408:Learn how and when to remove this message 346:Between 2010 and 2014, PSYOP was renamed 67:Learn how and when to remove this message 5523:Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection 4359:Psychological Operations Branch Insignia 4083: 3758: 3319: 3317: 3050: 3005: 2635: 2633: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2548: 2505: 2423: 2409:Joint Chiefs of Staff (July 12, 2007) , 2096:launched in 2020 a secret PSYOP against 1843: 1516: 1479: 1318: 1021: 856: 821: 804:), an assistant team chief (Sergeant or 757: 741: 571: 451: 419: 5322:Russian Institute for Strategic Studies 4136: 3847:. Voice of America. November 24, 2022. 3780: 3708: 3329:, Specialoperations.com, archived from 2935: 2933: 2858: 2826: 2824: 2737: 2735: 2100:in several Asian countries, mainly the 1798: 1782:Arguably the most visible image of the 1259:. PWE was a sister organization to the 532:need a PSYOP estimate of the situations 348:Military Information Support Operations 6885: 6748: 5734: 5449:Attempts to overturn the 2020 election 5240:Soviet influence on the peace movement 4837:Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war 4249: 4240: 4197: 4175:. Singapore: Oxford University Press. 4167: 4102: 4021: 3851:from the original on December 15, 2023 3651: 3550: 2983:from the original on September 3, 2022 2947:from the original on September 3, 2022 2758:from the original on February 27, 2008 2639: 2585:from the original on February 27, 2008 1788:toppling of a statue of Saddam Hussein 89:United States Psychological Operations 6722: 5708: 5596: 5174:ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign 4962: 4875: 4783: 4717: 4414: 4372: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3664:from the original on October 15, 2008 3601:from the original on January 21, 2018 3532:from the original on October 14, 2007 3351:Center for Lessons Learned, US Army, 3314: 3290:Swiss Federal Institute of Technology 3222:from the original on October 12, 2007 3165:from the original on January 26, 2012 3038:Prosser, Frank; Friedman, Herbert A. 2840:, National Defense University Press, 2630: 2596: 2480: 2462:from the original on January 20, 2015 2402: 1757: 1170:Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) 4236:. University of Massachusetts Press. 4141:US Army Special Warfare: Its Origins 3997: 3553:"Music as torture / Music as weapon" 3361:from the original on January 6, 2008 3298:Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) 3195:from the original on August 12, 2013 3059:"Aerial Propaganda Leaflet Database" 3056: 2930: 2847:from the original on August 21, 2008 2821: 2732: 2678:Defense Support of Civil Authorities 2640:Austin, Lloyd J. (January 7, 2010). 2618:from the original on October 7, 2016 2148:adding citations to reliable sources 2119: 1737: 1446:adding citations to reliable sources 1413: 776:U.S. Army Special Operations Command 712:adding citations to reliable sources 683: 480:Historian of the Department of State 467:Agency for International Development 390:adding citations to reliable sources 361: 20: 5444:1995 CIA disinformation controversy 4654:State-sponsored Internet propaganda 3721:from the original on April 16, 2009 3690:from the original on April 14, 2012 2918:from the original on August 3, 2024 2691:from the original on August 6, 2020 2530:, May 14, 1954, FRUS document 181, 2493:from the original on August 3, 2024 2481:Myers, Meghann (November 6, 2017). 2395:Air Force Doctrine Document, 2-5.3 1903:Afghanistan burning bodies incident 1498:Military Assistance Command Vietnam 643:United States Department of Defense 13: 4915:Misinformation related to abortion 3933: 3918:from the original on June 14, 2024 3825:from the original on July 26, 2013 3813:Spencer Ackerman (March 9, 2011). 3747: 3686:. Defense.gov. November 29, 2005. 3629:. Associated Press. Archived from 3625:Andrew Selsky (December 9, 2008). 2194:in the President's command center. 1810:4th Psychological Operations Group 1777: 1695: 1684:" network deployed in Sweden. See 914:8th Psychological Operations Group 902:4th Psychological Operations Group 894:8th Psychological Operations Group 889:7th Psychological Operations Group 883:4th Psychological Operations Group 878:2nd Psychological Operations Group 843:8th Psychological Operations Group 839:4th Psychological Operations Group 655:8th Psychological Operations Group 651:4th Psychological Operations Group 14: 6909: 5132:Voluntary Agency Network of Korea 4745:The KGB and Soviet Disinformation 4335: 3887:from the original on July 9, 2023 3709:Barstow, David (April 20, 2008), 3526:"Sesame Street breaks Iraqi POWs" 3454:from the original on May 14, 2008 3249:from the original on June 2, 2021 3159:"The Korean War: An Encyclopedia" 2888:from the original on May 19, 2017 2879:United States Department of State 2809:from the original on May 28, 2022 2656:from the original on June 8, 2020 2537:from the original on May 19, 2017 2528:United States Department of State 2436:from the original on July 8, 2013 2363:Pentagon military analyst program 1840:Music in psychological operations 1145:United States Department of State 923: 754:province, Iraq, on March 6, 2008. 5685:United States Information Agency 4964:Operations and events by country 4312:. University Press of Kentucky. 3652:Knight, Sam (October 20, 2005). 3474:"The photographs tell the story" 3125:. University Press of Kentucky. 3011: 2993: 2979:. Marines.mil. August 24, 2021. 2957: 2611:Rumsfeld's Roadmap to Propaganda 2424:Whitlock, Craig (July 7, 2013). 2124: 1494:United States Information Agency 1418: 688: 636:United States Information Agency 566: 366: 194: 181: 164: 143: 124: 94: 25: 6898:Propaganda in the United States 6371:Party platforms (or manifestos) 5285:Information war against Ukraine 4832:International Jewish conspiracy 4800:Congo Free State propaganda war 3938: 3899: 3806: 3732: 3676: 3645: 3587: 3544: 3492: 3466: 3436: 3418: 3282: 3261: 3234: 3114: 3081: 2969: 2899: 2791: 2769: 2712: 2703: 2668: 2135:needs additional citations for 1307:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 1208: 762:U.S. Army PSYOP Force structure 699:needs additional citations for 598:Department of Homeland Security 377:needs additional citations for 5597: 5513:Information Operations Roadmap 5423:Psychological Warfare Division 4993:Chinese information operations 4942:Water fluoridation controversy 4278:Parry-Giles, Shawn J. (2002). 4145:. University Press of Kansas. 2474: 2448: 2417: 2389: 2378:Psychological Warfare Division 1275:, who was hostile to the OSS. 1197: 1178:Commandant of the Marine Corps 865:, hand out school supplies in 667:Information Operations Roadmap 618:Psychological operations units 498: 447: 1: 5620:Active Measures Working Group 5278:during the Russo-Georgian War 5245:U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B 4225: 3945:Cruickshank, Charles (1977). 3878:Stanford Internet Observatory 3738:Hastings 2011. According to 3157:Stanley Sandler, ed. (1995). 2383: 2333:Congress for Cultural Freedom 2116:Portrayals in popular culture 2045:Stanford Internet Observatory 1965:In February 2011, journalist 1506:Studies and Observation Group 1109:Covert psychological warfare. 1087:Office of Policy Coordination 852: 473: 244:"Persuade, Change, Influence" 6459:Rally 'round the flag effect 5503:The Freedom Fighter's Manual 5180:Fake news in the Philippines 4784: 4552:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt 4057:. New York: Pantheon Books. 4053:McClintock, Michael (1992). 3296:, Research Professor at the 2279:In the 1959 Korean War film 2207:deal extensively with PSYOP. 2035:Internet influence operation 1804:CNN and NPR interns incident 1629: 1392: 1261:Special Operations Executive 1257:Ministry of Economic Warfare 1219:Office of Strategic Services 1158:National Clandestine Service 1053:193d Special Operations Wing 1017: 170:193d Special Operations Wing 7: 6784: 5630:Counter Misinformation Team 5625:Counter disinformation unit 5075:Myth of the clean Wehrmacht 4562:Forgery as covert operation 4289:Quarterly Journal of Speech 4259:Journal of Cold War Studies 4250:Osgood, Kenneth A. (2002). 4137:Paddock, Alfred H. (2002). 3551:Cusick, Suzanne G. (2006). 3504:September 15, 2017, at the 3415:PSYOP Battalion (Airborne). 3311:" (London: Frank Cass 2004) 2742:Chief of Naval Operations, 2323:Special Activities Division 2307: 2094:Donald Trump administration 1818:National Public Radio (NPR) 1659:CIA activities in Nicaragua 1502:Central Intelligence Agency 1295: 1265:Secret Intelligence Service 1253:Political Warfare Executive 1081:Central Intelligence Agency 1033:in New York Harbor in 2001. 624:Central Intelligence Agency 594:National Response Framework 357: 10: 6914: 5640:The Disinformation Project 5070:Propaganda in Nazi Germany 4426:Algorithmic radicalization 4271:10.1162/152039702753649656 4198:Taylor, Philip M. (1999). 4090:. New York: Froben Press. 4084:Margolin, Leo Jay (1946). 2200:The Men Who Stare at Goats 1837: 1409: 1344:People's Republic of China 1304: 1192: 1163: 980:Operation Enduring Freedom 863:United States Army Reserve 520: 252:"Never Seen, Always Heard" 131:Special Operations Command 78: 6866: 6841: 6815: 6756: 6653: 6598: 6530: 6472: 6404: 6321: 6238: 6190: 6080: 5991: 5918: 5808: 5800:Manipulation (psychology) 5742: 5603: 5592: 5563: 5557:Bolivarian Army of Trolls 5551: 5533:Tobacco industry playbook 5464:CIA Kennedy assassination 5436: 5382: 5356: 5344: 5258: 5205: 5193: 5162: 5150: 5138: 5126: 5114: 5083: 5057: 5045: 4985: 4973: 4969: 4958: 4790: 4779: 4724: 4713: 4597:Manipulation (psychology) 4421: 4415: 4410: 4308:Puddington, Arch (2000). 4301:10.1080/00335639409384087 3949:. London: Davis-Poynter. 3121:Puddington, Arch (2000). 2781:December 2, 2017, at the 2098:Chinese COVID-19 vaccines 1700: 1664: 1249:Office of War Information 1215:Office of War Information 971:Deployed soldiers during 815:Generally, each maneuver 286: 281: 262: 240: 228: 222:Air Force: Middletown, PA 214: 120: 115:Special Operations Forces 110: 102: 93: 88: 5978:Criticism of advertising 5645:East StratCom Task Force 5459:9/11 conspiracy theories 4456:List of cognitive biases 4241:Osgood, Kenneth (2006). 4022:Lerner, Daniel (1971) . 4003:Public Opinion Quarterly 3380:Schwarzkopf, Jr., Norman 2643:Psychological Operations 2397:Psychological Operations 2112:cancelled the campaign. 1924:Another soldier stated: 1894:commented supportively: 1814:Cable News Network (CNN) 1626:teams and combat units. 1557:and provided service to 1314: 1300: 1091:U.S. Department of State 774:, forming a part of the 511: 323:psychological operations 309:Psychological operations 6640:Promotional merchandise 6351:Character assassination 6288:Narcotizing dysfunction 6162:Photograph manipulation 5875:Guerrilla communication 5571:Public opinion brigades 5528:Niger uranium forgeries 5518:Litter boxes in schools 4888:COVID-19 misinformation 4810:Free energy suppression 4719:Books and documentaries 4493:Euphemistic misspeaking 3088:Mickelson, Sig (1983). 1879:On 9 December 2008 the 1707:U.S. invasion of Panama 1373:psychological operation 1371:. The objective of the 1367:One such operation, is 1061:Operation Iraqi Freedom 996: 679: 6803: 6623:Product demonstrations 6052:Historical negationism 5317:2016 Brexit referendum 4666:Scientific fabrication 4577:Historical negationism 3975:. Praeger Publishers. 3499:Army Media Intern Flap 3357:, GlobalSecurity.org, 3161:. Garland Publishing. 2241:revolves around PSYOP. 2182:The General's Daughter 1958: 1931: 1922: 1900: 1874: 1865: 1831: 1522: 1515: 1489: 1486:Vietnam Combat Artists 1365: 1331: 1290: 1206: 1153: 1071: 1065: 1034: 973:Operation Desert Storm 938:Operation Desert Storm 870: 827: 763: 755: 748:10th Mountain Division 630:level, comes from the 607: 600:. In such instances, 577: 496: 471: 457: 442:unconventional warfare 429: 426:Operation Restore Hope 344: 218:Army: Fort Liberty, NC 6893:Psychological warfare 6798:Psychological warfare 6555:Reputation management 6474:Psychological warfare 6323:Political campaigning 6132:Firehose of falsehood 5613:Fact-checking website 5418:Operation Mass Appeal 5400:Clockwork Orange plot 4910:Mental illness denial 4805:Climate change denial 4622:Psychological warfare 4592:Internet manipulation 4557:Firehose of falsehood 4483:Disinformation attack 4132:first 30 pages online 3802:on February 28, 2011. 3776:on February 28, 2011. 3762:(February 23, 2011). 3528:. BBC. May 23, 2003. 3510:All Things Considered 3382:(September 1, 1993), 3275:July 9, 2008, at the 3241:Friedman, Herbert A. 3214:Friedman, Herbert A. 3187:Friedman, Herbert A. 2721:EC-130J Commando Solo 2373:Psychological warfare 2358:Operation Mockingbird 2274:Ride of the Valkyries 2191:X-Men: The Last Stand 2017:Joint Chiefs of Staff 1954: 1926: 1917: 1896: 1870: 1847: 1826: 1784:2003 invasion of Iraq 1720:direct action mission 1715:learned from Panama. 1520: 1510: 1483: 1360: 1322: 1285: 1201: 1115:Domestic information. 1095: 1066: 1057: 1025: 1004:PDU-5B dispenser unit 904:(Airborne), based at 860: 825: 761: 745: 602: 575: 484: 463: 455: 423: 336: 328:Department of Defense 81:Psychological warfare 6764:Denial and deception 6590:Corporate propaganda 4752:Who's Who in the CIA 4110:. New York: Norton. 3633:on December 14, 2008 3480:on February 10, 2005 3020:on February 5, 2012. 2185:was a PSYOP officer. 2144:improve this article 2110:Biden administration 1799:Recent controversies 1589:10th PSYOP Battalion 1442:improve this section 1338:Since the war was a 1048:EC-130 COMMANDO SOLO 708:improve this article 386:improve this article 220:Marine: Quantico, VA 6793:Military camouflage 6779:Information warfare 6678:Media concentration 6550:Non-apology apology 6540:Cult of personality 6268:Emotive conjugation 6022:Burying of scholars 5454:Conspiracy theories 5395:Double-Cross System 5364:Conspiracy theories 5225:Operation INFEKTION 5013:Internet Water Army 4867:Strategy of tension 4732:by Ion Mihai Pacepa 4617:Post-truth politics 3965:De McLaurin, Ronald 3880:. August 24, 2022. 3575:on February 7, 2007 3333:on October 28, 2007 3288:Publication of the 2458:. August 10, 2014. 2348:Information warfare 1981:William B. Caldwell 1686:Strategy of tension 1566:8th PSYOP Battalion 1551:7th PSYOP Battalion 1536:6th PSYOP Battalion 1389:from 1964 to 1968. 1255:(PWE), part of the 1029:flies low over the 541:product development 340:operations security 6750:Military deception 6661:Influence-for-hire 6454:National mythology 6424:Crowd manipulation 6313:Tabloid journalism 6182:Video manipulation 6127:Fictitious entries 5850:Civil disobedience 5736:Media manipulation 5350:HIV/AIDS denialism 5327:Trolls from Olgino 5101:Paid news in India 5091:Fake news in India 4905:HIV/AIDS denialism 4759:Merchants of Doubt 4632:Military deception 4607:Media manipulation 4446:Circular reporting 4347:2010-12-08 at the 4130: – 4077: – 3715:The New York Times 3684:"29 November 2005" 3390:, p. 640 pp, 3307:2009-02-25 at the 2788:, February 6, 2013 2092:revealed that the 2080:single operation. 1945:The New York Times 1866: 1758:Bosnia-Herzegovina 1523: 1521:Safe conduct pass. 1490: 1332: 1327:team in action in 1230:Nelson Rockefeller 1051:, operated by the 1039:Air National Guard 1035: 910:United States Army 871: 828: 764: 756: 578: 458: 430: 428:in the early 1990s 6880: 6879: 6716: 6715: 6482:Airborne leaflets 6361:Election promises 6215:Product placement 6090:Alternative facts 5830:Alternative media 5702: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5588: 5587: 5584: 5583: 5538:Operation Shocker 5340: 5339: 5220:K-1000 battleship 5051:Operation Neptune 4954: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4775: 4774: 4709: 4708: 4701:Yellow journalism 4649:counterpropaganda 4530:List of fallacies 4463:Conspiracy theory 4431:Alternative facts 4030:. The MIT Press. 3760:Hastings, Michael 3450:. April 9, 2003. 3448:Cambridge Clarion 3430:Los Angeles Times 3397:978-0-553-56338-2 3069:on March 26, 2014 2805:. April 5, 2012. 2297:In the 2016 film 2288:In the 2012 film 2258:In the 1979 film 2176: 2175: 2168: 1975:that Lt. Colonel 1738:The 1991 Gulf War 1591:was stationed in 1553:was stationed in 1538:was stationed at 1478: 1477: 1470: 1280:Dwight Eisenhower 1273:Douglas MacArthur 1239:On 11 July 1941, 1031:Statue of Liberty 740: 739: 732: 671:Defense Secretary 418: 417: 410: 303: 302: 224:Navy: Norfolk, VA 77: 76: 69: 6905: 6808: 6789: 6743: 6736: 6729: 6720: 6719: 6708:Media proprietor 6532:Public relations 6512:Public diplomacy 6497:Information (IT) 6376:Name recognition 6001:Media regulation 5983:Annoyance factor 5840:Call-out culture 5755:Crowd psychology 5729: 5722: 5715: 5706: 5705: 5594: 5593: 5413:MMR autism fraud 5296:On US elections 5230:Operation Toucan 5203: 5202: 4971: 4970: 4960: 4959: 4925:anti-vaccination 4873: 4872: 4820:Holocaust denial 4795:Bermuda Triangle 4781: 4780: 4715: 4714: 4644:black propaganda 4612:Potemkin village 4537:False accusation 4513:list of websites 4412: 4411: 4393: 4386: 4379: 4370: 4369: 4331: 4304: 4283: 4274: 4256: 4246: 4237: 4221: 4194: 4164: 4144: 4129: 4099: 4076: 4049: 4029: 4018: 3994: 3974: 3960: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3886: 3875: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3798:. Archived from 3787: 3778: 3777: 3772:. Archived from 3756: 3745: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3622: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3571:. Archived from 3548: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3522: 3513: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3440: 3434: 3422: 3416: 3412: 3401: 3400: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3321: 3312: 3286: 3280: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3184: 3175: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3154: 3145: 3144: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3065:. Archived from 3054: 3048: 3047: 3046:on July 9, 2004. 3042:. Archived from 3035: 3022: 3021: 3016:. Archived from 3009: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2937: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2895: 2893: 2887: 2876: 2865: 2856: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2846: 2839: 2828: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2795: 2789: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2765: 2763: 2757: 2750: 2739: 2730: 2729: 2728:on June 23, 2003 2724:, archived from 2716: 2710: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2690: 2683: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2655: 2648: 2637: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2605: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2590: 2584: 2577: 2567: 2546: 2545: 2544: 2542: 2536: 2525: 2514: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2452: 2446: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2406: 2400: 2399:(27 August 1999) 2393: 2252:Jamie Lee Curtis 2171: 2164: 2160: 2157: 2151: 2128: 2120: 1967:Michael Hastings 1882:Associated Press 1852:disseminated in 1690:Operation Gladio 1584:area of Vietnam. 1473: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1453: 1422: 1414: 1369:Operation Moolah 1183:MAGTF Operations 1151: 1075:cable television 982:(2010-2011) and 735: 728: 724: 721: 715: 692: 684: 632:Voice of America 586:Hurricane Andrew 535:prepare the plan 413: 406: 402: 399: 393: 370: 362: 198: 185: 168: 147: 128: 98: 86: 85: 72: 65: 61: 58: 52: 29: 28: 21: 6913: 6912: 6908: 6907: 6906: 6904: 6903: 6902: 6883: 6882: 6881: 6876: 6862: 6837: 6811: 6752: 6747: 6717: 6712: 6703:Media influence 6698:Media franchise 6683:Media democracy 6649: 6594: 6526: 6468: 6449:Loaded language 6400: 6317: 6234: 6186: 6076: 6005: 5987: 5914: 5855:Culture jamming 5804: 5738: 5733: 5703: 5694: 5599: 5580: 5559: 5547: 5432: 5428:Zinoviev letter 5378: 5352: 5336: 5260:Post-Soviet era 5254: 5215:Active Measures 5198: 5189: 5158: 5146: 5134: 5122: 5110: 5079: 5053: 5041: 4981: 4979:Jihadunspun.com 4965: 4946: 4871: 4847:New World Order 4815:Genocide denial 4786: 4771: 4720: 4705: 4627:Memetic warfare 4417: 4406: 4397: 4349:Wayback Machine 4338: 4320: 4254: 4228: 4210: 4191: 4169:Stubbs, Richard 4153: 4118: 4104:Newitz, Annalee 4065: 4038: 3999:Herz, Martin F. 3983: 3957: 3941: 3936: 3934:Further reading 3931: 3921: 3919: 3904: 3900: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3873: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3854: 3852: 3843: 3842: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3811: 3807: 3788: 3781: 3757: 3748: 3737: 3733: 3724: 3722: 3707: 3703: 3693: 3691: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3667: 3665: 3650: 3646: 3636: 3634: 3623: 3614: 3604: 3602: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3578: 3576: 3549: 3545: 3535: 3533: 3524: 3523: 3516: 3506:Wayback Machine 3497: 3493: 3483: 3481: 3472: 3471: 3467: 3457: 3455: 3442: 3441: 3437: 3433:, July 03, 2004 3423: 3419: 3413: 3404: 3398: 3377: 3373: 3364: 3362: 3349: 3345: 3336: 3334: 3323: 3322: 3315: 3309:Wayback Machine 3287: 3283: 3277:Wayback Machine 3266: 3262: 3252: 3250: 3239: 3235: 3225: 3223: 3212: 3208: 3198: 3196: 3185: 3178: 3168: 3166: 3155: 3148: 3133: 3119: 3115: 3100: 3086: 3082: 3072: 3070: 3057:Richards, Lee. 3055: 3051: 3036: 3025: 3010: 3006: 2994: 2986: 2984: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2958: 2950: 2948: 2943:. Marines.mil. 2939: 2938: 2931: 2921: 2919: 2904: 2900: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2874: 2867: 2866: 2859: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2837: 2829: 2822: 2812: 2810: 2797: 2796: 2792: 2786:Washington Post 2783:Wayback Machine 2774: 2770: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2748: 2740: 2733: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2681: 2673: 2669: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2646: 2638: 2631: 2621: 2619: 2606: 2597: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2549: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2523: 2516: 2515: 2506: 2496: 2494: 2479: 2475: 2465: 2463: 2454: 2453: 2449: 2439: 2437: 2430:Washington Post 2422: 2418: 2407: 2403: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2353:Lockheed EC-130 2310: 2172: 2161: 2155: 2152: 2141: 2129: 2118: 2086: 2037: 2021:Smith–Mundt Act 1963: 1940: 1905: 1842: 1836: 1806: 1801: 1780: 1778:Second Gulf War 1760: 1740: 1703: 1698: 1696:Wars after 1989 1667: 1632: 1605:command section 1474: 1463: 1457: 1454: 1439: 1423: 1412: 1395: 1387:Operation Jilli 1317: 1309: 1303: 1298: 1241:William Donovan 1228:(OCIAA), under 1211: 1200: 1195: 1166: 1152: 1142: 1083: 1045:aircraft named 1020: 999: 940:(the Gulf War). 926: 855: 849:capabilities." 736: 725: 719: 716: 705: 693: 682: 674:Donald Rumsfeld 620: 538:media selection 523: 514: 501: 476: 450: 414: 403: 397: 394: 383: 371: 360: 318:The purpose of 306: 295: 288: 269: 253: 251: 245: 232:Saint Gabriel ( 223: 221: 219: 202: 187: 154:8th PSYOP Group 151: 149:4th PSYOP Group 84: 73: 62: 56: 53: 42: 36:has an unclear 30: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6911: 6901: 6900: 6895: 6878: 6877: 6873:The Art of War 6870: 6868: 6864: 6863: 6861: 6860: 6855: 6845: 6843: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6823:Military dummy 6819: 6817: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6809: 6805:Ruse de guerre 6800: 6795: 6790: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6769:Disinformation 6766: 6760: 6758: 6754: 6753: 6746: 6745: 6738: 6731: 6723: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6674: 6673: 6663: 6657: 6655: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6636: 6635: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6604: 6602: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6580:Understatement 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6536: 6534: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6478: 6476: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6444:Indoctrination 6441: 6436: 6431: 6429:Disinformation 6426: 6421: 6416: 6410: 6408: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6398: 6393: 6391:Smear campaign 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6327: 6325: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6315: 6310: 6308:Sensationalism 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6248:Agenda-setting 6244: 6242: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6196: 6194: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6122:False document 6119: 6114: 6113: 6112: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6086: 6084: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6027:Catch and kill 6024: 6019: 6014: 6008: 6006: 6004: 6003: 5998: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5924: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5860:Demonstrations 5857: 5852: 5847: 5845:Cancel culture 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5826: 5825: 5814: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5746: 5744: 5740: 5739: 5732: 5731: 5724: 5717: 5709: 5700: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5616: 5615: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5590: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5578: 5573: 5567: 5565: 5561: 5560: 5555: 5553: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5508:Habbush letter 5505: 5500: 5495: 5494: 5493: 5483: 5478: 5477: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5451: 5446: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5390:Bell Pottinger 5386: 5384: 5383:United Kingdom 5380: 5379: 5377: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5360: 5358: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5346: 5342: 5341: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5282: 5281: 5280: 5275: 5264: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5211: 5209: 5200: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5166: 5164: 5160: 5159: 5154: 5152: 5148: 5147: 5142: 5140: 5136: 5135: 5130: 5128: 5124: 5123: 5118: 5116: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5087: 5085: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5061: 5059: 5055: 5054: 5049: 5047: 5046:Czechoslovakia 5043: 5042: 5040: 5039: 5032: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5020: 5018:PLA Unit 61398 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4989: 4987: 4983: 4982: 4977: 4975: 4967: 4966: 4956: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4938: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4896: 4895: 4893:by governments 4885: 4879: 4877: 4870: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4823: 4822: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4777: 4776: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4769: 4762: 4755: 4748: 4741: 4734: 4730:Disinformation 4725: 4722: 4721: 4711: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4657: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4636: 4635: 4634: 4629: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4533: 4532: 4522: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4460: 4459: 4458: 4451:Cognitive bias 4448: 4443: 4441:Cherry picking 4438: 4433: 4428: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4408: 4407: 4404:misinformation 4400:Disinformation 4396: 4395: 4388: 4381: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4337: 4336:External links 4334: 4333: 4332: 4318: 4305: 4295:(4): 448–467. 4284: 4275: 4247: 4238: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4222: 4208: 4195: 4189: 4165: 4151: 4134: 4116: 4100: 4081: 4063: 4050: 4036: 4019: 4015:10.1086/266096 4009:(3): 471–486. 3995: 3981: 3967:, ed. (1982). 3961: 3955: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3929: 3898: 3862: 3836: 3805: 3779: 3746: 3731: 3701: 3675: 3644: 3612: 3586: 3543: 3514: 3491: 3465: 3435: 3417: 3402: 3396: 3371: 3343: 3313: 3281: 3260: 3233: 3206: 3176: 3146: 3131: 3113: 3098: 3080: 3049: 3023: 3004: 2968: 2929: 2898: 2857: 2820: 2790: 2768: 2731: 2711: 2702: 2667: 2629: 2595: 2578:, April 2005, 2547: 2504: 2473: 2447: 2416: 2401: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2338:Disinformation 2335: 2330: 2325: 2316: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2304: 2300:The Accountant 2295: 2286: 2282:Pork Chop Hill 2277: 2270:Richard Wagner 2261:Apocalypse Now 2256: 2242: 2229: 2208: 2195: 2186: 2174: 2173: 2132: 2130: 2123: 2117: 2114: 2085: 2082: 2036: 2033: 2029:David Petraeus 1977:Michael Holmes 1962: 1959: 1939: 1936: 1904: 1901: 1838:Main article: 1835: 1832: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1779: 1776: 1759: 1756: 1739: 1736: 1728:Manuel Noriega 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1666: 1663: 1631: 1628: 1601: 1600: 1585: 1562: 1547: 1476: 1475: 1426: 1424: 1417: 1411: 1408: 1394: 1391: 1340:United Nations 1316: 1313: 1305:Main article: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1210: 1207: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1165: 1162: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1124: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1082: 1079: 1043:C-130 Hercules 1019: 1016: 998: 995: 994: 993: 992: 991: 990: 989: 988: 987: 976: 969: 961: 960: 959: 958: 957: 956: 955: 951: 945: 944: 941: 925: 924:Historic units 922: 898: 897: 891: 886: 880: 854: 851: 798:Staff Sergeant 738: 737: 696: 694: 687: 681: 678: 619: 616: 558: 557: 554: 551: 550:implementation 548: 545: 542: 539: 536: 533: 530: 522: 519: 513: 510: 500: 497: 475: 472: 449: 446: 416: 415: 374: 372: 365: 359: 356: 304: 301: 300: 298:Knight (chess) 290: 287:Identification 284: 283: 279: 278: 264: 260: 259: 242: 238: 237: 230: 226: 225: 216: 212: 211: 173: 172: 156: 122: 118: 117: 112: 108: 107: 104: 100: 99: 91: 90: 75: 74: 38:citation style 33: 31: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6910: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6875: 6874: 6869: 6865: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6814: 6807: 6806: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6744: 6739: 6737: 6732: 6730: 6725: 6724: 6721: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6688:Media ecology 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6672: 6671:United States 6669: 6668: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6652: 6646: 6645:Telemarketing 6643: 6641: 6638: 6634: 6631: 6630: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6597: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6529: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6471: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6434:Fearmongering 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6403: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6320: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6273:False balance 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6231: 6230:Word of mouth 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6189: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6111: 6108: 6107: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6079: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6017:Broadcast law 6015: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5990: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5917: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5865:Deplatforming 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5824: 5821: 5820: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5807: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5770:False balance 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5730: 5725: 5723: 5718: 5716: 5711: 5710: 5707: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5650:FactCheck.org 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5609: 5608:Fact-checking 5606: 5605: 5602: 5595: 5591: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5437:United States 5435: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5381: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5286: 5283: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5257: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5204: 5201: 5196: 5192: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5175: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5082: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4998:50 Cent Party 4996: 4995: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4961: 4957: 4943: 4940: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4874: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4789: 4782: 4778: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4761: 4760: 4756: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4747: 4746: 4742: 4740: 4739: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4727: 4726: 4723: 4716: 4712: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 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4205: 4201: 4196: 4192: 4190:0-19-588942-8 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4152:9780700611775 4148: 4143: 4142: 4135: 4133: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4117:9780393881523 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4088: 4082: 4080: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4064:9780394559452 4060: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4037:0-262-62019-7 4033: 4028: 4027: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3973: 3972: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3956:9780706702125 3952: 3948: 3943: 3942: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3902: 3883: 3879: 3872: 3866: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3786: 3784: 3775: 3771: 3770: 3769:Rolling Stone 3765: 3761: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3743: 3742: 3741:Rolling Stone 3735: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3705: 3689: 3685: 3679: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3648: 3632: 3628: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3600: 3596: 3590: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3547: 3531: 3527: 3521: 3519: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3500: 3495: 3479: 3475: 3469: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3439: 3432: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3411: 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2420: 2412: 2405: 2398: 2392: 2388: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2311: 2302: 2301: 2296: 2293: 2292: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2266:Robert Duvall 2263: 2262: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2248: 2243: 2240: 2239:Denis Johnson 2236: 2235: 2234:Tree of Smoke 2230: 2227: 2226: 2222:in the movie 2221: 2220:Mark Wahlberg 2217: 2213: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2201: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2178: 2177: 2170: 2167: 2159: 2149: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2133:This section 2131: 2127: 2122: 2121: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2081: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2061:Odnoklassniki 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2032: 2030: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1993:Joe Lieberman 1990: 1985: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1972:Rolling Stone 1968: 1957: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1946: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1914: 1913:War on Terror 1909: 1899: 1895: 1893: 1892:Drowning Pool 1890:of the group 1889: 1888:Stevie Benton 1884: 1883: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1830: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1796: 1793: 1792:Firdos Square 1789: 1785: 1775: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1755: 1752: 1747: 1744: 1735: 1731: 1729: 1723: 1721: 1716: 1713: 1708: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1627: 1625: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1568:was based at 1567: 1563: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1487: 1482: 1472: 1469: 1461: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1437: 1436: 1432: 1427:This section 1425: 1421: 1416: 1415: 1407: 1405: 1400: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1364: 1359: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1312: 1308: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1242: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1205: 1190: 1186: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1171: 1161: 1159: 1150: 1146: 1136: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1098: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1078: 1076: 1070: 1064: 1062: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1032: 1028: 1027:Commando Solo 1024: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1005: 985: 981: 977: 974: 970: 967: 966: 965: 964: 962: 952: 949: 948: 947: 946: 942: 939: 935: 934: 933: 932: 930: 929: 928: 927: 921: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 895: 892: 890: 887: 884: 881: 879: 876: 875: 874: 869:, Iraq, 2005. 868: 864: 859: 850: 846: 844: 840: 835: 833: 824: 820: 818: 813: 811: 807: 803: 799: 794: 791: 786: 783: 779: 777: 773: 769: 768:Civil Affairs 760: 753: 749: 744: 734: 731: 723: 713: 709: 703: 702: 697:This section 695: 691: 686: 685: 677: 675: 672: 668: 662: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 639: 637: 633: 629: 625: 615: 611: 606: 601: 599: 595: 589: 587: 581: 574: 570: 568: 562: 555: 552: 549: 546: 543: 540: 537: 534: 531: 528: 527: 526: 518: 509: 505: 495: 491: 488: 483: 481: 470: 468: 462: 454: 445: 443: 438: 434: 427: 422: 412: 409: 401: 391: 387: 381: 380: 375:This section 373: 369: 364: 363: 355: 353: 349: 343: 341: 335: 331: 329: 324: 321: 320:United States 316: 314: 310: 305:Military unit 299: 294: 291: 285: 280: 276: 272: 268: 265: 261: 257: 249: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 217: 213: 209: 207: 203: 201: 197: 193: 191: 184: 180: 178: 171: 167: 163: 161: 157: 155: 150: 146: 142: 140: 136: 135: 134: 132: 127: 123: 119: 116: 113: 109: 106:United States 105: 101: 97: 92: 87: 82: 71: 68: 60: 50: 46: 40: 39: 34:This article 32: 23: 22: 19: 6871: 6847:World War II 6693:Media ethics 6613:Door-to-door 6608:Cold calling 6585:Weasel words 6492:Fifth column 6386:Push polling 6336:Astroturfing 6298:Pseudo-event 6278:Infotainment 6253:Broadcasting 6172:Urban legend 6095:April Fools' 5968:Testimonials 5938:Infomercials 5765:Dumbing down 5410: 5345:South Africa 5332:Web brigades 5268:Cyberwarfare 5250:Useful idiot 5199:Soviet Union 5144:Fintas Group 5036:Global Times 5034: 5003:cyberwarfare 4764: 4757: 4750: 4743: 4737: 4729: 4696:Whataboutism 4691:Urban legend 4661:Quote mining 4309: 4292: 4288: 4282:. Greenwood. 4279: 4262: 4258: 4242: 4233: 4199: 4172: 4140: 4107: 4086: 4079:ch. 1 online 4054: 4025: 4006: 4002: 3970: 3946: 3939:Bibliography 3920:. Retrieved 3911: 3901: 3891:November 24, 3889:. Retrieved 3877: 3865: 3855:November 24, 3853:. Retrieved 3839: 3827:. Retrieved 3818: 3808: 3800:the original 3774:the original 3767: 3739: 3734: 3723:, retrieved 3714: 3704: 3692:. Retrieved 3678: 3668:December 16, 3666:. Retrieved 3658:Times Online 3657: 3647: 3635:. Retrieved 3631:the original 3603:. Retrieved 3589: 3579:February 27, 3577:. Retrieved 3573:the original 3560: 3556: 3546: 3536:November 27, 3534:. Retrieved 3512:, 2000-04-10 3494: 3484:December 16, 3482:. Retrieved 3478:the original 3468: 3458:December 16, 3456:. Retrieved 3447: 3438: 3428: 3420: 3388:Bantam Books 3383: 3374: 3363:, retrieved 3353: 3346: 3335:, retrieved 3331:the original 3325: 3294:Ola Tunander 3284: 3268: 3263: 3251:. Retrieved 3236: 3224:. Retrieved 3209: 3197:. Retrieved 3167:. Retrieved 3122: 3116: 3089: 3083: 3071:. Retrieved 3067:the original 3062: 3052: 3044:the original 3018:the original 3012:Wolf, Paul. 3007: 2987:September 3, 2985:. Retrieved 2971: 2951:September 3, 2949:. Retrieved 2922:September 3, 2920:. Retrieved 2911: 2901: 2890:, retrieved 2870: 2849:, retrieved 2833: 2811:. Retrieved 2803:www.army.mil 2802: 2793: 2785: 2771: 2760:, retrieved 2744: 2726:the original 2720: 2714: 2705: 2693:. Retrieved 2677: 2670: 2658:. Retrieved 2642: 2620:. Retrieved 2610: 2587:, retrieved 2571: 2539:, retrieved 2519: 2495:. Retrieved 2486: 2476: 2464:. Retrieved 2450: 2438:. Retrieved 2429: 2419: 2410: 2404: 2396: 2391: 2298: 2289: 2280: 2259: 2245: 2232: 2223: 2198: 2189: 2180: 2162: 2153: 2142:Please help 2137:verification 2134: 2087: 2038: 2025: 2009:Steve Israel 1986: 1970: 1969:reported in 1964: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1941: 1932: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1910: 1906: 1897: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1827: 1823: 1807: 1781: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1732: 1724: 1717: 1704: 1670:Ola Tunander 1668: 1656: 1643: 1633: 1621: 1604: 1602: 1588: 1573: 1565: 1550: 1535: 1528: 1524: 1511: 1491: 1464: 1458:January 2023 1455: 1440:Please help 1428: 1396: 1386: 1381: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1348:Soviet Union 1337: 1333: 1310: 1291: 1286: 1277: 1269: 1246: 1238: 1223: 1212: 1209:World War II 1202: 1187: 1175: 1167: 1154: 1148: 1099: 1096: 1084: 1072: 1067: 1058: 1046: 1036: 1026: 1012: 1008: 1000: 918:Army Reserve 899: 872: 847: 836: 832:Camp Mackall 829: 814: 795: 787: 784: 780: 770:to form the 765: 726: 717: 706:Please help 701:verification 698: 663: 640: 621: 612: 608: 603: 590: 582: 579: 563: 559: 524: 515: 506: 502: 492: 489: 485: 477: 464: 459: 439: 435: 431: 404: 395: 384:Please help 379:verification 376: 351: 347: 345: 337: 332: 317: 312: 308: 307: 292: 271:Bottle-green 266: 255: 247: 233: 206:Navy Reserve 204: 190:Army Reserve 188: 177:Marine Corps 175: 174: 158: 137: 129: 121:Part of 63: 54: 35: 18: 6565:Sound bites 6545:Doublespeak 6396:Wedge issue 6356:Dog whistle 6331:Advertising 6157:Lying press 6142:Gaslighting 5920:Advertising 5895:Occupations 5785:Obfuscation 5775:Half-truths 5543:Yellow rain 5163:Philippines 5023:Spamouflage 5008:Little Pink 4862:Rothschilds 4852:Red mercury 4567:Gaslighting 4518:Lying press 4488:Doublespeak 4342:iwar.org.uk 4181:11375/14923 3637:December 9, 3605:January 20, 3092:. Praeger. 2225:Three Kings 2212:Spike Jonze 2156:August 2023 2102:Philippines 2013:Mike Mullen 1989:John McCain 1911:During the 1682:stay-behind 1653:Sandinistas 1595:and served 1325:loudspeaker 1198:World War I 1112:Censorship. 720:August 2023 567:World War I 499:Black PSYOP 448:White PSYOP 398:August 2023 275:silver gray 273:piped with 215:Garrison/HQ 57:August 2024 6887:Categories 6842:Operations 6786:Maskirovka 6774:False flag 6757:Techniques 6666:Media bias 6522:Subversion 6487:False flag 6464:Techniques 6406:Propaganda 6366:Lawn signs 6346:Canvassing 6240:News media 5996:Censorship 5928:Billboards 5880:Hacktivism 5870:Grassroots 5795:Persuasion 5670:PolitiFact 5598:Opposition 5474:Sandy Hook 5273:on Estonia 5207:Soviet era 5120:Team Jorge 5096:Godi-media 4857:Reptilians 4827:Illuminati 4686:Truthiness 4676:Social bot 4639:Propaganda 4572:Half-truth 4547:False flag 4226:Propaganda 4209:0748610391 4126:1430659114 3982:0030588626 3694:August 10, 3660:. London. 3365:January 8, 3337:January 8, 3226:January 8, 3063:PsyWar.Org 2851:January 8, 2762:January 8, 2695:January 2, 2660:January 2, 2622:January 2, 2589:January 8, 2497:January 2, 2487:Army Times 2466:August 11, 2384:References 2368:Propaganda 2328:COINTELPRO 2291:Safe House 2255:regularly. 2237:by writer 2231:The novel 2005:Carl Levin 2001:Al Franken 1862:al-Zarqawi 1860:terrorist 1642:—entitled 1572:, but its 1323:U.S. Army 906:Fort Bragg 896:(Airborne) 885:(Airborne) 853:Army units 806:Specialist 778:(USASOC). 474:Gray PSYOP 49:footnoting 6858:Bodyguard 6816:Equipment 6628:Promotion 6507:Political 6414:Bandwagon 6341:Attack ad 6220:Publicity 6192:Marketing 6105:Fake news 6067:Religious 6062:Political 6042:Euphemism 6037:Cover-ups 6032:Corporate 5900:Petitions 5790:Orwellian 5760:Deception 5665:NewsGuard 5660:Logically 5655:Full Fact 5552:Venezuela 5486:Fake news 5374:AK Trolls 5065:Funkspiel 4587:Infodemic 4503:Fake news 4478:Denialism 4473:Deception 4096:568030399 4073:493995671 4046:73-148851 3991:18819708W 3829:March 11, 3569:1697-0101 3073:March 16, 2413:, Amended 2343:Fake news 2314:Chieu Hoi 2197:The book 2088:In 2024, 2073:VKontakte 2057:Instagram 2049:Balatarin 2039:In 2022, 1997:Jack Reed 1942:In 2008, 1674:Stockholm 1657:See also 1630:Nicaragua 1574:B Company 1570:Nha Trang 1544:III Corps 1429:does not 1404:PBSuccess 1399:Guatemala 1393:Guatemala 1018:Air Force 817:battalion 659:Air Force 628:strategic 256:Air Force 160:Air Force 6575:Transfer 6517:Sedition 6381:Negative 6293:Newspeak 6283:Managing 6225:Research 6200:Branding 6152:Literary 6117:Fakelore 6110:websites 6100:Deepfake 6057:Internet 5948:Modeling 5905:Protests 5885:Internet 5818:Advocacy 5810:Activism 5690:USAFacts 5680:StopFake 5576:Force 47 5481:COVID-19 5405:Euromyth 5156:Peñabots 5030:COVID-19 4935:COVID-19 4920:Vaccines 4785:Examples 4671:Smearing 4345:Archived 4328:43076960 4218:44964679 4171:(1989). 4161:48649750 4106:(2024). 3922:June 15, 3916:Archived 3882:Archived 3849:Archived 3823:Archived 3796:Fox News 3725:June 21, 3719:archived 3688:Archived 3662:Archived 3599:Archived 3530:Archived 3502:Archived 3452:Archived 3359:archived 3305:Archived 3273:Archived 3247:Archived 3220:Archived 3193:Archived 3163:Archived 3141:43076960 2981:Archived 2945:Archived 2916:Archived 2883:archived 2842:archived 2807:Archived 2779:Archived 2753:archived 2686:Archived 2651:Archived 2616:Archived 2580:archived 2532:archived 2491:Archived 2460:Archived 2434:Archived 2308:See also 2216:Ice Cube 2065:Telegram 2053:Facebook 2043:and the 1858:al-Qaeda 1850:pamphlet 1786:was the 1597:IV Corps 1582:II Corps 1540:Bien Hoa 1504:and the 1384:Cold War 1296:Cold War 1141:— 802:Sergeant 790:Division 556:feedback 358:Products 282:Insignia 241:Motto(s) 45:citation 6853:Bertram 6654:Related 6633:Spaving 6618:Pricing 6560:Slogans 6502:Lawfare 6439:Framing 6419:Big lie 6210:Product 6205:Loyalty 6137:Forgery 6082:Hoaxing 5963:Slogans 5943:Mobiles 5835:Boycott 5743:Context 5564:Vietnam 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