President of Ireland

2971: 2211: 3383: 3293: 3086: 85: 3216: 1150:(head of government) and other ministers, and accepts their resignations. The Taoiseach is appointed upon the nomination of the Dáil, and the president is required to appoint whomever the Dáil designates without the right to refuse appointment. The remainder of the cabinet is appointed upon the nomination of the Taoiseach and approval of the Dáil; as with appointing the Taoiseach, the president is required to make the appointment without the right to appoint someone else. Ministers are dismissed by the advice of the Taoiseach and the Taoiseach must, unless there is a dissolution of the Dáil, resign upon 2446:. Most of its occupants to that time followed Hyde's precedent-setting conception of the presidency as a conservative, low-key institution that used its ceremonial prestige and few discretionary powers sparingly. In fact, the presidency was such a quiet position that Irish politicians sought to avoid contested presidential elections as often as possible, feeling that the attention such elections would bring to the office was an unnecessary distraction, and office-seekers facing economic austerity would often suggest the elimination of the office as a money-saving measure. 5184: 302: 3147: 55: 2026: 69: 2832: 5423: 5367: 324: 1994:

the Council of State, acting by a majority of its members, to "make such provision as to them may seem meet" for the exercise of the duties of the president in any contingency the constitution does not foresee. However, to date, it has never been necessary for the council to take up this role. Although an outgoing president who has been re-elected is usually described in the media as "president" before the taking of the Declaration of Office, that is actually incorrect. Technically, the outgoing president is a

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However, the necessary circumstances existed in 1944, 1982 and 1994. The apparent discrepancy, referred to above, between the Irish and English versions of the Constitution has discouraged presidents from contemplating the use of the power. On the three occasions when the necessary circumstances existed, presidents have adopted an ultra-strict policy of non-contact with the opposition. The most notable instance of this was in January 1982, when

5661: 5451: 5437: 5353: 5563: 5409: 5507: 5738: 1476: 1396: 5605: 5493: 2554: 5717: 5633: 1703:(has completed his thirty-five years)". Because a person's thirty-fifth year of life begins on their thirty-fourth birthday, this means there is a year's difference between the minimum ages as stated in the two texts. However, the Irish version of the subsection prevails in accordance with the rule stated in Article 25.5.4°. Various proposals have been made to amend the Constitution so as to eliminate this discrepancy. The 5479: 3818: 5549: 5703: 2367:. The 1937 constitution did not mention the king, but neither did it state that the president was head of state, saying rather that the president "shall take precedence over all other persons in the State". The president exercised some powers that could be exercised by heads of state but which could also be exercised by governors or governors-general, such as appointing the government and promulgating the law. 1545:, demanded to be connected to Hillery, with Haughey threatening to end Barber's career if the calls weren't put through. Hillery, as Supreme Commander of the Defence Forces, recorded the threat in Barber's military personnel file and recorded that Barber had been acting on his instructions in refusing the call. Even without this consideration, refusing such a request would arguably create a 3826: 1682:. Where more than one candidate is nominated, the election is 'adjourned' so that a ballot can take place, allowing the electors to choose between candidates. A presidential election is held in time for the winner to take office the day after the end of the incumbent's seven-year term. In the event of premature vacancy, an election must be held within sixty days. 2689:

Though the president's title implicitly asserted authority in Northern Ireland, in reality the Irish president needed government permission to visit there. (The Constitution of Ireland in Article 3 explicitly stated that "ending the re-integration of the national territory" the authority of the Irish

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249,014. The incumbent, Michael D. Higgins, chooses to receive the same salary although he is entitled to a higher figure of €325,507. The president's total "emoluments and allowances" includes an additional €317,434 for expenses. The Office of the President's total budget estimate for 2017 was €3.9

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nominee, the first president to defeat Fianna Fáil in an election and the first female president. Upon election, however, Robinson took steps to de-politicize the office. She also sought to widen the scope of the presidency, developing new economic, political and cultural links between the state and

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There have been many suggestions for reforming the office of president over the years. In 1996, the Constitutional Review Group recommended that the office of President should remain largely unchanged. However, it suggested that the Constitution should be amended to explicitly declare the president

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by Queen Elizabeth II. Palace accreditation supplied to journalists referred to the "visit of the president of Ireland". Between 1990 and 2010, both Robinson and her successor President McAleese (1997–2011) visited the Palace on numerous occasions, while senior members of the British royal family –

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Technically each president's term of office expires at midnight on the day before the new president's inauguration. Therefore, between midnight and the inauguration the following day the presidential duties and functions are carried out by the presidential commission. The constitution also empowers

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If requested to do so by a petition signed by a majority of the membership of the Seanad and one-third of the membership of the Dáil, the president may, after consultation with the Council of State, decline to sign into law a bill (other than a bill to amend the constitution) they consider to be of

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Every formal address or message "to the nation" or to either or both Houses of the Oireachtas must have prior approval of the government. Other than on these two (quite rare) occasions, there is no limitation on the president's right to speak. While earlier presidents were exceptionally cautious in

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system in the Dáil, along the lines of that in Germany. If this system were introduced then the power of the president to refuse a Dáil dissolution would be largely redundant and could be taken away. The All-party Oireachtas Committee on the Constitution's 1998 Report made similar recommendations.

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of 1998, the president has regularly visited Northern Ireland. President McAleese, who was the first president to have been born in Northern Ireland, continued on from President Robinson in this regard. In a sign of the warmth of modern British-Irish relations, she has even been warmly welcomed by

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Where only one candidate is nominated, the candidate is deemed elected without the need for a ballot. For this reason, where there is a consensus among political parties not to have a contest, the president may be 'elected' without the occurrence of an actual ballot. Since the establishment of the

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of the same year, it was this king who represented the state in its foreign affairs. Treaties, therefore, were signed in the name of the King of Ireland, who also accredited ambassadors and received the letters of credence of foreign diplomats. This role meant, in any case, that George VI was the

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which is usually translated as "under his own counsel". Lawyers have suggested that a conflict may exist in this case between the two versions of the constitution. In the event of a clash between the Irish and English versions of the constitution, the Irish one is given supremacy. While "absolute

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resolution, provided at least thirty members move it and at least two-thirds support it. The other house will then either investigate the stated charges or commission a body to do so; following which at least two-thirds of members must agree both that the president is guilty and that the charges

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The president can be removed from office in two ways, neither of which has ever been invoked. The Supreme Court, in a sitting of at least five judges, may find the president "permanently incapacitated", while the Oireachtas may remove the president for "stated misbehaviour". Either house of the

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who has "ceased to retain the support of a majority in Dáil Eireann" is required to resign, unless the Taoiseach asks the president to dissolve the Dáil. The president has the right to refuse such a request, in which case the Taoiseach must resign immediately. This power has never been invoked.

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had declined on government advice to attend the 1953 Coronation Garden Party at the British Embassy in Dublin. Britain in turn insisted on referring to the president as 'president of the Republic of Ireland' or 'president of the Irish Republic'. Letters of Credence from Queen Elizabeth, on the

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contact whatsoever can take place. As a result, it is considered controversial for the president to be contacted by the leaders of any political parties in an effort to influence a decision made using the discretionary powers. It is required that, before exercising certain reserve powers, the

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that the Dáil and the Seanad have adopted. However, the president may refer it to the Supreme Court to test its constitutionality. If the Supreme Court upholds the bill, the president is obliged to sign it. If, however, it is found to be unconstitutional, the president may refuse to give

1127:(cabinet). The government is obliged, however, to keep the president generally informed on matters of policy both foreign and domestic. Most of the functions of the president may be performed only in accordance with the strict instructions of the Constitution, or the binding " 1696:

Candidates must be Irish citizens and over 35 years old. There is a discrepancy between the English- and Irish-language texts of Article 12.4.1°. According to the English text, an eligible candidate "has reached his thirty-fifth year of age", whereas the Irish text states

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The naming dispute and consequent avoidance of contact at head of state level has gradually thawed since 1990. President Robinson (1990–97) chose unilaterally to break the taboo by regularly visiting the United Kingdom for public functions, frequently in connection with

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of Ireland. In the event of a premature vacancy in the presidency, a successor must be elected within sixty days. In a vacancy or where the president is unavailable, the duties and functions of the office are carried out by a presidential commission, consisting of the

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great "national importance" until it has been approved by either the people in a referendum or the Dáil reassembling after a general election, held within eighteen months. This power has never been used, and no such petition has been invoked. Of the 60 senators,

4387:, unless before the expiration of that period he dies, or resigns, or is removed from office, or becomes permanently incapacitated, such incapacity being established to the satisfaction of the Supreme Court consisting of not less than five judges.' Also, ' 1020:

The president holds office for seven years, and can be elected for a maximum of two terms. The president is elected directly by the people, although there is no poll if only one candidate is nominated, which has occurred on six occasions, most recently in

3891: 2453:, faced a contentious dispute with the government in 1976 over the signing of a bill declaring a state of emergency, which ended in Ó Dálaigh's resignation. His successor, Patrick Hillery, was also involved in a controversy in 1982, when then-Taoiseach 2726:. But in other instances, Mary McAleese had been criticised for certain comments, such as a reference to the way in which Protestant children in Northern Ireland had been brought up to hate Catholics just as German children had been encouraged to hate 2464:

The presidency began to be transformed in the 1990s. Hillery's conduct regarding the dissolution affair in 1982 came to light in 1990, imbuing the office with a new sense of dignity and stability. However, it was Hillery's successor, seventh president

1029:, but the president does exercise certain limited powers with absolute discretion which have constitutional importance. The president acts as a representative of the Irish state and guardian of the constitution. The president's official residence is 2341:. At the time the office was established critics warned that the post might lead to the emergence of a dictatorship. However, these fears were not borne out as successive presidents played a limited, largely apolitical role in national affairs. 2461:. Hillery was bombarded with phone calls from opposition members urging him to refuse the request, an action that Hillery saw as highly inappropriate interference with the president's constitutional role and resisted the political pressure. 2273:

mounted escort, wearing light blue hussar-style uniforms. However to save money the first Inter-Party Government replaced the Irish horses by Japanese motorbikes, which the then Minister for Defence believed would be "much more impressive".

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The president may, at the request of the Dáil, impose a time-limit on the period during which the Seanad may consider a bill. The effect of this power is to restrict the power of the Seanad to delay a bill that the government considers

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made much more use of their right to speak without government approval, with McAleese doing many live television and radio interviews. Nonetheless, by convention presidents refrain from direct criticism and commentary of the

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The president may convene a meeting of either or both Houses of the Oireachtas. This power would allow the president to step in if, in extraordinary circumstances, the ordinary procedures for convening the houses had broken

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The president may "address a message to the Nation" subject to the same conditions as an address to the Oireachtas. This power has never been used. Commonplace messages, such as Christmas greetings, are not considered to

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or as soon as may be thereafter or, in the event of his predecessor's removal from office, death, resignation, or permanent incapacity established as provided by section 3 hereof, as soon as may be after the

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The inauguration ceremony takes place on the day following the expiry of the term of office of the preceding president. No location is specified in the constitution, but all inaugurations have taken place in

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by means of the single transferable vote", the Constitution Review Group and the All-Party Oireachtas Committee both recommend deleting "proportional representation", which does not apply to a single-winner

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political party won every presidential election until 1990. The party traditionally used the nomination as a reward for its most senior and prominent members, such as party founder and longtime Taoiseach

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discretion" appears to leave some freedom for manoeuvre for a president in deciding whether to initiate contact with the opposition, "own counsel" has been interpreted by some lawyers as suggesting that

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bemoaned the crude strictures of the prescribed process; especially the fact that, if the court finds that a bill does not violate the Constitution, this judgment can never subsequently be challenged.

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to today's nutrition, poverty and policy issues, attempting to create a bridge of partnership between developed and developing countries. Since 2019 the President has attended annual meetings of the

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at all times, and is encircled by security fencing and intrusion detection systems. At all times the president travels with an armed security detail in Ireland and overseas, which is provided by the

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The president may, if requested to do so by the Seanad, establish a Committee of Privileges to solve a dispute between the two Houses of the Oireachtas as to whether or not a bill is a money bill.

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The president possesses the following powers exercised "in his absolute discretion" according to the English version of the Constitution. The Irish version states that these powers are exercised

2379:, which came into force in April 1949, proclaimed a republic and transferred the role of representing the state abroad from the monarch to the president. No change was made to the constitution. 8128: 1599:, a bill to amend the Constitution, or an urgent bill the time for the consideration of which has been abridged in the Seanad. This is the most widely used reserve power; a full list is at 1262:. This was controversial and was soon abandoned along with similar British proposals. Power of commutation and remittance are not restricted to the president, though this was the case for 4210: 2418:, confirmed that De Valera did offer Donough O'Brien the title of Prince-President of the Irish Republic, but this was turned down and so a President of Ireland was instituted instead. 3401: 5775: 1581: 2690:

state did not extend to Northern Ireland. Presidents prior to the presidency of Mary Robinson were regularly refused permission by the Irish government to visit Northern Ireland.)

5315: 4151: 2625:'s advice, appointing United Kingdom ambassadors to Ireland were not addressed to the 'president of Ireland' but to the president personally (for example: 'President Hillery'). 1537:

instructed an aide, Captain Anthony Barber, to ensure that no telephone calls from the opposition were to be passed on to him. Nevertheless, three opposition figures, including

6174: 4300: 980: 2581:. The implication behind the title 'president of Ireland' was that the president would function as the head of all Ireland. However, this implication was challenged by the 1633:

have been made: one by de Valera, two by Robinson, and one by McAleese. The approval of the government is needed for the message; in practice, the entire text is submitted.

8039: 1986:(chairperson) of the Seanad. Routine functions, such as signing bills into law, have often been fulfilled by the presidential commission when the president is abroad on a 5308: 1956: 4958: 4379:

Article 12 of the Constitution of Ireland defines the exact duration of the president's term of office (date information italicised for the purpose of this footnote): '

4628: 2478:. Robinson used the prestige of the office to activist ends, placing emphasis during her presidency on the needs of developing countries, linking the history of the 2666:, London, in 1995, to commemorate the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the foundation of the Queen's Colleges in 1845 (the Queen's Colleges are now known as 4230: 2679: 6890: 3795: 7987: 6910: 2777:

from the coming into force of the Constitution on 29 December 1937 until the election of Douglas Hyde in 1938, and during the vacancies of 1974, 1976, and 1997.

2738:. These remarks caused outrage among Northern Ireland's unionist politicians, and McAleese later apologised and conceded that her statement had been unbalanced. 1820: 2145:

on its principal television and radio channels, typically from around 11 am. To highlight the significance of the event, all key figures in the executive (the

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Despite the historical meekness of the presidency, however, it has been at the centre of some high-profile controversies. In particular, the fifth president,

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in 1952 as ' of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland'. The Irish government refused to attend royal functions as a result; for example,

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As head of state of Ireland, the president receives the highest level of protection in the state. Áras an Uachtaráin is protected by armed guards from the

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to test its constitutionality. If the Supreme Court finds any referred part unconstitutional, the entire bill falls. This power may not be applied to a

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The president-elect is usually escorted to and from the ceremony by the Presidential Motorcycle Escort ceremonial outriders. Until 1947 they were a

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allows judges' pay to be cut, it did not extend to the president, although incumbent Mary McAleese offered to take a voluntary cut in solidarity.

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However, upon his accession to the throne in 1936, George VI had been proclaimed, as previous monarchs had been, "King of Ireland" and, under the

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of foreign diplomats. Ministers sign international treaties in the president's name. This role was not exercised by the president prior to the

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Four presidents have served for two terms, or fourteen years in total: Seán T. O'Kelly, Éamon de Valera, Patrick Hillery, and Mary McAleese.

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during their terms of office, in order to prevent such a reduction being used by the government to apply political pressure on them. While

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is signed and sealed by the president. This is a nominal function, the powers of which are exercised by the advice of the government. (See

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most public-sector workers took significant pay cuts, but the Constitution prohibited a reduction in the salary of the president and the

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from 35 to 21, which was put to referendum in May 2015; the bill was heavily defeated, with approximately 73% of voters voting against.

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in 1992. The current procedure is specified by Section 7 of the Criminal Procedure Act, 1993. There were plans in 2005 for paramilitary

8035: 4135: 3658: 1942: 1910: 1900: 1890: 4492: 4333:"Thirty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution (Age of Eligibility for Election to the Office of President) Bill 2015 (Number 6 of 2015)" 1990:. The government's power to prevent the president leaving the state is relevant in aligning the diplomatic and legislative calendars. 6956: 6834: 4925: 4869: 3744: 1925: 1880: 1810: 1805: 1795: 447: 437: 344: 4895: 4275: 2242:(SDU), an elite wing of the Irish police force. Protection is increased if there is a known threat. The presidential limousine is a 7854: 6490: 2411: 2330: 2161: 2049: 1630: 1592: 1584:.) The following powers all require prior consultation with the Council of State, although the president need not take its advice: 1302: 1170:

This power is exercised on the advice of the Taoiseach; government or Dáil approval is not needed. The president may only refuse a

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to be head of state (at present that term does not appear in the text), and that consideration be given to the introduction of a

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regime, on 27 January 2005, following her attendance at the ceremony commemorating the sixtieth anniversary of the liberation of

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This article is about the head of state of modern Ireland. For the president of the 1919–1922 revolutionary Irish Republic, see

7200: 7084: 6744: 6144: 2415: 1855: 1678:. Under the Presidential Elections Act, 1993 a candidate's election formally takes place in the form of a 'declaration' by the 834: 830: 811: 615: 2285:. The use of the state carriage was highly popular with crowds. However an accident with a later presidential carriage at the 2060:. The president is normally referred to as 'President' or 'Uachtarán', rather than 'Mr/Madam President' or similar forms. The 1569: 953: 8002: 7033: 6279: 5078: 4989: 4948: 3859: 3492: 2350: 1493: 1413: 1328: 1290: 1050: 4459: 7904: 7287: 7173: 6389: 6194: 5844: 2633:

or to visit the Irish emigrant community in Great Britain. In another breaking of precedent, she accepted an invitation to

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During the period of 1937 to 1949 it was unclear whether the Irish head of state was actually the president of Ireland or

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The president may appoint up to seven members of the Council of State, and remove or replace such appointed members. (See

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LWB. The Presidential Limousine is dark navy blue and carries the presidential standard on the left front wing and the

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In the matter of Article 26 of the Constitution and in the Matter of The Housing (Private Rented Dwellings) Bill, 1981

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on the right front wing. When travelling the presidential limousine is always accompanied by support cars (normally

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This power is exercised only by the advice of the government. The president accredits ambassadors and receives the

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president shall enter upon his office on the day following the expiration of the term of office of his predecessor

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The president appoints, on the advice of the government, the Senior Professors and chairman of the council of the

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Thirty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution (Age of Eligibility for Election to the Office of President) Bill 2015

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Mary Robinson was the youngest president to leave office, aged 53, and the first woman to serve as president.

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The first president shall enter upon his office as soon as may be after his election, and every subsequent

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In the Matter of Article 26 of the Constitution and in the Matter of The Electoral (Amendment) Bill, 1983

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in Dublin. The ninety-two-room building formerly served as the 'out-of-season' residence of the Irish

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At the presidential inauguration in 1945, alongside the mounted escort on horseback, president-elect

2061: 2006: 1171: 890: 565: 7702: 2504: 1875: 7929: 7059: 6673: 6410: 6369: 6344: 6334: 6319: 6314: 6264: 6229: 6214: 5511: 5357: 5251: 4047: 3716: 3106: 3096: 2613: 2544: 2515: 2450: 2235: 2010: 1975: 1675: 1604: 1207: 1014: 609: 554: 549: 3697: 3382: 1860: 1845: 1825: 513: 490: 84: 7997: 7946: 7662: 7414: 7163: 7023: 6829: 6774: 6764: 6731: 6564: 6476: 6364: 6284: 6254: 5969: 5929: 5829: 5651: 5497: 4028: 3912: 2671: 2655: 2185: 2037: 2029: 1486: 1406: 1294: 1239: 1151: 1128: 1081: 1046: 1032: 596: 337: 179: 121: 4723: 4603: 4571: 3292: 3085: 8017: 7894: 7520: 7040: 6895: 6784: 6735: 5949: 5944: 4721: 3819:"Hain drops amnesty for fugitive killers; U-turn over Northern Ireland plan to free terrorists" 3512: 3421: 3325: 3254: 2470: 2239: 1313: 1243: 1217: 1116: 857: 591: 5084: 4690: 2569:

The text of the Constitution of Ireland, as originally enacted in 1937, made reference in its

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Kenny, Enda; Select Committee on Finance, Public Expenditure and Reform (16 February 2017).

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to two geopolitical entities: a thirty-two county 'national territory' (i.e., the island of

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The office of president was established in 1937, in part as a replacement for the office of

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5000 from 1938 to 1973, since when it has been calculated as 10% greater than that of the

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The president may address, or send a message to, either or both Houses of the Oireachtas.

1462:. However, the president is not compelled to act in accordance with the council's advice. 245: 8: 7924: 7826: 7722: 7610: 7455: 7145: 7135: 7045: 6721: 6578: 6559: 6513: 6379: 6189: 6080: 6049: 6014: 6004: 5989: 5934: 5899: 5884: 5869: 5859: 5839: 5534: 5371: 4891: 4830:"Financial Emergency Measures in the Public Interest (Amendment) Act 2011, Section 12(2)" 4282: 2699: 2318: 2263: 2231: 2223: 2107: 1777: 1562: 1010: 781: 188: 7751: 2262:

driven by trained drivers from the SDU) and several Garda motorcycle outriders from the

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million, of which €2.6 million was for pay and running costs, and the balance for the

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In an October 2009 poll, concerning support for various potential candidates in the

2025: 1740:

Themselves (in the case of incumbent or former presidents who have served one term).

1105: 815: 497: 424: 7841: 7821: 7642: 7597: 6971: 6652: 6634: 6521: 5679: 4658:"Higher or lower: how does Michael D's new salary compare to other heads of state?" 4463: 2590: 2582: 2578: 2570: 2391: 2334: 2321:

aircraft at his/her disposal if so needed, including helicopters and private jets.

2157: 2150: 1712: 1607: 1339: 1332: 1123:

chief executive. Rather, executive authority in Ireland is expressly vested in the

822: 584: 68: 54: 5063: 4629:"Statement from President Michael D. Higgins Regarding Voluntary Salary Reduction" 7941: 7869: 7864: 7694: 7572: 7499: 7140: 6824: 6799: 6339: 6009: 5721: 5483: 5469: 5256: 4724:"Estimates for Public Services 2017 Vote 1 – President's Establishment (Revised)" 4467: 4301:"Government clears way for referendum to reduce presidential candidate age to 21" 4217: 4198: 4158: 4139: 4085: 4054: 4035: 4016: 3997: 3978: 3959: 3940: 3919: 3772: 3723: 3704: 3156: 2605: 2558: 2483: 2443: 2399: 2383: 2311: 2247: 2118:". It consists of the first four bars followed by the last five, without lyrics. 2005:

Vacancies in the presidency have occurred three times: on the death in office of

1979: 1690: 1663: 1542: 1534: 1283: 1092:

is largely a ceremonial one. The president is formally one of three parts of the

486: 216: 5525: 8102: 8076: 7972: 7811: 7799: 7577: 6640: 6624: 6574: 5665: 5422: 5335: 3790: 3569: 2586: 2475: 2395: 2169: 2149:), the legislature (Oireachtas) and the judiciary attend, as do members of the 2098: 2090: 2085: 2077: 2069: 1970: 1317: 998: 944: 847: 506: 230: 44: 5105:

Voices from the Great Houses of Ireland: Life in the Big House: Cork and Kerry

3471:

Erskine Childers, who died in office, had the shortest presidency of 511 days.

3341: 3185: 3065: 3009: 2938: 2870: 2431: 1538: 8112: 7627: 7460: 7334: 6809: 6794: 5790: 5331: 5266: 5261: 5150: 4662: 4070:, Minister for Transport, Tourism and Sport, awarded "Companionship" in this 3302: 3225: 2723: 2703: 2466: 2363:. This period of confusion ended in 1949 when the state was declared to be a 2337:. The seven-year term of office of the president was inspired by that of the 2214:

The Inauguration of Seán T. O'Kelly in 1945. The 2nd Cavalry Squadron of the

2138: 2103: 2057: 2014: 1983: 1667: 1375: 1371: 1370:

delivering speeches and on almost every occasion submitted them for vetting,

1298: 1089: 1006: 502: 459: 157: 4079: 3146: 2589:

which was the state internationally acknowledged as having sovereignty over

2188:

adopted in 1937 requires the president's oath of office be taken in public.

1722:, consecutive or otherwise. They must be nominated by one of the following: 1689:

aged eighteen or more may vote; a 1983 bill to extend the right to resident

1366:

The president may not leave the state without the consent of the government.

7781: 7717: 7712: 7622: 7605: 7430: 7369: 6859: 6844: 5637: 5231: 4067: 3312: 2841: 2831: 2683: 2427: 2251: 2215: 2181: 2076:); sometimes people may orally address the president as 'Your Excellency' ( 2041: 1038: 413: 265: 4518:"Proclamations of Accession of English and British Sovereigns (1547-1952)" 323: 7918: 7831: 7530: 7474: 7435: 6696: 5618: 5385: 3316: 2899: 2639: 2593:. Articles 2 and 3 were substantially amended in consequence of the 1998 2511: 2394:, that Ireland should have its own king again, as it was in the times of 2300:

is still used to bring the president to and from the inauguration today.

2198: 1987: 1247: 1109: 1101: 5189: 4602:(Television production) (in Irish). Dublin, Ireland: TG4. Archived from 4570:(Television production) (in Irish). Dublin, Ireland: TG4. Archived from 3045: 2918: 2538: 2498:

the official salary or "personal remuneration" of the president will be

1264:

death sentences handed down prior to the abolition of capital punishment

419: 8012: 7535: 7445: 7409: 7399: 7205: 6453:

1. Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on geographical definition.

5590: 5455: 5441: 5427: 3594:"Revealed: How much the Office of the President costs over seven years" 2403: 2289: 2173: 1786: 1727: 1719: 1596: 1500: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1420: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1185: 1093: 1026: 474: 205: 137: 7656: 5330: 1350: 1258:, to supplement the 1998 early release of serving prisoners after the 8044: 7765: 7549: 7404: 7379: 7354: 6779: 6249: 5707: 5576: 3446:

Former presidents who are able and willing to act are members of the

2989: 2884: 2600:

Ireland in turn challenged the proclamation in the United Kingdom of

2356: 2259: 2165: 1529: 1147: 408: 7730: 7450: 2430:, who was an interparty nominee for the office, the nominees of the 1475: 1395: 1297:; the members of the Irish Financial Services Appeals Tribunal; the 7956: 7889: 7554: 7440: 7384: 6789: 5688: 5674: 5646: 5380: 3320: 2553: 2364: 1342:, including its Order of Merit, since he so agreed in January 2012. 1251: 3465:

Mary McAleese was the youngest president to enter office, aged 46.

3462:Éamon de Valera was the oldest president to leave office, aged 90. 2662:. President Robinson jointly hosted a reception with the queen at 2616:

in 1981, to which he had been invited by Queen Elizabeth, just as

1553:

that the head of state always grants a parliamentary dissolution.

7874: 7859: 7758: 7545: 7525: 6499: 6468: 5660: 5520: 5492: 5464: 5450: 5436: 5394: 5366: 5352: 3972:

Central Bank and Financial Services Authority of Ireland Act 2003

2574: 2270: 2255: 1309: 2020: 1068:

on 29 October 2011, and inaugurated on 11 November 2011. He was

7744: 7737: 7582: 7515: 7374: 5716: 5632: 5562: 5506: 5478: 5408: 3459:

Douglas Hyde was the oldest president to enter office, aged 78.

2565:

in 2005. Presidents have attended the ceremony since the 1990s.

1324: 1246:, has applied rarely: Thomas Quinn in 1940, Brady in 1943, and 1235: 1042: 193: 2292:

led to the abolition of the carriage and its replacement by a

2142: 1572:, so there is rarely a majority opposed to a government bill. 7794: 7364: 5702: 5604: 5548: 4779:"Presidential Establishment (Amendment) Act, 1973, Section 2" 4048:

Finance Act, 1985; §16: Gifts to the President's Award Scheme

2707: 8129:

Lists of political office-holders in the Republic of Ireland

5073:. Progress Reports. Vol. 3. Dublin: Stationery Office. 5904: 5783: 5064:

All-party Oireachtas Committee on the Constitution (1998).

5044:. Dublin: Stationery Office. pp. 19–28. Archived from 4631:(Press release). Office of the President. 1 December 2011. 4281:. Dublin: Stationery Office. pp. 132–4. Archived from 3531:

His name is sometimes given in the alternative spelling of

2731: 2727: 2608:

declined on government advice to attend the wedding of the

2499: 2141:. The ceremony is transmitted live by national broadcaster 1346: 1181: 5177: 2197:

Oireachtas may instigate the latter process by passing an

1051:

became recognised internationally as head of state in 1949

292: 7482: 5032: 4128: 4126: 4124: 2577:), and a twenty-six county 'state' formerly known as the 1591:

The president may refer a bill, in whole or part, to the

1320:'s will and given effect by a 1968 Act of the Oireachtas. 1049:

in 1937. The first president assumed office in 1938, and

2375:

Irish head of state in the eyes of foreign nations. The

2164:

had been installed into office as the representative of

1356:

The president is patron to several charities in Ireland.

6911:

List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland

3474:

Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh, who resigned, served for 674 days.

1582:

list of presidential appointees to the Council of State

1139:

The main functions are prescribed by the Constitution:

4121: 2474:

other countries and cultures, especially those of the

2191: 1603:. In a 1982 judgment delivered under such a referral, 8086: 4591: 4589: 3854:. Institute of Public Administration. pp. 84–5. 3786:"Sinn Féin Withdraws Support for Amnesty Legislation" 2773:

The functions of the president were exercised by the

2693:

However, since the 1990s and in particular since the

2539:

Role of the president in relation to Northern Ireland

1174:

when a Taoiseach has lost the confidence of the Dáil.

6641:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

6456:

2. Recognised by at least one United Nations member.

4652: 4650: 4623: 4621: 2587:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

2557:

The president's wreath (in green) laid at Ireland's

1556: 5149: 5131:The Irish Presidency: Power, Ceremony and Politics 4586: 4557: 4385:from the date upon which he enters upon his office 4276:"Bunreacht na hÉireann: A study of the Irish text" 2386:), his father John George Oulton had suggested to 2344: 7004:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland 4754:"Presidential Establishment Act, 1938, Section 1" 4647: 4618: 2710:she symbolically walked up the main aisle of the 2410:: the most senior representative at the time was 2226:. The Landau and the Hussars were later scrapped. 2176:), but in the case of the last governor-general, 8110: 6459:3. Not recognised by any United Nations members. 4984:. Hoboken, NJ: Taylor and Francis. p. 421. 4383:The president shall hold office for seven years 3841: 3726:Criminal Procedure Act, 1993; Irish Statute Book 2768: 2218:escort the president, who travelled in the late 1465: 1075: 7850:Association football in the Republic of Ireland 2549:Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland 2314:, which is used only for ceremonial occasions. 2266:which form a protective convoy around the car. 1613:Abridgement of the time for bills in the Seanad 4445: 4443: 4178: 4176: 2658:. The presidents also attended functions with 6484: 5769: 5316: 5205: 5128: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 2021:Official residence, salute, style and address 1950: 1601:Council of State (Ireland)#Referring of bills 974: 5102: 4940: 4551: 4223: 3847: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3508:Secretary-General to the President (Ireland) 2654:– all visited both presidents of Ireland at 2489: 2048:and the residence of two of the three Irish 1212:This role is similar in status to that of a 1096:(national parliament), which also comprises 6613:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 5129:Coakley, John; Rafter, Kevin, eds. (2014). 4949:"Woman's place is still in the Aras – poll" 4440: 4173: 3698:Criminal Procedure Bill, 1993: Report Stage 2317:The president also has the full use of all 2111: 2036:The official residence of the president is 2032:is the official residence of the president. 1865: 1745:office this has occurred on six occasions. 1698: 1180:A ceremonial duty, as the president cannot 1134: 1030: 177: 141: 130: 36: 8036:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland 6491: 6477: 5776: 5762: 5323: 5309: 5212: 5198: 5182: 4982:Heads of States and Governments Since 1945 4482:"Accession Proclamation of King George VI" 4355: 4249: 4090: 1957: 1943: 981: 967: 300: 83: 5219: 5004:Constitution of Ireland: Article 31.2(ii) 4298: 4074:to several nominees at a ceremony in the 3737:"McCabe suspects excluded, says McDowell" 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3622: 2741: 2505:"President's Bounty" paid to centenarians 2205: 1755: 1516:Learn how and when to remove this message 1436:Learn how and when to remove this message 1349:on those so elected by the membership of 1160:The president appoints the judges to all 1119:, the president is not designated as the 7855:Association football in Northern Ireland 4460:"The Prehistory of the Irish Presidency" 4273: 3934:Institute For Advanced Studies Act, 1940 3402:Minister for Arts, Culture and Gaeltacht 3166:European Commissioner for Social Affairs 2552: 2533: 2209: 2024: 1643:Convention of meetings of the Oireachtas 1620:Appointment of a Committee of Privileges 1088:of government, by which the role of the 256:Governor-General of the Irish Free State 107:Executive branch of the Irish Government 7051:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland 5784:Heads of state and government of Europe 5033:Constitution Review Group (July 1996). 4892:"BreakingNews.ie: Archives :2005-01-27" 2398:. He suggested to him, a member of the 1383: 1192:Represents the state in foreign affairs 246:Articles 12−14, Constitution of Ireland 8111: 5151:"The Politics of the Irish Presidency" 4946: 4728:Oireachtas Joint and Select Committees 4491:(34349): 8109–8112. 12 December 1936. 4449:Constitution of Ireland: Article 12.10 4299:McConnell, Daniel (16 December 2014). 4233:. Citizens Information Board Ireland. 3816: 3636: 2486:of European non-executive presidents. 2402:, descended in the paternal line from 2382:According to Desmond Oulton (owner of 1588:Referral of bills to the Supreme Court 1549:, as it is considered a fairly strong 1360: 7320: 7110: 6931: 6537: 6472: 5757: 5304: 5193: 4979: 4928:from the original on 20 February 2006 4817:from the original on 14 November 2017 4547: 4545: 4543: 4528:from the original on 26 February 2021 4343:from the original on 15 February 2015 4264:Constitution of Ireland: Article 12.4 4237:from the original on 28 November 2011 4105:Constitution of Ireland: Article 13.7 4096:Constitution of Ireland: Article 12.9 3825:. Glasgow. p. 11. Archived from 3688:Constitution of Ireland: Article 13.6 3679:Constitution of Ireland: Article 13.4 3633:Constitution of Ireland: Article 12.3 2803: 2412:Donough O'Brien, 16th Baron Inchiquin 2351:Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949 2097: 2084: 1700:ag a bhfuil cúig bliana tríochad slán 1291:Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies 4813:. Association of Judges in Ireland. 4670:from the original on 30 October 2011 4666:. 29 October 2011. 29 October 2011. 3798:from the original on 6 November 2012 3747:from the original on 19 January 2012 3591: 2678:). These contacts eventually led to 2414:. Oulton said that Donough's nephew 2110:is taken from the National Anthem, " 2009:in 1974, and on the resignations of 1674:, the single-winner analogue of the 1498:adding citations to reliable sources 1469: 1418:adding citations to reliable sources 1389: 1146:The president formally appoints the 1053:after the coming into effect of the 1045:. The office was established by the 8124:Politics of the Republic of Ireland 4918:"McAleese 'sorry' over Nazi remark" 4898:from the original on 24 August 2007 4688:€317,434 = IR£250,000 specified by 4170:Constitution of Ireland: Article 22 3817:Settle, Michael (12 January 2006). 2416:Conor O'Brien, 18th Baron Inchiquin 2192:Impeachment and removal from office 1345:The president confers the title of 1303:Garda Síochána Ombudsman Commission 315:Politics of the Republic of Ireland 13: 7080:Tourism in the Republic of Ireland 6855:Economy of the Republic of Ireland 6653:Irish Free State (1922–1937) 6498: 5122: 5035:"Article XII – XIV: The President" 4947:Reilly, Jerome (11 October 2009). 4842:from the original on 29 March 2018 4791:from the original on 29 March 2018 4766:from the original on 30 March 2018 4703:from the original on 30 March 2018 4635:from the original on 29 March 2018 4540: 4231:"Presidential Election in Ireland" 3661:from the original on 8 August 2007 3610:from the original on 10 April 2018 2749:constructive vote of no confidence 2720:First Minister of Northern Ireland 2648:Prince Edward, then Earl of Wessex 2426:After the inaugural presidency of 1254:to receive pardons as part of the 1242:or remit punishment". Pardon, for 1164:, on the advice of the government. 14: 8145: 6865:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn 6360:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 6030:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 5169: 4961:from the original on 1 April 2018 4872:from the original on 29 June 2006 4862:"McAleese row over Nazi comments" 4369:from the original on 26 June 2015 4313:from the original on 21 July 2015 4182:Oireachtas Committee report, p.21 3894:from the original on 14 June 2011 3550:While Article 12.2.3° specifies " 2994:(1932–1948, 1951–1954, 1957–1959) 2520:post-2008 Irish economic downturn 1762:Presidential Commission (Ireland) 1750:most recent presidential election 1570:11 are nominated by the Taoiseach 1013:and the supreme commander of the 8096: 8070: 7034:Tallest buildings and structures 5736: 5715: 5701: 5687: 5673: 5659: 5645: 5631: 5617: 5603: 5589: 5575: 5561: 5547: 5533: 5519: 5505: 5491: 5477: 5463: 5449: 5435: 5421: 5407: 5393: 5379: 5365: 5351: 5285: 5284: 4734:from the original on 23 May 2018 4498:from the original on 6 July 2019 4437:Irish Constitution, Article 12.7 4192:Presidential Elections Act, 1993 4133:Meetings of the Council of State 4029:Chester Beatty Library Act, 1968 3503:Presidential standard of Ireland 3498:Seal of the president of Ireland 3381: 3291: 3214: 3145: 3084: 2969: 2898: 2830: 2652:Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh 2421: 2333:that existed during the 1922–37 2281:rode in the old state landau of 2168:in a low-key ceremony, twice in 1557:Reference of bills to the people 1474: 1394: 1234:The president has "the right of 938: 866:Ireland–United Kingdom relations 322: 67: 53: 4998: 4973: 4910: 4884: 4854: 4803: 4746: 4715: 4682: 4510: 4474: 4452: 4431: 4401: 4339:. Oireachtas. 22 January 2015. 4325: 4292: 4267: 4204: 4185: 4164: 4145: 4118:(New Island Books, 1998). p.91. 4108: 4099: 4060: 4041: 4022: 4003: 3984: 3965: 3946: 3927: 3906: 3890:. Referendum Commission. 2001. 3880: 3868:from the original on 6 May 2016 3810: 3778: 3566:President of the Irish Republic 3558: 3544: 3525: 3488:President of the Irish Republic 2528:a 2011 Constitutional amendment 2457:requested a dissolution of the 2345:Head of state from 1937 to 1949 2128:Irish presidential inauguration 2121: 1982:(speaker) of the Dáil, and the 1485:needs additional citations for 1405:needs additional citations for 1338:The president is the patron of 1167:Convenes and dissolves the Dáil 916:Ireland–United States relations 8134:1938 establishments in Ireland 6870:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis 3775:Dáil debates, 30 November 2005 3759: 3729: 3710: 3707:Dáil debates, 30 November 1993 3691: 3682: 3673: 3585: 3493:Gaisce – The President's Award 2783: 2638:the then-Prince of Wales (now 1998:president and, if re-elected, 1329:Gaisce – The President's Award 1256:Northern Ireland peace process 1025:. The presidency is largely a 924:Politics of the European Union 1: 6932: 5020:. Department of the Taoiseach 3848:O'Mahony, Paul (March 2002). 3717:Petition for grant of pardon. 3592:Ryan, Philip (8 April 2018). 3579: 3453: 3416:12 years, 314 days 3336:13 years, 364 days 3180:13 years, 364 days 3004:13 years, 364 days 2933:13 years, 364 days 2769:List of presidents of Ireland 2702:. At the funeral for a child 2507:on their hundredth birthday. 2066:His Excellency/Her Excellency 1752:was held on 26 October 2018. 1466:Refusal of a Dáil dissolution 1076:Ordinary duties and functions 906:Ireland–New Zealand relations 807:Department of Foreign Affairs 7935:Northern Ireland flags issue 7111: 6886:List of conflicts in Ireland 6630:Southern Ireland (1921–1922) 4468:10.1080/07907184.2012.734447 3604:Independent News & Media 3568:" existed in the separatist 3249:6 years, 283 days 2865:6 years, 364 days 2736:Auschwitz concentration camp 2377:Republic of Ireland Act 1948 2339:presidents of Weimar Germany 1693:was ruled unconstitutional. 1651: 1201:Republic of Ireland Act 1948 1100:(the Assembly of Ireland or 1070:re-elected for a second term 871:Politics of Northern Ireland 7: 7321: 6906:Gaelic clothing and fashion 6538: 4413:Department of the Taoiseach 4066:On the president's behalf, 3851:Criminal justice in Ireland 3552:proportional representation 3481: 3121:1 year, 308 days 3060:1 year, 145 days 2137:in the State Apartments in 1726:At least 20 members of the 1658:Irish presidential election 1308:The president appoints one 901:Australia–Ireland relations 886:Brexit and the Irish border 97:since 11 November 2011 10: 8150: 5010: 4599:Uachtaráin – Mary Robinson 4596:Diarmaid Ferriter (2007). 4567:Uachtaráin – Mary McAleese 4564:Diarmaid Ferriter (2007). 4274:Ó Cearúi, Micheál (1999). 2757:2011 presidential election 2668:Queen's University Belfast 2542: 2496:2018 presidential election 2348: 2324: 2153:and other invited guests. 2125: 2089:), or simply 'President' ( 1759: 1655: 1560: 1108:(the Senate of Ireland or 18: 8066: 7965: 7903: 7840: 7780: 7693: 7641: 7596: 7563: 7508: 7473: 7423: 7342: 7333: 7329: 7316: 7251: 7154: 7123: 7119: 7106: 7016: 6944: 6940: 6927: 6878: 6666: 6550: 6546: 6533: 6509: 6449: 6429: 6398: 6130: 6119: 6099: 6068: 5800: 5789: 5731: 5345: 5280: 5227: 5018:"Constitution of Ireland" 4980:Lentz, Harris M. (2014). 4363:"Constitution of Ireland" 4072:Order of Clans of Ireland 3771:19 September 2012 at the 3655:"Office of the President" 3415: 3412: 3409: 3400: 3391: 3376: 3373: 3345: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3310: 3301: 3286: 3283: 3258: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3233: 3224: 3209: 3206: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3164: 3155: 3140: 3137: 3079: 3037:Erskine Hamilton Childers 3033: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2988: 2979: 2964: 2961: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2917: 2908: 2893: 2890: 2874: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2849: 2840: 2825: 2822: 2806: 2800: 2797: 2790: 2787: 2782: 2490:Remuneration and expenses 2309:Rolls-Royce Silver Wraith 2296:in 1947. The distinctive 2294:Rolls-Royce Silver Wraith 2156:During the period of the 2112: 2099:[əˈuəxt̪ˠəɾˠaːnʲ] 2007:Erskine Hamilton Childers 1730:; (there are 218 members) 1626:Address to the Oireachtas 1551:constitutional convention 1301:; and the members of the 1206:Supreme Commander of the 1060:The current president is 741: 715: 689: 663: 287: 279: 271: 261: 251: 241: 229: 212: 200: 187: 171: 150: 120: 102: 80: 66: 52: 35: 30: 21:President of Dáil Éireann 5133:. Irish Academic Press. 3703:18 November 2018 at the 3518: 3107:Chief Justice of Ireland 2704:murdered by the Real IRA 2545:Names of the Irish state 2510:The salary was fixed at 1676:single transferable vote 1575: 1316:. This was specified in 1135:Constitutional functions 911:Canada–Ireland relations 776:Administrative geography 16:Head of state of Ireland 8027:Prostitution (Republic) 6235:Holy See (Vatican City) 5905:Holy See (Vatican City) 5156:Irish Political Studies 5103:O'Keeffe, Jane (2013), 4811:"Judicial Remuneration" 4197:19 January 2012 at the 4142:Office of the President 4053:19 January 2012 at the 4034:19 January 2012 at the 4015:19 January 2012 at the 4010:Garda Síochána Act 2005 3996:19 January 2012 at the 3977:19 January 2012 at the 3958:19 January 2012 at the 3939:19 January 2012 at the 3918:19 January 2012 at the 3722:19 January 2012 at the 2775:Presidential Commission 2672:University College Cork 2563:St. Patrick's Cathedral 2390:towards the end of the 2186:Constitution of Ireland 1737:(there are 31 councils) 1735:county or city councils 1718:Presidents can serve a 1295:Central Bank of Ireland 1284:Irish Red Cross Society 1244:miscarriages of justice 1143:Appoints the government 1117:parliamentary republics 1082:Constitution of Ireland 1055:Republic of Ireland Act 1047:Constitution of Ireland 381:Presidential Commission 242:Constituting instrument 112:Office of the President 6896:List of Irish kingdoms 6175:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5845:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4216:17 August 2010 at the 4157:17 August 2010 at the 3953:Central Bank Act, 1942 3657:. president.ie. 2005. 3513:Warrant of appointment 3326:Trinity College Dublin 2742:Suggestions for reform 2714:hand-in-hand with the 2566: 2372:External Relations Act 2305:Presidential State Car 2240:Special Detective Unit 2227: 2206:Security and transport 2094: 2081: 2073: 2033: 1969:There is no office of 1756:Absence of a president 1699: 1458:president consult the 1314:Chester Beatty Library 1293:; the governor of the 1157:Appoints the judiciary 1031: 1002: 831:Diplomatic missions of 592:Special Criminal Court 178: 142: 131: 37: 8119:Presidents of Ireland 8003:Mass media (Republic) 7947:National coat of arms 6835:IRA Northern Campaign 5221:Presidents of Ireland 4730:. KildareStreet.com. 4076:Mansion House, Dublin 3356:Progressive Democrats 2716:Ulster Unionist Party 2695:Good Friday Agreement 2631:Anglo-Irish Relations 2595:Good Friday Agreement 2556: 2534:Issues of controversy 2441:European Commissioner 2244:Mercedes-Benz S-Class 2213: 2178:Domhnall Ua Buachalla 2147:government of Ireland 2028: 1672:instant-runoff voting 1636:Address to the Nation 1547:constitutional crisis 1323:The president is the 1260:Good Friday Agreement 1152:losing the confidence 1003:Uachtarán na hÉireann 891:British–Irish Council 876:Good Friday Agreement 223:Instant-runoff voting 60:Presidential Standard 38:Uachtarán na hÉireann 7925:County coats of arms 7817:List of Irish people 6891:List of Irish tribes 6741:Cromwellian conquest 6727:Plantation of Ulster 6658:Ireland (since 1922) 6399:Partially recognised 6069:Partially recognised 4116:Snakes & Ladders 4084:26 July 2013 at the 3127:All-party nomination 2686:to Ireland in 2011. 2676:University of Galway 2408:High King of Ireland 2287:Royal Dublin Society 2160:(1922 to 1937), the 2135:Saint Patrick's Hall 2086:[əˈhəil̠ʲʃə] 1778:Orders of succession 1720:maximum of two terms 1494:improve this article 1450:as a chomhairle féin 1414:improve this article 1384:Discretionary powers 1226:Minister for Defence 1177:Signs bills into law 1086:parliamentary system 1072:on 26 October 2018. 1015:Irish Defence Forces 995:president of Ireland 653:Electoral Commission 433:Departments of State 31:President of Ireland 8040:in Northern Ireland 8031:in Northern Ireland 7772:Legendary creatures 7685:Traditional singing 7521:Saint Patrick's Day 7156:Republic of Ireland 7085:Tourist attractions 7070:ROI–UK border 7055:of Northern Ireland 7008:in Northern Ireland 6840:IRA Border Campaign 6815:War of Independence 6785:Second Great Famine 6770:Act of Union (1800) 6722:Flight of the Earls 6579:Lordship of Ireland 6514:Republic of Ireland 6430:Unrecognised states 6100:Unrecognised states 5252:Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh 5247:Erskine H. Childers 4924:. 29 January 2005. 4868:. 28 January 2005. 4138:5 June 2011 at the 3991:Ombudsman Act, 1980 3913:Red Cross Act, 1944 3766:Leaders' Questions. 3743:. 9 November 2005. 3097:Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh 2451:Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh 2264:Garda Traffic Corps 2184:. By contrast, the 2180:, in his brother's 2108:Presidential Salute 2011:Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh 1631:Four such addresses 1563:ordinary referendum 1361:Special limitations 1197:letters of credence 217:Direct popular vote 8077:Ireland portal 7395:Skirts and kidneys 6901:List of High Kings 6820:Anglo-Irish Treaty 6760:First Great Famine 6745:Settlement of 1652 6717:Tyrone's Rebellion 6707:Desmond Rebellions 6596:Kingdom of Ireland 6335:Russian Federation 6005:Russian Federation 5272:Michael D. Higgins 4954:Sunday Independent 4835:Irish Statute Book 4784:Irish Statute Book 4759:Irish Statute Book 4696:Irish Statute Book 4489:The London Gazette 4201:Irish Statute Book 4057:Irish Statute Book 4038:Irish Statute Book 4019:Irish Statute Book 4000:Irish Statute Book 3981:Irish Statute Book 3962:Irish Statute Book 3943:Irish Statute Book 3923:Irish Statute Book 3829:on 13 January 2012 3794:21 December 2005. 3393:Michael D. Higgins 3311:Reid Professor of 3246:12 September 1997 2762:Sunday Independent 2664:St. James's Palace 2660:the Princess Royal 2656:Áras an Uachtaráin 2623:British government 2614:Lady Diana Spencer 2602:Queen Elizabeth II 2567: 2480:Great Irish Famine 2228: 2074:A Shoilse/A Soilse 2038:Áras an Uachtaráin 2034: 2030:Áras an Uachtaráin 1214:commander-in-chief 1062:Michael D. Higgins 1033:Áras an Uachtaráin 945:Ireland portal 369:Michael D. Higgins 180:Áras an Uachtaráin 163:Commander-in-chief 93:Michael D. Higgins 8084: 8083: 8062: 8061: 8058: 8057: 7469: 7468: 7360:Bacon and cabbage 7312: 7311: 7308: 7307: 7179:Foreign relations 7102: 7101: 7098: 7097: 7029:Notable buildings 6923: 6922: 6919: 6918: 6466: 6465: 6445: 6444: 6131:UN members 6115: 6114: 5801:UN members 5751: 5750: 5298: 5297: 5107:, Mercier Press, 5080:978-0-7076-6161-2 4991:978-1-134-26490-2 4409:"National Anthem" 4306:Irish Independent 4078:on 28 April 2012. 3861:978-1-902448-71-8 3599:Irish Independent 3444: 3443: 3410:11 November 2011 3333:10 November 2011 3330:11 November 1997 3115:19 December 1974 3057:17 November 1974 2855:(1922–1925, 1938) 2798:Previous service 2759:conducted by the 2635:Buckingham Palace 2455:Garret FitzGerald 2202:warrant removal. 2172:(the seat of the 2114:Amhrán na bhFiann 2064:used is normally 2050:Governors-General 2040:, located in the 1967: 1966: 1680:returning officer 1662:The president is 1526: 1525: 1518: 1446: 1445: 1438: 1331:, established by 1282:president of the 1278:The president is 1238:and the power to 1162:courts in Ireland 1027:ceremonial office 991: 990: 881:Ireland–UK border 853:Visa requirements 800:Foreign relations 767: 766: 643:Political parties 572:George Birmingham 523:Mary Lou McDonald 308: 307: 283:€249,014 annually 208:or local councils 74:Presidential Seal 8141: 8101: 8100: 8099: 8092: 8075: 8074: 8073: 7752:Tuatha Dé Danann 7340: 7339: 7331: 7330: 7318: 7317: 7253:Northern Ireland 7231: 7221: 7211: 7121: 7120: 7108: 7107: 6942: 6941: 6929: 6928: 6805:Home Rule crisis 6635:Northern Ireland 6548: 6547: 6535: 6534: 6522:Northern Ireland 6493: 6486: 6479: 6470: 6469: 6128: 6127: 5798: 5797: 5778: 5771: 5764: 5755: 5754: 5741: 5740: 5739: 5724: 5720: 5719: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5696: 5692: 5691: 5682: 5678: 5677: 5668: 5664: 5663: 5654: 5650: 5649: 5640: 5636: 5635: 5626: 5624:Willem-Alexander 5622: 5621: 5612: 5608: 5607: 5598: 5594: 5593: 5584: 5580: 5579: 5570: 5566: 5565: 5556: 5552: 5551: 5542: 5538: 5537: 5528: 5524: 5523: 5514: 5510: 5509: 5500: 5496: 5495: 5486: 5482: 5481: 5472: 5468: 5467: 5458: 5454: 5453: 5444: 5440: 5439: 5430: 5426: 5425: 5416: 5412: 5411: 5402: 5398: 5397: 5388: 5384: 5383: 5374: 5370: 5369: 5360: 5356: 5355: 5325: 5318: 5311: 5302: 5301: 5288: 5287: 5214: 5207: 5200: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5181: 5180: 5178:Official website 5163: 5153: 5144: 5117: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5089: 5083:. 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Archived from 4405: 4399: 4398: 4376: 4374: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4288:on 21 July 2011. 4287: 4280: 4271: 4265: 4262: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4227: 4221: 4208: 4202: 4189: 4183: 4180: 4171: 4168: 4162: 4149: 4143: 4130: 4119: 4112: 4106: 4103: 4097: 4094: 4088: 4064: 4058: 4045: 4039: 4026: 4020: 4007: 4001: 3988: 3982: 3969: 3963: 3950: 3944: 3931: 3925: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3782: 3776: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3733: 3727: 3714: 3708: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3680: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3651: 3634: 3631: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3589: 3573: 3562: 3556: 3548: 3536: 3529: 3448:Council of State 3407: 3398: 3385: 3308: 3295: 3243:3 December 1990 3240: 3231: 3218: 3177:2 December 1990 3174:3 December 1976 3171: 3162: 3149: 3118:22 October 1976 3112: 3103: 3099: 3088: 3051: 3042: 2995: 2986: 2973: 2924: 2915: 2902: 2856: 2847: 2834: 2795: 2785: 2780: 2779: 2718:leader and then 2644:the Duke of York 2591:Northern Ireland 2583:Ulster Unionists 2579:Irish Free State 2571:Articles 2 and 3 2392:Irish Free State 2335:Irish Free State 2331:governor-general 2298:1947 Rolls-Royce 2162:governor-general 2158:Irish Free State 2151:diplomatic corps 2117: 2116: 2101: 2088: 1959: 1952: 1945: 1780: 1766: 1765: 1713:age of candidacy 1702: 1691:British citizens 1664:directly elected 1521: 1514: 1510: 1507: 1501: 1478: 1470: 1460:Council of State 1441: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1421: 1398: 1390: 1340:Clans of Ireland 1036: 983: 976: 969: 947: 943: 942: 941: 823:Irish neutrality 787:Local government 661: 660: 657:Recent elections 585:David Barniville 491:Seán Ó Fearghaíl 455:Attorney General 376:Council of State 326: 310: 309: 304: 299: 296: 294: 262:Inaugural holder 237:(renewable once) 225: 183: 145: 134: 87: 71: 57: 48: 40: 28: 27: 8149: 8148: 8144: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8139: 8138: 8109: 8108: 8107: 8097: 8095: 8087: 8085: 8080: 8071: 8069: 8054: 8022:outside Ireland 7993:Historic houses 7961: 7942:Irish Wolfhound 7913:Brighid's Cross 7899: 7870:Gaelic handball 7865:Gaelic football 7836: 7807:Hiberno-Normans 7776: 7689: 7637: 7592: 7573:Hiberno-English 7559: 7504: 7465: 7419: 7325: 7304: 7247: 7229: 7219: 7209: 7150: 7141:Ulster loyalism 7115: 7094: 7012: 6936: 6915: 6874: 6800:Dublin lock-out 6736:Confederate War 6687:Norman invasion 6674:Battles of Tara 6662: 6618:1801–1923 6606:1691–1800 6601:1536–1691 6589:1169–1536 6542: 6529: 6505: 6497: 6467: 6462: 6441: 6425: 6416:Northern Cyprus 6394: 6310:North Macedonia 6132: 6122: 6111: 6095: 6086:Northern Cyprus 6064: 5980:North Macedonia 5802: 5792: 5785: 5782: 5752: 5747: 5737: 5735: 5727: 5722:Carl XVI Gustaf 5714: 5713: 5700: 5699: 5686: 5685: 5672: 5671: 5658: 5657: 5652:Rebelo de Sousa 5644: 5643: 5630: 5629: 5616: 5615: 5602: 5601: 5588: 5587: 5574: 5573: 5560: 5559: 5546: 5545: 5532: 5531: 5518: 5517: 5512:Sakellaropoulou 5504: 5503: 5490: 5489: 5476: 5475: 5462: 5461: 5448: 5447: 5434: 5433: 5420: 5419: 5414:Christodoulides 5406: 5405: 5392: 5391: 5378: 5377: 5364: 5363: 5350: 5349: 5341: 5329: 5299: 5294: 5276: 5257:Patrick Hillery 5242:Éamon de Valera 5237:Seán T. O'Kelly 5223: 5218: 5176: 5175: 5172: 5148: 5141: 5125: 5123:Further reading 5115: 5093: 5091: 5090:on 21 July 2011 5087: 5081: 5070: 5054: 5052: 5051:on 21 July 2011 5048: 5037: 5023: 5021: 5016: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4999: 4992: 4978: 4974: 4964: 4962: 4945: 4941: 4931: 4929: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4901: 4899: 4890: 4889: 4885: 4875: 4873: 4860: 4859: 4855: 4845: 4843: 4828: 4820: 4818: 4809: 4808: 4804: 4794: 4792: 4777: 4769: 4767: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4737: 4735: 4720: 4716: 4706: 4704: 4689: 4687: 4683: 4673: 4671: 4656: 4655: 4648: 4638: 4636: 4627: 4626: 4619: 4609: 4607: 4606:on 29 June 2011 4595: 4594: 4587: 4577: 4575: 4574:on 29 June 2011 4563: 4562: 4558: 4550: 4541: 4531: 4529: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4484: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4448: 4441: 4436: 4432: 4422: 4420: 4407: 4406: 4402: 4381:Article 12.3.1: 4372: 4370: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4346: 4344: 4337:Bills 1997–2015 4331: 4330: 4326: 4316: 4314: 4297: 4293: 4285: 4278: 4272: 4268: 4263: 4250: 4240: 4238: 4229: 4228: 4224: 4218:Wayback Machine 4209: 4205: 4199:Wayback Machine 4190: 4186: 4181: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4161:1983 IRSC 185–7 4159:Wayback Machine 4150: 4146: 4140:Wayback Machine 4131: 4122: 4114:Fergus Finlay, 4113: 4109: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4086:Wayback Machine 4065: 4061: 4055:Wayback Machine 4046: 4042: 4036:Wayback Machine 4027: 4023: 4017:Wayback Machine 4008: 4004: 3998:Wayback Machine 3989: 3985: 3979:Wayback Machine 3970: 3966: 3960:Wayback Machine 3951: 3947: 3941:Wayback Machine 3932: 3928: 3920:Wayback Machine 3911: 3907: 3897: 3895: 3886: 3885: 3881: 3871: 3869: 3862: 3846: 3842: 3832: 3830: 3815: 3811: 3801: 3799: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3773:Wayback Machine 3764: 3760: 3750: 3748: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3724:Wayback Machine 3715: 3711: 3705:Wayback Machine 3696: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3664: 3662: 3653: 3652: 3637: 3632: 3623: 3613: 3611: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3576: 3564:The office of " 3563: 3559: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3539: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3484: 3456: 3405: 3404: 3396: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3387: 3386: 3323: 3306: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3297: 3296: 3238: 3237: 3229: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3220: 3219: 3169: 3168: 3160: 3159: 3157:Patrick Hillery 3153: 3152: 3151: 3150: 3110: 3109: 3101: 3100: 3095: 3092: 3091: 3090: 3089: 3049: 3048: 3040: 3039: 2993: 2992: 2984: 2983: 2981:Éamon de Valera 2977: 2976: 2975: 2974: 2922: 2921: 2913: 2912: 2910:Seán T. O'Kelly 2906: 2905: 2904: 2903: 2854: 2853: 2845: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2836: 2835: 2818:Time in office 2801:Term of office 2793: 2792: 2771: 2744: 2618:Seán T. O'Kelly 2610:Prince of Wales 2606:Patrick Hillery 2559:Remembrance Day 2551: 2541: 2536: 2492: 2484:Arraiolos Group 2444:Patrick Hillery 2437:Éamon de Valera 2424: 2388:Éamon de Valera 2384:Clontarf Castle 2361:king of Ireland 2353: 2347: 2327: 2319:Irish Air Corps 2283:Queen Alexandra 2279:Seán T. O'Kelly 2220:Queen Alexandra 2208: 2194: 2130: 2124: 2046:Lord Lieutenant 2023: 2000:president-elect 1980:ceann comhairle 1963: 1776: 1774: 1764: 1758: 1707:introduced the 1705:29th government 1660: 1654: 1578: 1565: 1559: 1543:Charles Haughey 1535:Patrick Hillery 1522: 1511: 1505: 1502: 1491: 1479: 1468: 1442: 1431: 1425: 1422: 1411: 1399: 1386: 1363: 1271:Other functions 1231:Power of pardon 1137: 1084:provides for a 1078: 987: 958: 954:Other countries 939: 937: 936: 929: 928: 920: 897: 862: 843:Nationality law 839: 827: 802: 792: 791: 777: 769: 768: 763: 737: 711: 685: 633: 623: 622: 566:Court of Appeal 559:Donal O'Donnell 545: 535: 534: 487:Ceann Comhairle 477: 467: 466: 429: 404: 396: 386: 385: 372: 371: 366: 358: 350: 349: 340: 317: 291: 236: 220: 219: 204:Members of the 167: 138:Your Excellency 136: 116: 98: 96: 95: 91: 88: 76: 62: 42: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8147: 8137: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8106: 8105: 8082: 8081: 8067: 8064: 8063: 8060: 8059: 8056: 8055: 8053: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8033: 8024: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7988:Heritage Sites 7985: 7980: 7975: 7969: 7967: 7963: 7962: 7960: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7938: 7937: 7927: 7922: 7915: 7909: 7907: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7846: 7844: 7838: 7837: 7835: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7812:Irish diaspora 7809: 7804: 7803: 7802: 7800:Gaelic Ireland 7792: 7786: 7784: 7778: 7777: 7775: 7774: 7769: 7762: 7755: 7748: 7741: 7734: 7727: 7726: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7699: 7697: 7691: 7690: 7688: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7671: 7670: 7660: 7653: 7647: 7645: 7639: 7638: 7636: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7613: 7608: 7602: 7600: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7569: 7567: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7557: 7552: 7543: 7541:Rose of Tralee 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7512: 7510: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7485: 7479: 7477: 7471: 7470: 7467: 7466: 7464: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7427: 7425: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7350:List of dishes 7346: 7344: 7337: 7327: 7326: 7314: 7313: 7310: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7291: 7290: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7269: 7268: 7266:D'Hondt method 7257: 7255: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7245: 7240: 7239: 7238: 7233: 7227:Seanad Éireann 7223: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7192: 7191: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7160: 7158: 7152: 7151: 7149: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7127: 7125: 7117: 7116: 7104: 7103: 7100: 7099: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7037: 7036: 7031: 7020: 7018: 7014: 7013: 7011: 7010: 7001: 7000: 6999: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6967:Extreme points 6964: 6959: 6957:Climate change 6954: 6948: 6946: 6938: 6937: 6925: 6924: 6921: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6882: 6880: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6775:1803 Rebellion 6772: 6767: 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6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6136: 6134: 6125: 6117: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6109: 6103: 6101: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6062: 6060:United Kingdom 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5865:Czech Republic 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5806: 5804: 5795: 5787: 5786: 5781: 5780: 5773: 5766: 5758: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5745: 5732: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5725: 5711: 5697: 5683: 5669: 5655: 5641: 5627: 5613: 5610:Spiteri Debono 5599: 5585: 5571: 5557: 5543: 5529: 5515: 5501: 5487: 5473: 5459: 5445: 5431: 5417: 5403: 5389: 5375: 5361: 5358:Van der Bellen 5346: 5343: 5342: 5336:European Union 5332:Heads of state 5328: 5327: 5320: 5313: 5305: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5292: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5228: 5225: 5224: 5217: 5216: 5209: 5202: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5171: 5170:External links 5168: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5164: 5139: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5119: 5114:978-1781171936 5113: 5100: 5079: 5061: 5030: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5006: 4997: 4990: 4972: 4939: 4909: 4883: 4853: 4802: 4745: 4714: 4681: 4646: 4617: 4585: 4556: 4539: 4509: 4473: 4451: 4439: 4430: 4419:on 9 June 2017 4400: 4354: 4324: 4291: 4266: 4248: 4222: 4203: 4184: 4172: 4163: 4144: 4120: 4107: 4098: 4089: 4059: 4040: 4021: 4002: 3983: 3964: 3945: 3926: 3905: 3879: 3860: 3840: 3809: 3791:Bloomberg L.P. 3777: 3758: 3728: 3709: 3690: 3681: 3672: 3635: 3621: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3574: 3570:Irish Republic 3557: 3542: 3541: 3538: 3537: 3533:Carroll O'Daly 3523: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3483: 3480: 3479: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3455: 3452: 3442: 3441: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3399: 3390: 3380: 3379: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3371: 3370: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3358: 3353: 3350: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3309: 3300: 3290: 3289: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3280: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3269:Workers' Party 3266: 3263: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3232: 3223: 3213: 3212: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3163: 3154: 3144: 3143: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3104: 3093: 3083: 3082: 3081: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3043: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2987: 2978: 2968: 2967: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2958: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2916: 2907: 2897: 2896: 2895: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2887: 2882: 2879: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2848: 2839: 2829: 2828: 2827: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2809: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2789: 2786: 2770: 2767: 2743: 2740: 2561:ceremonies in 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2491: 2488: 2476:Irish diaspora 2423: 2420: 2396:Gaelic Ireland 2349:Main article: 2346: 2343: 2326: 2323: 2236:Defence Forces 2232:Garda Síochána 2207: 2204: 2193: 2190: 2170:Leinster House 2126:Main article: 2123: 2120: 2022: 2019: 1971:vice president 1965: 1964: 1962: 1961: 1954: 1947: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1790: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1760:Main article: 1757: 1754: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1733:At least four 1731: 1711:to reduce the 1687:Irish citizens 1685:Only resident 1656:Main article: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1634: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1614: 1611: 1589: 1577: 1574: 1561:Main article: 1558: 1555: 1524: 1523: 1482: 1480: 1473: 1467: 1464: 1444: 1443: 1402: 1400: 1393: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1367: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1343: 1336: 1321: 1318:Chester Beatty 1306: 1287: 1275: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1267: 1232: 1229: 1210: 1208:Defence Forces 1204: 1193: 1190: 1178: 1175: 1168: 1165: 1158: 1155: 1144: 1136: 1133: 1106:Seanad Éireann 1077: 1074: 989: 988: 986: 985: 978: 971: 963: 960: 959: 957: 956: 950: 949: 948: 931: 930: 927: 926: 919: 918: 913: 908: 903: 896: 895: 894: 893: 888: 883: 878: 873: 861: 860: 855: 850: 845: 838: 837: 826: 825: 820: 819: 818: 816:Micheál Martin 803: 798: 797: 794: 793: 790: 789: 784: 778: 775: 774: 771: 770: 765: 764: 762: 761: 756: 751: 745: 743: 739: 738: 736: 735: 730: 725: 719: 717: 713: 712: 710: 709: 704: 699: 693: 691: 687: 686: 684: 683: 678: 673: 667: 665: 659: 658: 655: 650: 645: 640: 638:Constituencies 634: 629: 628: 625: 624: 621: 620: 619: 618: 610:District Court 607: 606: 605: 594: 589: 588: 587: 576: 575: 574: 563: 562: 561: 546: 541: 540: 537: 536: 533: 532: 527: 526: 525: 511: 510: 509: 507:Jerry Buttimer 498:Seanad Éireann 495: 494: 493: 478: 473: 472: 469: 468: 465: 464: 463: 462: 452: 451: 450: 448:State Agencies 445: 438:Public Service 435: 428: 427: 425:Micheál Martin 416: 398: 397: 392: 391: 388: 387: 384: 383: 378: 367: 360: 359: 356: 355: 352: 351: 348: 347: 341: 336: 335: 332: 331: 328: 327: 319: 318: 313: 306: 305: 289: 285: 284: 281: 277: 276: 273: 269: 268: 263: 259: 258: 253: 249: 248: 243: 239: 238: 233: 227: 226: 214: 210: 209: 202: 198: 197: 191: 185: 184: 175: 169: 168: 166: 165: 160: 154: 152: 148: 147: 124: 118: 117: 115: 114: 109: 103: 100: 99: 89: 82: 81: 78: 77: 72: 64: 63: 58: 50: 49: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8146: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8116: 8114: 8104: 8094: 8093: 8090: 8079: 8078: 8065: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8045:Public houses 8043: 8041: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7970: 7968: 7964: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7936: 7933: 7932: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7920: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7910: 7908: 7906: 7902: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7843: 7839: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7801: 7798: 7797: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7787: 7785: 7783: 7779: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7767: 7763: 7761: 7760: 7756: 7754: 7753: 7749: 7747: 7746: 7742: 7740: 7739: 7735: 7733: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7705: 7704: 7701: 7700: 7698: 7696: 7692: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7669: 7666: 7665: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7658: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7644: 7640: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7618: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7603: 7601: 7599: 7595: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7562: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7513: 7511: 7507: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7490: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7480: 7478: 7476: 7472: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7428: 7426: 7422: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7319: 7315: 7301: 7300:Peace process 7298: 7296: 7293: 7289: 7286: 7285: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7250: 7244: 7241: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7230:(upper house) 7228: 7224: 7222: 7220:(lower house) 7218: 7214: 7213: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7190: 7187: 7186: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7153: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7136:Republicanism 7134: 7132: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7109: 7105: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7026: 7025: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7015: 7009: 7005: 7002: 6998: 6995: 6994: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6930: 6926: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6877: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6850:Peace process 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6830:The Emergency 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6810:Easter Rising 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6795:Fenian Rising 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6665: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6647: 6644: 6643: 6642: 6639: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6619: 6616: 6615: 6614: 6611: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6597: 6594: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6581: 6580: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6570:Early history 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6536: 6532: 6526: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6512: 6511: 6508: 6504: 6501: 6494: 6489: 6487: 6482: 6480: 6475: 6474: 6471: 6458: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6448: 6438: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6428: 6422: 6421:South Ossetia 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6397: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6270:Liechtenstein 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6133:and observers 6129: 6126: 6124: 6118: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6092: 6091:South Ossetia 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6067: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5940:Liechtenstein 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5803:and observers 5799: 5796: 5794: 5788: 5779: 5774: 5772: 5767: 5765: 5760: 5759: 5756: 5744: 5734: 5733: 5730: 5723: 5718: 5712: 5709: 5704: 5698: 5695: 5690: 5684: 5681: 5676: 5670: 5667: 5662: 5656: 5653: 5648: 5642: 5639: 5634: 5628: 5625: 5620: 5614: 5611: 5606: 5600: 5597: 5592: 5586: 5583: 5578: 5572: 5569: 5564: 5558: 5555: 5550: 5544: 5541: 5536: 5530: 5527: 5522: 5516: 5513: 5508: 5502: 5499: 5494: 5488: 5485: 5480: 5474: 5471: 5466: 5460: 5457: 5452: 5446: 5443: 5438: 5432: 5429: 5424: 5418: 5415: 5410: 5404: 5401: 5396: 5390: 5387: 5382: 5376: 5373: 5368: 5362: 5359: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5344: 5340: 5339:member states 5337: 5333: 5326: 5321: 5319: 5314: 5312: 5307: 5306: 5303: 5291: 5283: 5282: 5279: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5267:Mary McAleese 5265: 5263: 5262:Mary Robinson 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5226: 5222: 5215: 5210: 5208: 5203: 5201: 5196: 5195: 5192: 5185: 5179: 5174: 5173: 5161: 5157: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5142: 5140:9780716532033 5136: 5132: 5127: 5126: 5116: 5110: 5106: 5101: 5086: 5082: 5076: 5069: 5068: 5067:The President 5062: 5047: 5043: 5036: 5031: 5019: 5015: 5014: 5001: 4993: 4987: 4983: 4976: 4960: 4956: 4955: 4950: 4943: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4897: 4893: 4887: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4857: 4841: 4837: 4836: 4831: 4816: 4812: 4806: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4780: 4765: 4761: 4760: 4755: 4749: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4702: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4685: 4669: 4665: 4664: 4663:TheJournal.ie 4659: 4653: 4651: 4634: 4630: 4624: 4622: 4605: 4601: 4600: 4592: 4590: 4573: 4569: 4568: 4560: 4554:, pp. 21 4553: 4552:O'Keeffe 2013 4548: 4546: 4544: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4513: 4494: 4490: 4483: 4477: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4455: 4446: 4444: 4434: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4404: 4397: 4394: 4390: 4389:Article 12.7: 4386: 4382: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4328: 4312: 4308: 4307: 4302: 4295: 4284: 4277: 4270: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4236: 4232: 4226: 4220:Supreme Court 4219: 4215: 4212: 4207: 4200: 4196: 4193: 4188: 4179: 4177: 4167: 4160: 4156: 4153: 4148: 4141: 4137: 4134: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4117: 4111: 4102: 4093: 4087: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4063: 4056: 4052: 4049: 4044: 4037: 4033: 4030: 4025: 4018: 4014: 4011: 4006: 3999: 3995: 3992: 3987: 3980: 3976: 3973: 3968: 3961: 3957: 3954: 3949: 3942: 3938: 3935: 3930: 3924: 3921: 3917: 3914: 3909: 3893: 3889: 3883: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3853: 3852: 3844: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3813: 3797: 3793: 3792: 3787: 3781: 3774: 3770: 3767: 3762: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3732: 3725: 3721: 3718: 3713: 3706: 3702: 3699: 3694: 3685: 3676: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3600: 3595: 3588: 3584: 3571: 3567: 3561: 3553: 3547: 3543: 3534: 3528: 3524: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3485: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3457: 3451: 3449: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3403: 3394: 3384: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3351: 3348: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3304: 3303:Mary McAleese 3294: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3264: 3261: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3236: 3227: 3226:Mary Robinson 3217: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3167: 3158: 3148: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3108: 3105: 3098: 3094: 3087: 3076: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3054:25 June 1973 3053: 3047: 3044: 3038: 3035: 3030: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3001:24 June 1973 2998:25 June 1959 2991: 2982: 2972: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2930:24 June 1959 2927:25 June 1945 2920: 2911: 2901: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2880: 2877: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2862:24 June 1945 2859:25 June 1938 2852: 2843: 2833: 2821: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2810: 2804:Nominated by 2794:(birth–death) 2781: 2778: 2776: 2766: 2764: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2750: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2724:David Trimble 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2698:most leading 2696: 2691: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2680:a state visit 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 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Robinson 2012: 2008: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1984:cathaoirleach 1981: 1977: 1976:chief justice 1972: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1948: 1946: 1941: 1940: 1938: 1937: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1921:United States 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1772: 1768: 1767: 1763: 1753: 1751: 1746: 1739: 1736: 1732: 1729: 1725: 1724: 1723: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1668:secret ballot 1665: 1659: 1645: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1608:Tom O'Higgins 1606: 1605:Chief Justice 1602: 1598: 1594: 1593:Supreme Court 1590: 1587: 1586: 1585: 1583: 1573: 1571: 1564: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 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