1197:
1487:
31:
2274:, there are four colors – red, green, yellow, and blue – each represented by a clear gem (red – carbuncle, green – heliodor, yellow – chrysolite, blue – amethyst), an opaque gem (red – carnelian/red jasper, green – green jasper, yellow – yellow jasper/yellow serpentine, blue – lapis lazuli), and a striped gem (red – sardonyx, green – malachite, yellow – pale golden agate, blue – sky-blue agate). The four colors of red, green, yellow, and blue are the first four colors (apart from black and white) distinguished by languages and are distinguished in all cultures with at least six color distinctions (the other two being black and white). These colous roughly correspond to the sensitivities of the
3385:
2403:(College Edition) state that "onyx" derives from the Greek term, "onux", meaning "(finger-)nail", "claw" or onyx-stone. The connection between "nail" or "claw" and the stone is that the onyx stone is usually found with a vein of white on a pink background, like the lunula of a fingernail. There is no indication in these or other desk dictionaries that "onyx" could be derived from a word meaning "ring".
392:
221:
134:
by gold chains/cords tied to the gold rings on the ephod's shoulder straps and by blue ribbon tied to the gold rings at the belt of the ephod. The biblical description states that the breastplate was also to be made from the same material as the ephod—embroidery of 3 colors of dyed wool and linen—and
328:
are more apparent, some scholars believe that they cannot be wholly relied on for this matter because the breastplate had gone out of use by the time the
Septuagint was created. Several Greek names for various gems have changed meaning between the classical era and modern times. However, although
312:
There was also a different order for the names inscribed on the two "onyx" stones on the High Priest's shoulders. One opinion suggests that the names of the twelve tribes were arranged in groups after their mothers: Leah's six sons aligned one after the other on one stone, with Judah heading this
1196:
1160:
had veins or parallel bands of colors white, black, and red running through it, suggesting that it may have been a kind of agate or onyx. This may explain why, in some French translations, the word is rendered as "agate". In the South
Arabian dialect spoken in Yemen during the Middle Ages,
301:, or from the phrase " the tribes of Jeshurun", so that there were 72 letters in total (72 being a very significant number in Kabbalistic thought). Other researchers, such as Paul Phelps, believe that the order of gemstones that are displayed on the chestpiece correlates to the order that
235:, none of them the same as another, and each of them representative of a specific tribe, whose name was to be inscribed on the stone. According to a rabbinic tradition, the names of the twelve tribes were engraved upon the stones with what is called in Hebrew: שמיר =
341:
to be engraved upon. Therefore, this gives an additional clue as to the identity of the minerals. Others suggest that they were engraved with emery, having the similar property of a diamond used in cutting other stones and which was called in Greek σμήρις
276:
describes the jewel stones arranged in four rows, saying that on the first stone belonging to Reuben were also engraved the names of
Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, while on the last stone belonging to Benjamin were also engraved the words "the tribes of God";
145:
of a cubit squared, two layers thick, and with four rows of three engraved gems embedded in gold settings upon it, one setting for each stone. The description states that the square breastplate was to be formed from one rectangular piece of
2265:
Whether there is any pattern to the choice of gemstones depends on their identity. Taking the majority view of scholars regarding the identity of the gems, and including the implication from the Book of
Revelation that the
2133:. This list appears to be based on the Septuagint's version of the list of jewels in the Breastplate – if the top half of the breastplate was rotated by 180 degrees, and the bottom half turned upside down, with
1449:, saying, by one opinion, that it is "honey-coloured", and by the other opinion that it is "turquoise, a blue-coloured stone". In some versions of the Peshitta, the Aramaic word rendered for the same stone is
1445:, a word which is sometimes transliterated into Arabic as it is pronounced in Aramaic, mainly by Arabic-speaking Christians. Bar-Ali, a 9th-century Arab author, brings down two opinions about this stone, the
1608:), and during the Renaissance belief in lyngurium died away. Modern scholars are inclined to think that the stone must have been similar to the pale color of natural gold (as opposed to the color known as
1169:) was an exceptionally beautiful and rare onyx stone mined on Mount Anis, in Yemen, one variety of which having a red surface with a vein of white over another of black running through it.
1809:
came to mean topaz in particular by the classical era, some scholars favor this as being the most likely use, though it would be jarring for there to be two different translucent yellow
1347:
referred to a mineral of similar color to sapphires and that the name gradually came to refer to the latter mineral on account of its color; scholars think the most likely candidate is
123:
4059:
2446:, but conjectures that perhaps it is the jacinth, a stone otherwise not mentioned anywhere in scripture. On p. 139, he voices the same conjecture by saying that the "ligure" or
1687:'s (882–942 CE) Judeo-Arabic translation of the Pentateuch, as well as in the medieval Samaritan Arabic translation, the stone is rendered as سبج, meaning obsidian.
2399:
1978:), the gemstone which is called in English, "cat's eye, beryl", a variety of chalcedonic quartz that has a chatoyant luster resembling the eye of a cat when cut.
1429:
may refer to diamonds, owing to their hardness, though the skill of cutting diamonds had not been discovered before the classical era. Although the
Septuagint's
3273:
The
Antiquities of South Arabia: being a translation from the Arabic with linguistic, geographic, and historic notes of the eighth book of al-Hamdāni's al-Iklīl
349:
Explanations of the symbolic meaning of the jewels generated a great deal of both Jewish and
Christian writing and were a staple component of the tradition of
1486:
1335:
and its use in Greek texts is believed to be a mere transliteration of the Hebrew. Once it became more known, it was treated as merely being a form of
1089:
was often used in Greek literature to refer to an intensely bright crystal found in columnar formations. Emerald in the stricter modern sense of green
1437:, onyx was not mined before the era of classical Greece. "Onyx" is derived from the Greek for fingernail due to the pink-white veining. In the Syriac
1825:, meaning "jacinth", or "hyacinth". There is little certainty among scholars regarding which of these is the most likely to be the jewel in question.
1507:
3416:
997:, a light green semi-precious stone, and which stone in the ancient world was found primarily on Topazos Island as well as on St. John's Island (
1946:), is cloudy enough to be compared to a cloudy form of beryl, and is striped and opaque enough to be confused with a form of onyx. According to
1441:
of the sixth or seventh century (MS. B.21, Inferiore of the
Ambrosian Library in Milan, Italy), the word used to describe this stone is ܢܩܥܬܐ =
3299:
2709:(Book of Roots), ed. Dr. A. Berliner, Berlin 1896, s.v. שמר (Hebrew), who explains the word by its Judeo-Arabic name, מאס, meaning "diamond".
1801:, which would fit the Targums' description of the gem being "the colour of the sea". As a golden material if translucent, it could refer to
2339:
880:
4066:
2012:
was generally a richly green one (the most prized form of jasper), and scholars think this is most likely to be the color referred to by
846:
977:, topaz was scarcely known at the time the Book of Exodus was written (according to both the traditional dating of the book and that by
4002:
3997:
1183:, has also written κεραύνιος, literally meaning ‘of a thunderbolt’, and a more direct translation of the stone known in Hebrew as
1793:, which was named much later, but is an adjective which translates as "gold-stone", meaning either that it was golden, as in the
3940:
3910:
2204:
now refers to a specific gemstone which is generally apple-green in color, in earlier times it referred to gems of a yellowish
3389:
3308:
2244:
now refers to a red-tinted clear gem, this was not the case at the time the Book of
Revelation was written, and at that time
1922:, and therefore very definitely describing something like onyx; or it could be a place name, for example there is a place in
927:, a very common stone in classical cultures. All authors agree that this stone was red. With due respect to the Septuagint,
4202:
939:, which was usually a deep blood-red, was valued as a charm against bleeding, and was common in the surrounding nations of
811:
447:
1813:
so close to one another on the breastplate. If an opaque golden material, it could refer to a yellow form of jasper or of
30:
3930:
3905:
3409:
1717:(amethyst's name refers to this belief, and literally translates as "not intoxicating"), and was commonly used in Egypt.
1629:
and other medieval rabbinical commentators argued that the gem itself was an onyx (Judeo-Arabic: גזע = جَزَع ), although
4187:
1737:, which appears to reference beliefs about amethyst, but in the Jerusalem Targum, it is translated into a term meaning
289:
argued that only six letters from each name were present on each stone, together with a few letters from the names of
3216:
1105:, the last of the Ptolemies, is famous for her love for the Egyptian emerald. Other minerals resembling emerald are
2471:, vol. 369 (45), Louvain 1975, Folio 48 (Exo. 28:17–23), and which Syriac translation is believed to represent the
873:
313:
list, followed by Rachel's sons with the names of the concubines' sons interposed between the two sons of Rachel.
1882:
and refers to a bright columnar crystal (either beryl or rock crystal). Onyx is an opaque and banded stone, while
407:
265:
4197:
3588:
3402:
3208:
3074:(ch. XVI on Stones and Metals), ed. Barney, Lewis, Beach & Berghof, Cambridge University Press 2006, p. 325
231:
According to the
Biblical description, the twelve jewels in the breastplate were each to be made from specific
1453:, translated as "diamond". This may account for today's understanding of this word, although in ancient times
1097:, 1900s BCE, during the Bronze Age. But these emeralds are random finds and not actively mined until the
2282:
by positioning it within a blue to yellow range, and separately positioning it within a red to green range.)
2040:= الكركھن (the Baghdadi onyx), "a kind of gemstone from which they cut stones for setting in ouches". Rabbi
2008:, they do not quite have the same meaning; while jasper is usually red, the mineral which the Greeks called
360:
The jewel stones are as follows (the first item in each row is probably the right-hand side, as Hebrew is a
309:, as each gate represents one of the twelve tribes, with the gates themselves being studded with gemstones.
130:
According to the description in Exodus, this breastplate was attached to the tunic-like garment known as an
3161:
338:
1683:(Numbers 2:7) appears to argue for the jewel in question having been a grey variety. Conversely, in Rabbi
2368:
37:90, and one stone, in particular, meets the description of the stone described here by Israel’s sages.
1247:, when writing about this stone, says that it was red. He seems to agree with Josephus, the LXX, and the
1187:
relating to baraḳ ‘lightning’ in Exodus 28:17. Jerome, however, understood the Greek word to mean "onyx".
866:
2238:). According to classical rabbinical literature, the specific agate was of a sky-blue color, and though
4192:
4151:
4052:
3677:
2296:
781:
585:
561:
3925:
3664:
2388:
1748:, while describing the stone's color, says: " similar to clear wine whose redness is not too strong."
1561:
as having certain electrical properties, which some scholars have taken to imply that it referred to
816:
2060:
2:7 says that the stone was varicolored, meaning all of the colors combined were to be found in the
1125:
being either of those. Although "emerald" is the most common form used to describe the Hebrew word,
3548:
3165:
1085:
as the Greek term could apply to several different green gems, not just the emerald in particular.
653:
245:, was a small, rare creature which could cut through the toughest surfaces, but according to Rabbi
4182:
4126:
3682:
3276:
2393:
2301:
2032:(which is green). In the Babylonian Talmud, one opinion states that the gemstone was the same as
771:
695:
334:
1633:
casts doubt on the accuracy of Rabbi Saadia's tradition. Modern English translations use either
4131:
3765:
3702:
2321:
1906:, in which case it fits more with onyx and certain forms of beryl, excluding the emerald, with
1818:
1306:
1170:
741:
551:
321:
269:
2694:
2678:
1958:), the beryl was "white like a cloud". Scholars point out that the Syriac form of the word is
1565:. Amber was one of the first items to have been discovered to have electrical properties (see
993:, in reference to the difficulty in finding the island). Others suggest that topaz was merely
272:, for example, argued that the names appeared in the order according to which they were born.
4116:
3583:
3553:
3249:
3226:
1947:
952:
764:
710:
504:
481:
462:
58:
20:
3805:
2450:(in Hebrew) may be the "hyacinth", i.e., a stone of a yellowish-red color, like honey; see
2253:
1966:, the latter going back to a Pahlevi form (the old Persian tongue), and all in turn to the
1240:
1121:, since the Masoretic text does not appear to specify color); there is much to be said for
201:
1930:. Jewish tradition generally favours leek-green beryl (heliodor) as the likely meaning of
1367:", as well as being "speckled as of with gold". By all accounts, his description fits the
8:
4033:
3760:
3624:
3244:
2275:
2081:, with each layer of stones in the wall being from a different material; in the original
1794:
1244:
643:
571:
282:
237:
103:). These elements of the breastplate are said in the Exodus verse to carry the judgment (
4141:
4101:
3843:
3750:
3477:
3365:
3293:
2074:
1676:
821:
677:
467:
439:
209:
1531:
4161:
3813:
3790:
3780:
3593:
3447:
3357:
3340:
3212:
1671:, meaning agate. Agates were common in Egypt and Assyria and were regarded as potent
1248:
1173:, an ancient Jewish translator whose Greek translation of the Pentateuch appeared in
978:
851:
429:
414:
177:), appears to be named from its appearance; The 19th-century German biblical scholar
1817:, which were commonly used in Egypt and Babylon. The 2nd-century Jewish translator,
1421:, and possibly white, or at least with an insignificant color, and from which whole
648:
4156:
4146:
4028:
4023:
3649:
3619:
3369:
3349:
1814:
1630:
1589:
1470:
1418:
1205:
1138:
791:
682:
566:
457:
85:
3533:
1621:
states that the mineral had a black color, and is there named כוחלין, meaning the
1457:
may have meant something else. Of the well-known honey-colored gemstones, we find
4136:
3935:
3879:
3697:
3573:
3263:
2316:
1554:
998:
751:
556:
350:
286:
254:
250:
182:
178:
104:
89:
70:
47:
24:
333:
because neither chisels nor paint nor ink were allowed to mark them out, a more
4111:
3992:
3977:
3745:
3729:
3714:
3692:
3614:
3429:
3353:
2642:
2624:
2336:– a concept that originated from the interpretation of the stones in the plates
2311:
2057:
1714:
1462:
1351:, a stone with a deep, ocean-blue color which was frequently sent as a gift to
1310:
1286:
831:
746:
687:
659:
317:
316:
Unfortunately, the meanings of the Hebrew names for the minerals, given by the
62:
2546:
1269:
1093:
exists locally in Egypt. Items carved from emeralds are known as early as the
166:
of a cubit, folded so that it formed a pouch to contain the Urim and Thummim.
100:
81:
4176:
4091:
3920:
3915:
3823:
3687:
3563:
3457:
3318:
2677:, ed. Joseph Johlson, Karlsruhe 1827, s.v. Rashi on Zechariah 7:12 (Hebrew),
2344:
2306:
2279:
1797:, or that it contained flecks of gold. With golden flecks, it could refer to
1742:
1680:
1615:
1610:
1597:
1422:
1385:ἴασπις (in the Septuagint) – in some other places the Septuagint instead has
1302:
1150:
841:
756:
705:
626:
361:
329:
classical rabbinical literature argues that the names were inscribed using a
225:
3230:
2637:
1490:
An 1837 illustration depicting breastplate, with the tribes and their jewels
985:
referred to Topazos Island, on which a particular yellow mineral was mined (
3956:
3785:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3538:
3361:
3196:
2438:(the Old Georgian version), p. 116, seems to be unsure what the Greek word
1886:
is translucent, and beryl is cloudy, and all these come in several colors.
1798:
1515:
1368:
1356:
1348:
1332:
1114:
1094:
1082:
973:(in the Septuagint) – despite the suggestion of the Septuagint that it was
919:
700:
597:
434:
1534:. In Greek antiquity, this stone was believed to have been the solidified
3982:
3775:
3770:
3755:
3644:
3338:: medieval and early modern lore from the classical lapidary tradition".
3322:
2200:
2082:
2041:
1710:
1684:
1626:
1527:
1297:. In classical rabbinical literature, there is some debate about whether
1252:
1026:
391:
330:
278:
246:
2141:, the lists become remarkably similar; there are only four differences:
1469:, a honey-colored stone with extreme brilliance. Spanish Jewish scholar
4018:
3987:
3961:
3818:
3719:
3659:
3518:
3452:
2333:
2205:
2168:
1839:(in the Septuagint) – in some other places, the Septuagint instead has
1769:(in the Septuagint) – in some other places, the Septuagint instead has
1458:
1289:, referring to a mineral of unknown color which was sent in tribute to
1130:
1060:
325:
273:
2800:
3838:
3828:
3709:
3472:
3462:
2173:
1935:
1593:
1570:
1523:
1364:
1352:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1102:
1098:
944:
932:
836:
620:
509:
4044:
3236:: the Old Georgian Version and the Fragments of the Armenian Version
2442:
actually meant in the sacred books, which stone in Hebrew is called
1067:
etymologically means 'lightning flash', whence shimmering or shiny.
3858:
3853:
3848:
3795:
3724:
3598:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3200:
2662:
2516:
Josephus twice mentions the stones of the breastplate; once in his
2500:
Based on the Shatberd MS., the Old Georgian version of Epiphanius’
2153:
2056:, quoting from one version of the Septuagint, says it was a beryl.
2053:
1993:
1967:
1907:
1810:
1782:
1706:
1622:
1438:
1328:
1294:
1290:
1106:
663:
540:
514:
499:
354:
122:
3010:
Aetii Medici Graeci Contractae ex Veteribus Medicinae Sermones XVI
2825:
2475:, or parent-text, of the Septuagint used by Origen to produce his
1465:
garnet (both from Sri Lanka), while in Africa (Tanzania), we find
3889:
3884:
3863:
3578:
3558:
3543:
3528:
3497:
3394:
2377:"Symmachus dissented and called the emerald by the name of onyx."
2240:
2209:
2044:, however, in his Judeo-Arabic translation of Isaiah, translates
2029:
1790:
1785:, in reference to the main source of the mineral being Tarshish.
1638:
1605:
1581:
1511:
1340:
1232:
1179:
1145:), in his Aramaic translation of the Pentateuch, writes בָרקָן =
1142:
1077:
1072:
1038:
1034:
1022:
1006:
994:
948:
914:
535:
530:
494:
302:
290:
232:
1729:, a place where amethysts were found; in the Babylonian Targum,
1281:, both of which are a greenish blue; it may instead derive from
19:"Hoshen" and "Choshen" redirect here. For the organization, see
4121:
3568:
3384:
2956:
The Old Testament in Syriac (According to the Peshitta Version)
2025:
2017:
1726:
1672:
1566:
1466:
1336:
1174:
1030:
1021:), and thus the jewel in question would fit the description of
936:
452:
197:
2256:
describes it as a clear blue tinted gem – the modern sapphire.
1506:(in the Septuagint) – the names here seem to refer to places:
1231:(presumably here referring to the color of burning coal), the
337:
approach suggests that the jewels must have had comparatively
224:
Artist's conception of Jewish high priest wearing a hoshen in
4096:
4086:
4075:
3833:
3654:
3523:
3513:
3467:
2291:
1942:
and the blue-green color of the sea (the original meaning of
1923:
1863:
1802:
1660:
1634:
1562:
1549:
1535:
1406:
1090:
974:
940:
826:
776:
734:
525:
489:
402:
380:
298:
294:
242:
131:
2693:(Michlol, part ii), Venice 1547 (Hebrew), on Zechariah 7:12
2479:. The stone called "shoham" in Hebrew is explained as onyx.
2364:
Pliny also mentions several varieties of onyx stone in his
2021:
1871:
1849:
1539:
1518:
mentions the fossilized pine resin, amber, called in Greek
1434:
956:
924:
306:
220:
2248:
appears to have referred to a bluish gem; Pliny describes
2647:
2631:, 'to be beautiful', and would prefer to connect it with
2524:, but he reverses the order in the third and fourth rows.
1709:, a purple mineral which was believed to protect against
1331:, sapphire was essentially unknown before the era of the
205:
65:. In the biblical account, the breastplate is termed the
2400:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
1425:
were sometimes made. A few scholars have suggested that
1914:
description; it could be derived from the Arabic word
1557:(who did not believe the stone existed) described the
257:). The word has its equivalent in the Greek, σμήρις (
1327:(in the Septuagint) – despite appearing to refer to
1251:, the latter saying that it is כדכדנא, explained by
3205:
Basic Color Terms: their Universality and Evolution
1902:; it could be derived from the Arabic word meaning
3327:Comparing Religions through Law: Judaism and Islam
2917:s.v. Exodus 28:17, based on Jerome's testimony in
2832:. THE EARTHLY INHERITANCE SERIES of BIBLE SUBJECTS
181:thought that it was likely to be derived from the
2465:The Pentateuch in the Version of the Syro-Hexapla
2068:
114:) of God concerning the Israelites at all times.
4174:
2347:– stones symbolizing the Twelve Tribes of Israel
1934:, though scholars think it is more likely to be
1866:but earlier to the blue-green color of the sea,
1397:appears to be connected with the Hebrew meaning
1313:and first Jerusalem Targum favor it being green.
1005:is thought by scholars to be connected with the
34:Ceramic replica of the High Priest's breastplate
2020:, where the jewel is variously identified as a
1679:lists agate as being among the black gems. The
1029:greenish-yellow mineral, common throughout the
2627:rejects the probable derivation from the root
2542:
2540:
2016:; the ambiguity of the term is present in the
1938:, which can be green enough to be compared to
4060:
3410:
3313:. Rome: Reale Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei.
2641:or 'fold' in which something is carried; cp.
874:
193:), meaning "fold", relating to its function.
2826:"The JEWEL STONES of ISRAEL'S TWELVE TRIBES"
2340:List of inscriptions in biblical archaeology
1033:, and particularly found on Zabargad in the
611:Leftovers from the suspensive guilt offering
16:Jewish ritual object worn by the High Priest
3334:Walton, Steven A. (2001). "Theophrastus on
3317:
3310:Bar 'Alī (Īshō'): The Syriac–Arabic Glosses
3243:
3225:
3095:
2620:
2537:
2505:
2451:
2198:was a pale yellowish mineral, and although
2184:, presumably the red color of burning coal.
672:Ten gifts given (even) outside of Jerusalem
253:, was a stone stronger than iron (possibly
4067:
4053:
4003:With a strong hand and an outstretched arm
3417:
3403:
3298:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2958:, Part I, Leiden E. J. Brill 1977, p. 183.
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2469:Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalum
1721:appears to be derived from a term meaning
1417:, referring to a precious stone which was
1363:as being "dark" and having the "colour of
881:
867:
718:The property of the foreigner with no heir
3998:Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy
3195:
3180:
3176:
3174:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2491:appears at Genesis 2:12 in the Septuagint
2425:(ligure) are all one and the same thing."
1773:(meaning coal) where the Masoretic reads
701:Coins for redemption of the firstborn son
208:of errors in judgment on the part of the
3306:
3257:
3127:
2979:
2967:
2943:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2036:, a stone described by Bar-Ali as being
1890:could be derived from the Assyrian word
1725:, though it may equally be derived from
1485:
1195:
1109:(taking into account the implication of
219:
121:
29:
2889:cf. Bar-Bahalul, 1886, vol. ii, p. 1313
1576:derives from the Latin word for amber (
1267:; it may derive from the Egyptian term
57:) was a sacred breastplate worn by the
4175:
3333:
3171:
3058:
3033:
3021:
2551:
2394:Webster's New International Dictionary
2252:as a dull and blueish amethyst, while
1667:may be cognate with the Assyrian term
905:(in the Septuagint) – both names mean
4074:
4048:
3398:
3283:
3270:
3083:
3072:The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville
2914:
2898:
2742:
169:The Hebrew term for the breastplate,
1910:being the form of beryl fitting the
1542:, and its name a mere corruption of
1037:, under the control of the Egyptian
1001:) in the Egyptian Red Sea. The word
812:The mitzvah of sanctifying the Kohen
715:Field not redeemed in a Jubilee year
683:Heave offering of the Levite's tithe
448:The Torah instruction of the Kohanim
126:Illustration of priestly breastplate
3931:Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon ben Yochai
2735:Mishne Torah (Code of Jewish Law),
2270:at the end of the fourth row was a
2052:, a red variety of precious stone.
1781:is thought by scholars to refer to
1259:, a red variety of precious stone.
847:Contact by a kohen with a dead body
614:Oil from the offering for the leper
108:
93:
74:
51:
13:
3424:
3307:Gottheil, Richard H., ed. (1908).
3286:Origensis Hexaplorum quæ Supersunt
3258:Eichholz, D. E., ed. (1965).
2823:
2137:additionally swapping places with
1733:is translated into a term meaning
1413:is connected to the Assyrian word
1343:. It is more likely that the term
1149:, for this word. According to the
901:, in the Masoretic text) /
711:Dedication of property to a priest
268:as to the order of the names; the
14:
4214:
3378:
1117:(ignoring the literal meaning of
1013:, which refers to something that
935:, which was flesh-colored, or to
591:The ten gifts given in the Temple
3383:
1165:(believed to be a corruption of
955:refers to this stone as being a
390:
3247:; Black, J. Sutherland (1899).
3188:
3155:
3142:
3133:
3121:
3112:
3100:
3089:
3077:
3064:
3052:
3039:
3027:
3015:
2998:
2985:
2973:
2961:
2949:
2937:
2924:
2908:
2892:
2883:
2870:
2857:
2844:
2817:
2510:
2494:
2482:
2457:
2428:
2407:
2380:
2371:
2358:
1789:does not refer specifically to
837:Bat-Kohen (daughter of a kohen)
435:Redemption of the firstborn son
408:Presumption of priestly descent
375:Part of a series of articles on
266:classical rabbinical literature
117:
3209:University of California Press
2729:
2712:
2699:
2683:
2668:
2655:
2069:12 jewels in the New Testament
1553:, presumably about its color.
1309:favor it being red, while the
1:
2531:
2504:. Our source for this MS. is
2502:Treatise on the Twelve Stones
2436:Treatise on the Twelve Stones
2280:retinal ganglia process color
1952:Treatise on the Twelve Stones
1752:
1588:, a Latinization invented by
1401:, and possibly with the word
1191:
1129:, in other sources (e.g. the
638:Four gifts given in Jerusalem
264:There are different views in
215:
59:High Priest of the Israelites
23:. For the rabbinic text, see
2675:Sifrey ṭrey ʻaṡar mefurashim
2028:(which is yellow), or as an
1854:, where the Masoretic reads
1481:
1223:(in the Septuagint) – while
1133:on Ezekiel 28:13), the word
631:Leftovers of the First Sheaf
367:
200:, the wearing of the Hoshen
7:
4203:Priestly clothing (Judaism)
2285:
1988:= in the Masoretic text) /
1835:= in the Masoretic text) /
1765:= in the Masoretic text) /
1697:= in the Masoretic text) /
1651:= in the Masoretic text) /
1502:= in the Masoretic text) /
1381:= in the Masoretic text) /
1323:= in the Masoretic text) /
1219:= in the Masoretic text) /
1051:in the Masoretic text, cf.
692:First shearing of the sheep
10:
4219:
3354:10.1080/000337900110041371
3271:Faris, Nabih Amin (1938).
3260:Theophrastus: De Lapidibus
3047:Commentary on the Penteuch
2805:www.jewishencyclopedia.com
2722:68a; cf. Pliny the Elder,
2467:, (ed. Arthur Vööbus), in
2297:Priestly golden head plate
2260:
2085:, the layers are given as
1389:where the Masoretic reads
1301:was red or greenish blue;
1285:, a term appearing in the
923:), and probably refers to
586:Twenty-four priestly gifts
562:Ishmael ben Elisha HaKohen
320:, are unclear. Though the
18:
4188:Jewish religious clothing
4082:
4011:
3970:
3949:
3926:Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael
3898:
3872:
3804:
3738:
3665:Pillars of fire and cloud
3607:
3506:
3440:
3284:Field, Frederick (1875).
3096:Blake & de Vis (1934)
3006:Sixteen Books on Medicine
2632:
2621:Cheyne & Black (1899)
2506:Blake & de Vis (1934)
2452:Blake & de Vis (1934)
2389:Oxford English Dictionary
981:); in the classical era,
969:in the Masoretic text) /
898:
817:Kohanic disqualifications
443:(skin disease and mildew)
186:
170:
2801:"JewishEncyclopedia.com"
2351:
2327:
2194:. Scholars suspect that
2077:is the description of a
1625:known as stibium. Rabbi
1584:, the name was given as
3277:Oxford University Press
3239:. London: Christophers.
3181:Berlin & Kay (1969)
3150:Antiquities of the Jews
3036:, pp. 371, 375–378
2932:Antiquities of the Jews
2919:Epist. LXIV ad Fabiolam
2901:, pp. 26–27, s.v.
2302:Priestly robe (Judaism)
2230:) has been replaced by
1992:(in the Septuagint and
1805:or to amber, and since
1137:is rendered as "onyx".
1113:that it was green) and
1081:, but is somewhat of a
696:Foreleg, cheeks and maw
617:Bread from First Fruits
605:Communal peace offering
99:) were placed upon it (
67:breastplate of judgment
44:breastpiece of judgment
4132:Priestly undergarments
3766:Stations of the Exodus
3227:Blake, Robert Pierpont
2397:(Second Edition), and
2322:Priestly undergarments
1821:, renders the word as
1701:(in the Septuagint) –
1655:(in the Septuagint) –
1491:
1433:is the Greek term for
1208:
1200:Interpretation of the
706:Redemption of a donkey
552:Joshua the High Priest
324:names for them in the
241:, which, according to
228:
127:
94:הָאוּרִים וְהַתֻּמִּים
35:
4198:Gemstones in religion
3941:In Antebellum America
3906:Sources and parallels
3554:High Priest of Israel
3392:at Wikimedia Commons
3250:Encyclopaedia Biblica
3229:; de Vis, H. (1934).
2737:Hil. Kelei Ha-Mikdash
2176:is the most common).
2073:In the New Testament
2024:(which is red), as a
1659:definitely refers to
1489:
1199:
1139:Aquilas the proselyte
953:Chinese Union Version
463:Beth din shel Kohanim
381:Priesthood in Judaism
223:
125:
33:
21:Hoshen (organization)
4107:Priestly breastplate
3390:Priestly breastplate
3245:Cheyne, Thomas Kelly
3166:Nestle-Aland edition
3070:Isidore of Seville,
1956:Epiphanius de Gemmis
1017:(presumably meaning
931:might also refer to
805:Miscellaneous topics
305:viewed the gates of
40:priestly breastplate
4034:Zipporah at the inn
3796:Yam Suph (Reed Sea)
3625:Ark of the Covenant
3162:Revelation 21:19–20
2876:Babylonian Talmud,
2863:Babylonian Talmud,
2850:Babylonian Talmud,
2718:Babylonian Talmud,
2520:, and again in his
2434:Epiphanius, in his
2166:(literally meaning
1795:Libyan desert glass
1746:(Numbers Rabba 2:7)
1619:(Numbers Rabba 2:7)
1592:, and equated with
1359:mentions the stone
1245:Philo of Alexandria
1239:, referring to the
1156:, the stone called
1154:(Numbers Rabba 2:7)
572:Phannias ben Samuel
283:Hezekiah ben Manoah
97:hāʾūrīm wəhattummīm
61:, according to the
4142:Priestly divisions
4102:Holy anointing oil
3911:Textual variations
3751:Massah and Meribah
3669:Priestly clothing
3589:Pharaoh's daughter
3086:, s.v. Exo. 28:20.
3045:Abraham ibn Ezra,
3024:, pp. 364–365
2705:Yonah ibn Ǧanāḥ,
2075:Book of Revelation
1677:Isidore of Seville
1492:
1477:was a white stone.
1209:
822:Holy anointing oil
468:Priestly divisions
229:
210:Children of Israel
128:
36:
4193:Hardstone carving
4170:
4169:
4162:Priestly covenant
4076:Jewish priesthood
4042:
4041:
3791:Wilderness of Sin
3781:Battle of Refidim
3678:golden head plate
3594:Shiphrah and Puah
3388:Media related to
3341:Annals of Science
3118:q.v. Isaiah 54:12
3004:Aëtius of Amida,
2946:, pp. 65, 71
2691:Sefer HaShorashim
1747:
1620:
1311:Babylonian Targum
1243:, which was red.
1155:
979:critical scholars
891:
890:
852:13 Kohanic cities
730:Priestly garments
625:Leftovers of the
608:Fowl sin offering
430:Priestly Blessing
415:Priestly covenant
196:According to the
4210:
4157:Urim and Thummim
4147:Shemen Afarsimon
4069:
4062:
4055:
4046:
4045:
4029:Ten Commandments
4024:Plagues of Egypt
3899:Textual analysis
3650:Incense offering
3620:Ark of bulrushes
3419:
3412:
3405:
3396:
3395:
3387:
3373:
3330:
3314:
3303:
3297:
3289:
3280:
3267:
3254:
3240:
3222:
3183:
3178:
3169:
3159:
3153:
3146:
3140:
3137:
3131:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3043:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3002:
2996:
2989:
2983:
2982:, pp. 68–69
2977:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2928:
2922:
2912:
2906:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2881:
2874:
2868:
2861:
2855:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2797:
2740:
2733:
2727:
2716:
2710:
2703:
2697:
2687:
2681:
2672:
2666:
2659:
2653:
2649:
2634:
2618:
2549:
2544:
2525:
2514:
2508:
2498:
2492:
2489:leek green stone
2486:
2480:
2461:
2455:
2432:
2426:
2411:
2405:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2369:
2362:
2276:retinal ganglion
2216:literally means
2180:literally means
1878:literally means
1847:, or the phrase
1745:
1631:Abraham ibn Ezra
1618:
1590:Flavius Josephus
1580:). In the Latin
1514:, respectively.
1471:Abraham ibn Ezra
1307:Jerusalem Targum
1263:appears to be a
1249:Jerusalem Targum
1206:Robert Hindmarsh
1153:
1099:Ptolemaic period
900:
883:
876:
869:
792:Urim and Thummim
644:Firstborn animal
567:Joshua ben Gamla
458:Incense offering
394:
389:
372:
371:
281:writers such as
270:Jerusalem Targum
188:
172:
165:
164:
160:
155:
154:
150:
144:
143:
139:
110:
95:
86:Urim and Thummim
76:
75:חֹשֶׁן מִשְׁפָּט
53:
4218:
4217:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4137:Priestly turban
4078:
4073:
4043:
4038:
4007:
3966:
3945:
3936:Song of the Sea
3894:
3868:
3800:
3734:
3603:
3574:Nadab and Abihu
3502:
3436:
3435:
3423:
3381:
3376:
3291:
3290:
3264:Clarendon Press
3219:
3191:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3160:
3156:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3128:Gottheil (1908)
3126:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3090:
3082:
3078:
3069:
3065:
3057:
3053:
3049:, Genesis 2:11.
3044:
3040:
3032:
3028:
3020:
3016:
3003:
2999:
2990:
2986:
2980:Eichholz (1965)
2978:
2974:
2968:Gottheil (1908)
2966:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2944:Eichholz (1965)
2942:
2938:
2929:
2925:
2913:
2909:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2875:
2871:
2862:
2858:
2849:
2845:
2835:
2833:
2822:
2818:
2809:
2807:
2799:
2798:
2743:
2734:
2730:
2724:Natural History
2717:
2713:
2707:Sefer Shorashim
2704:
2700:
2688:
2684:
2673:
2669:
2660:
2656:
2619:
2552:
2547:Exodus 28:15–19
2545:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2515:
2511:
2499:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2462:
2458:
2433:
2429:
2412:
2408:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2366:Natural History
2363:
2359:
2354:
2330:
2317:Priestly turban
2288:
2263:
2174:the red variety
2071:
2004:are cognate to
1987:
1920:striped garment
1834:
1764:
1755:
1735:strong drinking
1696:
1650:
1569:); the English
1501:
1484:
1467:imperial zircon
1380:
1322:
1305:and the second
1273:, referring to
1218:
1194:
1054:
1050:
968:
887:
858:
857:
856:
806:
798:
797:
796:
762:
761:
731:
723:
722:
721:
670:
669:
636:
634:
593:
588:
578:
577:
576:
557:Simeon the Just
547:(Second Temple)
546:
545:
520:
519:
484:
474:
473:
472:
424:
413:
412:
387:
370:
287:Bahya ben Asher
251:Jonah ibn Janah
218:
179:August Dillmann
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
141:
137:
136:
120:
84:), because the
28:
25:Choshen Mishpat
17:
12:
11:
5:
4216:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4183:Book of Exodus
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4152:Priestly crown
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4112:Priestly tunic
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4072:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4049:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3993:Eye for an eye
3990:
3985:
3980:
3978:I Am that I Am
3974:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3806:Torah readings
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3730:Temple menorah
3727:
3722:
3717:
3715:Staff of Moses
3712:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3430:Book of Exodus
3425:
3422:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3399:
3380:
3379:External links
3377:
3375:
3374:
3348:(4): 357–379.
3331:
3319:Neusner, Jacob
3315:
3304:
3281:
3268:
3255:
3241:
3223:
3217:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3170:
3154:
3141:
3132:
3120:
3111:
3099:
3088:
3076:
3063:
3051:
3038:
3026:
3014:
2997:
2993:Materia Medica
2984:
2972:
2960:
2948:
2936:
2934:, iii. vii § 5
2923:
2907:
2891:
2882:
2869:
2856:
2843:
2824:Phelps, Paul.
2816:
2741:
2728:
2726:36:54 (36:51).
2711:
2698:
2682:
2667:
2654:
2550:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2509:
2493:
2481:
2456:
2427:
2406:
2379:
2370:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2342:
2337:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2312:Priestly tunic
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2287:
2284:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2221:
2185:
2157:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2065:
1985:
1979:
1832:
1826:
1762:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1694:
1688:
1648:
1642:
1499:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1378:
1372:
1355:from Babylon.
1320:
1314:
1287:Amarna letters
1216:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1052:
1048:
1042:
966:
960:
889:
888:
886:
885:
878:
871:
863:
860:
859:
855:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
808:
807:
804:
803:
800:
799:
795:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
768:
760:
759:
754:
749:
744:
738:
732:
729:
728:
725:
724:
720:
719:
716:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
690:
688:Dough offering
685:
680:
678:Heave offering
674:
668:
667:
660:thank offering
656:
654:Burnt offering
651:
646:
640:
633:
632:
629:
623:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
602:Guilt offering
600:
594:
589:
584:
583:
580:
579:
575:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
548:
544:
543:
538:
533:
528:
522:
521:(First Temple)
518:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
486:
485:
480:
479:
476:
475:
471:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
437:
432:
426:
425:
422:
421:
418:
417:
411:
410:
405:
399:
396:
395:
384:
383:
377:
376:
369:
366:
318:Masoretic text
217:
214:
156:of a cubit by
119:
116:
63:Book of Exodus
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4215:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4127:Priestly robe
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4092:Priestly sash
4090:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4070:
4065:
4063:
4058:
4056:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3921:Exodus Rabbah
3919:
3917:
3916:Covenant Code
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3703:undergarments
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3420:
3415:
3413:
3408:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3391:
3386:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3218:9780520014428
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3197:Berlin, Brent
3194:
3193:
3182:
3177:
3175:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3152:, iii.vii § 5
3151:
3145:
3136:
3130:, p. 367
3129:
3124:
3115:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3092:
3085:
3080:
3073:
3067:
3061:, p. 371
3060:
3059:Walton (2001)
3055:
3048:
3042:
3035:
3034:Walton (2001)
3030:
3023:
3022:Walton (2001)
3018:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2994:
2991:Dioscorides,
2988:
2981:
2976:
2969:
2964:
2957:
2952:
2945:
2940:
2933:
2927:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2886:
2879:
2873:
2866:
2860:
2853:
2847:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2738:
2732:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2692:
2689:David Kimhi,
2686:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2664:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2548:
2543:
2541:
2536:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2490:
2485:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2374:
2367:
2361:
2357:
2346:
2345:Twelve Stones
2343:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2307:Priestly sash
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:) has become
2151:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2063:
2059:
2058:Numbers Rabba
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1744:
1743:Midrash Rabba
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1711:getting drunk
1708:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1681:Midrash Rabba
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1616:Midrash Rabba
1613:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1303:Exodus Rabbah
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1151:Midrash Rabba
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
964:
961:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
921:
916:
912:
908:
904:
896:
893:
892:
884:
879:
877:
872:
870:
865:
864:
862:
861:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
842:Sons of Zadok
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
809:
802:
801:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
769:
767:
766:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
742:Undergarments
740:
739:
737:
736:
727:
726:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
673:
665:
661:
658:Parts of the
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
641:
639:
630:
628:
627:meal offering
624:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
599:
596:
595:
592:
587:
582:
581:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
523:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
483:
478:
477:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
442:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
420:
419:
416:
409:
406:
404:
401:
400:
398:
397:
393:
386:
385:
382:
379:
378:
374:
373:
365:
363:
362:right to left
358:
356:
352:
347:
345:
340:
336:
332:
327:
323:
319:
314:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
271:
267:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
239:
234:
227:
226:ancient Judah
222:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
192:
184:
180:
176:
167:
133:
124:
115:
113:
106:
102:
98:
91:
87:
83:
79:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
49:
45:
41:
32:
26:
22:
4106:
3957:Nash Papyrus
3672:
3640:Burning bush
3635:Bronze laver
3630:Asherah pole
3428:
3382:
3345:
3339:
3335:
3326:
3323:Sonn, Tamara
3309:
3285:
3272:
3259:
3248:
3235:
3231:
3204:
3189:Bibliography
3157:
3149:
3144:
3139:Isaiah 54:12
3135:
3123:
3114:
3106:
3102:
3091:
3084:Field (1875)
3079:
3071:
3066:
3054:
3046:
3041:
3029:
3017:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2992:
2987:
2975:
2970:, p. 95
2963:
2955:
2951:
2939:
2931:
2926:
2918:
2915:Field (1875)
2910:
2902:
2899:Faris (1938)
2894:
2885:
2877:
2872:
2864:
2859:
2851:
2846:
2834:. Retrieved
2829:
2819:
2808:. Retrieved
2804:
2736:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2706:
2701:
2690:
2685:
2674:
2670:
2657:
2646:
2636:
2628:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2501:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2402:
2396:
2387:
2382:
2373:
2365:
2360:
2278:cells. (The
2271:
2267:
2264:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2213:
2199:
2195:
2192:chrysoprason
2191:
2187:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2123:chrysoprason
2122:
2118:
2114:
2111:chrysolithos
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2072:
2061:
2049:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1996:). Although
1989:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1852:-green stone
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1822:
1807:chrysolithos
1806:
1799:lapis lazuli
1787:Chrysolithos
1786:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1767:Chrysolithos
1766:
1763:תַּרְשִׁישִׁ
1758:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1718:
1702:
1698:
1690:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1609:
1601:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1558:
1547:
1543:
1519:
1516:Theophrastus
1503:
1495:
1474:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1430:
1426:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1369:lapis-lazuli
1360:
1357:Theophrastus
1349:lapis lazuli
1344:
1333:Roman Empire
1324:
1316:
1298:
1282:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1201:
1184:
1178:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1146:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1115:rock crystal
1110:
1095:12th Dynasty
1086:
1083:false friend
1076:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1044:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1002:
990:
986:
982:
970:
962:
928:
918:
910:
906:
902:
894:
786:
763:
733:
671:
649:First fruits
637:
598:Sin offering
590:
482:High Priests
440:
359:
353:or books on
348:
343:
339:low hardness
335:naturalistic
315:
311:
263:
258:
255:Naxian stone
236:
230:
195:
190:
174:
168:
129:
118:Hebrew Bible
111:
101:Exodus 28:30
96:
82:Exodus 28:15
78:ḥōšen mišpāṭ
77:
66:
54:
43:
39:
37:
4117:High Priest
3983:Baal-zephon
3950:Manuscripts
3776:Pi-Ramesses
3771:Pi-HaHiroth
3761:Mount Sinai
3756:Mount Horeb
3673:breastplate
3645:Golden calf
3615:Aaron's rod
3232:Epiphanius
3107:Baba Bathra
2518:Antiquities
2218:golden leek
2214:chrysoprase
2201:chrysoprase
2190:has become
2172:, of which
2162:has become
2148:(literally
2083:Koine Greek
2042:Saadia Gaon
2038:al-karkahan
1880:green stone
1685:Saadia Gaon
1627:Saadia Gaon
1544:lykos ouron
1528:Dioscorides
1520:liggourrion
1399:strike hard
1393:. The word
1255:as meaning
1253:Saadia Gaon
1237:Carbunculus
1027:translucent
832:Aaron's rod
787:Breastplate
765:High Priest
735:All Priests
666:'s offering
331:Shamir worm
279:kabbalistic
247:David Kimhi
4177:Categories
4019:The Exodus
3988:El Shaddai
3962:Papyrus 18
3720:Tabernacle
3660:Mercy seat
3519:Israelites
3262:. Oxford:
3148:Josephus,
2930:Josephus,
2810:2023-10-29
2695:p. 426–427
2532:References
2334:Birthstone
2208:, such as
2206:leek-green
2169:chalcedony
2156:(red onyx)
2131:amethystos
1970:वैडूर्य =
1948:Epiphanius
1918:, meaning
1912:leek green
1894:, meaning
1870:refers to
1862:refers to
1815:serpentine
1791:chrysolite
1753:Fourth row
1739:calf's eye
1705:refers to
1703:amethystos
1699:Amethystos
1546:, meaning
1526:, as does
1192:Second row
1131:Septuagint
1061:Septuagint
1023:chrysolite
351:lapidaries
326:Septuagint
274:Maimonides
249:and Rabbi
216:The jewels
135:was to be
4122:Sacrifice
3839:Mishpatim
3829:Beshalach
3710:Showbread
3336:Lyngurium
3294:cite book
3288:. Oxford.
3234:de Gemmis
3201:Kay, Paul
2635:,
2423:lyncurium
2417:(amber),
2232:yacinthos
2164:chalcedon
2127:yacinthos
2099:smaragdos
2095:chalcedon
2091:sapphiros
2079:city wall
1976:veḷuriyaṁ
1944:beryllios
1940:smaragdos
1936:malachite
1884:smaragdos
1876:smaragdos
1860:beryllios
1845:smaragdos
1837:Beryllios
1823:yakinthos
1819:Symmachus
1811:gemstones
1695:אַחְלָמָה
1673:talismans
1594:lyngurium
1524:lyngurium
1482:Third row
1473:says the
1463:hessonite
1411:hallamish
1403:hallamish
1387:Beryllios
1365:verdigris
1361:sapphirus
1353:Akhenaten
1325:Sapphiros
1279:turquoise
1275:malachite
1265:loan word
1241:carbuncle
1235:here has
1171:Symmachus
1123:Smaragdos
1119:Smaragdos
1111:Smaragdos
1103:Cleopatra
1087:Smaragdos
1069:Smaragdos
1057:Smaragdos
1019:shimmered
945:Babylonia
933:carnelian
621:Showbread
510:Ahimelech
453:Sacrifice
368:First row
364:script):
189: (
173: (
109:מִשְׁפָּט
3880:Priestly
3859:Vayakhel
3854:Ki Tissa
3849:Tetzaveh
3725:Tefillin
3599:Zipporah
3441:Chapters
3362:11724065
3325:(1999).
3203:(1969).
2903:baqarani
2663:Zevachim
2419:succinum
2415:electrum
2286:See also
2272:sardonyx
2196:ligurios
2188:Ligurios
2154:sardonyx
2139:Topazion
2119:topazion
2115:beryllos
2103:sardonyx
2054:Josephus
2026:hyacinth
1994:Josephus
1986:יָשְׁפֵה
1972:vaiḍūrya
1968:Sanskrit
1916:musahham
1908:heliodor
1868:onychion
1841:onychion
1783:Tarshish
1775:tarshish
1707:amethyst
1623:antimony
1602:hyacinth
1578:elektrum
1574:electric
1559:ligurios
1504:Ligurios
1447:naq'atha
1443:naq'atha
1439:Peshitta
1431:Onychion
1405:meaning
1337:hyacinth
1329:sapphire
1295:Ashkalon
1291:Akhnaten
1163:baḳarani
1107:heliodor
1065:Bareketh
1059:(in the
1053:בָּרְקַת
1049:בָּרֶקֶת
1007:Assyrian
999:Zabargad
987:topazios
983:topazios
971:Topazios
967:פִּטְדָה
782:Frontlet
664:Nazirite
541:Jehoiada
515:Abiathar
500:Phinehas
441:Tzaraath
355:gemology
233:minerals
204:for the
3971:Phrases
3890:Elohist
3885:Jahwist
3873:Sources
3864:Pekudei
3844:Terumah
3819:Va'eira
3608:Objects
3584:Pharaoh
3579:Oholiab
3559:Ithamar
3544:Gershom
3534:Eliezer
3529:Bezalel
3370:8649133
3012:), 2.34
2679:p. 174b
2648:Alterth
2477:Hexapla
2473:Vorlage
2440:lygyron
2261:Pattern
2254:Solinus
2250:jacinth
2246:jacinth
2241:jacinth
2236:jacinth
2224:Achates
2210:peridot
2178:Anthrax
2160:Anthrax
2146:Onchion
2135:Onchion
2107:sardion
2062:yāšǝfêh
2050:karkand
2046:kadkhod
2034:kadkhod
2030:emerald
2018:Targums
2014:yāšǝfêh
1998:yāšǝfêh
1982:Yāšǝfêh
1974:(Pali:
1962:and/or
1771:anthrax
1731:aḥlamah
1719:Aḥlamah
1715:alcohol
1691:Aḥlamah
1657:achates
1653:Achates
1639:jacinth
1614:); The
1606:jacinth
1582:Vulgate
1512:Liguria
1475:yahalom
1459:citrine
1455:yahalom
1451:shabzez
1427:Yahalom
1415:elmeshu
1395:Yahalom
1391:Yahalom
1379:יָהֲלֹם
1375:Yahalom
1341:jacinth
1321:סַפִּיר
1283:lupakku
1257:karkand
1233:Vulgate
1225:Anthrax
1221:Anthrax
1185:bareḳet
1180:Hexapla
1158:bareḳet
1143:Onkelos
1135:bareḳet
1127:bareḳet
1078:emerald
1073:cognate
1045:Bareḳet
1039:Pharaoh
1035:Red Sea
1015:flashed
1011:hipindu
1003:pit'dah
995:peridot
991:to seek
963:Pit'dah
949:Assyria
915:cognate
903:Sardios
536:Hilkiah
531:Shallum
495:Eleazar
303:Ezekiel
291:Abraham
161:⁄
151:⁄
140:⁄
4012:Events
3814:Shemot
3739:Places
3698:turban
3569:Miriam
3549:Jethro
3507:People
3368:
3360:
3215:
2865:Gittin
2854:36a–b.
2836:11 May
2830:EFiles
2739:, 9:7.
2720:Gittin
2629:ḥasuna
2087:iaspis
2010:iaspis
2006:jasper
2002:iaspis
1990:Iaspis
1964:belūra
1960:berūlā
1928:Soheim
1926:named
1900:cloudy
1874:, and
1833:שֹׁהַם
1779:Taršīš
1759:Taršīš
1741:. The
1727:Ahlamu
1723:strong
1663:, and
1649:שְׁבוֹ
1598:Luther
1596:, but
1586:ligure
1567:Thales
1548:white
1540:lynxes
1532:Aëtius
1508:Leshem
1500:לֶשֶׁם
1383:Iaspis
1339:or of
1299:Nofekh
1261:Nofekh
1227:means
1217:נֹפֶךְ
1213:Nofekh
1202:hoshen
1175:Origen
1167:barḳan
1147:barḳan
1031:Levant
989:means
951:. The
947:, and
937:jasper
752:Turban
388:
344:smeris
259:smeris
238:shamir
202:atoned
198:Talmud
183:Hebrew
171:חֹשֶׁן
146:cloth—
112:mišpāṭ
105:Hebrew
90:Hebrew
71:Hebrew
52:חֹשֶׁן
48:Hebrew
4097:Ephod
4087:Kohen
3834:Yitro
3746:Egypt
3693:tunic
3655:Manna
3564:Marah
3524:Aaron
3514:Moses
3498:38–40
3493:35–38
3488:30–34
3483:27–30
3478:25–27
3473:21–24
3468:18–20
3463:13–17
3458:10–13
3366:S2CID
2995:2:100
2921:, 16.
2878:Sotah
2852:Sotah
2652:390."
2643:Ewald
2638:sinus
2633:חֹצֶן
2448:lešem
2444:lešem
2352:Notes
2328:Other
2292:Ephod
2228:agate
1932:šoham
1924:Yemen
1892:samtu
1888:Šoham
1864:beryl
1856:šoham
1843:, or
1829:Šoham
1803:topaz
1713:from
1661:agate
1635:amber
1600:used
1563:amber
1555:Pliny
1550:urine
1536:urine
1496:Lešem
1423:rings
1407:flint
1345:Sapir
1317:Sapir
1293:from
1270:mfkꜣt
1091:beryl
1075:with
1009:word
975:topaz
941:Egypt
917:with
899:אֹדֶם
827:Kahen
777:Ephod
747:Tunic
526:Zadok
490:Aaron
423:Roles
403:Kohen
322:Greek
299:Jacob
297:, or
295:Isaac
243:Rashi
191:ḥōṣen
187:חֹצֶן
185:word
175:ḥōšen
132:ephod
55:ḥōšen
3786:Shur
3688:sash
3683:robe
3539:Elim
3358:PMID
3300:link
3213:ISBN
2838:2023
2522:Wars
2463:cf.
2421:and
2386:The
2268:onyx
2182:coal
2150:onyx
2022:ruby
2000:and
1904:pale
1896:dark
1872:onyx
1850:leek
1669:subu
1665:ševo
1645:Ševo
1611:gold
1571:stem
1530:and
1510:and
1461:and
1435:onyx
1419:hard
1229:coal
1063:) –
1055:) /
1025:, a
957:ruby
929:Odem
925:sard
920:Adam
911:Odem
895:Odem
772:Robe
757:Sash
662:and
307:Zion
285:and
38:The
3453:6–9
3448:1–6
3350:doi
3109:75a
2880:48b
2867:68a
2665:88b
2625:Di.
2623:: "
2048:as
1898:or
1637:or
1538:of
1522:or
1277:or
1204:by
1177:'s
1071:is
913:is
907:red
505:Eli
346:).
261:).
206:sin
42:or
4179::
3824:Bo
3364:.
3356:.
3346:58
3344:.
3321:;
3296:}}
3292:{{
3275:.
3211:.
3207:.
3199:;
3173:^
2828:.
2803:.
2744:^
2661:B.
2645:,
2553:^
2539:^
2392:,
2212:;
2129:,
2125:,
2121:,
2117:,
2113:,
2109:,
2105:,
2101:,
2097:,
2093:,
2089:,
1950:’
1858:;
1777:.
1675:.
1409:;
1101:.
943:,
357:.
293:,
212:.
107::
92::
80:–
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4068:e
4061:t
4054:v
3418:e
3411:t
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3372:.
3352::
3329:.
3302:)
3279:.
3266:.
3253:.
3221:.
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2905:.
2840:.
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2650:.
2454:.
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2220:.
2064:.
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