678:
1102:
636:
39:
1043:. While perceived as aligned with the Kremlin, Davankov incorporated anti-war sentiments reminiscent of the barred candidates, rendering him an alternative candidate to opposition voters as a means of protest voting. Despite the action, Davankov nevertheless received officially only 4% of the official vote, while independent exit polling conducted showed him overwhelmingly defeating Putin.
821:
information. Votes are blank, null, and spoiled more frequently in areas with high levels of illiteracy or limited language competency. Spoiled ballots, especially those that have been deliberately defaced or otherwise ruined, are a more reliable indicator of protest votes and of political sophistication.
930:
becomes the most voted option, the elections should be repeated once and, depending on the nature of the election, the parties should present new candidates or new lists of candidates. This gives the protest vote a way to express dissent with real electoral consequences. So far, the blank vote has
801:
None of the above (NOTA) voting is rarely an option in U.S. politics, although it has been an option on Nevada ballots since 1976. NOTA voting is proposed as a state-legitimized method of allowing voters to signal discontent, although selecting a "none" option does not always indicate protest.
786:
Protest votes can take the form of blank, null, or spoiled ballots. Blank ballots are ballots with no markings on them. Null ballots are ballots that do not result in a valid vote because the ballot was filled out incompletely or incorrectly. Spoiled ballots are ballots that have been defaced,
820:
Distinguishing between ballots that have been deliberately cast as protest votes and those that are blank, null, or spoiled by an individual trying but failing to cast a valid vote is challenging. Blank votes are often associated with protest voting, but can also be indicators of a lack of
774:
candidate in the United States, or who can register their displeasure with the political process by reducing the majority status of a likely winner. Alienation often leads to abstention from voting, but can also generate participation in the form of a protest vote. In the
732:, or not voting, protest voting is a sign of unhappiness with available options. If protest vote takes the form of a blank vote, it may or may not be tallied into final results. Protest votes may be considered spoiled or, depending on the
1085:
Abstaining increases the proportion of votes for the most popular candidate or party, while using a protest vote against the popular candidate or party can shrink a margin of victory. Reducing the margin may result in a
887:
withdrew over concerns about election integrity and encouraged his supporters to spoil their ballots as protest—an example of organized protest voting. In that election, around 31% of ballots cast were spoiled or blank.
787:
crossed-out, or otherwise marked in a way that makes the ballot ineligible; spoiled ballots most clearly indicate the presence of a protest vote. Write-in votes may also indicate protest voting; in the United States
1081:
of government and has historically called for abstention as a form of protest. Active protest voting, whether through spoiled or blank ballots, tends to communicate dissatisfaction more effectively than abstention.
1768:
1035:
before his death. This involved gathering at polling stations on the last day of voting around midday to advocate for spoilt ballots such as writing
Navalny's name or to cast votes for
922:, the blank vote has a legal path to force a repetition of an election and a change of the candidates in that election. According to the paragraph 1 of the article 258 of the
915:, saw the highest level of protest voting and abstention in France since the late 1960s, with 4 million blank or spoiled ballots and an additional 12 million abstentions.
809:
or less preferred party can be a way of signaling dissatisfaction with a leading candidate, party, or policy, or of reducing the margin of victory of the likely winner.
1626:
798:. However, this option does not exist in federal elections. To decline a ballot, one may return the ballot to the poll worker while stating that they decline to vote.
1492:
1742:
1201:
Southwell, Priscilla Lewis; Everest, Marcy Jean (1998). "The
Electoral Consequences of Alienation: Nonvoting and Protest Voting in the 1992 Presidential Race".
1319:
Driscoll, Amanda; Nelson, Michael J. (September 2014). "Ignorance or
Opposition? Blank and Spoiled Votes in Low-Information, Highly Politicized Environments".
1710:
725:, casting a blank vote is available for those who do not wish to choose a candidate, or to protest. Unlike abstention elsewhere, blank votes are counted.
1233:
Damore, David F.; Waters, Mallory M.; Bowler, Shaun (December 2012). "Unhappy, Uninformed, or
Uninterested? Understanding "None of the Above" Voting".
794:
Declined ballots occur where a voter shows up to the polling place, and declines to vote. This is an option in multiple
Canadian provinces, including
1788:
931:
not been majoritarian in presidential or congress elections in
Colombia, but it already has forced to repeat some elections for mayor's office.
1115:
1020:
805:
Other types of protest voting relate more to the choice of candidate or party selected for a valid vote than the ballot itself. Voting for a
1001:
951:
1568:
829:
One United States court case determined that voting is not an issue of free speech or expression, but rather about electing officials; in
1005:
356:
1514:
974:. In Oklahoma, non-Obama candidates gathered a combined total of 43%, with the highest number of votes going to anti-abortion activist
1090:
or a smaller difference between the parties in government, thus limiting the chance a single party will have control over the system.
812:
Protest voting organized by political parties or leaders also occurs, but tends to be rare and associated with extreme circumstances.
776:
321:
1363:
351:
190:
293:
1677:
994:
979:
1871:
865:
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upheld a ban on write-in votes after Alan B. Burdick argued that Hawaii should be required to count his protest vote for
681:
Spoiled votes may or may not be protest votes, but are often kept aside for challenges, further examination, or disposal.
496:
1489:
1650:
1016:
978:. The phenomenon showed up in later elections but on a smaller scale (as many former Democrats left the party). In the
834:
1586:
908:
892:
1377:
947:
939:
770:
Protest voting tends to occur among voters who feel alienated but who have an alternative voting option, such as a
664:
927:
923:
876:
341:
1861:
1036:
618:
278:
1135:
875:, where over 5.5% of ballots in presidential elections since 1980 have been blank or spoiled. During the
771:
269:
298:
235:
1809:
Hill, Lisa (2006). "Low Voter
Turnout in the United States. Is Compulsory Voting a Viable Solution?".
1444:
Hill, Lisa (2006). "Low Voter
Turnout in the United States: Is Compulsory Voting a Viable Solution?".
1279:
Hill, Lisa; Young, Sally (September 2007). "Protest or Error? Informal Voting and
Compulsory Voting".
1823:
1458:
849:
491:
250:
1896:
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857:
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system. Protest voting takes a variety of forms and reflects numerous voter motivations, including
326:
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1120:
312:
1528:"A dynamic model of the invalid vote: How a changing candidate menu shapes null voting behavior"
1818:
1453:
935:
506:
407:
288:
1130:
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361:
346:
245:
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in
Finland and Sweden, voters have also used Donald Duck as a protest vote. In Ukraine, the
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8:
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402:
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572:
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101:
96:
69:
1214:
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1840:
1743:"Who is Vladislav Davankov – a new hope for opposition in the presidential election?"
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64:
1711:"Russians form long queues at polling stations in 'noon against Putin' protest"
1627:"Protest Candidate, Paul Farrell, Wins 9 Percent of West Virginia Primary Vote"
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1024:
955:
904:
511:
455:
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200:
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1722:
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1678:"Russian voters, answering Navalny's call, protest as Putin extends his rule"
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1332:
1246:
1057:
Abstention may be a type of protest vote when it is not solely the result of
975:
971:
872:
760:
Votes for a fringe candidate or party, or a less preferred candidate or party
608:
526:
521:
181:
157:
152:
74:
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at the federal level. This phenomenon received significant attention in the
713:
to demonstrate dissatisfaction with the choice of candidates or the current
983:
959:
603:
587:
417:
392:
172:
137:
1569:"French Election: Protest Vote for 'Nobody' Was Highest In Half a Century"
1600:"2012 Presidential Primaries, Caucuses, and Conventions: Chronologically"
853:
838:
806:
698:
577:
460:
440:
167:
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1101:
635:
1404:
1052:
845:
780:
729:
435:
303:
127:
87:
1872:
Mickey Mouse and Jesus among write-in votes that helped sink Roy Moore
1070:
896:
83:
1027:, anti-Putin activists employed the protest voting tactic known as
963:
919:
714:
710:
336:
1515:
Vote Dark Side: 'Darth Vader' Runs for Mayor in Ukraine — NBC News
1769:"'Ultra-left' anarchists and anti-fascism in the Second Republic"
795:
1161:
Alvarez, R. Michael; Kiewiet, D. Roderick; Núñez, Lucas (2018).
55:
30:
938:, protest candidates often receive a large number of votes in
1587:
The blank vote explained: Colombia’s biggest electoral gamble
1391:
Myatt, David (September 2015). "A Theory of Protest Voting".
989:
received 9% of the vote and placed ahead of eventual nominee
861:
815:
38:
880:
706:
1431:
Cornell University Law School Legal Information Institute
1364:"Declining your ballot? Not in the next federal election"
934:
In certain parts of the United States, especially in the
783:
said they would not have voted at all if he had not run.
997:, fellow favorite son David Rice received a similar 8%.
1592:
16:
Vote cast in an election as a form of political protest
1031:, first proposed by jailed Russian opposition leader
1097:
1008:
formed against Biden's support of Israel during the
907:, protest vote was named a contributing factor. The
1160:
1061:or indifference towards politics. In systems where
1232:
942:presidential primaries due to a large presence of
824:
1878:
1200:
1023:candidates from challenging incumbent President
1643:
1318:
1116:List of democracy and elections-related topics
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903:arrived second behind conservative candidate
744:Protest votes can take many different forms:
658:
1676:Ebel, Francesca; Dixon, Robyn (2024-03-18).
1505:. March 7, 2007. Retrieved on March 4, 2009.
946:who, while registered Democrats, often vote
367:Parallel voting (Mixed member majoritarian)
958:polled at 42% against incumbent President
868:, although this application was rejected.
816:Determining the presence of a protest vote
779:, for example, 14% of those who voted for
665:
651:
332:Mixed single vote (positive vote transfer)
270:Proportional and semi-proportional systems
1822:
1675:
1624:
1543:
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1427:"Burdick v. Takushi, 504 U.S. 428 (1992)"
1278:
1178:
1773:International Journal of Iberian Studies
864:, and tried to nominate Darth Vader for
791:has historically been a popular choice.
777:1992 United States presidential election
739:
736:, counted as "none of the above" votes.
676:
1281:Australian Journal of Political Science
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1490:Donald Duck holds his own in the north
1002:2024 Democratic presidential primaries
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1708:
1566:
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1180:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050517-120425
980:2016 West Virginia Democratic primary
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1526:Cohen, Mollie J. (April 22, 2018).
13:
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1657:. West Virginia Secretary of State
1167:Annual Review of Political Science
1017:2024 Russian presidential election
924:Political Constitution of Colombia
227:Plurality and majoritarian systems
14:
1908:
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1655:results.enr.clarityelections.com/
1307:
1269:
1221:
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1006:significant protest vote movement
909:2017 French presidential election
893:2002 French presidential election
337:Scorporo (negative vote transfer)
1747:www.russian-election-monitor.org
1631:The New York Times - First Draft
1100:
634:
37:
1811:Journal of Theoretical Politics
1767:Evans, Danny (September 2016).
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1651:"Results – Democratic Contests"
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1545:10.1016/j.electstud.2018.04.015
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1446:Journal of Theoretical Politics
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825:Significant protest vote events
1625:Rappeport, Alan (2016-05-11).
1567:Smith, Saphora (May 8, 2017).
1419:
1384:
1370:
1362:press, Jordan (24 June 2014).
1355:
1163:"A Taxonomy of Protest Voting"
1065:, abstention may be an act of
342:Mixed ballot transferable vote
1:
1215:10.1016/s0362-3319(98)90058-1
1141:
1857:Voters For None of the Above
1378:"Frequently asked questions"
1321:Political Research Quarterly
1235:Political Research Quarterly
871:Protest voting is common in
619:End-to-end verifiable voting
279:Single non-transferable vote
7:
1709:Sauer, Pjotr (2024-03-17).
1136:Uncommitted (voting option)
1093:
1047:Protest vote and abstention
877:2000 presidential elections
477:Voting patterns and effects
10:
1913:
1867:If You Give a Mouse a Vote
1203:The Social Science Journal
1050:
995:2020 primary in that state
299:Single transferable voting
236:First-past-the-post voting
1293:10.1080/10361140701513646
952:2012 Democratic primaries
856:for mayoral elections in
492:Voting advice application
322:Mixed-member proportional
251:Plurality-at-large voting
1833:10.1177/0951629806061868
1468:10.1177/0951629806061868
1333:10.1177/1065912914524634
1247:10.1177/1065912911424286
1075:representative democracy
1067:political disappointment
1019:, amid the exclusion of
831:Burdick v. Takushi, 1992
357:Rural–urban proportional
352:Dual-member proportional
327:Additional member system
1785:10.1386/ijis.29.3.241_1
1121:Motion of no confidence
846:parliamentary elections
763:Organized protest votes
757:None of the above votes
993:in one county. In the
966:primary, and prisoner
944:conservative Democrats
928:blank vote in Colombia
682:
507:Passive electioneering
408:Straight-ticket voting
1131:Single-issue politics
740:Types of protest vote
680:
362:Majority bonus system
347:Alternative Vote Plus
246:Instant-runoff voting
1585:Freeman, Daniel E. "
1488:Kallionpää, Katri. "
1393:The Economic Journal
1063:voting is compulsory
723:voting is compulsory
313:Mixed-member systems
1077:in favor of a more
987:Paul T. Farrell Jr.
641:Politics portal
403:Split-ticket voting
1495:2013-12-27 at the
1405:10.1111/ecoj.12333
1399:(603): 1527–1567.
1041:Vladislav Davankov
1029:Noon Against Putin
683:
614:Voter registration
573:Voter intimidation
97:Write-in candidate
70:Provisional ballot
1606:. August 28, 2013
1589:". March 7, 2014.
1532:Electoral Studies
1502:Helsingin Sanomat
1073:movement rejects
954:, where attorney
901:Jean-Marie Le Pen
703:none of the above
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674:
626:
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583:Voter suppression
563:Ballot harvesting
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540:
502:Paradox of voting
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467:
451:None of the above
383:Voting strategies
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284:Cumulative voting
218:Electoral systems
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143:Electronic voting
133:Compulsory voting
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1824:10.1.1.1005.9634
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1787:. Archived from
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1059:political apathy
1010:Israel–Hamas war
970:received 41% in
940:Democratic Party
885:Alejandro Toledo
807:fringe candidate
766:Declined ballots
734:electoral system
719:political apathy
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517:Political apathy
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1088:hung parliament
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991:Hillary Clinton
913:Emmanuel Macron
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754:Spoiled ballots
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689:(also called a
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568:Ballot stuffing
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551:Electoral fraud
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487:Coattail effect
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413:Tactical voting
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289:Binomial system
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88:Ballot measures
65:Absentee ballot
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1862:Protest Vote
1814:
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1793:. Retrieved
1789:the original
1776:
1772:
1762:
1751:. Retrieved
1749:. 2024-03-10
1746:
1737:
1726:. Retrieved
1715:The Guardian
1714:
1704:
1693:. Retrieved
1681:
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1659:. Retrieved
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1209:(1): 43–51.
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984:favorite son
960:Barack Obama
933:
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883:, candidate
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789:Mickey Mouse
785:
769:
751:Null ballots
743:
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694:
690:
687:protest vote
686:
684:
604:Election ink
588:Voter caging
535:
497:Likely voter
426:
418:Vote pairing
393:Issue voting
191:Popular vote
173:Voting booth
138:Early voting
22:Part of the
1610:January 31,
1538:: 111–121.
1173:: 135–154.
1079:direct form
1000:During the
895:, in which
854:Darth Vader
839:Donald Duck
772:third-party
728:Along with
709:cast in an
578:Vote buying
461:Spoilt vote
441:Donkey vote
168:Vote center
148:Open ballot
1881:Categories
1795:2019-12-17
1753:2024-03-20
1728:2024-03-20
1695:2024-03-20
1636:2017-06-27
1142:References
1053:Abstention
1039:candidate
1037:New People
968:Keith Judd
948:Republican
891:After the
866:presidency
852:nominated
781:Ross Perot
730:abstention
596:Prevention
436:Abstention
304:Spare vote
294:Party-list
128:Ballot box
120:Collection
102:Electorate
84:Candidates
1887:Elections
1841:154361874
1819:CiteSeerX
1723:0261-3077
1690:0190-8286
1554:158301581
1476:154361874
1454:CiteSeerX
1349:145215626
1301:153913830
1263:143974182
1071:anarchist
926:, if the
911:, won by
897:far-right
715:political
48:Balloting
1661:June 10,
1573:NBC News
1493:Archived
1413:12835208
1341:24371891
1255:41759322
1094:See also
1021:anti-war
964:Arkansas
920:Colombia
721:. Where
711:election
182:Counting
163:Precinct
1015:In the
962:in the
899:leader
844:In the
796:Ontario
699:spoiled
56:Ballots
1892:Voting
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1069:. The
833:, the
701:, or "
112:Ticket
31:Voting
1837:S2CID
1550:S2CID
1472:S2CID
1409:S2CID
1345:S2CID
1337:JSTOR
1297:S2CID
1259:S2CID
1251:JSTOR
936:South
862:Odesa
691:blank
196:Tally
107:Slate
1719:ISSN
1686:ISSN
1663:2020
1612:2020
1004:, a
881:Peru
860:and
858:Kyiv
707:vote
695:null
86:and
1829:doi
1781:doi
1540:doi
1499:."
1464:doi
1401:doi
1397:127
1329:doi
1289:doi
1243:doi
1211:doi
1175:doi
918:In
879:in
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685:A
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