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Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory

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2612: 230: 497:, well beyond what was needed for a practical reactor. In July, it reached a temperature of 200 million kelvins, far beyond what was needed. However, when the system was operated with both of these conditions at the same time, a high enough triple product and temperature, the system became unstable. Three years of effort failed to address these issues, and TFTR never reached its goal. The system continued performing basic studies on these problems until being shut down in 1997. Beginning in 1993, TFTR was the first in the world to use 1:1 mixtures of 1409: 1621: 682:. The lab delivered 75% of components for the fusion energy experiment's electrical network in 2017 and has been leading the design and construction of six diagnostic tools for analyzing ITER plasmas. The PPPL physicist Richard Hawryluk served as ITER Deputy Director-General from 2011 to 2013. In 2022, PPPL staff developed with researchers from other national labs and universities over several months a US ITER research plan during the joint Fusion Energy Sciences Research Needs Workshop. 2482: 237: 3224: 2494: 1384: 27: 450:
By the mid-1960s it was clear something was fundamentally wrong with the stellarators, as they leaked fuel at rates far beyond what theory predicted, rates that carried away energy from the plasma that was far beyond what the fusion reactions could ever produce. Spitzer became extremely skeptical
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that fusion energy was possible and expressed this opinion in very public fashion in 1965 at an international meeting in the UK. At the same meeting, the Soviet delegation announced results about 10 times better than any previous device, which Spitzer dismissed as a measurement error.
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limit. An enormous argument broke out between the AEC and the various labs about whether this was real. When a UK team verified the results in 1969, the AEC suggested PPPL to convert their Model C to a tokamak to test it, as the only lab willing to build one from scratch,
427:, which could be used for breeding weapon fuel, the program was classified and carried out as part of Project Matterhorn. Matterhorn ultimately ended its involvement in the bomb field in 1954, becoming entirely devoted to the fusion power field. 437:
The early figure-8 stellarators included: Model-A, Model-B, Model-B2, Model-B3. Model-B64 was a square with round corners, and Model-B65 had a racetrack configuration. The last and most powerful stellarator at this time was the "racetrack"
463:, would need some time to build theirs. Seeing the possibility of being bypassed in the fusion field, PPPL eventually agreed to convert the Model C to what became the Symmetric Tokamak (ST), quickly verifying the approach. 1896: 318:
was converted to a tokamak. It verified the Soviet claims, and since that time, PPPL has been a worldwide leader in tokamak theory and design, building a series of record-breaking machines including the
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model that could forecast tearing mode instabilities up to 300 milliseconds in advance. That is enough time for the plasma controller to adjust operating parameters to prevent the tear and maintain
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in Washington. As a result of this meeting and a review of the invention by scientists throughout the nation, the stellarator proposal was funded in 1951. As the device would produce high-energy
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PPPL's stellarators proved unable to meet their performance goals. In 1968, Soviet's claims of excellent performance on their tokamaks generated intense scepticism, and to test it, PPPL's
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to study the concept. This led to a series of machines in the 1950s and 1960s. In 1961, after declassification, Project Matterhorn was renamed the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory.
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Odd-parity heating was demonstrated in the 4 cm radius PFRC-1 experiment in 2006. PFRC-2 has a plasma radius of 8 cm. Studies of electron heating in PFRC-2 reached 500 
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Seo, Jaemin; Kim, SangKyeun; Jalalvand, Azarakhsh; Conlin, Rory; Rothstein, Andrew; Abbate, Joseph; Erickson, Keith; Wai, Josiah; Shousha, Ricardo; Kolemen, Egemen (2024).
2532: 3874: 1580: 3318: 1565: 83: 489:, or TFTR, which was completed in 1982. After a lengthy breaking-in period, TFTR began slowly increasing the temperature and density of the fuel, while introducing 2742: 382:
Spitzer, a professor of astronomy, had for many years been involved in the study of very hot rarefied gases in interstellar space. While leaving for a ski trip to
470:(PLT) to test whether the theory that larger machines would be more stable was true. Starting in 1975, PLT verified these "scaling laws" and then went on to add 635: 527:
In 2015, PPPL completed an upgrade to NSTX to produce NSTX-U that made it the most powerful experimental fusion facility, or tokamak, of its type in the world.
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At the next meeting in 1968, the Soviets presented considerable data from their devices that showed even greater performance, about 100 times the
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With this string of successes, PPPL had little trouble winning the bid to build an even larger machine, one specifically designed to reach
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In 2017, the group received a Phase II NIAC grant along with two NASA STTRs funding the RF subsystem and superconducting coil subsystem.
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designs, along with numerous fundamental advances in plasma physics and the exploration of many other plasma confinement concepts.
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from Oak Ridge that resulted in a series of record-setting plasma temperatures, eventually topping out at 78 million
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and many others. Dozens of smaller machines were also built to test particular problems and solutions, including the ATC,
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Laboratory scientists are collaborating with researchers on fusion science and technology at other facilities, including
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Staff are applying knowledge gained in fusion research to a number of theoretical and experimental areas including
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gas as the fuel. In April 1986, it demonstrated a combination of density and confinement, the so-called
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The Knowledge Web: From Electronic Agents to Stonehenge and Back – And Other Journeys Through Knowledge
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In 1961 Gottlieb became the first director of the renamed Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory.
546: 478:, well beyond what was needed for a practical fusion power system. Its success was major news. 471: 364: 1277: 1147: 379:, an avid mountaineer, was aware of this program and suggested the name "Project Matterhorn". 3652: 3524: 3498: 3493: 3401: 3193: 3174: 2792: 2670: 2452: 2364: 2178: 2049: 2019: 1994: 870: 550: 494: 467: 320: 120: 1242:"PPPL has a new interim director and is moving ahead with construction of prototype magnets" 894: 3344: 3308: 2263: 2218: 2080: 1948: 1445: 660: 652: 372: 339: 91: 412:
for long periods so it could be heated to fusion temperatures. He called this concept the
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National laboratory for plasma physics and nuclear fusion science at Princeton, New Jersey
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Two small machines followed the ST, exploring ways to heat the plasma, and then the
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while running on an actual fusion fuel, rather than a test gas. This produced the
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in February 1951, his father called and told him to read the front page of the
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Princeton University Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, p. 77,
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United Nations International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy
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Stern, Robert (2007) "Princeton fusion center to lose influential leader",
538: 521: 505:. In 1994 it yielded an unprecedented 10.7 megawatts of fusion power. 3841:
National Register of Historic Places listings in Mercer County, New Jersey
517:(NSTX), based on the spherical tokamak concept, came online at the PPPL. 3692: 3534: 1826: 1768: 1702: 1644: 1204:"Press Release, Prager to lead DOE's Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory" 811: 534: 413: 281: 3143: 1070:"AI can predict and prevent fusion plasma instabilities in milliseconds" 3682: 3539: 2569: 2258: 1924: 1918: 1694: 1414: 638: 347: 616: 430:
In 1958, this magnetic fusion research was declassified following the
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Fusion: Science, Politics, and the Invention of a New Energy Source
895:"Highlights in Early Stellarator Research at Princeton. Stix. 1997" 864:
Fusion: Science, Politics, and the Invention of a New Energy Source
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developed the stellarator concept and was granted funding from the
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science. Its primary mission is research into and development of
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Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security, & Energy Response
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National Transport Code Collaboration (NTCC) Modules Library
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PPPL manages the U.S. ITER project activities together with
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Staff (1996) "Fusion Lab Planning Big Reactor's Last Run",
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Princeton Institute for International and Regional Studies
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Princeton International School of Mathematics and Science
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Route 3 runs to Forrestal Campus and terminates at PPPL.
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United States Department of Energy national laboratories
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Project Matterhorn Publications and Reports, 1951–1958
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1997 (January–July): John A. Schmidt, interim director
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Julis-Rabinowitz Center for Public Policy and Finance
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Under Secretary of Energy for Science and Innovation
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Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory Official Website
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Field Reversed Configuration (FRC) Theory Consortium
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Other domestic and international research activities
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at Aspen, he struck upon a new concept to confine a
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Timeline of major research projects and experiments
295:project to control thermonuclear reactions, called 1397:. Princeton University Library Digital Collections 845:Simon & Schuster, New York, pp. 241–242, 3875:Federally Funded Research and Development Centers 541:. The device uses quasiaxisymmetry, a subtype of 396:that a relatively unknown German scientist named 3851: 2696:Assistant Secretary of Energy for Nuclear Energy 2676:Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 1296:"Fusion Energy Sciences Research Needs Workshop" 704: 669:International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor 3270:Witherspoon Street School for Colored Children 2633:Under Secretary of Energy for Nuclear Security 2592:Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 3159: 3021:Energy Department Facilities and Reservations 2681:Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management 2526: 1571:Liechtenstein Institute on Self-Determination 1430: 917: 717: 3387:Princeton Community Japanese Language School 2621:Under Secretary of Energy for Infrastructure 1367:"Laboratory for Plasma Nanosynthesis (LPN)" 419:Later that year he took this design to the 3166: 3152: 2533: 2519: 1533:School of Public and International Affairs 1437: 1423: 1407: 978: 976: 974: 972: 25: 3173: 2419:1869 New Jersey vs. Rutgers football game 1528:School of Engineering and Applied Science 1224:"PPPL Director Stewart Prager Steps Down" 1127: 732:Tokamak Physics Design and Analysis Codes 713:Laboratory for Plasma Nanosynthesis (LPN) 299:. The focus of this program changed from 280:. It is known for the development of the 2641:National Nuclear Security Administration 2602:Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy 2424:1922 Princeton vs. Chicago football game 1556:Center for Information Technology Policy 1444: 961:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMeade1988 ( 920:"Experiments on the Model C stellarator" 918:Yoshikawa, S.; Stix, T.H. (1985-09-01). 605:2017–2018: Richard J. Hawryluk (interim) 1146:, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 969: 804:Project Matterhorn: an informal history 765:National Compact Stellarator Experiment 533:In 2024, the lab announced MUSE, a new 3852: 3782:Penn Medicine Princeton Medical Center 889: 887: 3304:Princeton Academy of the Sacred Heart 3147: 2514: 1607:Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory 1418: 996: 994: 956: 602:2016–2017: Terrence K. Brog (interim) 3133:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 2493: 1043: 1000: 823: 723:DOE Scientific Simulation Initiative 3880:Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory 3792:Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory 1602:Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory 1389:Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory 1173:Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory 884: 829:Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory 710:Beam Dynamics and Nonneutral Plasma 524:with pulse lengths of 300 ms. 515:National Spherical Torus Experiment 400:had achieved nuclear fusion in his 255:Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory 20:Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory 13: 2542:United States Department of Energy 991: 680:Savannah River National Laboratory 667:(W7-X) device in Germany, and the 263:United States Department of Energy 14: 3901: 3890:Research institutes in New Jersey 3885:1961 establishments in New Jersey 2733:Western Area Power Administration 2728:Southwestern Power Administration 2723:Southeastern Power Administration 2597:Energy Information Administration 2380:Powers Field at Princeton Stadium 1376: 988:, 22 December 1996, p. N-07. 742: 3222: 2610: 2492: 2481: 2480: 2184:American Whig-Cliosophic Society 1619: 1576:Princeton Neuroscience Institute 1382: 1266:from the original on 2018-05-16. 907:from the original on 2022-10-09. 569:, director of Project Matterhorn 508: 291:PPPL grew out of the top-secret 235: 228: 3860:Plainsboro Township, New Jersey 3397:Princeton University Art Museum 2718:Bonneville Power Administration 1892:American Whig-Clisophic Society 1360: 1342: 1324: 1306: 1288: 1278:"ITER and other Collaborations" 1270: 1252: 1234: 1216: 1196: 1183: 1161: 1136: 1087: 1062: 1037: 1019: 442:(operating from 1961 to 1969). 3797:Robert Wood Johnson Foundation 3742:Princeton addressed landmarks 3627:Princeton Community Television 3355:Princeton Theological Seminary 2710:Power Marketing Administration 1789:Putnam Collection of Sculpture 911: 856: 835: 817: 796: 778: 303:to fusion power in 1951, when 1: 1936:Jane Eliza Procter Fellowship 1586:Office of Population Research 1001:Wang, Brian (June 22, 2019). 771: 705:Plasma science and technology 676:Oak Ridge National Laboratory 3596:Princeton Symphony Orchestra 3382:Institute for Advanced Study 2429:Rutgers–Princeton Cannon War 1774:Princeton Branch (The Dinky) 1246:Princeton Plasma Physics Lab 1228:Princeton Plasma Physics Lab 1031:Princeton Plasma Physics Lab 869:, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 599:2008–2016: Stewart C. 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1634: 1626: 1625: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1610: 1609: 1604: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1589: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1547: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1536: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1492:Department of 1489: 1487: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1471: 1470: 1463: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1442: 1441: 1434: 1427: 1419: 1413: 1412: 1398: 1392: 1378: 1377:External links 1375: 1372: 1371: 1359: 1341: 1323: 1305: 1287: 1269: 1262:. 2018-05-16. 1251: 1233: 1215: 1195: 1182: 1179:on 2009-05-12. 1160: 1135: 1086: 1061: 1036: 1018: 990: 968: 959:, p. 107. 949: 924:Nuclear Fusion 910: 883: 855: 834: 816: 795: 776: 775: 773: 770: 769: 768: 762: 755: 752: 744: 743:Transportation 741: 740: 739: 736: 733: 730: 727: 724: 719: 716: 715: 714: 711: 706: 703: 663:in Japan, the 647:in San Diego, 640: 637: 620: 618: 615: 614: 613: 608:2018–present: 606: 603: 600: 597: 591: 588: 582: 576: 570: 558: 555: 510: 507: 456:Bohm diffusion 447: 444: 402:Huemul Project 398:Ronald Richter 389:New York Times 360: 357: 355: 352: 274:nuclear fusion 270:plasma physics 250: 249: 243: 234: 233: 227: 226: 225: 224: 221: 220: 216: 215: 204: 200: 199: 194: 191: 188: 187: 184: 178: 177: 174: 169: 166: 165: 128: 124: 123: 117: 113: 112: 107: 101: 100: 95: 92:Vice president 87: 86: 72:Plasma Physics 65: 62: 59: 58: 55: 49: 48: 35: 31: 30: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3902: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3842: 3838: 3835: 3830: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3757:Chapin School 3755: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3673:Maclean House 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 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587: 583: 581: 577: 575: 571: 568: 567:Lyman Spitzer 564: 563: 562: 554: 553:performance. 552: 548: 544: 543:quasisymmetry 540: 536: 531: 528: 525: 523: 518: 516: 513:In 1999, the 509:Later designs 506: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 479: 477: 473: 469: 464: 462: 457: 452: 443: 441: 435: 433: 428: 426: 422: 417: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 390: 385: 380: 378: 374: 370: 366: 351: 349: 345: 341: 336: 334: 330: 326: 322: 317: 312: 310: 306: 305:Lyman Spitzer 302: 298: 294: 289: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 264: 260: 256: 231: 222: 217: 213: 205: 201: 198: 195: 189: 185: 183: 179: 175: 172: 167: 162: 132: 129: 125: 122: 118: 114: 111: 110:Steven Cowley 108: 106: 102: 99: 96: 93: 88: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 66: 60: 56: 54: 50: 36: 32: 28: 23: 3833: 3791: 3723:Cottage Club 3678:Maybury Hill 3658:Drumthwacket 3530:Hoagie Haven 3479:Jasna Polana 3299:Lewis School 2970: 2444: 2394: 2339:Men's squash 2334:Men's soccer 2233: 2155: 2148: 2141: 2134: 2127: 2120: 2114:Publications 1940: 1855: 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Index


Budget
Fusion
Plasma Physics
Quantum Information Sciences
Microelectronics
Sustainability Sciences
Vice president
David J. McComas
Director
Steven Cowley
Princeton, New Jersey
Plainsboro Township
40°20′56″N 74°36′08″W / 40.348825°N 74.602183°W / 40.348825; -74.602183
ZIP code
Campus
U.S. Department of Energy
www.pppl.gov
Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory is located in New Jersey
United States Department of Energy
national laboratory
plasma physics
nuclear fusion
fusion as an energy source
stellarator
tokamak
Cold War
H-bombs
Lyman Spitzer
Atomic Energy Commission

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