629:
significance of the results at the P<0.05 level is not generally disputed, detractors point to potential ethical violations and flaws in experiment procedures, as well as questioning the importance of large-sample studies that only marginally clear the p<0.05 significance threshold. The baseline for chance behavior used did not vary as statistically appropriate (baseline bind). Two PEAR researchers attributed this baseline bind to the motivation of the operators to achieve a good baseline and indicates that the random number generator used was not random. It has been noted that a single test subject (presumed to be a member of PEAR's staff) participated in 15% of PEAR's trials, and was responsible for half of the total observed effect.
650:, who evaluated Jahn's early psychokinesis experiments at the PEAR laboratory, wrote that a satisfactory control series had not been employed, that they had not been independently replicated, and that the reports lacked detail. Hansel noted that "very little information is provided about the design of the experiment, the subjects, or the procedure adopted. Details are not given about the subjects, the times they were tested, or the precise conditions under which they were tested." Physicist professor
1679:
1691:
621:(REGs) to explore the ability of test subjects to use psychokinesis to influence the random output distribution of these devices to conform to their pre-recorded intentions to produce higher numbers, lower numbers, or nominal baselines. Most of these experiments utilized a microelectronic REG, but experiments were also conducted with "a giant, wall-mounted
605:. Owing to the controversial nature of the subject matter, the program had a strained relationship with Princeton and was considered by the administration and some faculty to be an embarrassment to the university. Critics suggested that it lacked scientific rigor, used poor methodology, and misused statistics, and characterized it as
628:
In 1986 associates of PEAR published data collected over the course of seven years from a group of subjects attempting to influence random number generators across millions of trials. In all cases, the observed effects were very small (between one and about 0.1%), and although the statistical
669:. In one instance two German organizations failed to reproduce PEAR's results, while PEAR similarly failed to reproduce their own results. An attempt by York University's Stan Jeffers also failed to replicate PEAR's results.
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983:
Commission on
Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Enhancing Human Performance: Issues, Theories and Techniques, Background Papers
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643:
and optional stopping not being ruled out. Alcock concluded there was no reason to believe the results were from paranormal origin.
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1433:
1093:
568:
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978:
A Comprehensive Review of Major
Empirical Studies in Parapsychology Involving Random Event Generators and Remote Viewing
1494:
1046:
609:. PEAR closed in February 2007, being incorporated into the "International Consciousness Research Laboratories (ICRL).
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23:
1090:
Give the Null
Hypothesis a Chance: Reasons to Remain Doubtful about the Existence of Psi
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The
Science Gap: Dispelling the Myths and Understanding the Reality of Science
635:
in a review mentioned various problems with the PEAR experiments such as poor
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Research program at
Princeton University that studied parapsychology
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726:"Princeton studies mind reading - or did you already know that?"
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597:, PEAR conducted formal studies on two primary subject areas,
1242:
175:
1424:
Association for the
Scientific Study of Anomalous Phenomena
337:
654:
has noted that Jahn's experiments at PEAR started from an
613:
Parapsychological experiments with random event generators
985:. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. pp. 638-646.
914:"The Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research (PEAR)"
1530:
665:PEAR's results have been criticized for deficient
593:. Established in 1979 by then Dean of Engineering
1636:Old Souls: The Scientific Evidence for Past Lives
801:"A Princeton lab on ESP plans to close its doors"
693:Nonsense on Stilts: How to Tell Science from Bunk
639:and documentation with the possibility of fraud,
625:-like machine with a cascade of bouncing balls".
1709:
1444:International Association for Near-Death Studies
1124:Princeton University, PEAR website, 2017 archive
683:
681:
1505:International Institute for Psychical Research
993:
991:
968:
966:
1535:Society for the Study of Supernormal Pictures
1144:
883:Reed, J.D. (2003-03-09). "Mind over matter".
562:
1643:Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind
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963:
758:. Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research.
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1520:National Laboratory of Psychical Research
953:
935:"'Pseudoscience' lab closes at Princeton"
904:
902:
900:
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687:
1657:Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation
1000:"The PEAR proposition: Fact or fallacy?"
583:Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research
1419:American Society for Psychical Research
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723:
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353:Prizes for evidence of the paranormal
1738:2007 disestablishments in New Jersey
1690:
1434:Institut MĂ©tapsychique International
882:
787:
926:
13:
1495:British College of Psychic Science
1158:
998:Jeffers, Stanley (May–June 2006).
619:electronic random event generators
343:James Randi Educational Foundation
14:
1749:
1733:1979 establishments in New Jersey
1664:Varieties of Anomalous Experience
1608:Journal of Scientific Exploration
1112:
845:
585:(PEAR) was a research program at
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1678:
1677:
1103:Journal of Consciousness Studies
724:Hopkins, Peter L. (2002-04-11).
1078:
1068:. Prometheus Books. pp. 81-82.
1055:
1023:
328:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
1525:Oxford Phasmatological Society
1515:Metropolitan Psychical Society
1469:Society for Psychical Research
1293:Parapsychology research at SRI
799:Carey, Benedict (2007-02-10).
762:
744:
1:
1594:Journal of Near-Death Studies
1454:Parapsychological Association
1303:Plant perception (paranormal)
825:"The PEAR has finally rotted"
672:
662:and had no basis in reality.
282:Reportedly haunted locations:
1490:American Psychical Institute
1449:Koestler Parapsychology Unit
1439:Institute of Noetic Sciences
1035:The Search for Psychic Power
933:Merolla, Lisa (2007-02-23).
853:"Princeton to close ESP lab"
7:
1228:Electronic voice phenomenon
697:University of Chicago Press
121:Electronic voice phenomenon
10:
1754:
1556:Skeptics of parapsychology
1510:London Dialectical Society
1429:College of Psychic Studies
1673:
1601:Journal of Parapsychology
1564:
1551:List of parapsychologists
1543:
1482:
1459:Parapsychology Foundation
1411:
1175:
1166:
1119:List of PEAR publications
1650:The Roots of Coincidence
1213:Dermo-optical perception
919:The Skeptic's Dictionary
658:assumption, ignored the
393:Apparitional experiences
1580:Extrasensory Perception
1573:An Experiment with Time
1500:Cambridge Ghost Society
1233:Extrasensory perception
1183:Apparitional experience
451:Argument from ignorance
418:Out-of-body experiences
131:Extrasensory perception
1278:Out-of-body experience
783:. No. 34 Testing.
476:Communal reinforcement
1483:Defunct organizations
1464:Rhine Research Center
1268:Near-death experience
456:Argumentum ad populum
388:Anomalous experiences
368:Scientific skepticism
186:Paranormal television
1718:Princeton University
1412:Active organizations
1298:Past life regression
940:The Daily Free Press
910:Carroll, Robert Todd
587:Princeton University
471:Cognitive dissonance
466:Begging the question
413:Ideomotor phenomenon
1248:Kirlian photography
1238:Ganzfeld experiment
1041:. pp. 187–95.
731:The Harvard Crimson
521:Scientific evidence
363:Scientific literacy
1208:Deathbed phenomena
1096:2007-08-10 at the
1005:Skeptical Inquirer
922:(online ed.).
886:The New York Times
806:The New York Times
771:Burnett, D. Graham
689:Pigliucci, Massimo
231:Spirit photography
181:Paranormal fiction
101:Demonic possession
1705:
1704:
1323:Psychic detective
1283:Pam Reynolds case
1188:Astral projection
1062:Rothman, Milton A
775:"Games of chance"
646:The psychologist
579:
578:
526:Scientific method
236:Spirit possession
46:Astral projection
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1622:Life Before Life
1587:Irreducible Mind
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348:Magical thinking
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1615:Life After Life
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1368:Sensory leakage
1333:Psychic surgery
1328:Psychic reading
1258:Materialization
1218:Dream telepathy
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773:(Summer 2009).
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660:laws of physics
648:C. E. M. Hansel
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1031:Hansel, C.E.M.
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954:Pigliucci 2010
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912:(2013-04-16).
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823:(2006-11-19).
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691:(2010-05-15).
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1565:Publications
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1363:Second sight
1313:Precognition
1203:Clairvoyance
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1014:. Retrieved
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541:Urban legend
531:Superstition
511:Protoscience
506:Junk science
446:Anomalistics
323:Cold reading
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256:Supernatural
246:Spiritualism
241:Spirit world
191:Precognition
111:Doppelgänger
71:Clairvoyance
1403:Zener cards
1383:Telekinesis
1343:Pyrokinesis
1338:Psychometry
1308:Poltergeist
829:Recursivity
536:Uncertainty
261:Telekinesis
211:Psychometry
91:Conjuration
1712:Categories
1398:Xenoglossy
1288:Paranormal
1263:Mediumship
1253:Levitation
1198:Bilocation
1106:10: 29-50.
1087:. (2003).
1064:. (1992).
1016:2014-01-24
975:. (1988).
956:, p.
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838:2014-12-05
737:2014-12-03
699:. p.
673:References
656:idealistic
496:Groupthink
316:Skepticism
251:Stone Tape
156:Mediumship
106:Demonology
61:Bilocation
32:Paranormal
1388:Telepathy
1223:Ectoplasm
943:. Boston.
858:USA Today
601:(PK) and
333:Debunking
266:Telepathy
116:Ectoplasm
81:Cold spot
51:Astrology
1684:Category
1094:Archived
1033:(1989).
637:controls
623:pachinko
501:Hypnosis
408:Hypnosis
136:Forteana
126:Exorcism
24:a series
22:Part of
1696:Commons
1318:Psychic
1169:Outline
833:Blogger
780:Cabinet
481:Fallacy
440:Related
276:Ufology
201:Psychic
161:Miracle
1544:People
1243:Ghosts
1176:Topics
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398:Empath
166:Occult
26:on the
1193:Auras
981:. In
303:World
288:India
176:Ouija
151:Magic
1070:ISBN
1043:ISBN
705:ISBN
581:The
338:Hoax
56:Aura
1273:Orb
1012:(3)
171:Orb
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