109:, in addition to the defensive measures. Initially, they were intended for use by the military in combat as a last resort. To that end, they copied Soviet techniques and designed devices that looked like ordinary objects but could poison those targeted for assassination. Examples included umbrellas and walking sticks that fired pellets containing poison, syringes disguised as screwdrivers, and poisoned beer cans and envelopes. In the early 1990s, with the end of apartheid,
195:) were manufactured in large quantities and successfully weaponized into a fine dust or aerosol form that could be released over a crowd as a potential riot control agent. It was later discovered that Basson was also selling large quantities of MDMA and methaqualone as tablets on the black market. The amount manufactured was far larger than what was sold, but the court accepted that at least some genuine weaponization and testing of the agents had been done.
2829:
121:, the former head of South Africa's biological weapons program, contacted the FBI and offered to exchange existing bacterial stocks from the program in return for US$ 5 million, together with immigration permits for him and 19 other associates and their family members. The offer was eventually refused, with the FBI claiming that the strains were obsolete and therefore no longer a threat.
364:
clandestinely to blacks. Goosen reported that the project had developed a 'vaccine' for males and females and that the researchers were still searching for a means by which it could be delivered to make black people sterile without them being made aware. Shalk Van
Rensburg stated that “fertility and fertility control studies comprised 18% of all projects”.
144:, which have been researched by virtually all countries that have carried out CBW research. The South African program differed from the CBW programs of many countries in its focus on developing nonlethal agents to help suppress internal dissent. This led to the investigation of unusual nonlethal agents, including illicit recreational drugs such as
82:, a cardiologist, to visit other countries and report back on their respective CBW capabilities. He returned with the recommendation that South Africa's program be expanded. In 1983, Project Coast was formed, with Basson at its head. To hide the program and its procurement of CBW-related substances, Project Coast formed four front companies:
314:. That was to be sprayed onto the crowds from a gas cylinder pressurised with nitrogen gas since pyridine is highly flammable. A subsequent industrial accident caused the death of a gas company employee when the experimental contaminated medical oxygen cylinder had been returned to the gas supplier and filled with oxygen that exploded.
367:
Testimony given at the Truth and
Reconciliation Commission suggested that Project Coast researchers were also looking into putting birth control substances in water supplies. The project officer for Project Coast, Basson, was put on trial for 64 charges, all of which were committed while he held that
309:
including "a compound which had a pyridine moiety in place of one of the benzene rings... caused severe blisters on the skin", a new, more potent analogue of methaqualone and a "dimethylketone-amphetamine" derivative of MDMA. Another unusual project attempted to develop a method of sterilising crowds
371:
Despite strong links to Israel and Libya, no country has been directly implicated for involvement in the project, however, the project would not have been able to develop without some form of international support. According to Miles
Jackson, while the focus on Apartheid South Africa’s research into
363:
Research on birth control methods to reduce the black birth rate was one such area. Goosen, the managing director of
Roodeplaat Research Laboratories between 1983 and 1986, told Tom Mangold of the BBC that Project Coast had supported a project to develop a contraceptive that would have been applied
70:. The perception that its enemies had access to battlefield chemical and biological weapons (CBW) led South Africa to begin expanding its program, initially as a defensive measure and by researching vaccines. As the years went on, research shifted to offensive uses. In 1981, President
368:
position. Goosen testified that when asked what motivated him, Basson had replied that "although we do not have any doubt that Black people will take over the country one day, when my daughter asks me what I did to prevent this, at least my conscience will be clean".
326:
detainees held at
Reconnaissance Regiment headquarters were allegedly given a sleeping drug in soft drinks, taken to Lanseria airport outside Johannesburg, and injected with three toxic substances supplied by Basson. Their bodies were thrown into the
354:
organisms. A South
African Army doctor provided them to him. In late August 1989, he led an attempt to contaminate the water supply, but it failed because of the high chlorine content in the treated water at the camp.
113:
programs were stopped. Despite efforts to destroy equipment, stocks, and information from those programs, some still remains. That has led to fears that they may find their way into the hands of terrorist networks.
2638:
786:
1416:
487:
372:
fertility is barely part of the ongoing discussion regarding
Project Coast, what occurred could constitute conspiracy to commit genocide under international law.
2898:
2205:
727:
2853:
436:
The young personal physician to
President Botha, Basson, a lieutenant colonel who joined the army in 1979, was a competent, extremely motivated volunteer.
1663:
1367:
188:
2808:
2742:
2815:
2878:
2310:
1583:
1374:
779:
1081:
758:
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1381:
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1576:
118:
2142:
2058:
1513:
1492:
386:
110:
34:-era government of South Africa. Project Coast was the successor to a limited postwar CBW program, which mainly produced the lethal agents
420:
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1462:
1423:
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2275:
1631:
1252:
772:
95:
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2659:
2520:
2443:
1733:
728:
Chandré Gould, Peter I. Folb: Project Coast: Apartheid's
Chemical and Biological Warfare Programme, United Nations Publications, 2002
2801:
2589:
2324:
1656:
214:
bacteria. A list of purchases at RRL and other documents include references to such things as the snake, biological agents such as
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2429:
2387:
2135:
2016:
1599:
1134:
1072:
305:, and discussion of the development of several novel compounds, including a locally produced variant of BZ, novel derivatives of
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2903:
2450:
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1796:
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471:
381:
334:
The Civil
Cooperation Bureau operative Petrus Jacobus Botes, who claimed to have also directed bureau operations in
2380:
2219:
1388:
1302:
1245:
677:"A Conspiracy to Commit Genocide: Anti-Fertility Research in Apartheid's Chemical and Biological Weapons Programme"
87:
734:
Helen E. Purkitt, Stephen F. Burgess: The Rollback of South Africa's Chemical and Biological Warfare Program, 2001
2610:
2373:
2289:
2170:
2156:
2128:
1395:
1339:
1548:
74:
ordered the SADF to develop CBW technology for use against South Africa's enemies. In response, the head of the
2359:
2268:
2023:
1782:
287:
2858:
2513:
2499:
2422:
2303:
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2240:
2114:
1677:
1323:
1045:
191:, analogues of the compounds were prepared and studied. Both methaqualone and MDMA (along with the deliriant
75:
1555:
2777:
2721:
2547:
2436:
2408:
2345:
2037:
1895:
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63:
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1123:
342:, asserted that he was ordered in May 1989 to contaminate the water supply at Dobra, a refugee camp in
83:
595:
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2366:
2198:
2191:
2149:
1863:
1810:
1698:
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1430:
1088:
192:
129:
The South African chemical weapons program investigated all the standard CBW agents such as irritant
2540:
1803:
1455:
67:
2177:
2072:
1939:
1789:
1670:
1402:
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2002:
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1849:
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1171:
978:
676:
492:
231:
105:
Project Coast created a progressively larger variety of lethal offensive CBW toxins and
1178:
618:
247:
130:
27:
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2749:
2086:
1902:
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1316:
906:
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2051:
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1231:
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610:
235:
99:
66:(SADF) found itself embroiled in conventional battles in Angola as a result of the
23:
537:
2009:
1923:
1817:
1485:
1409:
1330:
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938:
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898:
267:
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1995:
1909:
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1534:
1527:
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1238:
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1010:
970:
328:
279:
243:
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578:. Maxwell Airforce Base, Alabama: Air University, Counterproliferation Center.
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2673:
2394:
1478:
1448:
1441:
1150:
259:
184:
173:
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79:
47:
637:
208:
O157:H7 bacteria genetically modified to express some of the toxins made by
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1947:
1768:
1719:
882:
796:
753:
661:
351:
239:
177:
153:
693:
466:. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research.
1931:
874:
263:
251:
219:
199:
134:
71:
51:
39:
596:"The South African Chemical And Biological Warfare Program: An Overview"
573:"The Rollback of South Africa's Chemical and Biological Warfare Program"
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2044:
1157:
1102:
962:
946:
335:
302:
271:
255:
227:
91:
78:
division, which was responsible for defensive CBW capabilities, hired
50:, who was also the personal physician of South African Prime Minister
46:
for riot control purposes. The program was headed by the cardiologist
1965:
1956:
1887:
1293:
1270:
1259:
421:"South Africa: 'Dr Death' discovered to still be practising medicine"
165:
141:
35:
31:
460:
Project Coast: Apartheid's Chemical and Biological Warfare Programme
301:
Other plans referenced in the UN report included crowd control with
2735:
2233:
1878:
1002:
859:
761:
on-line article containing extensive documentation on Project Coast
407:
South Africa's Chemical and Biological Warfare programme 1981–1995,
339:
311:
295:
291:
275:
169:
161:
106:
43:
1143:
347:
343:
283:
223:
215:
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157:
759:
Apartheid South Africa's Chemical and Biological Warfare Program
1870:
1026:
805:
306:
714:
Dirty War: Rhodesia and Chemical Biological Warfare, 1975–1980
1018:
323:
202:
and extracted venom were also part of the research, as were
149:
488:"Lethal Legacy: Bioweapons for Sale – The Washington Post"
457:
Gould, Chandré; Folb, Peter (2002). Berold, Robert (ed.).
534:"South African Chemical and Biological Warfare Programme"
558:
Brian Robson, Production Manager Messer Fedgas SA 1999
794:
754:
Ecstasy Produced for "Riot Control" in South Africa
566:
564:
2845:
749:Apartheid government sought germs to kill blacks
1584:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
571:Purkitt, Helen E.; Burgess, Stephen F. (2001).
570:
561:
780:
452:
450:
448:
446:
444:
2899:South Africa and weapons of mass destruction
387:South Africa and weapons of mass destruction
2854:Abandoned military projects of South Africa
787:
773:
744:Plague War: What Happened in South Africa?
441:
111:South Africa's weapons of mass destruction
692:
681:Journal of International Criminal Justice
638:"Project Coast: Eugenics In South Africa"
593:
456:
1657:Reconstruction and Development Programme
508:"Offer the FBI decided it had to refuse"
358:
1253:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
674:
180:, as potential incapacitating agents.
2879:Human subject research in South Africa
2846:
1734:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
418:
230:among others, and chemicals including
16:South African chemical weapons program
768:
635:
160:, as well as medicinal drugs such as
2884:Medical experimentation on prisoners
594:Gould, Chandré; Folb, Peter (2000).
589:
587:
585:
183:According to the testimony given by
1664:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
1310:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
675:Jackson, Miles (14 November 2015).
419:Marbot, Olivier (5 February 2021).
189:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
124:
13:
705:
14:
2920:
2816:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
2451:South African Party (Cape Colony)
721:
582:
382:Medical experimentation in Africa
2889:Military history of South Africa
2828:
2827:
88:Roodeplaat Research Laboratories
30:(CBW) program instituted by the
2465:South African Party (1977–1980)
2458:South African Party (1911–1934)
2374:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
2171:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
668:
654:10.1016/j.endeavour.2008.01.005
629:
288:acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
1783:2019 service delivery protests
1769:#FeesMustFall student protests
1514:1983 constitutional referendum
552:
526:
500:
480:
412:
409:PhD thesis. Rhodes University.
399:
310:using a known male sterilant,
1:
2869:Biological weapons by country
2241:Johannesburg Reform Committee
1470:Israel–South Africa Agreement
863:
848:
825:
818:
536:. 9 July 2012. Archived from
392:
317:
76:South African Medical Service
1896:Black Consciousness Movement
1650:Government of National Unity
716:, Helion & Company, 2017
7:
2874:Chemical weapons by country
1607:Saint James Church massacre
1493:Weapons of mass destruction
740:Public Broadcasting Service
736:on-line version of the book
730:on-line version of the book
664:– via Science Direct.
603:The Nonproliferation Review
375:
64:South African Defence Force
10:
2925:
1347:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
1225:South West Africa campaign
1124:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
1089:French Huguenot settlement
84:Delta G Scientific Company
57:
2825:
2802:African National Congress
2791:
2697:
2530:
2262:Liberal Party (1953–1968)
1985:
1976:
1834:
1630:
1600:1992 apartheid referendum
1269:
1214:
1133:
1071:
1044:
1037:
803:
615:10.1080/10736700008436822
512:The Sydney Morning Herald
2909:South African Border War
2904:South African war crimes
2255:Labour Party (1969–1994)
2248:Labour Party (1910–1958)
1804:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
1762:#RhodesMustFall protests
1361:1960 republic referendum
68:South African Border War
42:, as well as non-lethal
2700:terrorist organisations
1790:2019 Johannesburg riots
1403:Constructive engagement
1368:International isolation
1186:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
211:Clostridium perfringens
62:From 1975 onwards, the
22:was a 1980s top-secret
1713:Attack on Kennedy Road
1324:Congress of the People
915:South African Republic
636:Singh, Jerome (2008).
609:(Fall–Winter): 10–23.
405:Gould, Chandré (2006)
102:was appointed as CEO.
2283:Natal Indian Congress
2003:Afrikaner Broederbond
1857:Afrikaner nationalism
1643:1994 general election
1614:Bophuthatswana crisis
1507:Church Street bombing
1287:Apartheid legislation
1280:1948 general election
1200:South Africa Act 1909
995:Union of South Africa
815:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
795:Political history of
359:Component of genocide
2859:Apartheid government
1917:Greater South Africa
1755:2014 platinum strike
1621:Shell House massacre
1549:Transkei coup d'Ă©tat
1354:Sharpeville massacre
1117:Battle of Blaauwberg
1110:Battle of Muizenberg
1062:Battle of Salt River
845:Mthethwa Paramountcy
298:and other poisons.
2809:Democratic Alliance
1986:Civic and political
1850:Afrikaner Calvinism
1843:African nationalism
1692:African Renaissance
1382:UNSC Resolution 591
1303:Internal resistance
1204:National Convention
1172:Transvaal Civil War
1096:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
979:Orange River Colony
694:10.1093/jicj/mqv060
493:The Washington Post
232:aluminium phosphide
131:riot control agents
2864:Biological warfare
1556:Ciskei coup d'Ă©tat
1375:UN Resolution 1761
1340:Women's March 1956
1193:South African Wars
1179:Mineral Revolution
248:mercury oxycyanide
28:biological weapons
2894:Military projects
2841:
2840:
2794:political parties
2787:
2786:
2764:Orde van die Dood
2381:Progressive Party
2087:Congress Alliance
1903:Cape Independence
1835:Political culture
1830:
1829:
1797:COVID-19 pandemic
1727:Marikana massacre
1563:Venda coup d'Ă©tat
1317:Defiance Campaign
907:Orange Free State
837:Dutch Cape Colony
425:The Africa Report
2916:
2831:
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2804:
2780:
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2759:
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2698:Paramilitary and
2690:
2688:Umkosi Wezintaba
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2531:Trade unions and
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2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2052:Boerestaat Party
2047:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1983:
1982:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1935:
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1898:
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1537:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1472:
1465:
1463:Israeli alliance
1458:
1451:
1444:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1417:Sporting boycott
1412:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1389:Academic boycott
1384:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1246:Great Depression
1241:
1234:
1232:Maritz rebellion
1227:
1207:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1082:Dutch settlement
1064:
1057:
1055:Bantu migrations
1042:
1041:
1030:
1022:
1014:
1006:
998:
990:
987:Transvaal Colony
982:
974:
966:
958:
955:Nieuwe Republiek
950:
942:
934:
926:
918:
910:
902:
894:
891:Natalia Republic
886:
878:
870:
868:
865:
860:Ndwandwe Kingdom
855:
853:
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827:
823:
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789:
782:
775:
766:
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742:special report:
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403:
268:phenylsilatranes
236:thallium acetate
125:Unusual features
100:Ben Raubenheimer
2924:
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2316:
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2281:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2199:HNP (Herstigte)
2197:
2192:HNP (Herenigde)
2190:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2010:Afrikaner Party
2008:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1978:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1938:
1929:
1924:Honorary whites
1922:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1826:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1795:
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1725:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1685:Soweto bombings
1683:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1486:Soweto Uprising
1484:
1477:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1410:Tar Baby Option
1408:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1331:Freedom Charter
1329:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1210:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1033:
1025:
1017:
1009:
1001:
993:
985:
977:
969:
961:
953:
945:
937:
931:Griqualand West
929:
923:Griqualand East
921:
913:
905:
897:
889:
881:
873:
866:
858:
851:
843:
835:
828:
821:
813:
799:
793:
724:
719:
708:
706:Further reading
703:
702:
673:
669:
634:
630:
598:
592:
583:
575:
569:
562:
557:
553:
543:
541:
532:
531:
527:
517:
515:
514:. 21 April 2003
506:
505:
501:
486:
485:
481:
474:
463:
455:
442:
429:
427:
417:
413:
404:
400:
395:
378:
361:
320:
139:anticholinergic
127:
60:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2922:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2839:
2838:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2797:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2757:Ossewabrandwag
2753:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2703:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2536:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2500:Unionist Party
2496:
2489:
2482:
2479:Torch Commando
2475:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2353:Orde Boerevolk
2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2129:DP (1989–2000)
2125:
2122:DP (1973–1977)
2118:
2115:Dominion Party
2111:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1996:Afrikaner Bond
1991:
1989:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1936:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1910:Day of the Vow
1906:
1899:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1678:Floor crossing
1674:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1638:
1636:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1593:Bisho massacre
1589:
1588:
1587:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1535:Operation Vula
1531:
1528:Rubicon speech
1524:
1521:Langa massacre
1517:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1427:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1283:
1275:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1239:Rand Rebellion
1235:
1228:
1220:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1165:Boer Republics
1161:
1154:
1147:
1139:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1077:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1050:
1048:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1023:
1015:
1011:Bophuthatswana
1007:
999:
991:
983:
975:
971:Klein Vrystaat
967:
959:
951:
943:
935:
927:
919:
911:
903:
895:
887:
879:
871:
856:
841:
833:
810:
808:
801:
800:
792:
791:
784:
777:
769:
763:
762:
756:
751:
746:
737:
731:
723:
722:External links
720:
718:
717:
709:
707:
704:
701:
700:
687:(5): 933–950.
667:
628:
581:
560:
551:
540:on 9 July 2012
525:
499:
479:
472:
440:
411:
397:
396:
394:
391:
390:
389:
384:
377:
374:
360:
357:
329:Atlantic Ocean
322:In 1985, four
319:
316:
280:knockout drops
260:anticoagulants
244:sodium cyanide
126:
123:
59:
56:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2921:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
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2857:
2855:
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2851:
2849:
2836:
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2824:
2817:
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2803:
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2716:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2696:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2674:Die Spoorbund
2671:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2629:
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2584:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2529:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2514:Workers Party
2511:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2466:
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2427:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2395:Radio Freedom
2392:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2346:Oranjewerkers
2343:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2298:
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2259:
2256:
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2249:
2245:
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2238:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:organisations
1984:
1981:
1979:organisations
1975:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1861:
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1854:
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1847:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1822:
1820:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1776:Tshwane riots
1773:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1728:
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1721:
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1707:
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1700:
1696:
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1629:
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1611:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1594:
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1585:
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1578:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1560:
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1550:
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1539:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1500:Project Coast
1497:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1479:Mafeje affair
1476:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1449:Durban Moment
1446:
1443:
1442:Rivonia Trial
1439:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1396:Disinvestment
1393:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1151:1820 Settlers
1148:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
861:
857:
846:
842:
838:
834:
816:
812:
811:
809:
807:
802:
798:
790:
785:
783:
778:
776:
771:
770:
767:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
725:
715:
712:Glenn Cross,
711:
710:
695:
690:
686:
682:
678:
671:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
632:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
597:
590:
588:
586:
574:
567:
565:
555:
539:
535:
529:
513:
509:
503:
495:
494:
489:
483:
475:
473:92-9045-144-0
469:
462:
461:
453:
451:
449:
447:
445:
437:
426:
422:
415:
408:
402:
398:
388:
385:
383:
380:
379:
373:
369:
365:
356:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
332:
330:
325:
315:
313:
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
212:
207:
206:
201:
196:
194:
190:
186:
185:Wouter Basson
181:
179:
175:
174:suxamethonium
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
146:phencyclidine
143:
140:
136:
132:
122:
120:
117:In May 2002,
115:
112:
108:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
80:Wouter Basson
77:
73:
69:
65:
55:
53:
49:
48:Wouter Basson
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
20:Project Coast
2832:
2792:Histories of
2493:United Party
2402:Reform Party
2339:Orangia Unie
1964:
1955:
1948:Swart gevaar
1946:
1930:
1886:
1877:
1818:
1720:Blikkiesdorp
1499:
1046:Pre-colonial
899:Natal Colony
883:Zulu Kingdom
797:South Africa
713:
684:
680:
670:
645:
641:
631:
606:
602:
554:
542:. Retrieved
538:the original
528:
516:. Retrieved
511:
502:
491:
482:
459:
435:
428:. Retrieved
424:
414:
406:
401:
370:
366:
362:
352:yellow fever
333:
321:
300:
240:sodium azide
209:
203:
197:
182:
178:tubocurarine
154:methaqualone
135:nerve agents
128:
116:
104:
61:
19:
18:
1932:Rooi gevaar
1811:2021 unrest
1741:Nkandlagate
1570:Third Force
1431:Rugby union
1029:(1981–1994)
1021:(1979–1994)
1013:(1977–1994)
1005:(1976–1994)
997:(1910–1961)
989:(1902–1910)
981:(1902–1910)
973:(1886–1891)
965:(1885–1887)
957:(1884–1888)
949:(1882–1885)
941:(1882–1883)
933:(1870–1873)
925:(1861–1879)
917:(1856–1902)
909:(1854–1902)
901:(1843–1910)
893:(1839–1843)
885:(1816–1897)
877:(1795–1910)
875:Cape Colony
867: 1780
852: 1780
839:(1652–1806)
829: 1220
822: 1075
264:brodifacoum
258:, powerful
252:cantharides
220:brucellosis
200:black mamba
119:Daan Goosen
72:P. W. Botha
52:P. W. Botha
40:mustard gas
2848:Categories
2743:Greyshirts
2507:Volksparty
2045:Black Sash
1706:Xenophobia
1699:Travelgate
1456:Border War
1260:Bantustans
1158:Great Trek
1103:Xhosa Wars
963:Upingtonia
947:Stellaland
648:(1): 5–9.
430:27 January
393:References
336:Mozambique
318:Employment
303:pheromones
272:strychnine
256:colchicine
228:salmonella
142:deliriants
92:Protechnik
1966:Volkstaat
1957:Uitlander
1888:Boerehaat
1864:Anarchism
1671:Arms Deal
1634:apartheid
1294:Pass laws
1271:Apartheid
1216:1910–1948
1135:1815–1910
1073:1652–1815
623:144006674
340:Swaziland
166:midazolam
133:, lethal
107:biotoxins
36:CX powder
32:apartheid
2834:Category
2736:Boeremag
2234:Jeugkrag
2185:Het Volk
1879:Baasskap
1821:incident
1424:Olympics
1003:Transkei
806:polities
804:Defunct
662:18316125
642:Endeavor
376:See also
312:pyridine
296:paraoxon
292:aldicarb
290:such as
276:paraquat
262:such as
170:ketamine
162:diazepam
96:Infladel
44:tear gas
24:chemical
2639:SAAPAWU
1977:Defunct
1940:Slavery
1144:Mfecane
544:24 July
518:24 July
348:cholera
346:, with
344:Namibia
284:digoxin
224:cholera
216:anthrax
205:E. coli
187:to the
158:cocaine
58:History
2590:FOSATU
2444:SAYRCO
2416:SADECO
2332:Occupy
1871:Azania
1819:Lady R
1748:Racism
1577:CODESA
1038:Events
1027:Ciskei
939:Goshen
869:–1819)
854:–1817)
660:
621:
470:
307:CR gas
2771:PAGAD
2667:SATUC
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