Proportional representation

2622:, is the geographic link between representatives and their constituents. A notable disadvantage of PR is that, as its multiple-member districts are made larger, this link is weakened. In party list PR systems without delineated districts, such as the Netherlands and Israel, the there is no geographic link between representatives and their constituents. This makes it more difficult for local or regional issues to be addressed at the federal level. With relatively small multiple-member districts, in particular with STV, there are counter-arguments: about 90% of voters can consult a representative they voted for, someone whom they might think more sympathetic to their problem. In such cases it is sometimes argued that constituents and representatives have a closer link; constituents have a choice of representative so they can consult one with particular expertise in the topic at issue. With multiple-member districts, prominent candidates have more opportunity to be elected in their home constituencies, which they know and can represent authentically. There is less likely to be a strong incentive to 3238:, as a result of population changes over many years, unconstitutionally disadvantaged smaller political parties. With biproportional apportionment, the use of open party lists has not changed, but the way winning candidates are determined has. The proportion of seats due to each party is calculated according to their overall citywide vote, and then the district winners are adjusted to conform to these proportions. This means that some candidates, who would otherwise have been successful, can be denied seats in favor of initially unsuccessful candidates, in order to improve the relative proportions of their respective parties overall. This peculiarity is accepted by the Zürich electorate because the resulting city council is proportional and all votes, regardless of district magnitude, now have equal weight. The system has since been adopted by other Swiss cities and 3583:, ensuring international interest. The 1865 edition of the book included the transfer of preferences from dropped candidates and the STV method was essentially complete, although Hare pictured the entire British Isles as one single district. Mill proposed it to the House of Commons in 1867, but the British parliament rejected it. The name evolved from "Mr.Hare's scheme" to "proportional representation", then "proportional representation with the single transferable vote", and finally, by the end of the 19th century, to "the single transferable vote". Such a system was well suited to the British political tradition. STV was preferred in the English-speaking world because it traditionally cast votes directly for individuals. STV was later adopted for national elections in Malta (1921), the Republic of Ireland (1921) and Australia (1948). 2471:

government is assured; and governments remain sensitive to public sentiment because they can be, and are, regularly voted out of power. However, this is not necessarily so; a two-party system can result in a "drift to extremes", hollowing out the centre, or, at least, in one party drifting to an extreme. As well, a two-party election system may operate in an oligopolistic manner, with both parties ignoring a particular viewpoint (the two parties engaging in too much compromise), or one party may verge off, having been controlled by an extreme group, so creating polarization. A two-party plurality election system means there are many safe seats, districts where only one party has a chance to be elected. This often leads to polarization and low voter turnout, and sometimes opens door to foreign interference at the nomination stage.

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representatives at all? ... Is it necessary that the minority should not even be heard? Nothing but habit and old association can reconcile any reasonable being to the needless injustice. In a really equal democracy, every or any section would be represented, not disproportionately, but proportionately. A majority of the electors would always have a majority of the representatives, but a minority of the electors would always have a minority of the representatives. Man for man, they would be as fully represented as the majority. Unless they are, there is not equal government ... there is a part whose fair and equal share of influence in the representation is withheld from them, contrary to all just government, but, above all, contrary to the principle of democracy, which professes equality as its very root and foundation.

3051:, for example, the country is divided into ten multiple-member voting districts arranged in three regions, electing 135 representatives. In addition, 40 compensatory seats are elected. Voters have one vote which can be cast for an individual candidate or for a party list on the district ballot. To determine district winners, candidates are apportioned their share of their party's district list vote plus their individual votes. The compensatory seats are apportioned to the regions according to the party votes aggregated nationally, and then to the districts where the compensatory representatives are determined. In the 2007 general election, the district magnitudes, including compensatory representatives, varied between 14 and 28. The basic design of the system has remained unchanged since its introduction in 1920. 3729:, the Bucklin system of ranked voting, and list PR were used in different places, at the municipal, state or national level in that period. List PR or STV eventually became the preferred alternative electoral method for many jurisdictions by the 1920s. The MMP version of list PR began to be used after the Second World War. District representation, proportionality of the results, the rate of wasted votes, the acceptable level of complication for voters and election officials, quickness of announcement of results and other aspects were often valued differently by the different reformers and by the elected governments who usually had the power to make decisions over electoral system. There is thus a wide range of PR systems used by the countries in the world that have adopted PR. 1364:, but the following example shows how the vote count is performed and how proportionality is achieved in a district with 3 seats. In reality, districts usually elect more members than that in order to achieve more proportional results. A risk is that if the number of seats is larger than, for example, 10 seats, the ballot will be so large as to be inconvenient and voters may find it difficult to rank the many candidates, although 21 are elected through STV in some elections with no great difficulty. (In many STV systems, voters are not required to mark more choices than desired. Even if all voters marked only one preference, the resulting representation would be more balanced than under single-winner FPTP.) 2026: 2033: 1323: – these are the same methods that may be used to allocate seats for geographic proportional representation (for example, how many seats each states gets in the US House of Representatives). Votes and seats often cannot be mathematically perfectly allocated, so some amount of rounding has to be done. The various methods deal with this in different ways, although the difference is reduced if there are many seats – for example, if the whole country is one district. Party-list PR is also more complicated in reality than in the example, as countries often use more than one district, multiple tiers (e.g. local, regional and national), 7806:

parties in situations when the parties on the right were not united enough to exist under majoritarian systems. This argument was formalized and supported by Carles Boix in a 1999 study. Amel Ahmed notes that prior to the adoption of PR, many electoral systems were based on majority or plurality rule, and that these systems risked eradicating parties on the right in areas where the working class was large in numbers. He therefore argues that parties on the right adopted PR as a way to ensure that they would survive as potent political forces amid suffrage expansion. A 2021 study linked the adoption of PR to incumbent fears of revolutionary threats.

1806: 3292:, the minimum vote that guarantees election, is declared elected. The candidate's surplus votes (those in excess of the quota) are transferred to other candidates at a fraction of their value proportionate to the surplus, according to the voters' preferences. If there are no surplus votes to transfer and there are still seats to fill, the least popular candidate is eliminated, those votes being transferred to their next preference at full value. The votes are transferred according to the next marked preference. Any votes that cannot be transferred are moved to a pile labelled exhausted or non-transferable. 2556:) even if districts are drawn in such a way as to ensure approximately equal representation. However, because voter turnout varies from district to district and because in one district a winner might take 80 percent of the vote while in another the winner might be elected with only 30 percent of the vote, there might be wide variation in votes-per-winner, even if districts are drawn in such a way as to take in equivalent population. As one party might take its seats with a low votes-per-winner ratio while another party might not have that advantage, the result is likely to be disproportionate. 2040: 1813: 931: 3261:, whose elections are contested by many more parties, the authors note that parameters can be tuned to adopt any degree of proportionality deemed acceptable to the electorate. In order to elect smaller parties, a number of constituencies would be awarded to candidates placed fourth or even fifth in the constituency – unlikely to be acceptable to the electorate, the authors concede – but this effect could be substantially reduced by incorporating a third, regional, apportionment tier, or by specifying minimum thresholds. 3140:(MSV) use a proportional formula for allocating seats on the compensatory tier, but voters only have one vote that functions on both levels. MSV may use a positive vote transfer system, where unused votes are transferred from the lower tier to the upper, compensatory tier, where only these are used in the proportional formula. Alternatively, the MMP (seat linkage) algorithm can be used with a mixed single vote to "top-up" to a proportional result. With MSV, the similar requirements as in MMP apply to guarantee an overall proportional result. 1820: 1225: 2236:, which is also semi-proportional. It has the advantage that parties play no direct role in elections and voters do not need to mark ranked votes. Each voter casts one vote for a candidate and as many candidates win by plurality as the number of seats in the district. Due to each voter casting just one vote, as in STV, and each district electing multiple members, as in STV, mixed representation is produced in each district and overall rough proportionality more or less. Without transferable votes, more votes are wasted than under STV. 2019: 1799: 3396:. All ballots are added with equal weight, and the candidate with the highest overall score is elected. In all subsequent rounds, ballots that support candidates who have already been elected are added with a reduced weight. Thus, voters who support none of the winners in the early rounds are increasingly likely to elect one of their preferred candidates in a later round. The procedure has been shown to yield proportional outcomes especially when voters are loyal to distinct groups of candidates (e.g. political parties). 3873: 3169:. In Baden-Württemberg, compensatory seats are awarded to candidates who receive high levels of support at the district level compared with other candidates of the same party. DMP differs in that at most one candidate per district is permitted to obtain a compensatory seat. If multiple candidates contesting the same district are slated to receive one of their parties' compensatory seats, the candidate with the highest vote share is elected and the others are eliminated. DMP is similar to 66: 2567:

representatives in the district, without having to re-draw a single boundary. For example, Mollison in his 2010 plan for STV for the UK divided the country into 143 districts and then allocated varying number of seats to each district (to add up to the existing total of 650 MPs) depending on the number of voters in each but with wide ranges (his five-seat districts include one with 327,000 voters and another with 382,000 voters). His district boundaries follow historical

3079:, but requires 15 seats in total to obtain its proportional share of an elected body. A fully proportional mixed compensatory system would award this party 5 compensatory (PR) seats, raising the party's seat count from 10 to 15. MMP has the potential to produce proportional or moderately proportional election outcomes, depending on a number of factors such as the ratio of FPTP seats to PR seats, the existence or nonexistence of extra compensatory seats to make up for 3119:"top-up" each party to the overall number of parliamentary seats due to it according to the party's overall list vote. Before apportioning list seats, all list votes for parties which failed to reach the threshold are discarded. If eliminated parties lose seats in this manner, then the seat counts for parties that achieved the threshold improve. Any direct seats won by independent candidates are subtracted from the parliamentary total used to apportion list seats. 906: 1383: 3510:, understood the importance of multiple-member districts: "Bad elections proceed from the smallness of the districts which give an opportunity to bad men to intrigue themselves into office", and again, in 1791, in his Lectures on Law: "It may, I believe, be assumed as a general maxim, of no small importance in democratical governments, that the more extensive the district of election is, the choice will be the more wise and enlightened". The 1790 1552:

candidates in each party won the party's seats. 81 percent of the voters saw their first choice elected. At least 15 percent of them (the Doe first, Citizen second voters) saw both their first and second choices elected – there were likely more than 15 percent if some "Citizen first" votes gave their second preference to Doe. Every voter had satisfaction of seeing someone of the party they support elected in the district.

2878: 918: 2344:, using an open list system with a 10 percent threshold, 46 percent of votes were wasted. The other 54 percent of the votes did receive fair level of representation, though. Under first-past-the-post, a third or so of members are elected with less than half the votes cast in their district, the majority in such districts not getting any local representation and with no levelling seats getting no representation entirely. 1350:. The ranking is used to instruct election officials of how the vote should be used in case the first preference is marked for an un-electable candidate or for an already elected candidate. Each voter casts one vote and the district used elects multiple members (more than one, usually 3 to 7). Because parties play no role in the vote count, STV may be used for nonpartisan elections, such as the city council of 2509:". Most votes contribute to the election of a candidate, so parties need to campaign in all districts, not just those where their support is strongest or where they perceive most advantage. This fact in turn encourages parties to be more responsive to voters, producing a more "balanced" ticket by nominating more women and minority candidates. On average about 8% more women are elected. 2004:). There is no compensation (no regard to how the district seats were filled) when allocating party-list seats so as to produce a proportional allocation of seats overall. The popular vote, the number of district seats won by each party, and the number of district and party-list PR seats are all the same as in the MMP example above, yet the parties' share of total seats is different. 1755:, where STV is used with 5-member districts, it is common for successful candidates to receive 16.6 percent of the vote in the district. This produces a high effective threshold in the districts, and the country maintains a very strong two-party system. However, about 4000 voters in a district would be enough to elect a third-party candidate if voters desired but this seldom happens. 3778:(AV) was used in rural areas alongside STV in the major urban centres. First-past-the-post was re-adopted in Alberta by the dominant party for reasons of political advantage. In Manitoba, a principal reason given was to address under-representation of Winnipeg in the provincial legislature (which could have otherwise been addressed by adding more members to urban districts). 2268:

character to gain admission into the House of Commons. The only persons who can get elected are those who possess local influence, or make their way by lavish expenditure, or who, on the invitation of three or four tradesmen or attorneys, are sent down by one of the two great parties from their London clubs, as men whose votes the party can depend on under all circumstances.

2835:. When this condition is violated, the allocation is disproportional, and it may be interesting to examine the degree of disproportionality – the degree to which the number of seats won by each party differs from that of a perfectly proportional outcome. This degree does not have a single unambiguous definition. Some common disproportionality indexes are: 2229:; others don't. Most impose an electoral threshold in order for a party to be eligible for any additional seats; some allow parties that elect one or more district seats to be eligible for additional seats even if its party share is below the threshold. Any barrier to access to the additional seats may produce wasted votes and dis-proportionality in the final result. 3530:, who devised a "plan of election" for the committee of the Society for Literary and Scientific Improvement in Birmingham that used not only transfers of surplus votes from winners but also from losers, a refinement that later both Andræ and Hare initially omitted. But the procedure was unsuitable for a public election and was not publicised. In 1839, Hill's son, 2594:, there is no compensation for the effects that such gerrymandering might have. Under MMP, the use of compensatory list seats makes gerrymandering less of an issue. However, its effectiveness in this regard depends upon the features of the system, including the size of the regional districts, the relative share of list seats in the total, and opportunities for 1103:(top-up) to compensate for the disproportional results produced in single-member districts using FPTP or to increase the fairness produced in multi-member districts using list PR. PR systems that achieve the highest levels of proportionality tend to use as general pooling as possible (typically country-wide) or districts with large numbers of seats. 1020:: a single-winner contest does not produce proportional representation as it has only one winner. Conversely, the representation achieved under PR electoral systems is typically proportional to a district's population size (seats per set amount of population), votes cast (votes per winner), and party vote share (in party-based systems such as 2462:, and often when an election forces government change, some of the old coalition are in the new coalition so PR produces continuity and stability. Opponents counter that with many policies, compromise is not possible. Neither can many policies be easily positioned on the left-right spectrum (for example, the environment). So policies are 1149:, for instance, each member state has a number of seats that is (roughly) proportional to its population, enabling geographical proportional representation. For these elections, all European Union (EU) countries also must use a proportional electoral system (enabling political proportional representation): When 2290: 1789:

proportionally, but there is also randomness – a party that receives more votes than another party might not win more seats than the other. Any such dis-proportionality produced by the district elections is addressed, where possible, by the allocation of the compensatory additional members.

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In contrast, other scholars argue that the choice to adopt PR was also due to a demand by parties on the left to ensure a foothold in politics, as well as to encourage a consensual system that would help the left realize its preferred economic policies. The pressure to change may become so great that

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Conversely, widely respected candidates can win election even if they receive relatively few first preferences. They do this by benefiting from strong subordinate preference support. Of course, they must have enough initial support so that they are not in the bottom rung of popularity or they will be

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is the minimum vote required to win one seat. The lower the threshold, the higher the proportion of votes contributing to the election of representatives and the lower the proportion of votes wasted. An explicit threshold requires parties to win a certain percentage of the vote in order to be awarded

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during coalition formation, with the consequence that voters have no way of knowing which policies will be pursued by the government they elect; voters have less influence on governments. Also, coalitions do not necessarily form at the centre, and small parties can have excessive influence, supplying

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Mixed-member proportional representation combines election of district members with election of additional members as compensatory top-up. Often MMP systems use single-member districts (SMDs) to elect district members. (Denmark, Iceland and Sweden use multi-member districts in their MMP systems.) MMP

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Even if all of Fred Rubble's surplus had gone to Mary Hill, the vote transfer plus Hill's original votes would not add up to quota. Party B did not have two quotas of votes so was not due two seats, while Party A was. It is possible, in realistic STV elections, for a candidate to win without quota if

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The single transferable vote is an older method than party-list PR, and it does not need to formally involve parties in the election process. Instead of parties putting forward ordered lists of candidates from which winners are drawn in some order, candidates run by name, each voter marks preferences

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An example election where the assembly has 200 seats to be filled is presented below. Every voter casts their vote for the list created by their favourite party and the results of the election are as follows (popular vote). Under party-list PR, every party gets a number of seats proportional to their

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Many political scientists argue that PR was adopted by parties on the right as a strategy to survive amid suffrage expansion, democratization and the rise of workers' parties. According to Stein Rokkan in a seminal 1970 study, parties on the right opted to adopt PR as a way to survive as competitive

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There have been claims made that system handicaps certain extreme candidates because, to gain transfers based on back-up preferences and so improve their chance of election, candidates need to canvass voters beyond their own circle of supporters, and so need to moderate their views. This argument is

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But under STV, nominating too many candidates can be counter-productive, splitting the first-preference votes and allowing candidates to be eliminated before receiving transferred votes from elected or eliminated candidates of the same party and of other parties. An example of this was identified in

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between 1989 and 2013, a nominally proportional open-list system, featured two-member districts. This system allowed a party winning more than a quarter of the vote in a district to be ignored and gave just one seat to a party with 5 percent of the vote, so it is generally not considered a genuinely

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Following electoral system amendments introduced in April 2021, members of parliament are elected only through closed party lists by party list proportional representation method but with more seats added if leading party takes more than 2/3 of seats or after two-round of voting no party takes more

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systems for legislative elections, but even then its use is a fairly recent phenomenon, with single-member plurality used exclusively in the UK only since 1958, in Canada only since 1968, and in India only since 1950. STV was used to elect British university MPs prior to 1958. As well, a variety of

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process. This sets the order of candidates on the list and thus, in effect, their probability of being elected. The first candidate on a list, for example, will get the first seat that party wins. Each voter casts a vote for a list of candidates. Voters, therefore, do not have the option to express

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them into constituencies in which they are strangers and thus less than ideal representatives. Mixed-member PR systems incorporate single-member districts to preserve the link between constituents and representatives. However, because up to half the parliamentary seats are list rather than district

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The opponents of PR also contend that coalition governments created under PR are less stable, and elections are more frequent. Italy is an often-cited example with many governments composed of many different coalition partners. However, Italy is unusual in that both its houses can make a government

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the representatives should represent all substantial segments of society but want reform rather than abolition of direct local community representation in the legislature. (Mill himself only served one term as MP and then found it impossible to get a party to nominate him as their candidate. He was

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Under STV, to make up the 200-seat legislature as large as in the examples that follow, about 67 three-seat districts would be used. Districts with more seats would provide more proportional results – one form of STV in Australia uses a district with 21 members being elected at once.

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refers to the general principle found in any electoral system in which the popularly chosen subgroups (parties) of an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body. To achieve that intended effect, proportional electoral systems need to either have more than one seat in each district

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in Philadelphia in 1844: "On the representation of minorities of electors to act with the majority in elected assemblies". It ensured at least one popularly elected member for each part of a multi-member district and also district-wide party-balanced representation. It was never put into practical

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It should be in miniature, an exact portrait of the people at large. It should think, feel, reason, and act like them. That it may be the interest of this Assembly to do strict justice at all times, it should be an equal representation, or in other words equal interest among the people should have

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where a parliament and president have opposing views and may want to balance each other's influence. However, the proportional system favors government of coalitions of many smaller parties that require compromising and negotiating topics. As a consequence, these coalitions might have difficulties

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This can be seen as an example how geographic representation is not all-important and does not overshadow all other particulars of the voting population. Voting in a single-member district restricts the voters to a specific geography where their votes either go to the winner in the district or are

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Plurality systems usually result in single-party-majority government because generally fewer parties are elected in large numbers under FPTP compared to PR, and FPTP compresses politics to little more than two-party contests. Relatively few votes in a few of the most finely balanced districts, the

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collapsed to two seats on 16 percent spread nationally. The Conservative party, although strong nationally, had had very strong regional support in the West but in this election, its supporters in the West turned to the Reform party (another regional party), which won all its seats west of Ontario

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In this example, the district result is balanced party-wise. No one party took all the seats, as frequently happens under FPTP or other non-proportional voting systems. The result is fair – the most popular party took two seats; the less popular party took just one. The most popular

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In a representative body actually deliberating, the minority must of course be overruled; and in an equal democracy, the majority of the people, through their representatives, will outvote and prevail over the minority and their representatives. But does it follow that the minority should have no

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Changing the electoral system requires the agreement of a majority of the currently selected legislators, who were chosen using the incumbent electoral system. Therefore, an interesting question is what incentives make current legislators support a new electoral system, particularly a PR system.

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A representative body is to the nation what a chart is for the physical configuration of its soil: in all its parts, and as a whole, the representative body should at all times present a reduced picture of the people, their opinions, aspirations, and wishes, and that presentation should bear the

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Voters typically have two votes, one for their district representative and one for the party list. The list vote usually determines how many seats are allocated to each party in parliament. After the district winners have been determined, sufficient candidates from each party list are elected to

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proposes three- to five-member districts, so a party with around one-fourth of the vote in a district would win a seat there and in most districts no one party would take all the seats. In Mollison's plan for STV in the UK, four- and five-member districts are mostly used, with three and six seat

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District-based winner-take-all systems also benefit regional parties by allowing them to win many seats in the region where they have a strong following even though they have little support nationally, while other parties with national support that is not concentrated in specific districts, like

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has 435 members, who each represent a roughly equal number of people; each state is allocated a number of members in accordance with its population size (aside from a minimum single seat that even the smallest state receives), thus producing equal representation by population. But members of the

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But generally in STV contests, transfers of votes allow each party to take roughly its due share of the seats based on vote tallies of the party's candidates. As well, where all the candidates of a party preferred by a voter are eliminated, the vote may find usefulness by being transferred to a

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All these disadvantages, the PR opponents contend, are avoided by two-party plurality voting systems. Coalitions are rare; the two dominant parties necessarily compete at the centre for votes, so that governments are more reliably moderate; the strong opposition necessary for proper scrutiny of

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systems, where voters may vote, depending on the model, for one person, or for two, or indicate their order of preference within the list. These votes sometimes rearrange the order of names on the party's list and thus which of its candidates are elected. Nevertheless, the number of candidates

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At one extreme, where the district encompasses the entire country (and with a low minimum threshold, highly proportionate representation of political parties can result), parties gain by broadening their appeal by nominating more minority and women candidates. Very few countries elect using an

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are handled, district seats that a party wins in excess of the number due to it under the list vote. To achieve proportionality, other parties require "balance seats", increasing the size of parliament by twice the number of overhang seats, but this is not always done. Until recently, Germany

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candidates to be elected. In Ireland, on average, about six independent candidates have been elected each parliament. This can lead to a situation where forming a Parliamentary majority requires support of one or more of these independent representatives. In some cases these independents have

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Of all modes in which a national representation can possibly be constituted, this one affords the best security for the intellectual qualifications desirable in the representatives. At present, by universal admission, it is becoming more and more difficult for any one who has only talents and

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Conversely, New South Wales, which uses STV to elect its legislative council in 21-seat contests, sees election of representatives of seven or eight parties each time. In this election about 1/22nd of the vote is enough to take a seat, and seven or eight parties take at least that many votes,

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Equality of size of multiple-member districts is not important (the number of seats can vary) so districts can be aligned with historical territories of varying sizes such as cities, counties, states or provinces. Later population changes can be accommodated by simply adjusting the number of

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Next, surplus votes belonging to those already elected, votes the candidates received above the quota (votes that they did not need to be elected), are transferred to the next preference marked by the voters who voted for them. Continuing the example, suppose that all voters who marked first

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elections. France adopted PR at the end of World War II, but discarded it in 1958; it was used for parliament elections in 1986. Switzerland has the most widespread use of proportional representation, as it is used there to elect not only national legislatures but also cantonal and communal

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However, the small district magnitude used in STV elections (usually 5 to 9 seats, but sometimes rising to 21) has been criticized as impairing proportionality, especially when more parties compete than there are seats available, and STV has, for this reason, sometimes been labelled "quasi

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A simple, yet common version of MMP has as many list-PR seats as there are single-member districts. In the example it can be seen, as is often the case in reality, that the results of the district elections are highly disproportional: large parties typically win more seats than they should

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every party receiving more than 1 percent of the votes acquired seats due to every party at that level getting at least one seat in first-past-the-post voting. This election thus saw far fewer wasted votes compared to other elections when only the most popular parties took district seats.

1192:), which are lists of candidates that parties put forward. The mechanism that allocates seats to the parties/lists is how these systems achieve proportionality. Once this is done, the candidates who take the seats are based on the order in which they appear on the list. This is the basic, 3128:

increased the size of parliament by the number of overhang seats but did not use the increased size for apportioning list seats. This was changed for the 2013 national election after the constitutional court rejected the previous law, not compensating for overhang seats had resulted in a

3288:: voters rank candidates in order of preference. Voting districts usually elect three to seven representatives; each voter casts just one vote. The count is cyclic, electing or eliminating candidates and transferring votes until all seats are filled. A candidate whose tally reaches a 3306:

Other more recent methods transfer all votes at a fraction of their value (the fraction derived by the surplus divided by the candidate's tally) and with reference to all the marked preferences on the ballots, not just the next usable preference. They may need the use of a computer.

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Manual methods used in early times and still today in places where STV was adopted in early 20th century (Ireland and Malta) transfer surplus votes according to a randomly selected sample, or transfer only a segment of the surplus selected based on the next usable marked preference.

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may be used to mean fair representation by population as applied to states, regions, etc. However, representation being proportional with respect solely to population size is not considered to make an electoral system "proportional" the way the term is usually used. For example, the

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effect. Lesotho, Scotland and Wales do not increase the size of parliament at all, and, in 2012, a New Zealand parliamentary commission also proposed abandoning compensation for overhang seats, and so fixing the size of parliament. At the same time, it would abolish the single-seat

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is often used, but even when list PR is used, districts sometimes contain fewer than 40 or 50 members. STV, a candidate-based PR system, has only rarely been used to elect more than 21 in a single contest. Some PR systems use at-large pooling or regional pooling in conjunction with

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STV has some history in the United States. Between 1915 and 1962, twenty-four cities used the system for at least one election. In many cities, minority parties and other groups used STV to break up single-party monopolies on elective office. One of the most famous cases is

1785:, meaning that the list-PR seat allocation is not independent of the results of the district level voting. First-past-the-post is a single winner system and cannot be proportional (winner-takes-all), so these disproportionalities are compensated by the party-list component. 998:

In the context of voting systems, PR means that each representative in an assembly is elected by a roughly equal number of voters. In the common case of electoral systems that only allow a choice of parties, the seats are allocated in proportion to the vote tally or

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The use of multiple-member districts enables a greater variety of candidates to be elected. It has been argued that in emerging democracies, inclusion of minorities in the legislature can be essential for social stability and to consolidate the democratic process.

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recommended that if the existing election system was replaced, the new system should be designed to achieve "a Gallagher score of 5 or less". This low level of disproportionality is consistently achieved in European PR but is much lower than was produced in the

2670:, where the prime-minister is elected indirectly by the parliament itself. As a consequence, a divided government is impossible. Even if the political views change with time and the prime minister loses their support from parliament, they can be replaced with a 2493:", are able to swing majority control in the house. Incumbents in less evenly divided districts are invulnerable to slight swings of political mood. In the UK, for example, about half the constituencies have always elected the same party since 1945; in the 2012 4218:

Party lists run-off, but only if necessary to ensure stable majority of 54% if it is not achieved either immediately (one party) or through building a coalition. If a party would win more than 2/3 seats, at least 1/3 seats are distributed to the other parties.

1354:. A large proportion of the votes cast are used to actually elect someone so the result is mixed and balanced with no one voting block taking much more than its due share of the seats. Where party labels are indicated, proportionality party-wise is noticeable. 3310:

The different methods may not produce the same result in all respects. But the front runners in the first count before any transfers are conducted are all or mostly elected in the end, so the various methods of transfers all produce much the same result.

3757:

PR is less common in the English-speaking world, especially at the national level. Malta and Ireland use STV for election of legislators. Australia uses it for senate elections. New Zealand adopted MMP in 1993. Gibraltar uses quasi-PR, limited voting.

3295:

The count continues until all the seats are filled or until there is only one more candidate than the number of remaining open seats. At that point all of them except the least popular candidate are declared elected, even if they do not have quota.

1544:

preference for Jane Doe marked John Citizen as their second choice. Based on this, Jane Doe's surplus votes are transferred to John Citizen, John Citizen passes the quota and so is declared elected to the third and last seat that had to be filled.

3253:. FMV introduces proportionality without changing the method of voting, the number of seats, or the – possibly gerrymandered – district boundaries. Seats would be apportioned to parties in a proportional manner at the 2787:

Party magnitude is the number of candidates elected from one party in one district. As party magnitude increases, a balanced ticket will be more successful than a narrow slate. This encourages parties to nominate women and minority candidates.

2559:

To compound the problem, boundaries have to be periodically re-drawn to accommodate population changes. Even apolitically drawn boundaries can unintentionally produce the effect of gerrymandering, reflecting naturally occurring concentrations.

3133:

threshold – any such seats would then be overhang seats and would otherwise have increased the size of parliament further – and reduce the electoral threshold from 5% to 4%. Proportionality would not suffer.

2280:

STV and regionalized forms of additional-member systems or MMP systems (such as used to elect the Scottish Assembly) produce local area representation and overall PR through mixed, balanced representation at the district or regional level.

3026:, an intermediate system used in Uruguay, where each party presents several closed lists, each representing a faction. Seats are distributed between parties according to the number of votes, and then between the factions within each party. 3845:(in most elections before 1977 and between 1980 and 1999) had citywide elections in which people cast multiple votes – sometimes for as many as nine candidates but usually for five or six – simultaneously ( 3321:

In Cambridge, under STV, 90 percent of voters see their vote help to elect a candidate, more than 65 percent of voters see their first choice candidate elected, and more than 95 percent of voters see one of their top three choices win.

987:) among voters. The essence of such systems is that all votes cast – or almost all votes cast – contribute to the result and are effectively used to help elect someone. Under other election systems, a bare 2638:. The other parties had not paid attention, but this made them aware. With the next election, the Party of the Elderly was gone, because the established parties had started to listen to the elderly. Today, a party for older citizens, 2479:

is not PR, so Italy is not an appropriate candidate for measuring the stability of PR. Canada, which uses FPTP with a multi-party system, had more elections between 1945 and 2017 than PR countries such as Norway, Germany and Ireland.

3039:

systems, where parties divide their candidates in single member-like constituencies, which are ranked inside each general party list depending by their percentages. This method allows electors to judge every single candidate as in a

2811:. The party received about half the votes compared to the previous election but received only one quarter of the seats it had received in that earlier election. In Dublin West, for example, it ran 13 candidates but elected just one. 10176: 1142:). A legislative body (e.g. assembly, parliament) may be elected proportionally, whereas there is no need for a single office (e.g. a president, or mayor) to be elected proportionately if no votes are for parties (subgroups). 2225:; in some, voters cast two votes, one for a local candidate and one for a party. Some allocate compensatory seats to best losers; others allocate according to party lists. Some use levelling seats to compensate for potential 2699:

at-large district – only the Netherlands, Israel, and a few others. Almost all PR systems use multi-member districts that divide the electorate while producing local representation. At the other extreme, the

2332:

won a comfortable parliamentary majority with the votes of only 21.6 percent of the total electorate. Such misrepresentation has been criticized as "no longer a question of 'fairness' but of elementary rights of citizens".

2497:

elections 45 districts (10% of all districts) were uncontested by one of the two dominant parties. Voters who know their preferred candidate will not win have little incentive to vote, and even if they do their votes have

8874: 3337: – a solid coalition for a set of candidates is the group of voters that rank all those candidates above all others – and is therefore considered a system of proportional representation. 3317:

In effect, the method produces groups of voters of much the same size so the overall effect is to reflect the diversity of the electorate, each substantial group having one or more representatives the group voted for.

3712:

Through the late 1800s and early 1900s, political reformers were involved in discussion and squabbles on the alternative system that would replace the first-past-the-post or block voting systems that were being used.

1066: – district (in only a few list-PR systems). A country-wide pooling of votes to elect more than a hundred members is used in Angola, for example. Where PR is desired at the municipal level, a city-wide 2467:

a coalition with a majority only on condition that a policy or policies favoured by few voters is/are adopted. Most importantly, some say the ability of voters to vote an unpopular party out of power is curtailed.

2442:

election even included independent representatives in the cabinet of a minority government. In other cases, the independent member's electoral platform is entirely local and addressing this is a price for support.

2367:, on 13.5 percent of the national vote, which – if seats were allocated based on the popular vote – would have given them 40 seats of the 295 seats in the House of Commons, while the 1378:

In the first count, the first preference (favourite candidate) marked on each of the ballots is counted. Candidates whose vote tally equals or passes the quota are declared elected as shown in the example below.

3534:, recommended the concept for public elections in Adelaide, and a simple process was used in which voters formed as many groups as there were representatives to be elected, each group electing one representative. 1110:(in list PR or MMP), small districts with few seats in each (in STV or list PR), or the absence or insufficient number of leveling seats (in list PR, MMP or AMS) may produce disproportionality. Other sources are 3732:

PR is used by a majority of the world's 33 most robust democracies with populations of at least two million people – 23 use PR (20 use list PR, two use MMP and one uses STV), while only six use

3122:

Proportionality of MMP can be compromised if the ratio of list to district seats is too low, as it may then not be possible to completely compensate district seat disproportionality. Another factor can be how

1178:

Some party-list PR systems use overall country-wide vote counts; others count vote shares in separate parts of the country and allocate seats in each part according to that specific vote count. Some use both.

2524:

improves and the population is more involved in the political process. However, some experts argue that transitioning from plurality to PR only increases voter turnout in geographical areas associated with

11051: 8428: 2663:

presenting a united front to counter presidential influence, leading to a lack of balance between these two powers. With a proportionally elected House, a President may strong-arm certain political issues

1987:

MMP gives only as many compensatory seats to a party as they need to have the number of seats of each party be proportional. Another way to say this is that MMP focuses on making the outcome proportional.

2800:, putting up three candidates, won only one seat while they might have won two if they had only run two and party support (as seen in first-preference votes) had been redistributed among just the two. 2419:, by the introduction of higher threshold limits for a party to gain parliamentary representation (which in turn increases the number of wasted votes, if voters cannot register alternate preferences). 9433: 2864:

Disproportionality changes from one election to another depending on voter behavior and size of electoral threshold or natural threshold. This is seen in the number of wasted votes in New Zealand. In

2320:). If turnout levels in the electorate are less than 60 percent, such outcomes allow a party to form a majority government by convincing as few as one quarter of the electorate to vote for it. In the 1781:(FPTP), with party-list PR in a way that the overall result of the election is supposed to be proportional. The voter may vote for a district candidate as well as a party. The main idea behind MMP is 3689:

was devised in 1878 by Belgian mathematician Victor D'Hondt as a way to allocate seats in a party-list PR system. Some Swiss cantons started using it to produce PR, beginning with Ticino in 1890.

3325:

Other reports claim that 90% of voters have a representative to whom they gave their first preference. Voters can choose candidates using any criteria they wish, the proportionality is implicit.

2948:

Party list proportional representation is an electoral system in which seats are first allocated to parties based on vote share, and then assigned to party-affiliated candidates on the parties'

2563:

PR systems, due to having larger districts with multiple members, are less prone to gerrymandering – research suggests five-seat districts or larger are immune to gerrymandering.

1161:% of seats are allotted to that party or those candidates. All PR systems aim to provide some form of equal representation for votes but may differ in their approaches on how they achieve this. 3157:(DMP). It is a single-vote system that elects two representatives in every district. The first seat in each district is awarded to the candidate who wins a plurality of the votes, similar to 10183: 3355:, the average magnitude was 4.0 but eight parties gained representation, four of them with less than 3% of first-preference votes nationally. Six independent candidates also won election. 3215:

aims to achieve proportionality in two dimensions, for example: proportionality by region and proportionality by party. There are several mathematical methods to attain biproportionality.

2730:

party, until 1979, when an independent boundary commission was established, reversing the trend. In 2010, a parliamentary constitutional committee recommended a minimum magnitude of four.

8607: 7810:

the government feels it must give in to the demand, even if it itself does not benefit from the change. This is the same process by which women's suffrage was achieved in many countries.

2849:, which counts votes cast for parties that did not obtain any seats (or votes not used to elect anyone at the district level, in systems where district-level electing is all that is used) 2430:) are examples. However, research shows, in general, there is only a small increase in the number of parties in parliament (although small parties have larger representation) under PR. 889: 3064:

combining a plurality/majority formula with a proportional formula or using the proportional component to compensate for disproportionality caused by the plurality/majority component.

3328:

Political parties are not necessary; all other prominent PR electoral systems presume that parties reflect voters wishes, which many believe gives power to parties. STV satisfies the

9724: 3299:

The transfer of votes of eliminated candidates is simple – the transfer of surplus votes is more involved. There are various methods for transferring surplus votes.

2304:, where the largest parties typically receive an "unfair" seat bonus and smaller parties are disadvantaged, always under-represented, and on occasion win no representation at all ( 9590: 3161:. The remaining seats are awarded in a compensatory manner to achieve proportionality across a larger region. DMP employs a formula similar to the "best near-winner" variant of 2912: 9750: 8882: 8533: 2475:

fall, whereas other countries, including many PR nations, have either just one house or have one of their two houses be the core body supporting a government. Italy's current

573: 7331: 2772:) and 3.25 percent in 2014. Because that country uses at-large districting, the natural threshold is less than 1 percent. South Africa has no explicit electoral threshold. 1175:

Party-list PR is the most commonly used version of proportional representation. Voters cast votes for parties and each party is allocated seats based on its party share.

10781: 3666:

It is also used for the Northern Ireland Assembly and European and local authorities, Scottish local authorities, some New Zealand and Australian local authorities, the

3407:. Reweighted range voting was used for the nominations in the Visual Effects category for recent Academy Award Oscars from 2013 through 2017, and is used in the city of 3020:

their preferences at the ballot as to which of a party's candidates are elected into office. A party is allocated seats in proportion to the number of votes it receives.

592: 9821: 3693:, a utopian socialist, described a similar system in an 1892 book. Many European countries adopted similar systems during or after World War I. List PR was favoured on 8177: 1058:

All PR systems require multi-member election contests, meaning votes are pooled to elect multiple representatives at once. Pooling may be done in various multi-member

10884:"Vol 2, Part II, Ch.1 Of the constitutions of the United States and of Pennsylvania – Of the legislative department, I, of the election of its members" 2823:

Other aspects of PR can influence proportionality such as the size of the elected body, the choice of open or closed lists, ballot design, and vote counting methods.

1375:

is used and so a candidate who earns more than 25 percent of the vote is declared elected. Note that it is only possible for 3 candidates to each achieve that quota.

10615:

Aziz, Haris; Gaspers, Serge; Gudmundsson, Joachim; Mackenzie, Simon; Mattei, Nicholas; Walsh, Toby (2014). "Computational Aspects of Multi-Winner Approval Voting".

3749:, which usually involves some members being elected through PR. PR dominates Europe, including Germany and most of northern and eastern Europe; it is also used for 2210:

The overall results are not proportional, although they are more balanced and fair than most single-winner first-past-the-post elections. Parallel voting is mostly

9451: 11585: 11059: 11004: 8443: 2606:, combined gerrymandering and decoy lists, which resulted in a two-thirds parliamentary majority from a 45% vote. This illustrates how certain implementations of 10023: 12622: 8362: 4577:: voters cast a single vote for a presidential candidate and their party's list and local candidates at the same time (vote splitting is not possible/allowed) 3150:

use a proportional formula after combining results of a parallel list vote with transferred votes from lower tiers (using negative or positive vote transfer).

2711:

Similar plans for very small districts that produce quasi- or semi-proportional representation have been proposed in the United States and United Kingdom. The

2618:

It is generally accepted that a particular advantage of plurality electoral systems such as first-past-the-post, or majoritarian electoral systems such as the

8804: 3186: 3388:

When there are many seats to be filled, as in a legislature, counting ballots under PAV may not be feasible, so sequential variants have been used, such as

3004:

use open lists; but most large EU countries use closed lists, so that the majority of EP seats are distributed by those. Local lists were used to elect the

3556:

A practical election using the single transferable vote system (a combination of preferential voting and multi-member districts) was devised in Denmark by

3377:

Systems can be devised that aim at proportional representation but are based on approval votes on individual candidates (not parties). Such is the idea of

2843: – involves squaring the difference between each party's vote share and seat share, and finding the square root of the sum of these amounts. 2627:

seats, the districts are necessarily up to twice as large as with a plurality/majoritarian system where all representatives serve single-member districts.

9110: 1751:

With a larger district magnitude, it is more likely that more than two parties have a chance of having some of their candidates elected. For example, in

1139: 959: 796: 11232: 4621: 10155: 8628: 3392:(SPAV). SPAV was used briefly in Sweden during the early 1900s. The vote counting procedure occurs in rounds. The first round of SPAV is identical to 11080:

Charles Harry John Phillips, Challenges to the Voting System in Canada 1874–1974, University of Western Ontario, PhD thesis, 1976 (available on-line

8043: 3671: 3190: 1346:

for candidates, with only one marked preference used to place the vote, and votes cast for the candidates determine the winner. This is done using a

1115: 12064: 3651:

governments to abolish STV and replace it with the first-past-the-post plurality system. Both attempts were rejected by voters in referendums held

3622: 12511:

Golder, Sona N.; Stephenson, Laura B.; Van der Straeten, Karine; Blais, André; Bol, Damien; Harfst, Philipp; Laslier, Jean-François (March 2017).

11356: 8681: 8324: 7860: 10303: 9313: 3793:. Under the new electoral system, Tammany Hall's power was abated but NYC dropped STV in 1946 after only five elections. Another famous case is 2263:

Mill's essay does not support party-based proportional representation and may indicate a distaste for the ills of party-based systems in saying:

9886: 1051:. Proportional representation systems are used at all levels of government and are also used for elections to non-governmental bodies, such as 11832: 9900:

Moser, Robert G. (December 2004). "Mixed electoral systems and electoral system effects: controlled comparison and cross-national analysis".

9772: 7629: 3656: 3652: 3189:

as a potential replacement for FPTP, but was eliminated on the third round. It was also one of three proportional voting system options on a

2595: 995:

are all that are used to elect candidates. PR systems provide balanced representation to different factions, reflecting how votes are cast.

983:

under which subgroups of an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body. The concept applies mainly to political divisions (

17: 11270:

Newman, Brad (11 May 2008). "Two new faces join AC regents | Amarillo.com | Amarillo Globe-News". Amarillo Globe-News. Retrieved 17 May 2015

9577: 3786:, where a coalition of Republicans and others pursued the adoption of STV in 1936 as part of an effort to free the city from control by the 11793:"IPU PARLINE database: SWITZERLAND (Ständerat – Conseil des Etats – Consiglio degli Stati), Electoral system" 10498: 11678:"IPU PARLINE database: SWITZERLAND (Nationalrat – Conseil national – Consiglio nazionale), Electoral system" 10754: 9222: 3447: 3173:

in that all elected representatives, including those who receive compensatory seats, serve their local districts. Invented in 2013 in the

10401: 9728: 8792: 7899: 2250: 650: 2312:). In certain Canadian elections, majority governments have been formed by parties with the support of under 40 percent of votes cast ( 9154: 8529: 6916: 5915: 9006: 3146:(MMM) systems use proportional formulas to allocate seats on a proportional tier separately from other tiers. Certain systems, like 3075:, with a compensatory regional or nationwide party list proportional vote. For example, suppose that a party wins 10 seats based on 11549: 7531: 6565: 6529: 6150: 5608: 3928: 3659:. STV is also prescribed for all other elections in Ireland including that of the presidency, although it is there effectively the 3162: 3068: 2755: 2368: 2308:). Under FPTP, an established party in UK elections has been elected to majority government with as little as 35 percent of votes ( 2277:

pointed out as an example of the kind of publicly spirited person who cannot even achieve a nomination under first-past-the-post.)

1997: 1768: 1083: 1036: 682: 544: 539: 2726:

in 1921, district magnitudes slowly diminished as more and more three-member constituencies were defined, benefiting the dominant

1118:

in some MMP systems. Nonetheless, PR systems approximate proportionality much better than other systems and are more resistant to

10209: 9333: 9248: 7972: 3553:

use, but even as late as 1914 it was put forward as a way to elect the U.S. electoral college delegates and for local elections.

3400: 3389: 3154: 952: 645: 2720:

districts used as necessary to fit existing boundaries, and even two and single member districts used where geography dictates.

7740: 7688: 7639: 7590: 7486: 7415: 7354: 7303: 7221: 7172: 7132: 7070: 7034: 6999: 6963: 6927: 6885: 6849: 6813: 6777: 6738: 6701: 6669: 6637: 6601: 6519: 6478: 6468: 6442: 6410: 6377: 6344: 6278: 6231: 6190: 6118: 6069: 6030: 5994: 5894: 5858: 5826: 5794: 5762: 5730: 5698: 5571: 5538: 5506: 5423: 5383: 5351: 5316: 5273: 5237: 5202: 5151: 5108: 5073: 5037: 5001: 4969: 4930: 4920: 4891: 4851: 4810: 4770: 4730: 4682: 4631: 4592: 4506: 4458: 4351: 4268: 4187: 4142: 4094: 4050: 4005: 2943: 2716: 2610:(if non-compensatory or insufficiently compensatory) can produce moderately proportional outcomes, similar to parallel voting. 2540:, citizens' trust in their ability to influence and understand the government, compared to plurality and majoritarian systems. 2516:", so voters, aware that their vote can make a difference, are more likely to make the effort to vote, and less likely to vote 2494: 2451:

The election of smaller parties gives rise to one of the principal objections to PR systems, that they almost always result in

1170: 1074: 1021: 1012: 327: 12556:

improves PR with overlapping districts elections for first-past-the-post, alternative-vote and single-transferable-vote voters

11660: 10912: 2426:", can fragment under PR as the election of candidates from smaller groups becomes possible. Israel, Brazil, and Italy (until 1032:) and in each member state, the election must also be held using a PR system (with proportional results based on vote share). 12482: 12396: 12377: 12358: 12339: 12320: 12301: 12278: 12256: 12234: 12206: 11440:

Smrek, Michal (2023). "Mavericks or Loyalists? Popular Ballot Jumpers and Party Discipline in the Flexible-List PR Context".

10987: 10706: 10663: 10634: 10229: 9828: 9695:

Smrek, Michal (2023). "Mavericks or Loyalists? Popular Ballot Jumpers and Party Discipline in the Flexible-List PR Context".

9679: 8439: 8216: 7730: 4260: 3507: 3351:

Even though Ireland has particularly small magnitudes (3 to 5 seats), results of STV elections are "highly proportional". In

2599: 2576: 2458:

Supporters of PR see coalitions as an advantage, forcing compromise between parties to form a coalition at the centre of the

2403:

Critics, on the other hand, claim this can give extreme parties a foothold in parliament, sometimes cited as a cause for the

12606: 11331: 9345: 3590:

became an enthusiast of STV and an author on the subject. Through her influence and the efforts of the Tasmanian politician

2758:, the electoral threshold is 5% of the national vote but is not applied to parties that win at least one constituency seat. 12447:

Hickman, John; Little, Chris (November 2000). "Seat/vote proportionality in Romanian and Spanish parliamentary elections".

11822:, further subdividing these cantons into constituencies while retaining proportionality would be mathematically impossible) 10977: 5938: 5884: 5408: 4448: 4443: 3766:

election systems were used in Canada to elect provincial legislators. STV was used to elect some provincial legislators in

3333: 2831:

Exact proportionality has a single unambiguous definition: the seat shares must exactly equal the vote shares, measured as

2407:

government. With very low thresholds, very small parties can act as "king-makers", holding larger parties to ransom during

2376: 2321: 2309: 851: 102: 12559: 12417:

Papers on Parliament No. 34 Representation and Institutional Change: 50 Years of Proportional Representation in the Senate

10128: 3314:

Some variants of STV allow transfers to already elected or eliminated candidates, and these, too, can require a computer.

10913:"Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania – 1790, art.I,§ VII, Of districts for electing Senators" 10086: 7521: 5306: 5191: 4616: 4322: 3174: 3001: 2900:

Different indexes measure different concepts of disproportionality. Some disproportionality concepts have been mapped to

2723: 2438:

positions that are closely aligned with the governing party and it hardly matters. The Irish Government formed after the

2422:

Another criticism is that the dominant parties in plurality/majoritarian systems, often looked on as "coalitions" or as "

11255: 10524: 10027: 9983: 9529: 6093: 1357: 945: 12102:

Cusack, Thomas R.; Iversen, Torben; Soskice, David (2007). "Economic Interests and the Origins of Electoral Systems".

10031: 3917:

Eighty-five countries in the world use a proportional electoral system to fill a nationally elected legislative body.

12428: 12190: 12039: 11081: 10594:

Brill, Markus; Laslier, Jean-François; Skowron, Piotr (2016). "Multiwinner Approval Rules as Apportionment Methods".

9882: 9866: 9654: 9038: 8240: 7678: 5672:

3% nationally + tiered bonus of the seats (from 25% of the votes a seat is added for each 0.5% the first party gets)

4760: 3839:(cumulative voting) have used PR for many years. Illinois used cumulative voting for decades in its state elections. 3826: 3564: 3382: 2865: 2769: 2586:

Mixed-member systems are susceptible to gerrymandering for the local seats that remain a part of such systems. Under

846: 10107: 3849:), producing some aspects of PR through the use of a multi-member district. San Francisco used preferential voting ( 3813:. Although Cincinnati's council–manager system survives, Republicans and other disaffected groups replaced STV with 2907:

Disproportionality indexes are sometimes used to evaluate existing and proposed electoral systems. For example, the

9447: 8960:"Political Efficacy and Participation in Twenty-Seven Democracies: How Electoral Systems Shape Political Behaviour" 8738: 6221: 3806: 3633: 2989: 2591: 2211: 836: 586: 557: 497: 12609:

A podcast about the development of Australia's upper houses into STV proportional representation elected chambers.

9644: 8044:

https://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/news/peace_publications/election_reports/algeria-may2012-final-rpt.pdf

12594: 11819: 11158: 11111: 11008: 9418: 8555: 8145:"Results: NSW Election 2019". ABC Elections. Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2019 8094: 7462: 5097: 4132: 3924: 3595: 3468: 3329: 1182:

List PR involves parties in the election process. Voters do not primarily vote for candidates (persons), but for

568: 93: 8055:

Laakso, Markku (1980). "Electoral Justice as a Criterion for Different Systems of Proportional Representation".

8029: 3923:

Detailed information on electoral systems applying to the first chamber of the legislature is maintained by the

3495:, which is semi-proportional, for national elections but the constitution was passed on the same day specifying 11959:

Boix, Carles (1999). "Setting the Rules of the Game: The Choice of Electoral Systems in Advanced Democracies".

10005: 9292: 7405: 6010: 5970: 5495: 5340: 4841: 3866:

List of countries using proportional representation to elect the lower (or only) house of national legislature

3802: 3549: 3503: 3249:(FMV) to replace single-winner plurality/majoritarian electoral systems, in particular the system used for the 3219: 2917: 2646:

wasted. MMP allows a vote to travel outside the district if necessary to produce representation for the voter.

2360: 2317: 2313: 631: 31: 6907:

If needed to ensure a stable majority, the two best-placed parties participate in a run-off vote to receive a

1548:

they are still in the running when the field of candidates has thinned to the number of remaining open seats.

695: 10658:. AAMAS '19. Richland, SC: International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems: 1946–1948. 10540: 10054: 9521: 8253: 4582: 4536: 4040: 2793: 2695:, the number of representatives elected from the district. As magnitude increases, proportionality improves. 2476: 2427: 2341: 2025: 273: 258: 243: 7941: 3541:

of party-list proportional representation was first described in 1832 by the American statesman and senator

2598:

that might exist. A striking example of how the compensatory mechanism can be undermined can be seen in the

2000:

system, where the party-list PR seat allocation is independent of the district results (this is also called

11442: 9697: 9081: 7294: 6463: 6267: 6253: 5263: 4881: 4720: 4672: 3548:

The list plan system was conceived by Thomas Gilpin, a retired paper-mill owner, in a paper he read to the

3511: 3492: 3378: 3372: 3235: 3234:). Zürich had had to modify its party list PR system after the Swiss Federal Court ruled that its smallest 3206: 2744: 2233: 509: 432: 353: 10843: 9372: 9196: 7896:"Chapter VII, Of True and False Democracy; Representation of All, and Representation of the Majority only" 3647:) in 1922, and Malta, since 1921, long before independence in 1966. In Ireland, two attempts were made by 2032: 11306: 11166: 10807: 9578:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349468714_New_indexes_for_measuring_electoral_disproportionality

4800: 4177: 4084: 3701:, was already widespread. Each uses one of a variety of methods of allocating seats – the 3667: 3488: 3484: 3352: 3250: 2808: 2635: 2439: 874: 303: 144: 11736:

Elgie, Robert (2016). "Government Systems, Party Politics, and Institutional Engineering in the Round".

9027:

Real Choices / New Voices, How Proportional Representation Elections Could Revitalize American Democracy

8712:"Electoral Reform Society's evidence to the Joint Committee on the Draft Bill for House of Lords Reform" 7916: 3625:'s Conference recommended STV for all multi-seat Westminster constituencies, but it was only applied to 2658:, the president is chosen independently from the parliament. As a consequence, it is possible to have a 2433:

Open list systems and STV, the only prominent PR system that does not require political parties, enable

2404: 1331:. This can mean that final seat allocations are frequently not proportional to the parties' vote share. 7829: 5751: 4341: 4247: 3643:

STV is currently used for two national lower houses of parliament, Ireland, since independence (as the

3496: 3158: 3072: 2921: 2580: 1778: 1361: 1029: 1017: 765: 748: 715: 479: 467: 437: 238: 196: 129: 8793:

https://academic.oup.com/book/36918/chapter-abstract/322171607?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false

4700:

2% distributed in at least 9 federation units with at least 1% of the valid votes in each one of them

3920:

The table below lists those countries and gives information on the specific PR system that is in use.

11586:"Sri Lanka electors can vote for one party, three preferences in 2020 general elections: polls chief" 10782:"Opinion: Berkeley's City Council's switch to 're-weighted range voting' adds fairness to the system" 10361: 9443: 9030: 8689: 8332: 7895: 7430: 7121: 6988: 6246: 4755: 3814: 3626: 2768:

Israel has raised its threshold from 1 percent (before 1992) to 1.5 percent (up to 2004), 2 percent (

2630:

An interesting case occurred in the Netherlands, when "out of the blue" a party for the elderly, the

2463: 621: 614: 98: 11280: 9134: 2890: 12563: 12415: 9958: 9595:"Strengthening Democracy in Canada: Principles, Process and Public Engagement for Electoral Reform" 9158: 8715: 8005: 7834: 7772: 7664: 7652: 7581: 7544: 7400: 7253: 7082: 6514: 6310: 6180: 6175: 5953: 5471: 5301: 4574: 4546: 4307: 4232: 4205: 4119: 3832: 3679: 3275: 3212: 3170: 3112: 2631: 2273: 2244:

The case for a single transferable vote system, a form of proportional representation, was made by

1351: 1340: 1135: 1087: 1040: 675: 603: 455: 442: 425: 402: 380: 343: 333: 10177:"How We Vote: 2018 Electoral Reform Referendum Report and Recommendations of the Attorney General" 9927:

Massicotte, Louis (September 1999). "Mixed electoral systems: a conceptual and empirical survey".

9776: 8711: 3230:

for its council elections in February 2006, in a modified form called "new Zürich apportionment" (

1777:

The mixed-member proportional system combines single member plurality voting (SMP), also known as

884: 12562:

founded in England in 1884, the longest running PR organization. Contains good information about

11944:

Citizens, elections, parties: approaches to the comparative study of the processes of development

11233:"New York's proportional representation experiment demonstrates potential of fair representation" 9438: 9007:

https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/voters-dislike-disproportionality-in-electoral-systems/

8913: 8764: 7603: 7563: 7212: 6874: 6399: 6366: 6216: 5929: 5226: 4990: 4836: 4486: 3526:

A PR system that uses single transferable votes was invented in 1819 by an English schoolmaster,

3514:

specified multiple-member districts for the state Senate and required their boundaries to follow

3048: 2901: 2671: 2380: 801: 655: 338: 10860: 9594: 8905: 6755:

5% threshold or more for single parties, 8% or more for coalitions or 0% or more for minorities

2761:

Turkey sets its electoral threshold at 7 percent, while the Netherlands sets theirs at a single

2743:

seats from the party lists, and otherwise denies any representation to parties . By contrast, a

2691:

Academics agree that the most important influence on proportionality is an electoral district's

1805: 1106:

Due to various factors, perfect proportionality is rarely achieved under PR systems. The use of

770: 10758: 10545: 9589: 9299: 9089: 9059: 8853: 8772: 8632: 7761: 7438: 7207: 6626: 6098: 5919: 5879: 5719: 5687: 5678: 4385: 4292: 4127: 3846: 3587: 3430: 3239: 3061: 2607: 2549: 2434: 2297: 2215: 1079: 1035:

The most widely used families of PR electoral systems are party-list PR, used in 85 countries;

830: 710: 640: 447: 12193:. Chapter 7, "Electoral System Reform: Increasing Competition and Voter Choice and Influence". 10409: 9979: 9954: 9334:

https://www.ourcommons.ca/content/Committee/421/ERRE/Brief/BR8391757/br-external/2PedenR-e.pdf

8243:. Chapter 7, "Electoral System Reform: Increasing Competition and Voter Choice and Influence". 7474: 7371: 6610: 6574: 6538: 6084: 6039: 5906: 5621: 5286: 5163: 4644: 3706: 3538: 1320: 12293: 11550:"Report of the Post-Election Assessment of Sri Lanka Mission: November 28 – December 2, 2000" 8405: 8208: 7824: 7516: 7443: 7326: 7289: 7059: 7023: 6908: 6766: 6658: 5815: 5653: 4950: 4915: 4715: 4706: 4568: 4327: 4191: 3994: 3775: 3742: 3726: 3454:

on 30 January 1789, was also an early proponent of a proportionally representative assembly:

2619: 2388: 738: 578: 462: 268: 247: 179: 157: 10656:

Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems

10617:

Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems

9799: 8875:"Democrats' Edge in House Popular Vote Would Have Increased if All Seats Had Been Contested" 8274: 2853: 12517: 10891: 10730: 8090: 7725: 7624: 7558: 7447: 7388: 7198: 7162: 6802: 6505: 6431: 6333: 6258: 6207: 6139: 6107: 5847: 5592: 5560: 5258: 5174: 5136: 5026: 4795: 4531: 4336: 4172: 4035: 3989: 3637: 3464: 3408: 3246: 3182: 3129: 2908: 2857: 2832: 2667: 2452: 2408: 869: 856: 824: 88: 10350:"Network models and biproportional rounding for fair seat allocations in the UK elections" 9414: 8906:"The Contraction Effect: How Proportional Representation Affects Mobilization and Turnout" 3166: 2039: 8: 10916: 9180: 7766: 7716: 7709: 7673: 7615: 7340: 6952: 6838: 6723: 6590: 6054: 6019: 5979: 5783: 5642: 5637: 5413: 5062: 4667: 4254: 4079: 3971: 3829:. Each district across the state elected both Republicans and Democrats year-after-year. 3762: 3750: 3591: 3480: 3435: 3108: 3016: 2997: 2739: 2655: 2642:, has established itself in the Netherlands, albeit never winning as many as six seats. 2623: 2356: 2340:, or other features that reduce proportionality, are not necessarily much fairer: in the 2337: 2218:

are the most proportional if the additional members are allocated in a compensatory way.

1812: 1328: 1146: 1107: 1025: 775: 609: 262: 11560: 8739:"'America is better than this': paralysis at the top leaves voters desperate for change" 7775:, the same ballot is used for electing the president (first round) and the two chambers 1062:(in STV and most list-PR systems) or in single countrywide – a so called 12499: 12464: 12145: 12137: 12084: 12045: 12002: 11994: 11942: 11753: 11718: 11214: 10712: 10684: 10620: 10595: 10383: 10323: 9560: 9401: 8989: 8940: 8397: 8377: 8305: 8068: 7450: 7381: 7193: 7157: 6554: 6299: 4959: 4876: 4658: 4495: 4242: 3810: 3690: 3527: 2692: 2675: 2659: 2537: 2459: 1059: 988: 935: 806: 417: 201: 12023:

Democracy and the Politics of Electoral System Choice: Engineering Electoral Dominance

12021: 11922: 11904: 11850: 11792: 11677: 11639: 11603: 11495: 11422: 11395: 9940: 9913: 9263: 8288:

Koriyama, Y.; Macé, A.; Laslier, J.-F.; Treibich, R. (2013). "Optimal apportionment".

7979: 7837:, a generalization of the principle of proportionality to multiwinner approval voting. 3008:

during the second half of the 20th century. Some common types of electoral lists are:

12468: 12424: 12402: 12392: 12373: 12354: 12335: 12316: 12297: 12274: 12252: 12230: 12202: 12186: 12129: 12088: 12080: 12049: 12035: 11986: 11745: 11251: 11218: 11206: 10983: 10716: 10702: 10659: 10630: 10520: 10375: 10256: 9862: 9675: 9650: 9564: 9465: 9114: 9034: 8473:

Commission On Electoral Reform, Hansard Society for Parliamentary Government (1976).

8389: 8236: 8212: 8072: 7840: 7819: 7780: 7753: 7701: 7576: 7318: 7185: 7105: 6750: 6690: 6494: 6168: 5943: 5527: 4695: 4605: 4471: 4433: 4297: 4155: 4107: 4018: 3822: 3790: 3722: 3714: 3702: 3686: 3629:, lasting from 1918 until 1950 when the last of those constituencies were abolished. 3137: 2797: 2325: 2305: 2222: 1090:). Other PR systems use at-large pooling in conjunction with multi-member districts ( 1044: 930: 841: 811: 733: 670: 504: 231: 206: 189: 57: 12503: 12477: 12006: 11722: 11531: 11136: 10473: 10387: 8993: 8944: 8309: 2779:'s worth of votes (natural threshold) assures election to one seat in the district. 1819: 1224: 1028:

gives each member state a number of seats roughly based on its population size (see

12526: 12495: 12491: 12456: 12149: 12119: 12111: 12076: 12027: 11976: 11968: 11886: 11868: 11774: 11708: 11657: 11621: 11513: 11451: 11198: 10883: 10694: 10650:

Faliszewski, Piotr; Skowron, Piotr; Szufa, Stanisław; Talmon, Nimrod (8 May 2019).

10452: 10436: 10365: 10327: 10319: 10315: 10271: 10060: 9936: 9909: 9706: 9552: 9501: 9397: 9109: 8979: 8971: 8930: 8922: 8401: 8381: 8297: 8165: 8154: 8064: 7891: 4654: 3836: 3738: 3734: 3698: 3660: 3644: 3580: 3194: 3076: 2529:

under the plurality system; turnout may decrease in areas formerly associated with

2301: 2245: 1111: 1070:

districting is sometimes used, to allow as large a district magnitude as possible.

980: 922: 879: 758: 472: 348: 174: 168: 150: 139: 134: 122: 83: 45: 11082:

https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1860&context=digitizedtheses

8658: 2886: 2548:

First-past-the-post elections are dependent on the drawing of boundaries of their

2018: 1798: 11664: 11396:"Armenia, Parliamentary Elections, 2 April 2017: Needs Assessment Mission Report" 10651: 10299: 9854: 9376: 8581: 8479: 8474: 7569: 5120: 4549: – MMP (fixed number of seats – no leveling seats) 3932: 3798: 3746: 3560:, a mathematician, and first used there in 1855, making it the oldest PR system. 3393: 3223: 3143: 2840: 2776: 2700: 2587: 2572: 2517: 2001: 1154: 1052: 984: 910: 743: 598: 563: 484: 395: 298: 221: 163: 41: 11713: 11696: 9621: 8608:"New Zealand's ruling party ahead after poll but kingmaker in no rush to decide" 30:"Proportional rule" redirects here. For the division rule in financial law, see 12225:

Batto, Nathan F.; Huang, Chi; Tan, Alexander C.; Cox, Gary W. (11 April 2016).

10132: 8629:"People in broad church parties should think twice before attacking coalitions" 8385: 7496: 7469: 7364: 7313: 6488: 6079: 5184: 4427: 4399: 4361: 3960: 3850: 3718: 3542: 3472: 3359:

made from the high natural threshold STV provides with low district magnitude.

3036: 3005: 2949: 2553: 2349: 1184: 1119: 780: 720: 705: 516: 385: 360: 211: 12600: 12589: 12531: 12115: 11455: 10698: 10370: 10349: 9710: 9506: 9489: 9346:"Turkey reduces election threshold to 7 percent – Türkiye News" 8975: 8818: 3872: 3648: 2804: 2727: 12616: 12406: 12266: 12244: 12133: 12031: 11990: 11749: 11210: 11202: 11085: 10379: 9608: 8846: 8805:"As Partisan Hostility Grows, Signs of Frustration with the Two-Party System" 8393: 8252:

Report of meeting on Proportional representation or effective voting, p. 25.

8076: 7393: 5925: 3842: 3783: 3694: 3285: 3281: 3258: 3124: 3080: 3033:

elected from the list is determined by the number of votes the list receives.

2751:) is the smallest number of votes needed to mathematically guarantee a seat. 2530: 2521: 2506: 2490: 2226: 1347: 1099: 789: 489: 277: 115: 78: 53: 11905:"IPU PARLINE database: URUGUAY (Cámara de Representantes), Electoral system" 10568: 10210:"Know your voting systems: three types of electoral reform on B.C.'s ballot" 9396:

Benoit, Kenneth. "Which Electoral Formula Is the Most Proportional?" (PDF).

8959: 3557: 2415:

is often quoted, but these problems can be limited, as in the modern German

12550:

A Northern Ireland-based organisation promoting inclusive voting procedures

12315:. Oxford : New York: Clarendon Press ; Oxford University Press. 11887:"IFES Election Guide | Elections: Turkey Grand National Assembly 2018" 11496:"IPU PARLINE database: SPAIN (Congreso de los Diputados), Electoral system" 10275: 10233: 10024:"Report of the Electoral Commission on the Review of the MMP Voting System" 8200: 5180: 4122:

use to elect the President and the National Assembly at the same election.

3787: 3607: 3531: 3476: 3404: 3023: 2985: 2423: 1762: 529: 293: 286: 216: 11775:"IFES Election Guide | Elections: Switzerland Council of States 2019" 11097: 9490:"Measurement of disproportionality in proportional representation systems" 9055: 8363:"Choosing Electoral Systems: Proportional, Majoritarian and Mixed Systems" 8254:

https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupid?key=ha100618520

2803:

The same effect may have contributed to the collapse of representation of

1367:

Under STV, an amount that guarantees election is set, which is called the

65: 11332:"What is the electoral system for Chamber 1 of the national legislature?" 11307:"What is the electoral system for Chamber 1 of the national legislature?" 10064: 10009: 8935: 7745: 7693: 7644: 7595: 7536: 7264: 7177: 7137: 6968: 6932: 6854: 6818: 6782: 5613: 5449: 5278: 5207: 5006: 4974: 4935: 4856: 4815: 4775: 4597: 4552: 4511: 4224: 4147: 4099: 3515: 3289: 3096: 3012: 2977: 2846: 2748: 2513: 2499: 1372: 1193: 1091: 1048: 407: 365: 308: 253: 12141: 11757: 11697:"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns" 11604:"IPU PARLINE database: SURINAME (Nationale Assemblee), Electoral system" 9543:

Wada, Junichiro (2016). "Apportionment behind the veil of uncertainty".

9522:"2020 GENERAL ELECTION – OFFICIAL RESULTS AND STATISTICS" 8121: 7914: 3344:

While this may be true when considering districts in isolation, results

3015:

systems, where each party lists its candidates according to the party's

905: 12569: 12553: 12124: 11998: 11923:"IPU PARLINE database: URUGUAY (Cámara de Senadores), Electoral system" 10861:"Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787, Wednesday, June 6" 10516: 10457: 10440: 9727:. Copenhagen: Ministry of the Interior and Health. 2011. Archived from 9556: 9320: 8984: 7274: 7240: 5667: 4482: 4408: 4370: 4063: 3794: 3618:

parties on the basis of proportional representation in September 1917.

3425: 3424:

One of the earliest proposals of proportionality in an assembly was by

3254: 2762: 2329: 2289: 12513:"Votes for women: electoral systems and support for female candidates" 12460: 11029: 10513:

The Australian Electoral System: Origins, Variations, and Consequences

8559: 3856: 3563:

STV was also invented (apparently independently) in the UK in 1857 by

2885:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

2575:

boundaries, yet he achieves more uniform representation than does the

1382: 12510: 11981: 11469: 11189:

Santucci, Jack (10 November 2016). "Party Splits, Not Progressives".

8122:"A Brief History of Proportional Representation in the United States" 7491: 7425: 7420: 7359: 7308: 7233: 7226: 7075: 7039: 7004: 6891: 6743: 6483: 6241: 6236: 6074: 5899: 5659: 5597: 5429: 5388: 5372: 5321: 5156: 5141: 5113: 5078: 5042: 4896: 4735: 4687: 4636: 4463: 4422: 4394: 4356: 4273: 4197: 4055: 4010: 3615: 3611: 3568: 3475:

scheme with proportional aspects. Before that could be voted on, the

3451: 3084: 3029: 2526: 2416: 1324: 375: 370: 11972: 11851:"IPU PARLINE database: TOGO (Assemblée nationale), Electoral system" 10625: 10156:"P.E.I. plebiscite favours mixed member proportional representation" 3227: 2649: 1991: 12512: 11400: 10689: 10600: 10405: 10214: 10160: 10112: 10091: 9797: 9753:. Oslo: Ministry of Local Government and Modernisation. 6 July 2017 9373:"Israel ups threshold for Knesset seats despite opposition boycott" 9259: 8926: 8878: 8685: 8606:

da Costa, Ana Nicolaci; Greenfield, Charlotte (23 September 2017).

8301: 8125: 7945: 7453: 3818: 3771: 3147: 3100: 3047:

Two-tier party list systems, as in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. In

2712: 2502:, although they are still counted in the popular vote calculation. 2384: 1319:

This is done by a proportional formula or method; for example, the

1067: 992: 626: 10731:"89th Annual Academy Awards of Merit for Achievements during 2017" 11514:"IFES Election Guide | Elections: Sri Lanka Parliament 2020" 10056:

Dual-Member Mixed Proportional: A New Electoral System for Canada

9855:"Chapter 5, How Party Systems Develop in Mixed Electoral Systems" 8612: 7345: 5984: 3767: 3178: 3092: 3088: 2993: 2953: 412: 11809:

Thresholds moot due to these cantons only electing 2 Councillors

11532:"IPU PARLINE database: SRI LANKA (Parliament), Electoral system" 11869:"IFES Election Guide | Elections: Tunisia Parliament 2019" 10614: 10230:"2018 Referendum on Electoral Reform: Voting Results Available" 9591:

Canadian House of Commons Special Committee on Electoral Reform

6059: 3104: 2981: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2639: 2603: 2568: 2412: 2364: 1334: 1016:

House are elected in single-member districts generally through

917: 11622:"IFES Election Guide | Elections: Sweden Parliament 2018" 9115:"Hungary, Parliamentary Elections, 6 April 2014: Final Report" 8534:

International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance

8530:"Electoral System Design: the New International IDEA Handbook" 8475:"Report of the Hansard Society Commission on Electoral Reform" 8472: 7796: 2613: 1759:

demonstrating a different voting pattern than Malta exhibits.

1140:

mixed-member proportional representation apportionment methods

12351:

Thomas Hare and Political Representation in Victorian Britain

12162:

Bowler and Grofman, Elections in Australia, Ireland and Malta

11032:. Melbourne: Proportional Representation Society of Australia 10755:"Rule Twenty-Two: Special Rules for the Visual Effects Award" 10649: 6502:

None (votes are tallied in a single nationwide constituency)

2973: 2704: 1752: 27:

Voting system that makes outcomes proportional to vote totals

11640:"IPU PARLINE database: SWEDEN (Riksdagen), Electoral system" 10087:"Why a referendum on electoral reform would be undemocratic" 9434:"The fall of Fianna Fáil in the 2011 Irish general election" 2674:. Effectively, both measures make it impossible to create a 12584: 12579: 10304:"Fair Majority Voting (or How to Eliminate Gerrymandering)" 9859:

Territory and Electoral Rules in Post-Communist Democracies

9822:

In Search of Compensatory Mixed Electoral System for Québec

9182:

Proportional Representation, A Study in Methods of Election

9119: 8287: 6728: 3083:, and electoral thresholds. It was invented for the German 3041: 2976:(closed list) as adopted in 2008 in first CA election, the 2856: – where the squared discrepancy from ideal 2387:, with a 4.7 percent share of the national vote, while the 12574: 12547: 10108:"P.E.I. electoral reform committee proposes ranked ballot" 9883:"Electoral Systems and the Delimitation of Constituencies" 7368:(5% of the party vote to override the default party-list) 3745:) for elections to the legislative assembly; and four use 3596:

electing the world's first legislators through STV in 1896

3222:(IPF). It was proposed for elections by the mathematician 2815:

candidate of a different party who is liked by the voter.

2520:. Compared to countries with plurality electoral systems, 12607:

Australia's Upper Houses – ABC Rear Vision

9674:. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 11. 7973:"Ireland: The Archetypal Single Transferable Vote System" 7859:

STV was used in 2010 to elect 25 members at large in the

12478:"So closed: political selection in proportional systems" 12227:

Mixed-Member Electoral Systems in Constitutional Context

11112:"Proportional Representation in Most Robust Democracies" 10474:"Comments on the STV Rules Proposed by British Columbia" 9127: 2296:

PR tries to resolve the unfairness of single-winner and

1763:

How mixed-member proportional representation (MMP) works

12476:

Galasso, Vincenzo; Nannicini, Tommaso (December 2015).

12218:

Proportional Representation Applied to Party Government

11833:"Explainer: New rules for the House of Representatives" 11248:

Proportional Representation and Election Reform in Ohio

7917:"Electoral Systems Comparative Data, Table by Question" 2221:

There are many versions of MMP in use. Some use only a

11159:"The Single Transferable Vote in Alberta and Manitoba" 11030:"The Hare-Clark System of Proportional Representation" 10747: 10652:"Proportional Representation in Elections: STV vs PAV" 9920: 8048: 7935: 7933: 3399:

Reweighted range voting (RRV) uses the same method as

1157:

or set of candidates as their favourite, then roughly

12566: – the Society's preferred form of PR 9775:. Stockholm: Election Authority. 2011. Archived from 9751:"The main features of the Norwegian electoral system" 9583: 8904:

Cox, Gary W.; Fiva, Jon H.; Smith, Daniel M. (2016).

5452:(Germany, France, Portugal, Spain, Hungary, Romania) 12101: 12065:"Revolution, Elite Fear, and Electoral Institutions" 9478:

Hoag and Hallett, Proportional Representation, p. 74

8653: 8651: 8649: 8429:"The 2005 general election: analysis of the results" 8042:

Algeria's largest district has 37 deputies (p. 15):

3805:

charter with STV elections in order to dislodge the

2008:

Parallel voting (using non-compensatory party seats)

10593: 10549:. Auckland: The New Zealand Herald. 1 November 2011 9256:

Monopoly Politics 2014 and the Fair Voting Solution

9111:

Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights

7930: 3857:

List of countries using proportional representation

3363:eliminated when the field of candidate is thinned. 3071:(MMP). It combines a single-district vote, usually 2952:. This system is used in many countries, including 2272:Many political theorists agree with Mill that in a 1212:Party-list PR – Sainte-Laguë method 11941: 11005:"Malta: Single-Transferable Vote with Some Twists" 10569:"Change the Way We Elect? Round Two of the Debate" 10348:Akartunalı, Kerem; Knight, Philip A. (June 2017). 9404:. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2010 8605: 8003: 3594:, Tasmania became an early pioneer of the system, 3411:, for sorting the priorities of the city council. 2552:, a process vulnerable to political interference ( 2394: 12601:Proportional Representation and British Democracy 12449:Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans Online 11357:"Final Report on Algeria's Legislative Elections" 11137:https://aceproject.org/main/english/es/esy_in.htm 10510: 9846: 9669: 8646: 5675:Prefectures (apart from Attica and Thessaloniki) 2650:Potential lack of balance in presidential systems 1992:Differences from mixed-member majoritarian system 1138:), or have some form of compensatory seats (e.g. 12614: 12575:Proportional Representation Society of Australia 12475: 12224: 12215: 12183:British Democracy: Its Restoration and Extension 12062: 11098:"Proportional representation systems for Canada" 10939:Swain, Civics for Montana Students, 1912, p. 163 10723: 10608: 10347: 9813: 8558:. University of British Columbia. Archived from 8233:British Democracy: Its Restoration and Extension 8166:https://electoral.gov.mt/ElectionResults/General 8155:https://electoral.gov.mt/ElectionResults/General 7942:"How Proportional Representation Elections Work" 3280:The single transferable vote (STV), also called 3067:The most prominent mixed compensatory system is 2391:, with 12.6 percent, gained only a single seat. 12329: 11044: 10837: 10835: 10833: 10831: 10829: 10394: 9725:"The Parliamentary Electoral System in Denmark" 7966: 7964: 7962: 7861:2010 Icelandic Constitutional Assembly election 4378:Single-member districts within federal states ( 3381:(PAV). It satisifes an adaptation of PR called 3366: 3200: 2826: 2239: 12063:Gjerløw, Haakon; Rasmussen, Magnus B. (2021). 11818:As these cantons only send two members to the 11116:Fair Vote: The Center for Voting And Democracy 11002: 10678: 10294: 10292: 9893: 9887:International Foundation for Electoral Systems 9086:The Conscience of a Liberal, Paul Krugman Blog 8769:The Conscience of a Liberal, Paul Krugman Blog 8468: 8466: 8464: 8436:Electoral Commission, Research, Electoral data 7915:ACE Project: The Electoral Knowledge Network. 3636:constituency, and was introduced for devolved 3579:. The scheme was enthusiastically taken up by 3459:relative proportion to the original precisely. 3087:after the Second World War, and has spread to 2579:, the body responsible for balancing the UK's 2254:. His remarks are relevant to any form of PR. 12623:Proportional representation electoral systems 12446: 11281:"Illinois' Drive to Revive Cumulative Voting" 11250:. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press. 11147:1969 Canadian Parliamentary Guide, p. 333-334 10957:Humphreys, Proportional Representation (1911) 10681:Multi-Winner Voting with Approval Preferences 10431: 10429: 10427: 10126: 9140:. Law Commission of Canada. 2004. p. 22. 9056:"Fair votes in practice: STV for Westminster" 8958:Karp, Jeffrey A.; Banducci, Susan A. (2008). 8897: 8004:Hirczy de Miño, Wolfgang; Lane, John (1999). 7630:Assembly of the Representatives of the People 5914:Constituency (electoral districts: groups of 4328:Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy 3663:, as it is an election with a single winner. 3245:Balinski has proposed another variant called 2372:and most of its seats west of Saskatchewan. 2336:However, intermediate PR systems with a high 1114:that may be used in certain systems, such as 953: 11366:. National Democratic Institute. 10 May 2012 10826: 9135:"Voting Counts: Electoral Reform for Canada" 8957: 8903: 8847:"Fair votes in practice STV for Westminster" 8426: 8325:"Proportional Representation Voting Systems" 7959: 6092:5 multi-member constituencies consisting of 3871: 3801:-wing Republicans secured the adoption of a 2038: 1818: 1335:How the single transferable vote (STV) works 12413: 12229:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 11349: 10841: 10541:"Referendum 2011: A look at the STV system" 10511:Farrell, David M.; McAllister, Ian (2006). 10289: 9875: 9670:Gallagher, Michael; Mitchell, Paul (2005). 8840: 8838: 8836: 8834: 8832: 8830: 8828: 8682:"Single Transferable Vote Or Choice Voting" 8524: 8522: 8520: 8518: 8516: 8514: 8512: 8510: 8461: 7901:Considerations on Representative Government 7797:Incentives for choosing an electoral system 3697:because the use of lists in elections, the 3577:Treatise on the Election of Representatives 3269: 2681: 2614:Link between constituent and representative 2251:Considerations on Representative Government 12595:Vote Dilution means Voters have Less Voice 12414:Sawer, Marian & Miskin, Sarah (1999). 12386: 11086:https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/digitizedtheses/861/ 10424: 9926: 9819: 9609:http://www.wahlrecht.de/ausland/europa.htm 9481: 9020: 9018: 9016: 9014: 8508: 8506: 8504: 8502: 8500: 8498: 8496: 8494: 8492: 8490: 8115: 8113: 8111: 3774:from 1920 to 1953. In both provinces, the 3610:had proposed the election of a new Soviet 3598:, prior to its federation into Australia. 3264: 2913:2016 Special Committee on Electoral Reform 2379:, conducted using single-winner FPTP, the 2031: 2024: 2017: 1811: 1804: 1797: 1223: 1164: 960: 946: 12603:Debate on British electoral system reform 12530: 12216:Ashworth, H.P.C.; Ashworth, T.R. (1900). 12123: 12026:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 11980: 11712: 11695:Shugart, Matthew Søberg (December 2005). 10996: 10975: 10935: 10933: 10688: 10683:. SpringerBriefs in Intelligent Systems. 10624: 10599: 10456: 10402:"Fair Voting/Proportional Representation" 10369: 9798:ACE Project Electoral Knowledge Network. 9791: 9505: 9415:"Party Magnitude and Candidate Selection" 9178: 9172: 9149: 9147: 9079: 9047: 8983: 8934: 8582:"Election 2015 – BBC News" 8356: 8354: 8352: 8350: 8195: 8193: 8191: 8189: 8187: 6491:: 25% of the quota for one seat (0.167%) 5418:Lower house of supranational legislature 4438:Single federal (nationwide) constituency 3674:assemblies, where the method is known as 2512:Since most votes count, there are fewer " 1153:% of the electorate support a particular 12387:Pukelsheim, Friedrich (9 January 2014). 12330:Linton, Martin; Southcott, Mary (1998). 11769: 11767: 11188: 10888:The Works of the Honourable James Wilson 10842:Hoag, Clarence; Hallett, George (1926). 10679:Lackner, Martin; Skowron, Piotr (2023). 10501:National Civic League. 9th edition. 2021 10255:Pukelsheim, Friedrich (September 2009). 10105: 10016: 9852: 9536: 9286: 9284: 9223:"Electoral reform in Chile: Tie breaker" 9053: 8825: 8556:"1993 Canadian Federal Election Results" 8275:"Holyrood's AMS Voting System Explained" 7713:(some provinces are further subdivided) 6888:with contingent majority jackpot runoff 5656:(reinforced party-list proportionality) 3632:In Ireland, STV was used in 1918 in the 3069:mixed-member proportional representation 2756:mixed-member proportional representation 2724:After the introduction of STV in Ireland 2288: 1769:Mixed-member proportional representation 1381: 12372:. Toronto, ON: Edmond Montgomery Publ. 12348: 12265: 12243: 12201:. New York: Columbia University Press. 11694: 11058:. City of Cambridge, MA. Archived from 11022: 10966:Newman, Hare-Clark in Tasmania, p. 7-10 10779: 10504: 10471: 10435: 10207: 10153: 10084: 9717: 9611:; "Vorzugsstimme(n)" means "open list". 9514: 9431: 9011: 8762: 8626: 8487: 8108: 7997: 7385:(some counties are further subdivided) 3976: 3401:sequential proportional approval voting 3390:sequential proportional approval voting 3226:in 1989, and first used by the city of 3155:dual-member proportional representation 2927: 14: 12615: 12287: 11939: 11245: 11156: 10930: 10881: 10248: 10052: 9947: 9642: 9487: 9370: 9144: 8736: 8370:International Political Science Review 8360: 8347: 8199: 8184: 8054: 7886: 7884: 7882: 7880: 7268:(National list to elect 29/225 seats) 3797:, Ohio, where, in 1924, Democrats and 2944:Party-list proportional representation 2932: 2733: 2483: 1171:Party-list proportional representation 12483:European Journal of Political Economy 12367: 12104:The American Political Science Review 12019: 11961:The American Political Science Review 11764: 11735: 11658:Elections in Sweden: The way its done 11439: 10979:The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky 10805: 10006:"Deutschland hat ein neues Wahlrecht" 9899: 9694: 9314:"Joint Committee on the Constitution" 9293:"A new electoral system for Ireland?" 9290: 9281: 9080:Scheppele, Kim Lane (13 April 2014). 8316: 8083: 7970: 7250:Constituencies (electoral districts) 7230:(District lists elect 196/225 seats) 6204:Constituencies (electoral districts) 3586:In Australia, the political activist 3257:level. In a related proposal for the 2686: 2600:2014 Hungarian parliamentary election 1205: 12590:Why Not Proportional Representation? 12310: 11958: 10948:Hoag, Effective Voting (1914), p. 31 9649:. The Fraser Institute. p. 76. 9542: 8964:British Journal of Political Science 8844: 8427:Rallings, Colin; Thrasher, Michael. 7890: 7785:Upper house of national legislature 7735:Lower house of national legislature 7634:Lower house of national legislature 7568:Next elections are to be held under 7526:Lower house of national legislature 7410:Lower house of national legislature 7167:Lower house of national legislature 6733:Lower house of national legislature 6473:Lower house of national legislature 5948:Lower house of national legislature 5889:Lower house of national legislature 5603:Lower house of national legislature 4964:Upper house of national legislature 4925:Lower house of national legislature 4886:Lower house of national legislature 4805:Lower house of national legislature 4677:Lower house of national legislature 4626:Lower house of national legislature 4587:Upper house of national legislature 4541:Lower house of national legislature 4453:Lower house of national legislature 4346:Lower house of national legislature 4302:Upper house of national legislature 4137:Lower house of national legislature 4089:Lower house of national legislature 4068:5% of votes in respective district. 4045:Lower house of national legislature 4023:4% nationally or 2.5% in a district 3334:proportionality for solid coalitions 2924:, where the Gallagher index was 12. 2871: 1039:(MMP), used in 7 countries; and the 12353:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 12273:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 12271:Handbook of Electoral System Choice 12251:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 12196: 10976:Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015). 10858: 10174: 10085:Hodgson, Antony (21 January 2016). 9494:Mathematical and Computer Modelling 9024: 7904:. London: Parker, Son, & Bourn. 7877: 4323:States and territories of Australia 3419: 2860:is weighted equally for each voter. 2775:In STV elections, winning a single 2359:in Canada that won 52 seats in the 1386:Simplified example of an STV ballot 1043:(STV), used in Ireland, Malta, the 24: 12391:. Cham ; New York: Springer. 12169: 10848:. New York: The Macmillan Company. 10814:. Massachusetts Historical Society 10154:Bradley, Susan (7 November 2016). 9402:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pan.a029822 8091:"Proportional Representation (PR)" 8069:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1980.tb00248.x 8006:"Malta: STV in a two-party system" 4404:10% on the regional (state) level 4114:5 member districts and nationwide 3927:. Countries using PR as part of a 3103:. The system is also used for the 2996:(open list). For elections to the 2782: 64: 25: 12634: 12541: 11003:Hirczy de Miño, Wolfgang (1997). 10472:O’Neill, Jeffrey C. (July 2006). 10308:The American Mathematical Monthly 10127:Elections PEI (7 November 2016). 10106:Campbell, Kerry (15 April 2016). 10059:(Thesis). University of Alberta. 9672:The Politics of Electoral Systems 8737:Harris, Paul (20 November 2011). 8178:"2023 NSW State election results" 7790:(single nationwide constituency) 7555:(single nationwide constituency) 7509:(single cantonwide constituency) 7284:(single nationwide constituency) 4430:: 7% of the on the federal level 3383:extended justified representation 2866:2005 New Zealand general election 2543: 2536:Proportional systems show higher 1122:and other forms of manipulation. 12156: 12095: 12081:10.5129/001041522x16316387001621 12056: 12013: 11952: 11933: 11915: 11897: 11879: 11861: 11843: 11825: 11812: 11803: 11785: 11729: 11688: 11670: 11650: 11632: 11614: 11596: 11578: 11542: 11524: 11506: 11488: 11462: 11433: 11415: 11388: 11378: 11324: 11299: 11273: 11264: 11239: 11225: 11182: 11150: 11141: 11130: 11104: 11090: 11074: 11056:Welcome to the City of Cambridge 10969: 10960: 10951: 10942: 10905: 10875: 10852: 10812:The Adams Papers Digital Edition 10799: 10773: 10672: 10643: 10587: 10561: 10533: 10492: 10465: 10445:Journal of Economic Perspectives 10028:Electoral Commission New Zealand 9984:Electoral Commission New Zealand 9853:Bochsler, Daniel (13 May 2010). 9466:"General Elections 2011 Ireland" 9448:American Statistical Association 9371:Lubell, Maayan (11 March 2014). 7683:Unicameral national legislature 6524:Unicameral national legislature 6226:Unicameral national legislature 6185:Unicameral national legislature 6064:Unicameral national legislature 5989:Unicameral national legislature 5648:Unicameral national legislature 5311:Unicameral national legislature 5268:Unicameral national legislature 5146:Unicameral national legislature 4846:Unicameral national legislature 4765:Unicameral national legislature 4725:Unicameral national legislature 4182:Unicameral national legislature 4000:Unicameral national legislature 3232:Neue Zürcher Zuteilungsverfahren 3055: 2990:Democratic Republic of the Congo 2937: 2876: 2666:This issue does not happen in a 929: 916: 904: 852:McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem 498:Semi-proportional representation 130:First preference plurality (FPP) 12349:Parsons, Floyd (31 July 2009). 11009:ACE Electoral Knowledge Network 10780:Sargent, Felix (19 June 2019). 10341: 10222: 10208:McElroy, Justin (2 June 2018). 10201: 10168: 10147: 10120: 10099: 10078: 10046: 9998: 9972: 9765: 9743: 9688: 9663: 9636: 9614: 9601: 9571: 9472: 9458: 9425: 9419:ACE Electoral Knowledge Network 9407: 9390: 9364: 9338: 9327: 9306: 9241: 9215: 9197:"Evenredige vertegenwoordiging" 9189: 9185:. London: Methuen & Co.Ltd. 9103: 9073: 9000: 8951: 8867: 8811: 8797: 8786: 8756: 8730: 8704: 8679: 8673: 8620: 8599: 8574: 8548: 8420: 8322: 8281: 8267: 8258: 8246: 8225: 8170: 8159: 8148: 8139: 8119: 8095:ACE Electoral Knowledge Network 7939: 7466:(only to elect Councillors in: 3925:ACE Electoral Knowledge Network 3910: Mixed-member majoritarian 3902: Mixed-member proportional 3601: 3573:The Machinery of Representation 3521: 3348:are usually more proportional. 2395:Representation of minor parties 12496:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2015.04.008 12290:The case against voting reform 12220:. Melbourne: Robertson and Co. 10441:"The Single Transferable Vote" 10320:10.1080/00029890.2008.11920503 9773:"The Swedish electoral system" 9082:"Legal But Not Fair (Hungary)" 8627:Roberts, Iain (29 June 2010). 8205:The case against voting reform 8057:Scandinavian Political Studies 8036: 8022: 7908: 7853: 6011:Unitary parliamentary republic 5971:Unitary parliamentary republic 3894: Single transferable vote 3550:American Philosophical Society 3220:iterative proportional fitting 890:Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem 847:Moulin's impossibility theorem 812:Conflicting majorities paradox 32:Proportional rule (bankruptcy) 13: 1: 10863:. TeachingAmericanHistory.org 10354:Annals of Operations Research 10254: 9941:10.1016/S0261-3794(98)00063-8 9914:10.1016/S0261-3794(03)00056-8 9607:As counted from the table in 8763:Krugman, Paul (19 May 2012). 8331:. Takoma Park. Archived from 8264:2020 Irish general election]] 7870: 7332:Assembly-independent republic 3853:) in its 1917 city election. 3761:The UK, Canada and India use 3434:, written in 1776 during the 2794:2007 Scottish local elections 2446: 2342:2002 Turkish general election 1996:Compare the MMP example to a 1841:Compensatory seats under MMP 1774:with SMDs is described here. 1670:already elected (25%+1 vote) 1598:already elected (25%+1 vote) 1585:Party seats % under STV 1018:first-past-the-post elections 716:Frustrated majorities paradox 18:Proportional electoral system 12423:. Department of the Senate. 11656:Swedish Election Authority: 11443:Political Research Quarterly 11385:than 54 percent of the seats 11157:Jansen, Harold John (1998). 10982:. Verso Books. p. 293. 10257:"Zurich's New Apportionment" 9698:Political Research Quarterly 9545:The Japanese Economic Review 8290:Journal of Political Economy 4703:States and federal district 3950:Type of proportional system 3827:its House of Representatives 3817:in 1957. From 1870 to 1980, 3672:Australian Capital Territory 3575:and expanded on in his 1859 3512:Constitution of Pennsylvania 3493:single non-transferable vote 3428:in his influential pamphlet 3379:proportional approval voting 3373:Proportional approval voting 3367:Proportional approval voting 3207:Biproportional apportionment 3201:Biproportional apportionment 3181:, DMP received attention on 3165:used in the German state of 2827:Measuring disproportionality 2411:discussions. The example of 2240:Advantages and disadvantages 2234:single non-transferable vote 1371:. In the example below, the 1097:Pooling is used to allocate 885:Condorcet dominance theorems 825:Social and collective choice 7: 12439: 12389:Proportional Representation 12313:Proportional Representation 11714:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087 11167:Library and Archives Canada 10845:Proportional Representation 7813: 7237:(up to 3 preference votes) 3935:) system are not included. 3251:US House of Representatives 2809:2011 Irish general election 2754:In New Zealand, which uses 2717:US House of Representatives 2602:, where the leading party, 2284: 1200:share of the popular vote. 1131:Proportional representation 1013:US House of Representatives 1008:proportional representation 973:Proportional representation 551:By mechanism of combination 322:Proportional representation 10: 12639: 12570:Electoral Reform Australia 12185:. ISR/Kindle Books, 2019. 11191:American Politics Research 10575:. Vancouver. 30 April 2009 10175:Eby, David (30 May 2018). 9955:"Additional Member System" 9820:Massicotte, Louis (2004). 9624:. Electoral Reform Society 9488:Karpov, Alexander (2008). 9179:Humphreys, John H (1911). 9155:"Single Transferable Vote" 8386:10.1177/019251297018003005 8235:. ISR/Kindle Books, 2019. 8030:"Rajya Sabha Introduction" 7830:Interactive representation 7731:Chamber of Representatives 5664:Apart from snap elections 4921:Chamber of Representatives 4449:Chamber of Representatives 4366:14% on the district level 4248:Kingdom of the Netherlands 4041:People's National Assembly 3770:from 1924 to 1955, and in 3737:or a majoritarian system ( 3678:, and the city council in 3497:first-past-the-post voting 3414: 3370: 3330:electoral system criterion 3273: 3204: 2941: 2922:first-past-the-post voting 2057:(Number of districts won) 1837:(Number of districts won) 1766: 1411:If elected: surplus votes 1362:first-past-the-post voting 1338: 1168: 1030:degressive proportionality 749:Multiple districts paradox 480:Fractional approval voting 468:Interactive representation 29: 12554:Election districts voting 12532:10.1017/S1743923X16000684 12334:. London: Profile Books. 12116:10.1017/S0003055407070384 11470:"Saeimas vēlēšanu likums" 11456:10.1177/10659129221087961 11246:Barber, Kathleen (1995). 10699:10.1007/978-3-031-09016-5 10371:10.1007/s10479-016-2323-0 10362:University of Strathclyde 9711:10.1177/10659129221087961 9646:Fixing Canadian Democracy 9507:10.1016/j.mcm.2008.05.027 9444:Royal Statistical Society 9031:Columbia University Press 8976:10.1017/S0007123408000161 7770: 7765: 7757: 7752: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7737: 7724: 7442: 7431:Hagenbach-Bischoff system 7399: 7257: 7252: 7220: 7218: 7211: 7206: 7074: 7069: 7067: 7058: 6247:Hagenbach-Bischoff system 5422: 5420: 5417: 5412: 5407: 4954: 4948: 4914: 4572: 4566: 4530: 4389: 4384: 4374: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4217: 4215: 4211:5% (parties), 7% (blocs) 4210: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4176: 4171: 3949: 3929:mixed-member majoritarian 3870: 3865: 3821:used a semi-proportional 3815:plurality-at-large voting 3627:university constituencies 3138:mixed single vote systems 2818: 2701:binomial electoral system 2369:Progressive Conservatives 2196: 2176: 2168: 2144: 2120: 2096: 2066: 2048: 2037: 2014: 1998:mixed-member majoritarian 1973: 1953: 1945: 1921: 1897: 1873: 1846: 1828: 1817: 1794: 1712: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1560: 1523: 1395: 1360:is more complicated than 1295: 1222: 1211: 1208: 1125: 1082:(such as the New Zealand 696:Paradoxes and pathologies 545:Mixed-member proportional 540:Mixed-member majoritarian 535:By results of combination 426:Approval-based committees 12564:single transferable vote 12560:Electoral Reform Society 12197:Amy, Douglas J. (1993). 12174: 12032:10.1017/cbo9781139382137 11663:25 February 2009 at the 11203:10.1177/1532673x16674774 10808:"Thoughts on Government" 10298: 9959:Electoral Reform Society 9827:(Report). Archived from 9319:. Dublin: Houses of the 9298:. The Policy Institute, 9159:Electoral Reform Society 9054:Mollison, Denis (2010). 8716:Electoral Reform Society 8659:"A look at the evidence" 7846: 7835:Justified representation 7773:double simultaneous vote 7665:Semi-presidential system 7653:Largest remainder method 7545:Largest remainder method 7522:House of Representatives 7378:in a given constituency 7254:Semi-presidential system 6520:House of Representatives 6469:House of Representatives 6311:Single transferable vote 5954:Single transferable vote 5885:House of Representatives 5472:Single transferable vote 4622:House of Representatives 4575:double simultaneous vote 4547:Additional member system 4308:Single transferable vote 4233:Largest remainder method 4206:Largest remainder method 4160:3% of registered voters 4120:Double simultaneous vote 3833:Cambridge, Massachusetts 3721:, supplementary voting ( 3680:Cambridge, Massachusetts 3467:led the drafting of the 3276:Single transferable vote 3270:Single transferable vote 3153:Another mixed system is 3113:additional member system 2968:(national closed list), 2902:social welfare functions 2682:Attributes of PR systems 2634:gained six seats in the 2632:General Elderly Alliance 2592:semi-proportional system 2383:gained 56 seats, all in 2377:2015 UK General Election 2352:, win few or no seats. 2310:2005 UK general election 2274:representative democracy 1578:for candidates of party 1358:Counting votes under STV 1352:Cambridge, Massachusetts 1341:Single transferable vote 1136:single transferable vote 1088:additional member system 1041:single transferable vote 979:) refers to any type of 875:Condorcet's jury theorem 676:Double simultaneous vote 651:Rural–urban proportional 646:Dual-member proportional 608: 597: 564:Parallel (superposition) 456:Fractional social choice 443:Expanding approvals rule 272: 257: 242: 173: 162: 138: 12199:Real Choices/new Voices 11476:(in Latvian). Section 7 11170:. University of Alberta 9643:Gibson, Gordon (2003). 9526:ElectionResults.govt.nz 9291:Laver, Michael (1998). 9025:Amy, Douglas J (2002). 8914:The Journal of Politics 7679:Grand National Assembly 7604:Highest averages method 7564:constitutional monarchy 5930:constitutional republic 4487:constitutional monarchy 3483:and produced their own 3265:Candidate-based systems 3185:where it appeared on a 3111:where it is called the 3062:mixed electoral systems 2672:motion of no confidence 2550:single-member districts 2505:With PR, there are no " 2381:Scottish National Party 1853:Seats % under MMP 1576:First-preference votes 1165:How party-list PR works 1080:single-member districts 802:Tyranny of the majority 579:Fusion (majority bonus) 396:Quota-remainder methods 12548:The De Borda Institute 12370:The Politics of Voting 12368:Pilon, Dennis (2007). 12311:Hart, Jenifer (1992). 12288:Forder, James (2011). 12249:Political Institutions 11940:Rokkan, Stein (1970). 10882:Wilson, James (1804). 10546:The New Zealand Herald 10276:10.1002/germ.200990024 10030:. 2011. Archived from 9861:. Palgrave Macmillan. 9300:Trinity College Dublin 9249:"National projections" 9090:The New York Times Co. 9060:Heriot-Watt University 8854:Heriot Watt University 8773:The New York Times Co. 8633:Liberal Democrat Voice 8361:Norris, Pippa (1997). 7762:Departments of Uruguay 7439:Cantons of Switzerland 6099:Parliamentary republic 5679:Parliamentary republic 4617:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4386:Parliamentary republic 4194:and minority jackpot 3876: 3588:Catherine Helen Spence 3469:Girondist constitution 3463:In February 1793, the 3461: 3445: 3431:Thoughts on Government 2918:2015 Canadian election 2477:parallel voting system 2405:collapse of the Weimar 2318:2015 Canadian election 2314:2011 Canadian election 2293: 2270: 2261: 2075:under parallel voting 2069:under parallel voting 2067:Total number of seats 2063:under parallel voting 2043: 1847:Total number of seats 1843:(party-list PR seats) 1823: 1387: 1092:Scandinavian countries 936:Mathematics portal 842:Majority impossibility 831:Impossibility theorems 627:Negative vote transfer 448:Method of equal shares 69: 12518:Politics & Gender 12294:Oneworld Publications 11891:www.electionguide.org 11873:www.electionguide.org 11779:www.electionguide.org 11626:www.electionguide.org 11518:www.electionguide.org 10053:Graham, Sean (2016). 8819:"Political Stability" 8209:Oneworld Publications 8063:(3). Wiley: 249–264. 7825:Direct representation 7444:Semi-direct democracy 7327:Districts of Suriname 6917:São Tomé and Príncipe 6543:5% or 1 district won 5654:Majority bonus system 5474:in Ireland and Malta 4951:presidential republic 4707:Presidential Republic 4569:presidential republic 3875: 3727:instant-runoff voting 3456: 3443:equal interest in it. 3440: 3218:One method is called 2708:proportional system. 2453:coalition governments 2389:UK Independence Party 2361:1993 federal election 2292: 2265: 2256: 2042: 1822: 1385: 1073:For large districts, 1003:each party receives. 739:Best-is-worst paradox 728:Pathological response 463:Direct representation 116:Single-winner methods 68: 12269:(17 December 2004). 12245:Colomer, Josep Maria 12069:Comparative Politics 12020:Ahmed, Amel (2012). 11052:"Adoption of Plan E" 10892:Constitution Society 10806:Adams, John (1776). 10761:on 14 September 2012 10619:. pp. 107–115. 10129:"Plebiscite Results" 10065:10.7939/R3-QPPP-B676 9530:Electoral Commission 9269:on 24 September 2015 8885:on 28 September 2015 8440:Electoral Commission 7971:Gallagher, Michael. 7841:One person, one vote 7559:Parliamentary system 7448:assembly-independent 7389:Parliamentary system 7376:4% nationally or 12% 7199:Parliamentary system 7163:Congress of Deputies 6506:Parliamentary system 6259:Parliamentary system 6208:Parliamentary system 5920:Indonesian provinces 5916:regencies and cities 5426:in 25 member states 5307:Legislative Assembly 5175:Parliamentary system 4659:directorial republic 4651:Electoral districts 4479:Electoral districts 3981:Governmental system 3977:Constituencies 3709:or a different one. 3621:In the UK, the 1917 3465:Marquis de Condorcet 3452:Assembly of Provence 3409:Berkeley, California 3282:ranked choice voting 3247:fair majority voting 3183:Prince Edward Island 3130:negative vote weight 2928:PR electoral systems 2858:seats-to-votes ratio 2833:seats-to-votes ratio 2715:plan for STV in the 2668:parliamentary system 2583:constituency sizes. 2061:Party-list PR seats 1401:(first preferences) 1196:version of list PR. 1108:electoral thresholds 923:Economics portal 870:Median voter theorem 89:Comparative politics 11235:. 18 December 2017. 11062:on 13 December 2014 10917:Duquesne University 10012:. 22 February 2013. 9980:"MMP Voting System" 9834:on 24 December 2019 9731:on 23 November 2017 9532:. 30 November 2020. 9500:(9–10): 1421–1438. 9350:Hürriyet Daily News 7781:Chamber of Senators 7767:Presidential system 7717:Presidential system 7710:Provinces of Turkey 7616:Presidential system 7372:Sainte-Laguë method 7247:(per constituency) 6611:Sainte-Laguë method 6575:Sainte-Laguë method 6539:Sainte-Laguë method 6222:Chamber of Deputies 6085:Sainte-Laguë method 6040:Sainte-Laguë method 5907:Sainte-Laguë method 5622:Sainte-Laguë method 5414:European Parliament 5287:Sainte-Laguë method 5166:for leveling seats 5164:Sainte-Laguë method 4882:Chamber of Deputies 4673:Chamber of Deputies 4645:Sainte-Laguë method 4583:Chamber of Senators 4537:Chamber of Deputies 4261:constituent country 4133:Chamber of Deputies 3972:Electoral threshold 3968:Allocating formula 3886: Party-list PR 3862: 3763:first-past-the-post 3751:European Parliament 3707:Sainte-Laguë method 3592:Andrew Inglis Clark 3539:Sainte-Laguë method 3481:National Convention 3436:American Revolution 3109:Scottish Parliament 3073:first-past-the-post 3017:candidate selection 2998:European Parliament 2933:Party-based systems 2909:Canadian Parliament 2740:electoral threshold 2734:Electoral threshold 2656:presidential system 2581:first-past-the-post 2577:Boundary Commission 2484:Voter participation 2338:electoral threshold 2324:, for example, the 1779:first-past-the-post 1564:Current vote total 1348:preferential ballot 1329:electoral threshold 1321:Sainte-Laguë method 1147:European Parliament 1026:European Parliament 911:Politics portal 622:Vote linkage system 593:Seat linkage system 180:Ranked-choice (RCV) 12332:Making Votes Count 10499:Model City Charter 10458:10.1257/jep.9.1.27 10412:on 8 December 2015 10236:. 20 December 2018 10135:on 8 November 2016 9557:10.1111/jere.12093 9432:O'Kelly, Michael. 9229:. 14 February 2015 8765:"Going To Extreme" 8661:. Fair Vote Canada 8449:on 20 October 2017 8378:Harvard University 7985:on 20 October 2017 7382:Counties of Sweden 7194:Provinces of Spain 5192:Dominican Republic 3877: 3861: 3811:Rudolph K. Hynicka 3691:Victor Considerant 3571:, in his pamphlet 3528:Thomas Wright Hill 3508:US Founding Father 3450:, speaking to the 3136:Similarly to MMP, 2854:Sainte-Laguë Index 2687:District magnitude 2676:divided government 2660:divided government 2538:political efficacy 2460:political spectrum 2375:Similarly, in the 2355:An example is the 2294: 2248:in his 1861 essay 2232:As well, there is 2044: 1824: 1388: 1049:Indian Rajya Sabha 807:Discursive dilemma 766:Lesser evil voting 641:Supermixed systems 344:Largest remainders 202:Round-robin voting 70: 12461:10.1080/713683348 12398:978-3-319-03855-1 12379:978-1-55239-236-2 12360:978-0-230-22199-4 12341:978-1-86197-087-9 12322:978-0-19-820136-6 12303:978-1-85168-825-8 12280:978-1-4039-0454-6 12258:978-0-19-924184-2 12236:978-0-472-11973-8 12208:978-0-231-08154-2 12181:Abbott, Lewis F. 11820:Council of States 10989:978-1-78168-721-5 10708:978-3-031-09015-8 10665:978-1-4503-6309-9 10636:978-1-4503-3413-6 10437:Tideman, Nicolaus 10302:(February 2008). 10189:on 31 August 2018 9929:Electoral Studies 9902:Electoral Studies 9779:on 18 August 2014 9681:978-0-19-925756-0 9593:(December 2016). 9454:on 6 August 2014. 9201:www.parlement.com 8845:Mollison, Denis. 8718:. 21 October 2011 8562:on 30 August 2017 8231:Abbott, Lewis F. 8218:978-1-85168-825-8 7892:Mill, John Stuart 7820:Condorcet paradox 7794: 7793: 7582:National Assembly 7463:Council of States 7295:National Assembly 7083:Largest remainder 6169:mixed single vote 5341:Equatorial Guinea 5264:National Congress 4842:National Assembly 4801:National Assembly 4761:National Assembly 4721:National Assembly 4178:National Assembly 4085:National Assembly 3915: 3914: 3823:cumulative voting 3791:political machine 3723:contingent voting 3715:Cumulative voting 3670:(since 1907) and 3638:elections in 1921 3634:Dublin University 3502:Already in 1787, 3471:which proposed a 3175:Canadian province 3167:Baden-Württemberg 2992:(open list), and 2898: 2897: 2745:natural threshold 2212:semi-proportional 2208: 2207: 1985: 1984: 1748: 1747: 1541: 1540: 1317: 1316: 1112:electoral tactics 1086:and the Scottish 1045:Australian Senate 985:political parties 970: 969: 857:Gibbard's theorem 797:Dominance paradox 734:Perverse response 438:Phragmen's method 304:Majority judgment 232:Positional voting 190:Condorcet methods 58:electoral systems 16:(Redirected from 12630: 12597:Law is Cool site 12580:Fair Vote Canada 12536: 12534: 12507: 12472: 12434: 12422: 12410: 12383: 12364: 12345: 12326: 12307: 12284: 12262: 12240: 12221: 12212: 12163: 12160: 12154: 12153: 12127: 12099: 12093: 12092: 12060: 12054: 12053: 12017: 12011: 12010: 11984: 11956: 11950: 11949: 11947: 11937: 11931: 11930: 11919: 11913: 11912: 11901: 11895: 11894: 11883: 11877: 11876: 11865: 11859: 11858: 11847: 11841: 11840: 11829: 11823: 11816: 11810: 11807: 11801: 11800: 11789: 11783: 11782: 11771: 11762: 11761: 11733: 11727: 11726: 11716: 11692: 11686: 11685: 11674: 11668: 11654: 11648: 11647: 11636: 11630: 11629: 11618: 11612: 11611: 11600: 11594: 11593: 11592:. 4 August 2020. 11582: 11576: 11575: 11573: 11571: 11565: 11559:. Archived from 11554: 11546: 11540: 11539: 11528: 11522: 11521: 11510: 11504: 11503: 11492: 11486: 11485: 11483: 11481: 11466: 11460: 11459: 11437: 11431: 11430: 11419: 11413: 11412: 11410: 11408: 11392: 11386: 11382: 11376: 11375: 11373: 11371: 11361: 11353: 11347: 11346: 11344: 11342: 11328: 11322: 11321: 11319: 11317: 11303: 11297: 11296: 11294: 11292: 11277: 11271: 11268: 11262: 11261: 11243: 11237: 11236: 11229: 11223: 11222: 11186: 11180: 11179: 11177: 11175: 11163: 11154: 11148: 11145: 11139: 11134: 11128: 11127: 11125: 11123: 11108: 11102: 11101: 11094: 11088: 11078: 11072: 11071: 11069: 11067: 11048: 11042: 11041: 11039: 11037: 11026: 11020: 11019: 11017: 11015: 11000: 10994: 10993: 10973: 10967: 10964: 10958: 10955: 10949: 10946: 10940: 10937: 10928: 10927: 10925: 10923: 10909: 10903: 10902: 10900: 10898: 10879: 10873: 10872: 10870: 10868: 10859:Madison, James. 10856: 10850: 10849: 10839: 10824: 10823: 10821: 10819: 10803: 10797: 10796: 10794: 10792: 10777: 10771: 10770: 10768: 10766: 10757:. Archived from 10751: 10745: 10744: 10742: 10740: 10735: 10727: 10721: 10720: 10692: 10676: 10670: 10669: 10647: 10641: 10640: 10628: 10612: 10606: 10605: 10603: 10591: 10585: 10584: 10582: 10580: 10565: 10559: 10558: 10556: 10554: 10537: 10531: 10530: 10508: 10502: 10496: 10490: 10489: 10487: 10485: 10469: 10463: 10462: 10460: 10433: 10422: 10421: 10419: 10417: 10408:. Archived from 10398: 10392: 10391: 10373: 10345: 10339: 10338: 10336: 10334: 10300:Balinski, Michel 10296: 10287: 10286: 10284: 10282: 10261: 10252: 10246: 10245: 10243: 10241: 10226: 10220: 10219: 10205: 10199: 10198: 10196: 10194: 10188: 10182:. Archived from 10181: 10172: 10166: 10165: 10151: 10145: 10144: 10142: 10140: 10131:. Archived from 10124: 10118: 10117: 10103: 10097: 10096: 10082: 10076: 10075: 10073: 10071: 10050: 10044: 10043: 10041: 10039: 10020: 10014: 10013: 10002: 9996: 9995: 9993: 9991: 9976: 9970: 9969: 9967: 9965: 9951: 9945: 9944: 9924: 9918: 9917: 9897: 9891: 9890: 9879: 9873: 9872: 9850: 9844: 9843: 9841: 9839: 9833: 9826: 9817: 9811: 9810: 9808: 9806: 9795: 9789: 9788: 9786: 9784: 9769: 9763: 9762: 9760: 9758: 9747: 9741: 9740: 9738: 9736: 9721: 9715: 9714: 9692: 9686: 9685: 9667: 9661: 9660: 9640: 9634: 9633: 9631: 9629: 9618: 9612: 9605: 9599: 9598: 9587: 9581: 9575: 9569: 9568: 9540: 9534: 9533: 9518: 9512: 9511: 9509: 9485: 9479: 9476: 9470: 9469: 9462: 9456: 9455: 9450:. Archived from 9429: 9423: 9422: 9411: 9405: 9394: 9388: 9387: 9385: 9383: 9368: 9362: 9361: 9359: 9357: 9342: 9336: 9331: 9325: 9324: 9318: 9310: 9304: 9303: 9297: 9288: 9279: 9278: 9276: 9274: 9268: 9262:. Archived from 9253: 9245: 9239: 9238: 9236: 9234: 9219: 9213: 9212: 9210: 9208: 9193: 9187: 9186: 9176: 9170: 9169: 9167: 9165: 9151: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9131: 9125: 9124: 9113:(11 July 2014). 9107: 9101: 9100: 9098: 9096: 9077: 9071: 9070: 9068: 9066: 9051: 9045: 9044: 9022: 9009: 9004: 8998: 8997: 8987: 8955: 8949: 8948: 8938: 8921:(4): 1249–1263. 8910: 8901: 8895: 8894: 8892: 8890: 8881:. Archived from 8871: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8860: 8851: 8842: 8823: 8822: 8815: 8809: 8808: 8807:. 9 August 2022. 8801: 8795: 8790: 8784: 8783: 8781: 8779: 8760: 8754: 8753: 8751: 8749: 8734: 8728: 8727: 8725: 8723: 8708: 8702: 8701: 8699: 8697: 8688:. Archived from 8680:Amy, Douglas J. 8677: 8671: 8670: 8668: 8666: 8655: 8644: 8643: 8641: 8639: 8624: 8618: 8617: 8603: 8597: 8596: 8594: 8592: 8578: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8567: 8552: 8546: 8545: 8543: 8541: 8526: 8485: 8484: 8470: 8459: 8458: 8456: 8454: 8448: 8442:. Archived from 8433: 8424: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8413: 8404:. Archived from 8367: 8358: 8345: 8344: 8342: 8340: 8320: 8314: 8313: 8285: 8279: 8278: 8271: 8265: 8262: 8256: 8250: 8244: 8229: 8223: 8222: 8197: 8182: 8181: 8174: 8168: 8163: 8157: 8152: 8146: 8143: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8132: 8120:Amy, Douglas J. 8117: 8106: 8105: 8103: 8101: 8087: 8081: 8080: 8052: 8046: 8040: 8034: 8033: 8026: 8020: 8019: 8017: 8015: 8010: 8001: 7995: 7994: 7992: 7990: 7984: 7978:. Archived from 7977: 7968: 7957: 7956: 7954: 7952: 7940:Amy, Douglas J. 7937: 7928: 7927: 7925: 7923: 7912: 7906: 7905: 7888: 7864: 7857: 7771:Ballots use the 7406:National Council 6167:variant using a 5598:Federal Assembly 5432:in 19 countries 4573:Ballots use the 4413:Federal states ( 4342:National Council 4251: 4192:majority jackpot 3964:(if applicable) 3955:(if applicable) 3938: 3937: 3909: 3901: 3893: 3885: 3863: 3860: 3837:Peoria, Illinois 3825:system to elect 3776:alternative vote 3747:parallel systems 3699:scrutin de liste 3661:alternative vote 3645:Irish Free State 3581:John Stuart Mill 3420:Pre–19th century 3195:British Columbia 3105:Welsh Parliament 2880: 2879: 2872: 2620:alternative vote 2322:2005 UK election 2302:plurality voting 2300:systems such as 2246:John Stuart Mill 2035: 2028: 2021: 2012: 2011: 1815: 1808: 1801: 1792: 1791: 1631:11% + 15% = 26% 1582:Number of seats 1555: 1554: 1390: 1389: 1227: 1217:Number of seats 1203: 1202: 1060:voting districts 1053:corporate boards 981:electoral system 962: 955: 948: 934: 933: 921: 920: 909: 908: 864:Positive results 759:Strategic voting 656:Majority jackpot 613: 602: 473:Liquid democracy 349:National remnant 339:Highest averages 276: 261: 246: 178: 169:Alternative vote 167: 151:Partisan primary 143: 84:Mechanism design 37: 36: 21: 12638: 12637: 12633: 12632: 12631: 12629: 12628: 12627: 12613: 12612: 12544: 12539: 12442: 12437: 12431: 12420: 12399: 12380: 12361: 12342: 12323: 12304: 12281: 12259: 12237: 12209: 12177: 12172: 12170:Further reading 12167: 12166: 12161: 12157: 12100: 12096: 12061: 12057: 12042: 12018: 12014: 11973:10.2307/2585577 11957: 11953: 11938: 11934: 11927:archive.ipu.org 11921: 11920: 11916: 11909:archive.ipu.org 11903: 11902: 11898: 11885: 11884: 11880: 11867: 11866: 11862: 11855:archive.ipu.org 11849: 11848: 11844: 11831: 11830: 11826: 11817: 11813: 11808: 11804: 11797:archive.ipu.org 11791: 11790: 11786: 11773: 11772: 11765: 11734: 11730: 11701:French Politics 11693: 11689: 11682:archive.ipu.org 11676: 11675: 11671: 11665:Wayback Machine 11655: 11651: 11644:archive.ipu.org 11638: 11637: 11633: 11620: 11619: 11615: 11608:archive.ipu.org 11602: 11601: 11597: 11584: 11583: 11579: 11569: 11567: 11566:on 3 March 2016 11563: 11552: 11548: 11547: 11543: 11536:archive.ipu.org 11530: 11529: 11525: 11512: 11511: 11507: 11500:archive.ipu.org 11494: 11493: 11489: 11479: 11477: 11468: 11467: 11463: 11438: 11434: 11421: 11420: 11416: 11406: 11404: 11394: 11393: 11389: 11383: 11379: 11369: 11367: 11359: 11355: 11354: 11350: 11340: 11338: 11330: 11329: 11325: 11315: 11313: 11305: 11304: 11300: 11290: 11288: 11287:. 21 April 2006 11279: 11278: 11274: 11269: 11265: 11258: 11244: 11240: 11231: 11230: 11226: 11187: 11183: 11173: 11171: 11161: 11155: 11151: 11146: 11142: 11135: 11131: 11121: 11119: 11110: 11109: 11105: 11096: 11095: 11091: 11079: 11075: 11065: 11063: 11050: 11049: 11045: 11035: 11033: 11028: 11027: 11023: 11013: 11011: 11001: 10997: 10990: 10974: 10970: 10965: 10961: 10956: 10952: 10947: 10943: 10938: 10931: 10921: 10919: 10911: 10910: 10906: 10896: 10894: 10880: 10876: 10866: 10864: 10857: 10853: 10840: 10827: 10817: 10815: 10804: 10800: 10790: 10788: 10778: 10774: 10764: 10762: 10753: 10752: 10748: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10729: 10728: 10724: 10709: 10677: 10673: 10666: 10648: 10644: 10637: 10613: 10609: 10592: 10588: 10578: 10576: 10567: 10566: 10562: 10552: 10550: 10539: 10538: 10534: 10527: 10509: 10505: 10497: 10493: 10483: 10481: 10470: 10466: 10434: 10425: 10415: 10413: 10400: 10399: 10395: 10346: 10342: 10332: 10330: 10297: 10290: 10280: 10278: 10264:German Research 10259: 10253: 10249: 10239: 10237: 10228: 10227: 10223: 10206: 10202: 10192: 10190: 10186: 10179: 10173: 10169: 10152: 10148: 10138: 10136: 10125: 10121: 10104: 10100: 10083: 10079: 10069: 10067: 10051: 10047: 10037: 10035: 10022: 10021: 10017: 10004: 10003: 9999: 9989: 9987: 9978: 9977: 9973: 9963: 9961: 9953: 9952: 9948: 9925: 9921: 9898: 9894: 9881: 9880: 9876: 9869: 9851: 9847: 9837: 9835: 9831: 9824: 9818: 9814: 9804: 9802: 9800:"Mixed Systems" 9796: 9792: 9782: 9780: 9771: 9770: 9766: 9756: 9754: 9749: 9748: 9744: 9734: 9732: 9723: 9722: 9718: 9693: 9689: 9682: 9668: 9664: 9657: 9641: 9637: 9627: 9625: 9622:"Party List PR" 9620: 9619: 9615: 9606: 9602: 9588: 9584: 9576: 9572: 9541: 9537: 9520: 9519: 9515: 9486: 9482: 9477: 9473: 9464: 9463: 9459: 9430: 9426: 9413: 9412: 9408: 9395: 9391: 9381: 9379: 9377:Thomson Reuters 9369: 9365: 9355: 9353: 9344: 9343: 9339: 9332: 9328: 9316: 9312: 9311: 9307: 9295: 9289: 9282: 9272: 9270: 9266: 9251: 9247: 9246: 9242: 9232: 9230: 9221: 9220: 9216: 9206: 9204: 9195: 9194: 9190: 9177: 9173: 9163: 9161: 9153: 9152: 9145: 9137: 9133: 9132: 9128: 9108: 9104: 9094: 9092: 9078: 9074: 9064: 9062: 9052: 9048: 9041: 9023: 9012: 9005: 9001: 8956: 8952: 8908: 8902: 8898: 8888: 8886: 8873: 8872: 8868: 8858: 8856: 8849: 8843: 8826: 8817: 8816: 8812: 8803: 8802: 8798: 8791: 8787: 8777: 8775: 8761: 8757: 8747: 8745: 8735: 8731: 8721: 8719: 8710: 8709: 8705: 8695: 8693: 8692:on 14 June 2021 8678: 8674: 8664: 8662: 8657: 8656: 8647: 8637: 8635: 8625: 8621: 8604: 8600: 8590: 8588: 8580: 8579: 8575: 8565: 8563: 8554: 8553: 8549: 8539: 8537: 8528: 8527: 8488: 8480:Hansard Society 8471: 8462: 8452: 8450: 8446: 8431: 8425: 8421: 8411: 8409: 8365: 8359: 8348: 8338: 8336: 8335:on 14 June 2021 8321: 8317: 8286: 8282: 8273: 8272: 8268: 8263: 8259: 8251: 8247: 8230: 8226: 8219: 8198: 8185: 8176: 8175: 8171: 8164: 8160: 8153: 8149: 8144: 8140: 8130: 8128: 8118: 8109: 8099: 8097: 8089: 8088: 8084: 8053: 8049: 8041: 8037: 8028: 8027: 8023: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8002: 7998: 7988: 7986: 7982: 7975: 7969: 7960: 7950: 7948: 7938: 7931: 7921: 7919: 7913: 7909: 7889: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7867: 7858: 7854: 7849: 7816: 7799: 7789: 7712: 7661:Constituencies 7612:Constituencies 7570:parallel voting 7561: 7554: 7532:Mixed-member PR 7508: 7465: 7384: 7377: 7367: 7283: 7267: 7246: 7236: 7229: 6566:Mixed-member PR 6530:Mixed-member PR 6499:0.667% (1/150) 6151:Mixed-member PR 5609:Mixed-member PR 5121:Imperiali quota 4245: 3933:parallel voting 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3859: 3803:council–manager 3604: 3524: 3506:, like Adams a 3422: 3417: 3394:approval voting 3375: 3369: 3341:proportional". 3278: 3272: 3267: 3224:Michel Balinski 3211:Biproportional 3209: 3203: 3191:2018 referendum 3187:2016 plebiscite 3144:Parallel voting 3058: 2988:(closed list), 2984:(closed list), 2950:electoral lists 2946: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2894: 2881: 2877: 2841:Gallagher Index 2829: 2821: 2785: 2783:Party magnitude 2777:electoral quota 2747:is (equal to a 2736: 2689: 2684: 2652: 2616: 2588:parallel voting 2573:local authority 2546: 2486: 2449: 2397: 2298:winner-take-all 2287: 2242: 2002:parallel voting 1994: 1771: 1765: 1343: 1337: 1185:electoral lists 1173: 1167: 1155:political party 1128: 1116:party splitting 1037:mixed-member PR 966: 928: 927: 915: 903: 895: 894: 861: 837:Arrow's theorem 827: 817: 816: 785: 755: 744:No-show paradox 725: 711:Cloning paradox 701:Spoiler effects 698: 688: 687: 662: 549: 532: 522: 521: 494: 485:Maximal lottery 452: 433:Thiele's method 422: 392: 324: 314: 313: 299:Approval voting 287:Cardinal voting 283: 228: 222:Maximal lottery 186: 118: 108: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12636: 12626: 12625: 12611: 12610: 12604: 12598: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12557: 12551: 12543: 12542:External links 12540: 12538: 12537: 12525:(1): 107–131. 12508: 12490:(B): 260–273. 12473: 12455:(2): 197–212. 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12435: 12429: 12411: 12397: 12384: 12378: 12365: 12359: 12346: 12340: 12327: 12321: 12308: 12302: 12285: 12279: 12267:Colomer, Josep 12263: 12257: 12241: 12235: 12222: 12213: 12207: 12194: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12165: 12164: 12155: 12110:(3): 373–391. 12094: 12075:(4): 595–620. 12055: 12040: 12012: 11967:(3): 609–624. 11951: 11932: 11914: 11896: 11878: 11860: 11842: 11824: 11811: 11802: 11784: 11763: 11738:Insight Turkey 11728: 11707:(3): 323–351. 11687: 11669: 11649: 11631: 11613: 11595: 11577: 11541: 11523: 11505: 11487: 11461: 11450:(1): 323–336. 11432: 11423:"DocumentView" 11414: 11387: 11377: 11348: 11323: 11298: 11272: 11263: 11257:978-0814206607 11256: 11238: 11224: 11197:(3): 494–526. 11181: 11149: 11140: 11129: 11118:. 7 March 2016 11103: 11089: 11073: 11043: 11021: 10995: 10988: 10968: 10959: 10950: 10941: 10929: 10904: 10874: 10851: 10825: 10798: 10772: 10746: 10722: 10707: 10671: 10664: 10642: 10635: 10607: 10586: 10560: 10532: 10526:978-0868408583 10525: 10503: 10491: 10478:Voting Matters 10464: 10423: 10393: 10340: 10288: 10247: 10221: 10200: 10167: 10146: 10119: 10098: 10077: 10045: 10034:on 7 July 2014 10026:. Wellington: 10015: 9997: 9982:. Wellington: 9971: 9946: 9935:(3): 341–366. 9919: 9908:(4): 575–599. 9892: 9889:. 2 July 2009. 9874: 9867: 9845: 9812: 9790: 9764: 9742: 9716: 9705:(1): 323–336. 9687: 9680: 9662: 9655: 9635: 9613: 9600: 9582: 9570: 9551:(3): 348–360. 9535: 9513: 9480: 9471: 9457: 9424: 9406: 9389: 9363: 9337: 9326: 9305: 9280: 9240: 9214: 9188: 9171: 9143: 9126: 9102: 9072: 9046: 9039: 9010: 8999: 8970:(2): 311–334. 8950: 8927:10.1086/686804 8896: 8866: 8824: 8810: 8796: 8785: 8755: 8729: 8703: 8672: 8645: 8619: 8598: 8573: 8547: 8486: 8460: 8419: 8408:on 5 July 2015 8346: 8323:Amy, Douglas. 8315: 8302:10.1086/670380 8296:(3): 584–608. 8280: 8266: 8257: 8245: 8224: 8217: 8183: 8169: 8158: 8147: 8138: 8107: 8082: 8047: 8035: 8021: 7996: 7958: 7929: 7907: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7866: 7865: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7844: 7843: 7838: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7815: 7812: 7798: 7795: 7792: 7791: 7786: 7783: 7777: 7776: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7756: 7754:D'Hondt method 7751: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7728: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7714: 7707: 7704: 7702:D'Hondt method 7699: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7676: 7670: 7669: 7667: 7662: 7659: 7656: 7650: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7627: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7613: 7610: 7607: 7601: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7586: 7584: 7579: 7573: 7572: 7566: 7556: 7551: 7548: 7542: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7519: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7505: 7502: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7482: 7480: 7479: 7478: 7472: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7441: 7436: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7403: 7397: 7396: 7394:Leveling seats 7391: 7386: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7350: 7348: 7343: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7321: 7319:D'Hondt method 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7299: 7297: 7292: 7286: 7285: 7280: 7277: 7272: 7269: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7251: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7231: 7224: 7219: 7217: 7215: 7210: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7188: 7186:D'Hondt method 7183: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7160: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7149: 7147: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7128: 7126: 7124: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106:d'Hondt method 7103: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7085:(Droop quota) 7080: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7066: 7064: 7062: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7030: 7028: 7026: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7015: 7013: 7011: 7009: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6909:majority bonus 6905: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6889: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6871: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6845: 6843: 6841: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6773: 6771: 6769: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751:D'Hondt method 6748: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6726: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6655: 6654: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6640: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6629: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6608: 6606: 6604: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6563: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6517: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6503: 6500: 6497: 6495:D'Hondt method 6492: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6440: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6380: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6313: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6256: 6254:Constituencies 6251: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6219: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6205: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6096: 6094:municipalities 6090: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5956: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5923: 5912: 5909: 5904: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5882: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5665: 5662: 5657: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5626:5% regionally 5624: 5619: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5595: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5475: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5427: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5411: 5409:European Union 5405: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5284: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5261: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5185:leveling seats 5177: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5161: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5118: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5098:Czech Republic 5094: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4696:D'Hondt method 4693: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4657:parliamentary 4652: 4649: 4647: 4642: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4606:D'Hondt method 4603: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4571: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4550: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4485:parliamentary 4480: 4477: 4474: 4472:D'Hondt method 4469: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4436: 4434:D'Hondt method 4431: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4411: 4406: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4383: 4376: 4373: 4368: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4339: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4264: 4257: 4252: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4230: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4203: 4200: 4195: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4156:D'Hondt method 4153: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4108:D'Hondt method 4105: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4061: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4019:D'Hondt method 4016: 4013: 4008: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3982: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3966: 3957: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3913: 3912: 3906: 3904: 3898: 3896: 3890: 3888: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3868: 3867: 3858: 3855: 3851:Bucklin voting 3754:legislatures. 3743:instant runoff 3719:limited voting 3703:D'Hondt method 3687:D'Hondt method 3682:(since 1941). 3603: 3600: 3543:Daniel Webster 3523: 3520: 3487:. On 24 June, 3479:took over the 3473:limited voting 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3371:Main article: 3368: 3365: 3347: 3274:Main article: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3205:Main article: 3202: 3199: 3125:overhang seats 3081:overhang seats 3057: 3054: 3053: 3052: 3045: 3037:Localized list 3034: 3027: 3021: 3006:Italian Senate 2942:Main article: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2896: 2895: 2884: 2882: 2875: 2862: 2861: 2850: 2844: 2828: 2825: 2820: 2817: 2792:a ward in the 2784: 2781: 2735: 2732: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2651: 2648: 2615: 2612: 2554:gerrymandering 2545: 2544:Gerrymandering 2542: 2485: 2482: 2448: 2445: 2424:broad churches 2396: 2393: 2357:Bloc Québécois 2306:Duverger's law 2286: 2283: 2241: 2238: 2227:overhang seats 2206: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2077: 2071: 2065: 2059: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2045: 2036: 2029: 2022: 2015: 1993: 1990: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1951: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1851: 1845: 1839: 1833: 1830: 1826: 1825: 1816: 1809: 1802: 1795: 1767:Main article: 1764: 1761: 1746: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1716: 1710: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1640: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1539: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1527: 1521: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1456: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1397: 1394: 1339:Main article: 1336: 1333: 1315: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1169:Main article: 1166: 1163: 1127: 1124: 1120:gerrymandering 1100:leveling seats 968: 967: 965: 964: 957: 950: 942: 939: 938: 926: 925: 913: 900: 897: 896: 893: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 860: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 828: 823: 822: 819: 818: 815: 814: 809: 804: 799: 784: 783: 781:Turkey-raising 778: 773: 768: 754: 753: 752: 751: 741: 736: 724: 723: 721:Center squeeze 718: 713: 708: 706:Spoiler effect 699: 694: 693: 690: 689: 686: 685: 680: 679: 678: 665:By ballot type 661: 660: 659: 658: 653: 648: 638: 637: 636: 635: 634: 629: 619: 618: 617: 606: 583: 582: 581: 576: 571: 566: 548: 547: 542: 533: 528: 527: 524: 523: 520: 519: 517:Limited voting 514: 513: 512: 493: 492: 487: 482: 477: 476: 475: 470: 451: 450: 445: 440: 435: 421: 420: 415: 410: 405: 391: 390: 389: 388: 386:Localized list 383: 378: 373: 368: 358: 357: 356: 354:Biproportional 351: 346: 341: 325: 320: 319: 316: 315: 312: 311: 306: 301: 296: 282: 281: 266: 251: 227: 226: 225: 224: 219: 214: 209: 199: 185: 184: 183: 182: 171: 158:Instant-runoff 155: 154: 153: 145:Jungle primary 132: 121:Single vote - 119: 114: 113: 110: 109: 107: 106: 96: 91: 86: 81: 75: 72: 71: 61: 60: 50: 49: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12635: 12624: 12621: 12620: 12618: 12608: 12605: 12602: 12599: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12585:FairVote, USA 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12565: 12561: 12558: 12555: 12552: 12549: 12546: 12545: 12533: 12528: 12524: 12520: 12519: 12514: 12509: 12505: 12501: 12497: 12493: 12489: 12485: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12470: 12466: 12462: 12458: 12454: 12450: 12445: 12444: 12432: 12430:0-642-71061-9 12426: 12419: 12418: 12412: 12408: 12404: 12400: 12394: 12390: 12385: 12381: 12375: 12371: 12366: 12362: 12356: 12352: 12347: 12343: 12337: 12333: 12328: 12324: 12318: 12314: 12309: 12305: 12299: 12295: 12291: 12286: 12282: 12276: 12272: 12268: 12264: 12260: 12254: 12250: 12246: 12242: 12238: 12232: 12228: 12223: 12219: 12214: 12210: 12204: 12200: 12195: 12192: 12191:9780906321522 12188: 12184: 12180: 12179: 12159: 12151: 12147: 12143: 12139: 12135: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12117: 12113: 12109: 12105: 12098: 12090: 12086: 12082: 12078: 12074: 12070: 12066: 12059: 12051: 12047: 12043: 12041:9781139382137 12037: 12033: 12029: 12025: 12024: 12016: 12008: 12004: 12000: 11996: 11992: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11974: 11970: 11966: 11962: 11955: 11946: 11945: 11936: 11928: 11924: 11918: 11910: 11906: 11900: 11892: 11888: 11882: 11874: 11870: 11864: 11856: 11852: 11846: 11838: 11834: 11828: 11821: 11815: 11806: 11798: 11794: 11788: 11780: 11776: 11770: 11768: 11759: 11755: 11751: 11747: 11743: 11739: 11732: 11724: 11720: 11715: 11710: 11706: 11702: 11698: 11691: 11683: 11679: 11673: 11666: 11662: 11659: 11653: 11645: 11641: 11635: 11627: 11623: 11617: 11609: 11605: 11599: 11591: 11587: 11581: 11562: 11558: 11551: 11545: 11537: 11533: 11527: 11519: 11515: 11509: 11501: 11497: 11491: 11475: 11471: 11465: 11457: 11453: 11449: 11445: 11444: 11436: 11428: 11424: 11418: 11403: 11402: 11397: 11391: 11381: 11365: 11358: 11352: 11337: 11333: 11327: 11312: 11308: 11302: 11286: 11282: 11276: 11267: 11259: 11253: 11249: 11242: 11234: 11228: 11220: 11216: 11212: 11208: 11204: 11200: 11196: 11192: 11185: 11169: 11168: 11160: 11153: 11144: 11138: 11133: 11117: 11113: 11107: 11099: 11093: 11087: 11083: 11077: 11061: 11057: 11053: 11047: 11031: 11025: 11010: 11006: 10999: 10991: 10985: 10981: 10980: 10972: 10963: 10954: 10945: 10936: 10934: 10918: 10914: 10908: 10893: 10889: 10885: 10878: 10862: 10855: 10847: 10846: 10838: 10836: 10834: 10832: 10830: 10813: 10809: 10802: 10787: 10783: 10776: 10760: 10756: 10750: 10732: 10726: 10718: 10714: 10710: 10704: 10700: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10682: 10675: 10667: 10661: 10657: 10653: 10646: 10638: 10632: 10627: 10622: 10618: 10611: 10602: 10597: 10590: 10574: 10570: 10564: 10548: 10547: 10542: 10536: 10528: 10522: 10518: 10514: 10507: 10500: 10495: 10479: 10475: 10468: 10459: 10454: 10450: 10446: 10442: 10438: 10432: 10430: 10428: 10411: 10407: 10403: 10397: 10389: 10385: 10381: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10363: 10359: 10355: 10351: 10344: 10329: 10325: 10321: 10317: 10314:(2): 97–113. 10313: 10309: 10305: 10301: 10295: 10293: 10277: 10273: 10269: 10265: 10258: 10251: 10235: 10231: 10225: 10217: 10216: 10211: 10204: 10185: 10178: 10171: 10163: 10162: 10157: 10150: 10134: 10130: 10123: 10115: 10114: 10109: 10102: 10094: 10093: 10088: 10081: 10066: 10062: 10058: 10057: 10049: 10033: 10029: 10025: 10019: 10011: 10008:(in German). 10007: 10001: 9985: 9981: 9975: 9960: 9956: 9950: 9942: 9938: 9934: 9930: 9923: 9915: 9911: 9907: 9903: 9896: 9888: 9884: 9878: 9870: 9868:9780230281424 9864: 9860: 9856: 9849: 9830: 9823: 9816: 9801: 9794: 9778: 9774: 9768: 9752: 9746: 9730: 9726: 9720: 9712: 9708: 9704: 9700: 9699: 9691: 9683: 9677: 9673: 9666: 9658: 9656:9780889752016 9652: 9648: 9647: 9639: 9623: 9617: 9610: 9604: 9596: 9592: 9586: 9579: 9574: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9546: 9539: 9531: 9527: 9523: 9517: 9508: 9503: 9499: 9495: 9491: 9484: 9475: 9467: 9461: 9453: 9449: 9445: 9441: 9440: 9435: 9428: 9420: 9416: 9410: 9403: 9399: 9393: 9378: 9374: 9367: 9351: 9347: 9341: 9335: 9330: 9322: 9315: 9309: 9301: 9294: 9287: 9285: 9265: 9261: 9257: 9250: 9244: 9228: 9227:The Economist 9224: 9218: 9202: 9198: 9192: 9184: 9183: 9175: 9160: 9156: 9150: 9148: 9136: 9130: 9122: 9121: 9116: 9112: 9106: 9091: 9087: 9083: 9076: 9061: 9057: 9050: 9042: 9040:9780231125499 9036: 9032: 9028: 9021: 9019: 9017: 9015: 9008: 9003: 8995: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8954: 8946: 8942: 8937: 8936:11250/2429132 8932: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8915: 8907: 8900: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8870: 8855: 8848: 8841: 8839: 8837: 8835: 8833: 8831: 8829: 8820: 8814: 8806: 8800: 8794: 8789: 8774: 8770: 8766: 8759: 8744: 8740: 8733: 8717: 8713: 8707: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8676: 8660: 8654: 8652: 8650: 8634: 8630: 8623: 8615: 8614: 8609: 8602: 8587: 8583: 8577: 8561: 8557: 8551: 8535: 8531: 8525: 8523: 8521: 8519: 8517: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8509: 8507: 8505: 8503: 8501: 8499: 8497: 8495: 8493: 8491: 8482: 8481: 8476: 8469: 8467: 8465: 8445: 8441: 8437: 8430: 8423: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8364: 8357: 8355: 8353: 8351: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8319: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8291: 8284: 8276: 8270: 8261: 8255: 8249: 8242: 8241:9780906321522 8238: 8234: 8228: 8220: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8201:Forder, James 8196: 8194: 8192: 8190: 8188: 8179: 8173: 8167: 8162: 8156: 8151: 8142: 8127: 8123: 8116: 8114: 8112: 8096: 8092: 8086: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8051: 8045: 8039: 8031: 8025: 8007: 8000: 7981: 7974: 7967: 7965: 7963: 7947: 7943: 7936: 7934: 7918: 7911: 7903: 7902: 7897: 7893: 7887: 7885: 7883: 7881: 7876: 7862: 7856: 7852: 7842: 7839: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7817: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7778: 7774: 7768: 7763: 7760: 7758:No threshold 7755: 7747: 7742: 7741:Party-list PR 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7711: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7689:Party-list PR 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7660: 7658:No threshold 7657: 7654: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7640:Party-list PR 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7611: 7609:No threshold 7608: 7605: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7591:Party-list PR 7589: 7587: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7571: 7567: 7565: 7560: 7557: 7552: 7550:No threshold 7549: 7546: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7514: 7511: 7506: 7504:No threshold 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7487:Party-list PR 7485: 7483: 7481: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7467: 7464: 7461: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7449: 7445: 7440: 7437: 7435:No threshold 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7416:Party-list PR 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7398: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7383: 7380: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7355:Party-list PR 7353: 7351: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323:No threshold 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7304:Party-list PR 7302: 7300: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7281: 7279:No threshold 7278: 7276: 7273: 7270: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7260: 7255: 7249: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7235: 7232: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7222:Party-list PR 7216: 7214: 7209: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7173:Party-list PR 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7148: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7133:Party-list PR 7131: 7129: 7127: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7100: 7098: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7077: 7072: 7071:Party-list PR 7065: 7063: 7061: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7035:Party-list PR 7033: 7031: 7029: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7014: 7012: 7010: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 7000:Party-list PR 6998: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6964:Party-list PR 6962: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6928:Party-list PR 6926: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6887: 6886:Party-list PR 6884: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6850:Party-list PR 6848: 6846: 6844: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6814:Party-list PR 6812: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6778:Party-list PR 6776: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6739:Party-list PR 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6702:Party-list PR 6700: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6670:Party-list PR 6668: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6639: 6638:Party-list PR 6636: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6603: 6602:Party-list PR 6600: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6479:Party-list PR 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6443:Party-list PR 6441: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6412: 6411:Party-list PR 6409: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6378:Party-list PR 6376: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6345:Party-list PR 6343: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6280: 6279:Party-list PR 6277: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6232:Party-list PR 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6191:Party-list PR 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6176:Liechtenstein 6174: 6173: 6170: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6119:Party-list PR 6117: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6070:Party-list PR 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6031:Party-list PR 6029: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5995:Party-list PR 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928:presidential 5927: 5924: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5895:Party-list PR 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5859:Party-list PR 5857: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5827:Party-list PR 5825: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5795:Party-list PR 5793: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5763:Party-list PR 5761: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5752:Guinea-Bissau 5750: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5731:Party-list PR 5729: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5699:Party-list PR 5697: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5572:Party-list PR 5570: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5539:Party-list PR 5537: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5507:Party-list PR 5505: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5496:Faroe Islands 5494: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5476: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5428: 5425: 5424:Party-list PR 5415: 5410: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5384:Party-list PR 5382: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5352:Party-list PR 5350: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5317:Party-list PR 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5274:Party-list PR 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5238:Party-list PR 5236: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5203:Party-list PR 5201: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5152:Party-list PR 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5109:Party-list PR 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5074:Party-list PR 5072: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5038:Party-list PR 5036: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5002:Party-list PR 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4970:Party-list PR 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4952: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4931:Party-list PR 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4892:Party-list PR 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4852:Party-list PR 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4811:Party-list PR 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4771:Party-list PR 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4731:Party-list PR 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4683:Party-list PR 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4632:Party-list PR 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4593:Party-list PR 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4507:Party-list PR 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4459:Party-list PR 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4387: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4352:Party-list PR 4343: 4338: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4269:Party-list PR 4267: 4265: 4262: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4241: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4213: 4207: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4189: 4188:Party-list PR 4179: 4174: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4143:Party-list PR 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4095:Party-list PR 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4051:Party-list PR 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4006:Party-list PR 4004: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3959:Variation of 3958: 3956: 3952: 3947:Type of body 3946: 3943: 3940: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3921: 3918: 3905: 3897: 3889: 3881: 3880: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3843:San Francisco 3840: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3789: 3785: 3784:New York City 3779: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3710: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3695:the Continent 3692: 3688: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3662: 3658: 3657:again in 1968 3654: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3599: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3559: 3554: 3551: 3546: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3533: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3498: 3494: 3491:proposed the 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3460: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3432: 3427: 3412: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3342: 3338: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3297: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3286:ranked system 3283: 3277: 3262: 3260: 3259:UK parliament 3256: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3214: 3213:apportionment 3208: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3139: 3134: 3131: 3126: 3120: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3063: 3056:Mixed systems 3050: 3046: 3043: 3038: 3035: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3003: 3002:member states 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2980:(open list), 2979: 2975: 2972:(open list), 2971: 2967: 2964:(open list), 2963: 2960:(open list), 2959: 2956:(open list), 2955: 2951: 2945: 2938:Party list PR 2925: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2910: 2905: 2903: 2892: 2891:MediaWiki.org 2888: 2883: 2874: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2838: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2824: 2816: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2789: 2780: 2778: 2773: 2771: 2766: 2765:, or 0.67%. 2764: 2759: 2757: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2706: 2702: 2696: 2694: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2661: 2657: 2647: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2636:1994 election 2633: 2628: 2625: 2621: 2611: 2609: 2608:mixed systems 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2541: 2539: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2522:voter turnout 2519: 2515: 2510: 2508: 2503: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2481: 2478: 2472: 2468: 2465: 2461: 2456: 2454: 2444: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2351: 2350:Green parties 2345: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2291: 2282: 2278: 2275: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2253: 2252: 2247: 2237: 2235: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2219: 2217: 2216:Mixed systems 2213: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2151: 2147: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2127: 2123: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2103: 2099: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2079: 2076: 2073:Seats % 2072: 2070: 2064: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2052:Popular vote 2051: 2047: 2041: 2034: 2030: 2027: 2023: 2020: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1989: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1928: 1924: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1904: 1900: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1880: 1876: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1850: 1844: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1832:Popular vote 1831: 1827: 1821: 1814: 1810: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1760: 1756: 1754: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1708: 1706:25%(+1 vote) 1705: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1678: 1675: 1673:25%(+1 vote) 1672: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1657: 1655:25%(+1 vote) 1654: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1634:25%(+1 vote) 1633: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1623:John Citizen 1622: 1621: 1606: 1603: 1601:25%(+1 vote) 1600: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1557: 1556: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1515:25%(+1 vote) 1514: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491:25%(+1 vote) 1490: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1471:25%(+1 vote) 1470: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1451:25%(+1 vote) 1450: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1440:John Citizen 1439: 1438: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427:25%(+1 vote) 1426: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399:Popular vote 1398: 1392: 1391: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1342: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1278: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1246: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1230: 1226: 1220:Seats % 1219: 1216: 1215: 1209:Popular vote 1204: 1201: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1104: 1102: 1101: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1075:party-list PR 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1022:party-list PR 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 1002: 996: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 963: 958: 956: 951: 949: 944: 943: 941: 940: 937: 932: 924: 919: 914: 912: 907: 902: 901: 899: 898: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 880:May's theorem 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 867: 866: 865: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 834: 833: 832: 826: 821: 820: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 794: 793: 792: 791: 790:majority rule 788:Paradoxes of 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 763: 762: 761: 760: 750: 747: 746: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 731: 730: 729: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 703: 702: 697: 692: 691: 684: 681: 677: 674: 673: 672: 669: 668: 667: 666: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 643: 642: 639: 633: 630: 628: 625: 624: 623: 620: 616: 611: 607: 605: 600: 596: 595: 594: 591: 590: 589: 588: 584: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 561: 560: 559: 554: 553: 552: 546: 543: 541: 538: 537: 536: 531: 530:Mixed systems 526: 525: 518: 515: 511: 508: 507: 506: 503: 502: 501: 500: 499: 491: 490:Random ballot 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 474: 471: 469: 466: 465: 464: 461: 460: 459: 458: 457: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 430: 429: 428: 427: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 400: 399: 398: 397: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 363: 362: 359: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 336: 335: 334:Apportionment 332: 331: 330: 329: 323: 318: 317: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 291: 290: 289: 288: 279: 275: 270: 269:Antiplurality 267: 264: 260: 255: 252: 249: 245: 240: 237: 236: 235: 234: 233: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 204: 203: 200: 198: 197:Condorcet-IRV 195: 194: 193: 192: 191: 181: 176: 172: 170: 165: 161: 160: 159: 156: 152: 149: 148: 146: 141: 136: 133: 131: 128: 127: 126: 124: 117: 112: 111: 104: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 79:Social choice 77: 76: 74: 73: 67: 63: 62: 59: 55: 54:Social choice 52: 51: 47: 43: 39: 38: 33: 19: 12522: 12516: 12487: 12481: 12452: 12448: 12416: 12388: 12369: 12350: 12331: 12312: 12289: 12270: 12248: 12226: 12217: 12198: 12182: 12158: 12107: 12103: 12097: 12072: 12068: 12058: 12022: 12015: 11964: 11960: 11954: 11943: 11935: 11926: 11917: 11908: 11899: 11890: 11881: 11872: 11863: 11854: 11845: 11837:Bangkok Post 11836: 11827: 11814: 11805: 11796: 11787: 11778: 11744:(4): 79–92. 11741: 11737: 11731: 11704: 11700: 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Retrieved 11561:the original 11556: 11544: 11535: 11526: 11517: 11508: 11499: 11490: 11478:. Retrieved 11473: 11464: 11447: 11441: 11435: 11427:www.arlis.am 11426: 11417: 11405:. Retrieved 11399: 11390: 11380: 11368:. Retrieved 11363: 11351: 11339:. Retrieved 11335: 11326: 11314:. Retrieved 11310: 11301: 11289:. Retrieved 11284: 11275: 11266: 11247: 11241: 11227: 11194: 11190: 11184: 11172:. Retrieved 11165: 11152: 11143: 11132: 11120:. Retrieved 11115: 11106: 11092: 11076: 11064:. Retrieved 11060:the original 11055: 11046: 11034:. Retrieved 11024: 11012:. Retrieved 10998: 10978: 10971: 10962: 10953: 10944: 10920:. Retrieved 10907: 10895:. Retrieved 10887: 10877: 10865:. Retrieved 10854: 10844: 10816:. Retrieved 10811: 10801: 10789:. Retrieved 10786:Berkeleyside 10785: 10775: 10763:. Retrieved 10759:the original 10749: 10737:. Retrieved 10725: 10680: 10674: 10655: 10645: 10616: 10610: 10589: 10577:. Retrieved 10572: 10563: 10551:. Retrieved 10544: 10535: 10512: 10506: 10494: 10482:. Retrieved 10477: 10467: 10451:(1): 27–38. 10448: 10444: 10414:. Retrieved 10410:the original 10396: 10357: 10353: 10343: 10331:. Retrieved 10311: 10307: 10279:. Retrieved 10270:(2): 10–12. 10267: 10263: 10250: 10238:. Retrieved 10234:Elections BC 10224: 10213: 10203: 10191:. Retrieved 10184:the original 10170: 10159: 10149: 10137:. Retrieved 10133:the original 10122: 10111: 10101: 10090: 10080: 10068:. Retrieved 10055: 10048: 10036:. Retrieved 10032:the original 10018: 10000: 9988:. Retrieved 9974: 9962:. Retrieved 9949: 9932: 9928: 9922: 9905: 9901: 9895: 9877: 9858: 9848: 9836:. Retrieved 9829:the original 9815: 9803:. Retrieved 9793: 9781:. Retrieved 9777:the original 9767: 9755:. Retrieved 9745: 9733:. Retrieved 9729:the original 9719: 9702: 9696: 9690: 9671: 9665: 9645: 9638: 9626:. Retrieved 9616: 9603: 9585: 9573: 9548: 9544: 9538: 9525: 9516: 9497: 9493: 9483: 9474: 9460: 9452:the original 9439:Significance 9437: 9427: 9409: 9392: 9380:. Retrieved 9366: 9354:. Retrieved 9352:. April 2022 9349: 9340: 9329: 9323:. July 2010. 9308: 9271:. Retrieved 9264:the original 9255: 9243: 9231:. Retrieved 9226: 9217: 9205:. Retrieved 9200: 9191: 9181: 9174: 9162:. Retrieved 9129: 9118: 9105: 9085: 9075: 9063:. Retrieved 9049: 9026: 9002: 8967: 8963: 8953: 8918: 8912: 8899: 8887:. Retrieved 8883:the original 8869: 8857:. Retrieved 8813: 8799: 8788: 8768: 8758: 8746:. Retrieved 8743:The Guardian 8742: 8732: 8720:. Retrieved 8706: 8694:. Retrieved 8690:the original 8675: 8663:. Retrieved 8636:. Retrieved 8622: 8611: 8601: 8589:. Retrieved 8585: 8576: 8564:. Retrieved 8560:the original 8550: 8538:. Retrieved 8478: 8451:. Retrieved 8444:the original 8435: 8422: 8410:. Retrieved 8406:the original 8373: 8369: 8337:. Retrieved 8333:the original 8329:Fairvote.org 8328: 8318: 8293: 8289: 8283: 8269: 8260: 8248: 8232: 8227: 8204: 8172: 8161: 8150: 8141: 8129:. Retrieved 8098:. Retrieved 8085: 8060: 8056: 8050: 8038: 8024: 8012:. Retrieved 7999: 7987:. Retrieved 7980:the original 7949:. Retrieved 7920:. Retrieved 7910: 7900: 7855: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7122:South Africa 6989:Sint Maarten 5944:Dáil Éireann 5600:(Bundestag) 5181:constituency 4756:Burkina Faso 4414: 4403: 4379: 4365: 4263:legislature 3963: 3954: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3847:block voting 3841: 3831: 3788:Tammany Hall 3780: 3760: 3756: 3731: 3711: 3684: 3675: 3665: 3642: 3631: 3620: 3608:Leon Trotsky 3605: 3602:20th century 3585: 3576: 3572: 3562: 3555: 3547: 3536: 3532:Rowland Hill 3525: 3522:19th century 3516:county lines 3504:James Wilson 3501: 3485:constitution 3462: 3457: 3446: 3441: 3429: 3423: 3405:score ballot 3398: 3387: 3376: 3361: 3357: 3350: 3343: 3339: 3332: 3327: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3298: 3294: 3279: 3244: 3231: 3217: 3210: 3152: 3142: 3135: 3121: 3117: 3066: 3059: 3024:Ley de Lemas 2986:South Africa 2947: 2906: 2899: 2863: 2830: 2822: 2813: 2802: 2790: 2786: 2774: 2767: 2760: 2753: 2737: 2722: 2710: 2697: 2690: 2665: 2653: 2644: 2629: 2617: 2585: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2547: 2535: 2514:wasted votes 2511: 2504: 2487: 2473: 2469: 2464:horse-traded 2457: 2450: 2432: 2421: 2402: 2398: 2374: 2354: 2346: 2335: 2326:Labour Party 2295: 2279: 2271: 2266: 2262: 2257: 2249: 2243: 2231: 2220: 2209: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2007: 2006: 1995: 1986: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1787: 1783:compensation 1782: 1776: 1772: 1757: 1749: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1725: 1718: 1713: 1676: 1662:Fred Rubble 1637: 1604: 1577: 1567:Droop quota 1550: 1546: 1542: 1529: 1524: 1494: 1480:Fred Rubble 1430: 1405:Droop quota 1400: 1377: 1368: 1366: 1356: 1344: 1318: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1198: 1189: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1174: 1158: 1150: 1144: 1130: 1129: 1105: 1098: 1096: 1072: 1063: 1057: 1034: 1007: 1005: 1000: 997: 976: 972: 971: 863: 862: 829: 787: 786: 771:Exaggeration 757: 756: 727: 726: 700: 664: 663: 632:Mixed ballot 587:Compensatory 585: 558:compensatory 555: 550: 534: 496: 495: 454: 453: 424: 423: 394: 393: 381:List-free PR 326: 321: 294:Score voting 285: 284: 230: 229: 217:Ranked pairs 188: 187: 120: 12125:10419/51231 11590:EconomyNext 11557:www.ndi.org 11364:ACE Project 11336:ACE Project 11311:ACE Project 11066:25 November 11036:21 November 10626:1407.3247v1 10579:21 November 10553:21 November 10010:Zeit Online 9838:29 December 9783:1 September 9757:1 September 9735:1 September 8985:10036/64393 8778:24 November 8748:17 November 8380:: 297–312. 7922:20 November 7746:Closed list 7694:Closed list 7645:Closed list 7596:Closed list 7537:Closed list 7451:directorial 7401:Switzerland 7265:Closed list 7178:Closed list 7138:Closed list 6969:Closed list 6933:Closed list 6855:Closed list 6819:Closed list 6783:Closed list 6515:New Zealand 6464:Netherlands 5614:Closed list 5450:Closed list 5302:El Salvador 5279:Closed list 5208:Closed list 5007:Closed list 4975:Closed list 4936:Closed list 4857:Closed list 4816:Closed list 4776:Closed list 4598:Closed list 4553:Closed list 4512:Closed list 4259:Unicameral 4225:Closed list 4148:Closed list 4100:Closed list 3809:machine of 3799:Progressive 3649:Fianna Fáil 3614:with other 3606:In Russia, 3567:, a London 3565:Thomas Hare 3477:Montagnards 3403:but uses a 3159:FPTP voting 3097:New Zealand 3013:Closed list 2978:Netherlands 2887:Phabricator 2847:Wasted vote 2805:Fianna Fáil 2749:Droop quota 2728:Fianna Fáil 2531:swing seats 2507:swing seats 2491:swing seats 2435:independent 2223:single vote 2055:FPTP seats 1835:FPTP seats 1373:Droop quota 1194:closed list 1190:party lists 991:or a scant 671:Single vote 574:Conditional 569:Coexistence 418:Quota Borda 408:Schulze STV 366:Closed list 309:STAR voting 254:Borda count 12292:. Oxford: 11570:12 January 11370:10 January 11341:24 October 11316:24 October 11014:5 December 10922:9 December 10690:2007.01795 10601:1611.08691 10517:UNSW Press 10515:. Sydney: 10240:1 November 10139:26 October 9964:16 October 9957:. London: 9321:Oireachtas 9207:28 January 9203:(in Dutch) 9157:. London: 9093:Retrieved 8776:Retrieved 8566:25 January 8438:. London: 8207:. Oxford: 8131:16 October 7989:26 October 7951:26 October 7871:References 7655:(? quota) 7547:(? quota) 7275:Hare quota 7241:Hare quota 7213:Parliament 6875:San Marino 6400:Mozambique 6367:Montenegro 6217:Luxembourg 5668:Hare quota 5643:Parliament 5227:East Timor 5183:seats, 40 4991:Costa Rica 4837:Cape Verde 4409:Hare quota 4371:Hare quota 4255:Parliament 4235:(? quota) 4208:(? quota) 4163:Provinces 4064:Hare quota 3997:(Kuvendi) 3995:Parliament 3961:open lists 3953:List type 3835:(STV) and 3807:Republican 3795:Cincinnati 3676:Hare-Clark 3558:Carl Andræ 3489:Saint-Just 3426:John Adams 3060:There are 2763:Hare quota 2527:safe seats 2518:tactically 2447:Coalitions 2330:Tony Blair 1849:under MMP 1695:Mary Hill 1644:Joe Smith 1558:Candidate 1504:Mary Hill 1460:Joe Smith 1393:Candidate 1325:open lists 1001:vote share 776:Truncation 505:Cumulative 328:Party-list 103:By country 94:Comparison 12469:153800069 12407:864498184 12134:0003-0554 12089:244107337 12050:153171400 11991:0003-0554 11982:10230/307 11750:1302-177X 11667:(page 16) 11474:LIKUMI.LV 11219:157400899 11211:1532-673X 11122:9 October 10717:244921148 10484:10 August 10380:0254-5330 10333:10 August 10281:10 August 10070:10 August 10038:10 August 9990:10 August 9565:156608434 8665:2 January 8483:. London. 8394:0192-5121 8339:25 August 8077:0080-6757 7497:Most open 7492:Open list 7475:Neuchâtel 7446:under an 7426:Panachage 7421:Open list 7365:More open 7360:Open list 7314:Most open 7309:Open list 7234:Panachage 7227:Open list 7208:Sri Lanka 7076:Open list 7040:Open list 7005:Open list 6892:Open list 6744:Open list 6627:Palestine 6489:More open 6484:Open list 6268:Macedonia 6242:Panachage 6237:Open list 6080:Most open 6075:Open list 5900:Open list 5880:Indonesia 5720:Guatemala 5688:Greenland 5660:Open list 5430:Open list 5389:Open list 5322:Open list 5157:Open list 5142:Folketing 5114:Open list 5079:Open list 5043:Open list 4897:Open list 4736:Open list 4688:Open list 4637:Open list 4464:Open list 4428:More open 4423:Open list 4400:More open 4395:Open list 4362:More open 4357:Open list 4293:Australia 4274:Open list 4198:Open list 4128:Argentina 4056:Open list 4026:Counties 4011:Open list 3735:plurality 3668:Tasmanian 3616:socialist 3612:presidium 3569:barrister 3085:Bundestag 3077:plurality 3030:Open list 2693:magnitude 2624:parachute 2596:collusion 2500:no effect 2417:Bundestag 2409:coalition 2363:, all in 1590:Jane Doe 1570:Elected? 1416:Jane Doe 1408:Elected? 1006:The term 989:plurality 683:Dual-vote 376:Panachage 371:Open list 361:List type 239:Plurality 135:Two-round 123:plurality 46:Economics 12617:Category 12504:55902803 12440:Journals 12247:(2003). 12142:27644455 12007:16429584 11948:. 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