Preterm birth - Knowledge

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randomized controlled trials are needed in this field to determine the effectiveness of fortification. It is unclear if fortification of breast milk improves outcomes in preterm babies, though it may speed growth. Supplementing human milk with extra protein may increase short-term growth but the longer-term effects on body composition, growth and brain development are uncertain. Higher protein formula (between 3 and 4 grams of protein per kilo of body weight) may be more effective than low protein formula (less than 3 grams per kilo per day) for weight gain in formula-fed low-birth-weight infants. There is insufficient evidence about the effect on preterm babies' growth of supplementing human milk with carbohydrate, fat, and branched-chain amino acids. Conversely, there is some indication that preterm babies who cannot breastfeed may do better if they are fed only with diluted formula compared to full strength formula but the clinical trial evidence remains uncertain.

2480:, brain stem, and various white matter tracts, as well as specific positive associations with the cerebellum and thalamus. Several structural brain alterations have been linked back to cognitive and behavioural outcome measures. For example, total brain tissue volume explained between 20 and 40% of the IQ and educational outcome differences between extremely preterm born adolescents and control adolescents. In another study, a 25% quartile decrease in white matter values in middle temporal gyrus was associated with a 60% increase in the risk of cognitive impairment. Nosarti and colleagues previously hypothesised that maturational patterns in preterm brains were consistent with the age-related stages typically observed in younger subjects. Their most recent study suggests, however, that their trajectory may not only be delayed but also fundamentally distinctive. Since both smaller and larger regional volumes were found in very preterm individuals compared to controls. 1070:

statistically significant relative risks of maternal anemia, intrapartum fever, unknown bleeding, renal disease, placental previa, hydramnios, placenta abruption, and pregnancy-induced hypertension with the absence of prenatal care. All these prenatal risks were controlled for other high-risk conditions, maternal age, gravidity, marital status, and maternal education. The absence of prenatal care prior to and during the pregnancy is primarily a function of socioeconomic factors (low family income and education), access to medical consultations (large distance from the place of residence to the healthcare unit and transportation costs), quality of healthcare, and social support. Efforts to decrease rates of preterm birth should aim to increase the deficits posed by the aforementioned barriers and to increase access to prenatal care.

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approach is meant to mimic conditions of normal bodily functions involved with feeding and allow for a cyclic pattern in the release of gastrointestinal tract hormones to promote development of the gastrointestinal system. In certain cases, continuous nasogastric feeding is sometimes preferred. There is low to very low certainty evidence to suggest that low birth weight babies who receive continuous nasogastic feeding may reach the benchmark of tolerating full enteral feeding later than babies fed intermittently and it is not clear if continuous feeding has any effect on weight gain or the number of interruptions in feedings. Continuous feeding may have little to no effect on length of body growth or head circumference and the effects of continuous feeding on the risk of developing necrotising enterocolitis is not clear.

1825:, monitoring the volume and colour of gastric residuals, the milk and gastrointestinal secretions that remain in the stomach after a set amount of time, is common standard of care practice. Gastric residual often contains gastric acid, hormones, enzymes, and other substances that may help improve digestion and mobility of the gastrointestinal tract. Analysis of gastric residuals may help guide timing of feeds. Increased gastric residual may indicate feeding intolerance or it may be an early sign of necrotizing enterocolitis. Increased gastric residual may be caused by an underdeveloped gastrointestinal system that leads to slower gastric emptying or movement of the milk in the intestinal tract, reduced hormone or enzyme secretions from the gastrointestinal tract, duodenogastric 1854:

they are screened, diagnosed, and receiving intervention for a hearing loss. However, for very premature babies, it might not be possible to complete a hearing screen at one month of age due to several factors. Once the baby is stable, an audiologic evaluation should be performed. For premature babies in the NICU, auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing is recommended. If the infant does not pass the screen, they should be referred for an audiologic evaluation by an audiologist. If the infant is on aminoglycosides such as gentamicin for less than five days they should be monitored and have a follow-up 6–7 months of being discharged from the hospital to ensure there is no late onset hearing loss due to the medication.

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factors). Reducing physical activity during pregnancy has not been shown to reduce the risk of a preterm birth. Healthy eating can be instituted at any stage of the pregnancy including nutritional adjustments and consuming suggested vitamin supplements. Calcium supplementation in women who have low dietary calcium may reduce the number of negative outcomes including preterm birth, pre-eclampsia, and maternal death. The World Health Organization (WHO) suggests 1.5–2 g of calcium supplements daily, for pregnant women who have low levels of calcium in their diet. Supplemental intake of C and E vitamins have not been found to reduce preterm birth rates.

1845:) are common in babies born preterm. Hypernatraemia (sodium levels in the serum of more than 145-150 mmol/L) is common early on in preterm babies and the risk of hyponatraemia (sodium levels of less than 135 nmol/L) increases after about a week of birth if left untreated and prevention approaches are not used. Preventing complications associated with sodium imbalances is part of standard of care for preterm infants and includes careful monitoring of water and sodium given to the infant. The optimal sodium dose given immediately after birth (first day) is not clear and further research is needed to understand the idea management approach. 820:

outcomes, even at a time when Finland provided free maternity care. A study in Quebec of 720,586 births from 1990 to 1997 revealed less risk of preterm birth for infants with legally married mothers compared with those with common-law wed or unwed parents. A study conducted in Malaysia in 2015 showed a similar trend, with marital status being significantly associated with preterm birth. However, the result of a study conducted in the US showed that between 1989 to 2006, marriage became less protective of preterm births which was attributed to the changing social norms and behaviors surrounding marriage.

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pre-term and in the United States 12.3% of all births are before 37 weeks gestation. Approximately 0.5% of births are extremely early periviable births (20–25 weeks of gestation), and these account for most of the deaths. In many countries, rates of premature births have increased between the 1990s and 2010s. Complications from preterm births resulted globally in 0.81 million deaths in 2015, down from 1.57 million in 1990. The chance of survival at 22 weeks is about 6%, while at 23 weeks it is 26%, 24 weeks 55% and 25 weeks about 72%. The chances of survival without any long-term difficulties are lower.

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in full-term pregnancies, reduced the risk of infection of the lining of the womb after delivery (endometritis), and rates of gonococcal infection. However, the women without bacterial vaginosis did not have any reduction in preterm births or pre-labor preterm waters breaking. Much of the research included in this review lost participants during follow-up so did not report the long-term effects of the antibiotics on mothers or babies. More research in this area is needed to find the full effects of giving antibiotics throughout the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.

2390:, a drastic drop in the rate of premature births has been reported in many countries, ranging from a 20% reduction to a 90% drop in the starkest cases. Studies in Ireland and Denmark first noticed the phenomenon, and it has been confirmed elsewhere. There is no universally accepted explanation for this drop as of August 2020. Hypotheses include additional rest and support for expectant mothers staying at home, less air pollution due to shutdowns and reduced car fumes, and reduced likelihood of catching other diseases and viruses in general due to the lockdowns. 949:, plus many other adverse outcomes for the mother and baby. This ought not be confused with massage therapy conducted by a fully trained and certified/licensed massage therapist or by significant others trained to provide massage during pregnancy, which—in a study involving pregnant females with prenatal depression—has been shown to have numerous positive results during pregnancy, including the reduction of preterm birth, less depression, lower cortisol, and reduced anxiety. In healthy women, however, no effects have been demonstrated in a controlled study. 1698:(NEC). In the absence of evidence from randomised controlled trials about the effects of feeding preterm infants with formula compared with mother's own breast milk, data collected from other types of studies suggest that mother's own breast milk is likely to have advantages over formula in terms of the baby's growth and development. A recent (2019) large review of evidence suggests that feeding preterm infants with formula rather than donor breast milk is associated with faster rates of growth, but with a near‐doubling of the risk of developing NEC. 1040:. A review into giving antibiotics in pregnancy for asymptomatic bacteriuria (urine infection with no symptoms) found the research was of very low quality but that it did suggest that taking antibiotics reduced the numbers of preterm births and babies with low birth weight. Another review found that one dose of antibiotics did not seem as effective as a course of antibiotics but fewer women reported side effects from one dose. This review recommended that more research is needed to discover the best way of treating asymptomatic bacteriuria. 403: 1563: 1390: 53: 1863: 1678:

feeding, quantity of milk, continuous or intermittent feeding, and managing gastric residuals are all considered by the neonatal care team when optimizing care. The evidence in the form of high quality randomized trials is generally fairly weak in this area, and for this reason different neonatal intensive care units may have different practices and this results in a fairly large variation in practice. The care of preterm infants also varies in different countries and depends on resources that are available.

1160: 1261:, and bacterial vaginosis did not reduce the rate of preterm birth. Routine ultrasound examination of the length of the cervix may identify women at risk of preterm labour and tentative evidence suggests ultrasound measurement of the length of the cervix in those with preterm labor can help adjust management and results in the extension of pregnancy by about four days. Screening for the presence of fibronectin in vaginal secretions is not recommended at this time in women at low risk of preterm birth. 1648:(CPAP) or nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NPPV). For extremely preterm babies (born before 28 weeks' gestation), targeting a higher versus a lower oxygen saturation range makes little or no difference overall to the risk of death or major disability. Babies born before 32 weeks have been shown to have a lower risk of death from bronchopulmonary dysplasia if they have CPAP immediately after being born, compared to receiving either supportive care or assisted ventilation. 2210:(< 2,500 grams), which occurred in 16.5% of births in less developed regions in 2000. It is estimated that one third of these low birth weight deliveries are due to preterm delivery. Weight generally correlates to gestational age; however, infants may be underweight for other reasons than a preterm delivery. Neonates of low birth weight (LBW) have a birth weight of less than 2,500 g (5 lb 8 oz) and are mostly but not exclusively preterm babies as they also include 12989: 16513: 14132: 1735:. The milk volume is usually gradually increased over the following weeks. Research into the ideal timing of enteral feeding and whether delaying enteral feeding or gradually introducing enteral feeds is beneficial at improving growth for preterm infants or low birth weight infants is needed. In addition, the ideal timing of enteral feeds to prevent side effects such as necrotising enterocolitis or mortality in preterm infants who require a packed 1207:

night-shift work and to provide them with time for prenatal visits and paid pregnancy-leave. The EUROPOP study showed that preterm birth is not related to type of employment, but to prolonged work (over 42 hours per week) or prolonged standing (over 6 hours per day). Also, night work has been linked to preterm birth. Health policies that take these findings into account can be expected to reduce the rate of preterm birth. Preconceptional intake of

1113:(fFN) has become an important biomarker—the presence of this glycoprotein in the cervical or vaginal secretions indicates that the border between the chorion and decidua has been disrupted. A positive test indicates an increased risk of preterm birth, and a negative test has a high predictive value. It has been shown that only 1% of women in questionable cases of preterm labor delivered within the next week when the test was negative. 1829:, formula, medications, and/or illness. The clinical decision to discard the gastric residuals (versus re-feeding) is often individualized based on the quantity and quality of the residual. Some experts also suggest replacing the fresh milk or curded milk and bile-stained aspirates, but not replacing haemorrhagic residual. Evidence to support or refute the practice of re-feeding preterm infants with gastric residuals is lacking. 14156: 2067:. Standard intelligence tests showed that 41% of children born between 22 and 25 weeks had moderate or severe learning disabilities when compared to the test scores of a group of similar classmates who were born at full term. It is also shown that higher levels of education were less likely to be obtained with decreasing gestational age at birth. People born prematurely may be more susceptible to developing 14144: 2087:, demonstrate qualitative anomalies of brain structure and grey matter deficits within temporal lobe structures and the cerebellum that persist into adolescence. Throughout life they are more likely to require services provided by physical therapists, occupational therapists, or speech therapists. They are more likely to develop type 1 diabetes (roughly 1.2 times the rate) and type 2 diabetes (1.5 times). 1813:") who are critically ill and cannot tolerate milk, there is some weak evidence that the infant may benefit from including amino acids and fats in the intravenous nutrition at a later time point (72 hours or longer from hospital admission) versus early (less than 72 hours from admission to hospital), however further research is required to understand the ideal timing of starting intravenous nutrition. 433:. Also, vaginal bleeding in the third trimester, heavy pressure in the pelvis, or abdominal or back pain could be indicators that a preterm birth is about to occur. A watery discharge from the vagina may indicate premature rupture of the membranes that surround the baby. While the rupture of the membranes may not be followed by labor, usually delivery is indicated as infection ( 1356:—relax the uterine musculature, maintain cervical length, and possess anti-inflammatory properties; all of which invoke physiological and anatomical changes considered to be beneficial in reducing preterm birth. Two meta-analyses demonstrated a reduction in the risk of preterm birth in women with recurrent preterm birth by 40–55%. 2270:, Texas, U.S., became the youngest premature baby in the world. She was born at 21 weeks 4 days and weighed 410 grams (less than a pound). Kaashif Ahmad resuscitated the baby after she was born. As of November 2018, Lyla was attending preschool. She had a slight delay in speech, but no other known medical issues or disabilities. 816:

been a big factor into why Filipinos have a high risk of premature birth as the Filipinos have a large prevalence of mutations that help them be predisposed to premature births. An intra- and transgenerational increase in the risk of preterm delivery has been demonstrated. No single gene has been identified.

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Preterm birth is a significant cost factor in healthcare, not even considering the expenses of long-term care for individuals with disabilities due to preterm birth. A 2003 study in the U.S. determined neonatal costs to be $ 224,400 for a newborn at 500–700 g versus $ 1,000 at over 3,000 g. The costs

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Meeting the appropriate nutritional needs of preterm infants is important for long-term health. Optimal care may require a balance of meeting nutritional needs and preventing complications related to feeding. The ideal growth rate is not known, however, preterm infants usually require a higher energy

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While antibiotics can get rid of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy, this does not appear to change the risk of preterm birth. It has been suggested that chronic chorioamnionitis is not sufficiently treated by antibiotics alone (and therefore they cannot ameliorate the need for preterm delivery in this

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has also been shown to reduce the risk. The use of personal at home uterine monitoring devices to detect contractions and possible preterm births in women at higher risk of having a preterm baby have been suggested. These home monitors may not reduce the number of preterm births, however, using these

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A different review found that preterm births happened less for pregnant women who had routine testing for low genital tract infections than for women who only had testing when they showed symptoms of low genital tract infections. The women being routinely tested also gave birth to fewer babies with a

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As survival has improved, the focus of interventions directed at the newborn has shifted to reduce long-term disabilities, particularly those related to brain injury. Some of the complications related to prematurity may not be apparent until years after the birth. A long-term study demonstrated that

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For infants who would benefit from intermittent bolus feeding, some infants may be fed using the "push feed" method using a syringe to gently push the milk or formula into the stomach of the infant. Others may be fed using a gravity feeding system where the syringe is attached directly to a tube and

1722:. Fortifier derived from humans is available, however, the evidence from clinical trials is uncertain and it is not clear if there are any differences between human-derived fortifier and bovine-derived fortifier in terms of neonatal weight gain, feeding intolerance, infections, or the risk of death. 1677:

including infection, and may reduce the length of time the infant requires specialized care in the hospital. Different strategies can be used to optimize feeding for preterm infants. The type of milk/formula and fortifiers, route of administration (by mouth, tube feeding, venous catheter), timing of

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is a surgical intervention that places a suture around the cervix to prevent its shortening and widening. Numerous studies have been performed to assess the value of cervical cerclage and the procedure appears helpful primarily for women with a short cervix and a history of preterm birth. Instead of

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Technologies under research and development to facilitate earlier diagnosis of preterm births include sanitary pads that identify biomarkers such as fFN and PAMG-1 and others, when placed into the vagina. These devices then calculate a risk of preterm birth and send the findings to a smartphone. The

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A review into prophylactic antibiotics (given to prevent infection) in the second and third trimester of pregnancy (13–42 weeks of pregnancy) found a reduction in the number of preterm births in women with bacterial vaginosis. These antibiotics also reduced the number of waters breaking before labor

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As the condition is more prevalent in black women in the U.S. and the UK, it has been suggested to be an explanation for the higher rate of preterm birth in these populations. It is opined that bacterial vaginosis before or during pregnancy may affect the decidual inflammatory response that leads to

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on average. The cause of these inconsistencies are unknown. Additionally, reductions in cortical surface area/cortical thickness were found in the temporal lobes bilaterally and in left frontal and parietal areas. Thicker cortex was found bilaterally in the medial inferior and anterior parts of the

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of prematurity". The number of preterms that receive special education is doubled compared to the general population. School marks are lower and so are verbal learning, executive function, language skills, and memory performance scores, as well as IQ scores. Behaviourally, adolescents who were born

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The record for the smallest premature baby to survive was held for a considerable amount of time by Madeline Mann, who was born in 1989 at 26 weeks, weighing 280.0 g (9.875 oz) and measuring 24 cm (9.5 in) long. This record was broken in September 2004 by Rumaisa Rahman, who was

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feeds of fortified or non-fortified human breast milk or formula may improve weight gain while the pre-term infant is hospitalized, however, there is insufficient evidence to determine if this approach improves growth of the neonate and other clinical outcomes including length of hospital stay. The

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For infants who weigh less than 1500 grams, tube feeding is usually necessary. Most often, neonatal specialists feed preterm babies intermittently with a prescribed amount of milk over a short period of time. For example, a feed could last 10–20 minutes and be given every 3 hours. This intermittent

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may lead to difficulties in meeting this high nutritional demand and many preterm infants have nutritional deficits that may result in growth restrictions. In addition, very small preterm infants cannot coordinate sucking, swallowing, and breathing. Tolerating a full enteral feeding (the prescribed

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In cases where premature birth is imminent, a second "rescue" course of steroids may be administered 12 to 24 hours before the anticipated birth. There are still some concerns about the efficacy and side effects of a second course of steroids, but the consequences of RDS are so severe that a second

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Historically efforts have been primarily aimed to improve survival and health of preterm infants (tertiary intervention). Such efforts, however, have not reduced the incidence of preterm birth. Increasingly primary interventions that are directed at all women, and secondary intervention that reduce

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does not directly lead to preterm birth; however, it is associated with diabetes and hypertension which are risk factors by themselves. To some degree those individuals may have underlying conditions (i.e., uterine malformation, hypertension, diabetes) that persist. Couples who have tried more than

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Some children will adjust well during childhood and adolescence, although disability is more likely nearer the limits of viability. A large study followed children born between 22 and 25 weeks until the age of 6 years old. Of these children, 46% had moderate to severe disabilities such as cerebral

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The Joint Committee on Infant Hearing (JCIH) state that for preterm infants who are in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for a prolonged time should have a diagnostic audiologic evaluation before they are discharged from the hospital. Well babies follow a 1-2-3-month benchmark timeline where

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milk feeds in infants born with very low birth weight may lead to better short-term weight gain and growth but the evidence is uncertain for longer term outcomes and for the risk of serious illness and death. This includes targeted fortification (adjusting the level of nutrients in response to the

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Self-care methods to reduce the risk of preterm birth include proper nutrition, avoiding stress, seeking appropriate medical care, avoiding infections, and the control of preterm birth risk factors (e.g. working long hours while standing on feet, carbon monoxide exposure, domestic abuse, and other

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being the eighth-highest ranking in the world for preterm births, the only non-African country in the top 10. This discrepancy is not seen in comparison to other Asian groups or Hispanic immigrants and remains unexplained. Genetic make-up is a factor in the causality of preterm birth. Genetics has

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Preterm birth is the most common cause of death among infants worldwide. About 15 million babies are preterm each year (5% to 18% of all deliveries). Late preterm birth accounts for 75% of all preterm births. This rate is inconsistent across countries. In the United Kingdom 7.9% of babies are born

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The chance of survival at 22 weeks is about 6%, while at 23 weeks it is 26%, 24 weeks 55% and 25 weeks about 72% as of 2016. With extensive treatment up to 30% of those who survive birth at 22 weeks survive longer term as of 2019. The chances of survival without long-term difficulties is less. Of

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Regarding the timing of starting fortified milk, preterm infants are often started on fortified milk/formula once they are fed 100 mL/kg of their body weight. Other some neonatal specialists feel that starting to feed a preterm infant fortified milk earlier is beneficial to improve intake of

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and ultrasonography improves the diagnostic accuracy and reduces false-positive diagnosis. While treatments to arrest early labor where there is progressive cervical dilatation and effacement will not be effective to gain sufficient time to allow the fetus to grow and mature further, it may defer

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Adoption of specific professional policies can immediately reduce risk of preterm birth as the experience in assisted reproduction has shown when the number of embryos during embryo transfer was limited. Many countries have established specific programs to protect pregnant women from hazardous or

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There is believed to be a maternal genetic component in preterm birth. Estimated heritability of timing-of-birth in women was 34%. However, the occurrence of preterm birth in families does not follow a clear inheritance pattern, thus supporting the idea that preterm birth is a non-Mendelian trait

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Marital status has long been associated with risks for preterm birth. A 2005 study of 25,373 pregnancies in Finland revealed that unmarried mothers had more preterm deliveries than married mothers (P=0.001). Pregnancy outside of marriage was associated overall with a 20% increase in total adverse

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A Cochrane review from 2020 recommends the use of a single course of antenatal corticosteroids to accelerate fetal lung maturation in women at risk of preterm birth. Treatment with antenatal corticosteroids reduces the risk of perinatal death, neonatal death and respiratory distress syndrome and

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is based on the observation that populations who have a high intake of such agents are at low risk for preterm birth, presumably as these agents inhibit production of proinflammatory cytokines. A randomized trial showed a significant decline in preterm birth rates, and further studies are in the

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Screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria followed by appropriate treatment reduces pyelonephritis and reduces the risk of preterm birth. Extensive studies have been carried out to determine if other forms of screening in low-risk women followed by appropriate intervention are beneficial, including

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of 37 complete weeks. In the normal human fetus, several organ systems mature between 34 and 37 weeks, and the fetus reaches adequate maturity by the end of this period. One of the main organs greatly affected by premature birth is the lungs. The lungs are one of the last organs to mature in the

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women have preterm birth rates of 15–18%, more than double than that of the white population. Many Black women have higher preterm birth rates due to multiple factors but the most common is high amounts of chronic stress, which can eventually lead to premature birth. Adult chronic disease is not

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Despite the neurosensory, mental and educational problems studied in school age and adolescent children born extremely preterm, the majority of preterm survivors born during the early years of neonatal intensive care are found to do well and to live fairly normal lives in young adulthood. Young

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The exact cause of spontaneous preterm birth is difficult to determine and it may be caused by many different factors at the same time as labor is a complex process. The research available is limited with regard to the cervix and therefore is limited in discerning what is or is not normal. Four

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Breast milk or formula alone may not be sufficient to meet the nutritional needs of some preterm infants. Fortification of breast milk or formula by adding extra nutrients is an approach often taken for feeding preterm infants, with the goal of meeting the high nutritional demand. High quality

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For very preterm infants, most neonatal care centres start milk feeds gradually, rather than starting with a full enteral feeding right away, however, is not clear if starting full enteral feeding early effects the risk of necrotising enterocolitis. In these cases, the preterm infant would be

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When membranes rupture prematurely, obstetrical management looks for development of labor and signs of infection. Prophylactic antibiotic administration has been shown to prolong pregnancy and reduced neonatal morbidity with rupture of membranes at less than 34 weeks. Because of concern about

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Concerns about adverse effects of prenatal corticosteroids include increased risk for maternal infection, difficulty with diabetic control, and possible long-term effects on neurodevelopmental outcomes for the infants. There is ongoing discussion about when steroids should be given (i.e. only

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are effective in decreasing preterm births. Different strategies are used in the administration of prenatal care, and future studies need to determine if the focus can be on screening for high-risk women, or widened support for low-risk women, or to what degree these approaches can be merged.

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Progestogen supplementation also reduces the frequency of preterm birth in pregnancies where there is a short cervix. A short cervix is one that is less than 25mm, as detected during a transvaginal cervical length assessment in the midtrimester. However, progestogens are not effective in all

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Women are identified to be at increased risk for preterm birth on the basis of their past obstetrical history or the presence of known risk factors. Preconception intervention can be helpful in selected patients in a number of ways. Patients with certain uterine anomalies may have a surgical

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Since preterm infants with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease do not have a fully developed antireflux mechanism, deciding on the most effective approach for nutrition is important. It is not clear if continuous bolus intragastric tube feeding is more effective compared to intermittent bolus

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rarely delays delivery beyond 24–48 hours. This delay, however, may be sufficient to allow the pregnant woman to be transferred to a center specialized for management of preterm deliveries and give administered corticosteroids to reduce neonatal organ immaturity. Meta-analyses indicate that

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Reduction in activity by the mother—pelvic rest, limited work, bed rest—may be recommended although there is no evidence it is useful with some concerns it is harmful. Increasing medical care by more frequent visits and more education has not been shown to reduce preterm birth rates. Use of

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Nikolova T, Bayev O, Nikolova N, Di Renzo GC. Comparison of a novel test for placental alpha microglobulin-1 with fetal fibronectin and cervical length measurement for the prediction of imminent spontaneous preterm delivery in patients with threatened preterm labor. J Perinat Med. 2015 Jan

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Air pollution: Living in an area with a high concentration of air pollution is a major risk factor for preterm labor, including living near major roadways or highways where vehicle emissions are high from traffic congestion or are a route for diesel trucks that tend to emit more pollution.

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born in the same hospital, Loyola University Medical Center in Maywood, Illinois. at 25 weeks' gestation. At birth, she was 20 cm (8 in) long and weighed 261 g (9.2 oz). Her twin sister was also a small baby, weighing 563 g (1 lb 3.9 oz) at birth. During

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The absence of prenatal care has been associated with higher rates of preterm births. Analysis of 15,627,407 live births in the United States in 1995–1998 concluded that the absence of prenatal care carried a 2.9 (95%CI 2.8, 3.0) times higher risk of preterm births. This same study found

1955:, the latter affecting 25% of babies born preterm, usually before 32 weeks of pregnancy. Mild brain bleeds usually leave no or few lasting complications, but severe bleeds often result in brain damage or even death. Neurodevelopmental problems have been linked to lack of maternal 1747:

nutrients. The risks of feeding intolerance and necrotising enterocolitis related to early versus later fortification of human milk are not clear. Once the infant is able to go home from the hospital there is limited evidence to support prescribing a preterm (fortified) formula.

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have been suggested as an approach to identify those at higher risk, however, there is no strong research in this area so it is unclear whether the use of risk scoring systems for identifying mothers would prolong pregnancy and reduce the numbers of preterm births or not.

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Richard Hutchinson was born at Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on June 5, 2020, at 21 weeks 2 days gestation. At birth he weighed 340 g (12 oz). He remained hospitalized until November 2020, when he was then discharged.

1180:. Therefore, a significant overlap exists between preterm birth and prematurity. Generally, preterm babies are premature and term babies are mature. Preterm babies born near 37 weeks often have no problems relating to prematurity if their lungs have developed adequate 1402:

delivery sufficiently to allow the mother to be brought to a specialized center that is equipped and staffed to handle preterm deliveries. In a hospital setting women are hydrated via intravenous infusion (as dehydration can lead to premature uterine contractions).

1098:, the test for PAMG-1 (commercially known as the PartoSure test) has been reported to be the single best predictor of imminent spontaneous delivery within 7 days of a patient presenting with signs, symptoms, or complaints of preterm labor. Specifically, the PPV, or 2227:

About 75% of nearly a million deaths due to preterm delivery would survive if provided warmth, breastfeeding, treatments for infection, and breathing support. Complications from preterm births resulted in 740,000 deaths in 2013, down from 1.57 million in 1990.

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fertilization) rather than the date of her mother's last menstrual period, making her appear 2 weeks younger than if gestation was calculated by the more common method. At birth, she was 23 cm (9 in) long and weighed 280 g (10 oz). She had

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and other causes of neonatal death have been markedly reduced, prematurity is the leading cause of neonatal mortality at 25%. Prematurely born infants are also at greater risk for having subsequent serious chronic health problems as discussed below.

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antenatally or postnatally too) and for how long (i.e. single course or repeated administration). Despite these unknowns, there is a consensus that the benefits of a single course of prenatal glucocorticosteroids vastly outweigh the potential risks.

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Ecker JL, Kaimal A, Mercer BM, Blackwell SC, deRegnier RA, Farrell RM, et al. (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine) (October 2017). "Obstetric Care consensus No. 6: Periviable Birth".

2313:. The larger twin left the hospital at the end of December, while the smaller remained there until 10 February 2005 by which time her weight had increased to 1.18 kg (2 lb 10 oz). Generally healthy, the twins had to undergo 1900:. As NICU care has improved over the last 40 years, the limit of viability has reduced to approximately 24 weeks. Most newborns who die, and 40% of older infants who die, were born between 20 and 25.9 weeks (gestational age), during the 810:

are also at high risk of premature birth, and it is believed that nearly 11–15% of Filipinos born in the U.S. (compared to other Asians at 7.6% and whites at 7.8%) are premature. Filipinos being a big risk factor is evidenced with the

1240:. Support from medical professionals, friends, and family during pregnancy may be beneficial at reducing caesarean birth and may reduce prenatal hospital admissions, however, these social supports alone may not prevent preterm birth. 2418:

studies found consistent reductions in whole brain volume. The extensive list of particular regions with smaller volumes compared to controls includes many cortical areas (temporal, frontal, parietal, occipital and cingulate), the

362:. It is estimated that at least 75% of preterm infants would survive with appropriate treatment, and the survival rate is highest among the infants born the latest in gestation. In women who might deliver between 24 and 37 weeks, 3126: 10929:

Böhm B, Katz-Salamon M, Institute K, Smedler AC, Lagercrantz H, Forssberg H (August 2002). "Developmental risks and protective factors for influencing cognitive outcome at 5 1/2 years of age in very-low-birthweight children".

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enclosed in plastic with climate control equipment designed to keep them warm and limit their exposure to germs. Modern neonatal intensive care involves sophisticated measurement of temperature, respiration, cardiac function,

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populations, as a study involving twin gestations failed to see any benefit. Despite extensive research related to progestogen effectiveness, uncertainties remain concerning types of progesterone and routes of administration.

1184:, which allows the lungs to remain expanded between breaths. Sequelae of prematurity can be reduced to a small extent by using drugs to accelerate maturation of the fetus, and to a greater extent by preventing preterm birth. 1009:

can be a serious risk factor for preterm labor; several previous studies failed to acknowledge the difference between aerobic vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis, which may explain some of the contradiction in the results.

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Meta-analyses of 4 randomized clinical trials performed over the period 1983 to 2005 support the conclusion that feeding preterm infants human milk is associated with a significant reduction (58%) in the incidence of

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Preterm birth complicates 5–18% of births worldwide. In Europe and many developed countries the preterm birth rate is generally 5–9%, while in the U.S. from 2007 to 2022 the rate fluctuated from 9.6 to 10.5 per cent.

2263:, Ontario, Canada) was the earliest premature baby in the world, until that record was broken in 2004. He was 128 days premature, 21 weeks 5 days gestation, and weighed 624 g (1 lb 6 oz). He survived. 16552: 2451:. Brain volume reduction seems to be present throughout the whole brain. In contrast, larger volumes were found in some of the same areas including medial/anterior frontal, parietal and temporal cortex, cerebellum, 1425:, also called hyaline membrane disease, in the neonate. To try to reduce the risk of this outcome, pregnant mothers with threatened premature delivery prior to 34 weeks are often administered at least one course of 370:, may delay delivery so that a mother can be moved to where more medical care is available and the corticosteroids have a greater chance to work. Once the baby is born, care includes keeping the baby warm through 1051:

has been shown repeatedly to be linked to preterm birth. In contrast, viral infections, unless accompanied by a significant febrile response, are considered not to be a major factor in relation to preterm birth.

15821: 12874: 12855: 858:

Certain medical conditions in the pregnant mother may also increase the risk of preterm birth. Some women have anatomical problems that prevent the baby from being carried to term. These include a weak or short

473:

Identifying women at high risk of giving birth early would enable the health services to provide specialized care for these women and their babies, for example a hospital with a special care baby unit such as a

2094:

Beyond the neurodevelopmental consequences of prematurity, infants born preterm have a greater risk for many other health problems. For instance, children born prematurely have an increased risk for developing

6700:

Johnston M, Landers S, Noble L, Szucs K, Viehmann L, et al. (Section on Breastfeeding) (August 2021). "Prediction and Prevention of Spontaneous Preterm Birth: ACOG Practice Bulletin Summary, Number 234".

3645:

Vintzileos AM, Ananth CV, Smulian JC, Scorza WE, Knuppel RA (November 2002). "The impact of prenatal care in the United States on preterm births in the presence and absence of antenatal high-risk conditions".

2051:

palsy, vision or hearing loss and learning disabilities, 34% had mild disabilities, and 20% had no disabilities; 12% had disabling cerebral palsy. Up to 15% of premature infants have significant hearing loss.

7424:

Mackenzie R, Walker M, Armson A, Hannah ME (May 2006). "Progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth among women at increased risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".

13998: 2328:

announced that a baby nicknamed "Saybie" had been discharged almost five months after being born at 23 weeks' gestation and weighing 244 g (8.6 oz). Saybie was confirmed by Dr. Edward Bell of the

2250:

found that the 550,000 premature babies born each year in the U.S. run up about $ 26 billion in annual costs, mostly related to care in neonatal intensive care units, but the real tab may top $ 50 billion.

1660:

intake compared to babies who are born at term. The recommended amount of milk is often prescribed based on approximated nutritional requirements of a similar aged fetus who is not compromised. An immature

256:, as opposed to full-term delivery at approximately 40 weeks. Extreme preterm is less than 28 weeks, very early preterm birth is between 28 and 32 weeks, early preterm birth occurs between 32 and 34 weeks, 7089: 4464: 2778:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 1923:

Preterm infants usually show physical signs of prematurity in reverse proportion to the gestational age. As a result, they are at risk for numerous medical problems affecting different organ systems.

4044:

Berlac, Janne Foss; Hartwell, Dorthe; Skovlund, Charlotte Wessel; Langhoff-Roos, Jens; Lidegaard, Øjvind (June 2017). "Endometriosis increases the risk of obstetrical and neonatal complications".

16545: 7508:"Vaginal progesterone decreases preterm birth ≤ 34 weeks of gestation in women with a singleton pregnancy and a short cervix: an updated meta-analysis including data from the OPPTIMUM study" 3368:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013" 2047:

those who survive following birth at 22 weeks 33% have severe disabilities. In the developed world, overall survival is about 90% while in low-income countries survival rates are about 10%.

1768:

the milk or formula drips into the infant's stomach. It is not clear from medical studies which approach to intermittent bolus feeding is more effective or reduces adverse effects such as

15814: 781:

Studies on type of work and physical activity have given conflicting results, but it is opined that stressful conditions, hard labor, and long hours are probably linked to preterm birth.

3118: 10463: 7013:

Romero R, Oyarzun E, Mazor M, Sirtori M, Hobbins JC, Bracken M (April 1989). "Meta-analysis of the relationship between asymptomatic bacteriuria and preterm delivery/low birth weight".

441:

and mother. In some cases, the cervix dilates prematurely without pain or perceived contractions, so that the mother may not have warning signs until very late in the birthing process.

4442: 863:(the strongest predictor of premature birth). Women with vaginal bleeding during pregnancy are at higher risk for preterm birth. While bleeding in the third trimester may be a sign of 1739:

is not clear. Potential disadvantages of a more gradual approach to feeding preterm infants associated with less milk in the gut and include slower GI tract secretion of hormones and

1044:

low birth weight. Even though these results look promising, the review was only based on one study so more research is needed into routine screening for low genital tract infections.

966:

Infectious microorganisms can be ascending, hematogenous, iatrogenic by a procedure, or retrograde through the fallopian tubes. From the deciduae they may reach the space between the

6471:

Been JV, Nurmatov UB, Cox B, Nawrot TS, van Schayck CP, Sheikh A (May 2014). "Effect of smoke-free legislation on perinatal and child health: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

16538: 5906:

Lee SE, Park JS, Norwitz ER, Kim KW, Park HS, Jun JK (March 2007). "Measurement of placental alpha-microglobulin-1 in cervicovaginal discharge to diagnose rupture of membranes".

15807: 6074:

Sukchaya K, Phupong V (August 2013). "A comparative study of positive rate of placental α-microglobulin-1 test in pre-term pregnant women with and without uterine contraction".

2658:

Saccone G, Berghella V, Sarno L, Maruotti GM, Cetin I, Greco L, et al. (February 2016). "Celiac disease and obstetric complications: a systematic review and metaanalysis".

1211:

is recommended to reduce birth defects. There is also some evidence that folic acid supplement preconceptionally (before becoming pregnant) may reduce premature birth. Reducing

12519:

Walther FJ, den Ouden AL, Verloove-Vanhorick SP (September 2000). "Looking back in time: outcome of a national cohort of very preterm infants born in The Netherlands in 1983".

871:—conditions that occur frequently preterm—even earlier bleeding that is not caused by these conditions is linked to a higher preterm birth rate. Women with abnormal amounts of 16518: 7641:

Berghella V, Odibo AO, To MS, Rust OA, Althuisius SM (July 2005). "Cerclage for short cervix on ultrasonography: meta-analysis of trials using individual patient-level data".

1086:

has been the subject of several investigations evaluating its ability to predict imminent spontaneous preterm birth in women with signs, symptoms, or complaints suggestive of

12055:

Tanskanen P, Valkama M, Haapea M, Barnes A, Ridler K, Miettunen J, et al. (January 2011). "Is prematurity associated with adult cognitive outcome and brain structure?".

1457:

review (updated in 2022) supports the use of repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids for women still at risk of preterm birth seven days or more after an initial course.

8042:

Kenyon SL, Taylor DJ, Tarnow-Mordi W (March 2001). "Broad-spectrum antibiotics for spontaneous preterm labour: the ORACLE II randomised trial. ORACLE Collaborative Group".

11442: 4836:"Prediction of patient-specific risk of early preterm delivery using maternal history and sonographic measurement of cervical length: a population-based prospective study" 6563:

Pompeii LA, Savitz DA, Evenson KR, Rogers B, McMahon M (December 2005). "Physical exertion at work and the risk of preterm delivery and small-for-gestational-age birth".

1310:, vitamin C and E, and calcium to reduce preeclampsia demonstrated some reduction in preterm birth only when low-dose aspirin was used. Even if agents such as calcium or 6117:

Nikolova T, Bayev O, Nikolova N, Di Renzo GC (July 2014). "Evaluation of a novel placental alpha microglobulin-1 (PAMG-1) test to predict spontaneous preterm delivery".

5773:

Kistka ZA, DeFranco EA, Ligthart L, Willemsen G, Plunkett J, Muglia LJ, Boomsma DI (July 2008). "Heritability of parturition timing: an extended twin design analysis".

4742:

Bánhidy F, Acs N, Puhó EH, Czeizel AE (2007). "Pregnancy complications and birth outcomes of pregnant women with urinary tract infections and related drug treatments".

3774:

Shah PS, Balkhair T, Ohlsson A, Beyene J, Scott F, Frick C (February 2011). "Intention to become pregnant and low birth weight and preterm birth: a systematic review".

462:

different pathways have been identified that can result in preterm birth and have considerable evidence: precocious fetal endocrine activation, uterine overdistension (

5751: 5126:

Dolan SM, Gross SJ, Merkatz IR, Faber V, Sullivan LM, Malone FD, et al. (August 2007). "The contribution of birth defects to preterm birth and low birth weight".

4214:

Bhattacharya S, Amalraj Raja E, Ruiz Mirazo E, Campbell DM, Lee AJ, Norman JE, Bhattacharya S (June 2010). "Inherited predisposition to spontaneous preterm delivery".

6428:

Iams JD, Romero R, Culhane JF, Goldenberg RL (January 2008). "Primary, secondary, and tertiary interventions to reduce the morbidity and mortality of preterm birth".

1381:

a prophylactic cerclage, women at risk can be monitored during pregnancy by sonography, and when shortening of the cervix is observed, the cerclage can be performed.

12554:

Zwicker JG, Harris SR (February 2008). "Quality of life of formerly preterm and very low birth weight infants from preschool age to adulthood: a systematic review".

3191:

Trilla CC, Medina MC, Ginovart G, Betancourt J, Armengol JA, Calaf J (August 2014). "Maternal risk factors and obstetric complications in late preterm prematurity".

1236:

devices may increase the number of unplanned antenatal visits and may reduce the number of babies admitted to special care when compared with women receiving normal

12695:

Skranes J, Løhaugen GC, Martinussen M, Håberg A, Brubakk AM, Dale AM (September 2013). "Cortical surface area and IQ in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) young adults".

1595:. After delivery, plastic wraps or warm mattresses are useful to keep the infant warm on their way to the NICU. Treatments may include fluids and nutrition through 1274:), and those with certain medical problems can be helped by optimizing medical therapies prior to conception, be it for asthma, diabetes, hypertension, and others. 14003: 10061:

Joint Committee on Infant Hearing (October 2007). "Year 2007 position statement: Principles and guidelines for early hearing detection and intervention programs".

2091:

adults born preterm seem to acknowledge that they have more health problems than their peers, yet feel the same degree of satisfaction with their quality of life.

10743: 10276:

Boland RA, Davis PG, Dawson JA, Doyle LW (March 2017). "Outcomes of infants born at 22-27 weeks' gestation in Victoria according to outborn/inborn birth status".

1134:

in women at risk for premature delivery. A short cervix preterm is undesirable: A cervical length of less than 25 mm (0.98 in) at or before 24 weeks of

11202: 5998:

Lee SM, Yoon BH, Park CW, Kim SM, Park JW (2011). "Intra-amniotic inflammation in patients with a positive Amnisure test in preterm labor and intact membranes".

828:

Medications during pregnancy, living conditions, air pollution, smoking, illicit drugs or alcohol, infection, or physical trauma may also cause a preterm birth.

798:

confers a greater risk of preterm birth than spontaneous conceptions after more than one year of trying, with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.55 (95% CI 1.30–1.85).

7093: 6170:

Lu GC, Goldenberg RL, Cliver SP, Kreaden US, Andrews WW (February 2001). "Vaginal fetal fibronectin levels and spontaneous preterm birth in symptomatic women".

2716: 2355:

hospital at 21 weeks 1 day, and weighed 420 g (15 oz). He was discharged in April 2021. As of March 2023, he is the current world record holder.

4468: 3607:

Van Os M, Van Der Ven J, Kazemier B, Haak M, Pajkrt E, Mol BW, De Groot C (2013). "Individualizing the risk for preterm birth: An overview of the literature".

1644:

In terms of respiratory support, there may be little or no difference in the risk of death or chronic lung disease between high flow nasal cannulae (HFNC) and

1433:

that crosses the placental barrier and stimulates the production of surfactant in the lungs of the baby. Steroid use up to 37 weeks is also recommended by the

2920: 2633: 2277:, Florida, U.S., at 21 weeks and 6 days' gestation. This report has created some confusion as her gestation was measured from the date of conception (through 2542: 10319:

Chen F, Bajwa NM, Rimensberger PC, Posfay-Barbe KM, Pfister RE (September 2016). "Thirteen-year mortality and morbidity in preterm infants in Switzerland".

7941: 5712:

Jeffcoat MK, Geurs NC, Reddy MS, Cliver SP, Goldenberg RL, Hauth JC (July 2001). "Periodontal infection and preterm birth: results of a prospective study".

3042: 2751: 16072: 11699: 4283: 1434: 407: 1607:

support, and medications. In developing countries where advanced equipment and even electricity may not be available or reliable, simple measures such as

10017:

Diller, Natasha; Osborn, David A; Birch, Pita (12 October 2023). Cochrane Neonatal Group (ed.). "Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants".

945:

Physical trauma may case a preterm birth. The Nigerian cultural method of abdominal massage has been shown to result in 19% preterm birth among women in

7592:"Evaluating progestogens for prevention of preterm birth international collaborative (EPPPIC) individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis: protocol" 11030:

Li S, Zhang M, Tian H, Liu Z, Yin X, Xi B (October 2014). "Preterm birth and risk of type 1 and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis".

1193:

existing risks are looked upon as measures that need to be developed and implemented to prevent the health problems of premature infants and children.

847:

of multiple embryos has been implicated as a risk factor for preterm birth. Often labor has to be induced for medical reasons; such conditions include

4934:"Prevention of spontaneous preterm birth: the role of sonographic cervical length in identifying patients who may benefit from progesterone treatment" 16414: 7915: 4090: 2321: 8012:

Schrag S, Gorwitz R, Fultz-Butts K, Schuchat A (August 2002). "Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease. Revised guidelines from CDC".

4695:"The preterm prediction study: the value of new vs standard risk factors in predicting early and all spontaneous preterm births. NICHD MFMU Network" 1621:

and mortality. Kangaroo mother care (KMC) can decrease the risk of neonatal sepsis, hypothermia, hypoglycemia and increase exclusive breastfeeding.

14194: 11417: 10528: 9850:"Evidence that informs feeding practices in very low birthweight and very preterm infants in sub-Saharan Africa: an overview of systematic reviews" 4079: 2337: 11724: 10965: 10544:

Morgan MA, Goldenberg RL, Schulkin J (February 2008). "Obstetrician-gynecologists' practices regarding preterm birth at the limit of viability".

7912:"The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Program: The Effect of Corticosteroids for Fetal Maturation on Perinatal Outcomes" 3537:

Behrman RE, Butler AS, et al. (Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Understanding Premature Birth and Assuring Healthy Outcomes) (2007).

2827:"Neonatal morbidity associated with late preterm and early term birth: the roles of gestational age and biological determinants of preterm birth" 9752:"Continuous versus bolus intermittent intragastric tube feeding for preterm and low birth weight infants with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease" 7766:"Part 5: Neonatal Resuscitation: 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care" 11780: 11684: 11612: 11580: 7561: 343:

are not recommended before 39 weeks unless required for other medical reasons. There may be certain medical reasons for early delivery such as

3744: 2776:

Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (BD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016).

15427: 10907: 10519: 9155:"Comparison of different protein concentrations of human milk fortifier for promoting growth and neurological development in preterm infants" 4438: 762:

Risk factors in the mother have been identified that are linked to a higher risk of a preterm birth. These include age (either very young or

10237:"Survival and morbidity of preterm children born at 22 through 34 weeks' gestation in France in 2011: results of the EPIPAGE-2 cohort study" 1397:

Tertiary interventions are aimed at women who are about to go into preterm labor, or rupture the membranes or bleed preterm. The use of the

16926: 14814: 12740:"Osteopathic manipulative treatment showed reduction of length of stay and costs in preterm infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 12217:

Bjuland KJ, Løhaugen GC, Martinussen M, Skranes J (June 2013). "Cortical thickness and cognition in very-low-birth-weight late teenagers".

8917:

Eidelman, Arthur I.; Schanler, Richard J.; Johnston, Margreete; Landers, Susan; Noble, Larry; Szucs, Kinga; Viehmann, Laura (March 2012).

5187:"Significance of (sub)clinical thyroid dysfunction and thyroid autoimmunity before conception and in early pregnancy: a systematic review" 3366:

Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, et al. (GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (January 2015).

16941: 16931: 15396: 12978: 1871: 11873:

Benders MJ, Kersbergen KJ, de Vries LS (March 2014). "Neuroimaging of white matter injury, intraventricular and cerebellar hemorrhage".

4334:"Why do singletons conceived after assisted reproduction technology have adverse perinatal outcome? Systematic review and meta-analysis" 2411:

very preterm and/or very low birth weight have similar self-reports of quality of life, health status and self-esteem as term controls.

14623: 14054: 2055:

the risks of medical and social disabilities extend into adulthood and are higher with decreasing gestational age at birth and include

1473:

The routine administration of antibiotics to all women with threatened preterm labor reduces the risk of the baby being infected with

11347:

Gilbert WM, Nesbitt TS, Danielsen B (September 2003). "The cost of prematurity: quantification by gestational age and birth weight".

10147:"Short term outcomes after extreme preterm birth in England: comparison of two birth cohorts in 1995 and 2006 (the EPICure studies)" 14113: 11532: 6215: 1911:

controversies over the aggressiveness of the care rendered to such infants. The limit of viability has also become a factor in the

1083: 11833: 10674: 14160: 14036: 9553:"Human milk-derived fortifier versus bovine milk-derived fortifier for prevention of mortality and morbidity in preterm neonates" 8247:"Assessing the neuroprotective benefits for babies of antenatal magnesium sulphate: An individual participant data meta-analysis" 2598: 1944: 778:, unintended pregnancies, untreated or undiagnosed celiac disease, fertility difficulties, heat exposure, and genetic variables. 11754: 11438: 16921: 14074: 10780: 3942: 11492: 11389:

Richard E. Behrman, Adrienne Stith Butler, Editors, Committee on Understanding Premature Birth and Assuring Healthy Outcomes.

1554:

is controversial, and a decision concerning the route and time of delivery probably needs to be made on a case-by-case basis.

16052: 16019: 15592: 15522: 14541: 12468:

van Lunenburg A, van der Pal SM, van Dommelen P, van der Pal-de Bruin KM, Bennebroek Gravenhorst J, Verrips GH (March 2013).

11393: 1534:

does not appear to be useful to prevent preterm birth. Its use before delivery, however, does appear to decrease the risk of

806:

always the case with premature birth in Black women, which makes the main factor of premature birth challenging to identify.

15737: 7938:"The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Program: Antenatal Corticosteroids Revisited: Repeat Courses" 7242:"Randomised clinical trials of fish oil supplementation in high risk pregnancies. Fish Oil Trials In Pregnancy (FOTIP) Team" 6237: 5747: 4490:

Luo ZC, Wilkins R, Kramer MS (June 2004). "Disparities in pregnancy outcomes according to marital and cohabitation status".

3688:"Celiac disease and reproductive disorders: meta-analysis of epidemiologic associations and potential pathogenic mechanisms" 16824: 15097: 14312: 14187: 11643: 9063:

Brown JV, Embleton ND, Harding JE, McGuire W (May 2016). "Multi-nutrient fortification of human milk for preterm infants".

1974: 1422: 1151:

notion that risk scoring systems are accurate in predicting preterm birth has been debated in multiple literature reviews.

8396:"Sustained versus standard inflations during neonatal resuscitation to prevent mortality and improve respiratory outcomes" 15696: 14864: 14568: 14480: 14008: 10981:"Low birthweight and preterm birth in young people with special educational needs: a magnetic resonance imaging analysis" 7557:"A randomized controlled trial of 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHPC) for the prevention of preterm birth in twins" 7369:"Prenatal administration of progesterone for preventing preterm birth in women considered to be at risk of preterm birth" 6657:

Lamont RF, Jaggat AN (March 2007). "Emerging drug therapies for preventing spontaneous preterm labor and preterm birth".

5172: 2352: 1645: 1506: 11325: 4787:"Maternal obesity and diabetes as risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes: differences among 4 racial/ethnic groups" 3958:"The Preterm Prediction Study: association between maternal body mass index and spontaneous and indicated preterm birth" 1907:

As risk of brain damage and developmental delay is significant at that threshold even if the infant survives, there are

910:

is the most commonly used drug during pregnancy and contributes significantly to low birth weight delivery. Babies with

16829: 16067: 15562: 14148: 14118: 11194: 10751: 10461:

Mathew TJ, MacDorman MF (2006). "Infant Mortality Statistics from the 2003 Period Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Set".

10369:

Saigal S, Doyle LW (January 2008). "An overview of mortality and sequelae of preterm birth from infancy to adulthood".

7197:

McCall CA, Grimes DA, Lyerly AD (June 2013). ""Therapeutic" bed rest in pregnancy: unethical and unsupported by data".

5025: 10484:"Medical staff guidelines for periviability pregnancy counseling and medical treatment of extremely premature infants" 9501:"Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving human milk" 7733:

Stan CM, Boulvain M, Pfister R, Hirsbrunner-Almagbaly P (November 2013). "Hydration for treatment of preterm labour".

1651:

There is insufficient evidence for or against placing preterm stable twins in the same cot or incubator (co-bedding).

16607: 16470: 16325: 16252: 15947: 15597: 15462: 14013: 13161: 11476: 11151:

Carmody JB, Charlton JR (June 2013). "Short-term gestation, long-term risk: prematurity and chronic kidney disease".

10645: 10235:

Ancel PY, Goffinet F, Kuhn P, Langer B, Matis J, Hernandorena X, et al. (EPIPAGE-2 Writing Group) (March 2015).

8870:"Continuous nasogastric milk feeding versus intermittent bolus milk feeding for preterm infants less than 1500 grams" 3426: 2708: 2468:

frontal lobes and in the occipital lobes. Gestational age was positively correlated with volumes of the temporal and

2340:, Jonathon Whitehill was just 25 weeks' gestation with a weight of 310 g (11 oz). He was hospitalized in a 12470:"Changes in quality of life into adulthood after very preterm birth and/or very low birth weight in the Netherlands" 10693:"Role of late maternal thyroid hormones in cerebral cortex development: an experimental model for human prematurity" 7815:"Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes" 4168:

Barreca A, Schaller J (2020). "The impact of high ambient temperatures on delivery timing and gestational lengths".

1302:

A number of agents have been studied for the secondary prevention of indicated preterm birth. Trials using low-dose

17150: 17125: 16916: 16497: 15701: 15401: 14926: 13346: 7965:"Antenatal and intrapartum interventions for preventing cerebral palsy: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews" 2910: 2875:"preemie noun – Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes | Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at" 2623: 1715:

results of a test on the breast milk) and adjustable fortification (adding nutrients based on testing the infant).

1287: 786:

one year versus those who have tried less than one year before achieving a spontaneous conception have an adjusted

17: 12599:"Segmental brain volumes and cognitive and perceptual correlates in 15-year-old adolescents with low birth weight" 2874: 2532: 17217: 17167: 16735: 16530: 16118: 15856: 15753: 15467: 14247: 14180: 13715: 13538: 13312: 12971: 11554: 9351:"High versus low medium chain triglyceride content of formula for promoting short-term growth of preterm infants" 7937: 5512:"Antibiotic prophylaxis during the second and third trimester to reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes and morbidity" 3032: 2997:

Korten I, Ramsey K, Latzin P (January 2017). "Air pollution during pregnancy and lung development in the child".

2741: 1826: 1790: 1761: 1409:

at birth and is less than 22 to 24 weeks gestational age, attempts at resuscitation are not generally indicated.

12363: 8592:"Effects of targeting lower versus higher arterial oxygen saturations on death or disability in preterm infants" 4286:, Gould JB (October 2017). "'The obesity paradox': a reconsideration of obesity and the risk of preterm birth". 3445:

Jarjour IT (February 2015). "Neurodevelopmental outcome after extreme prematurity: a review of the literature".

15999: 15517: 13001: 11802: 10797: 6321:

Davey, Mary-Ann; Watson, Lyndsey; Rayner, Jo Anne; Rowlands, Shelley (20 January 2010), Davey, Mary-Ann (ed.),

4378:"Worry about racial discrimination: A missing piece of the puzzle of Black-White disparities in preterm birth?" 4376:

Braveman P, Heck K, Egerter S, Dominguez TP, Rinki C, Marchi KS, Curtis M (11 October 2017). Ryckman KK (ed.).

1687: 9602:"Stopping enteral feeds for prevention of transfusion-associated necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants" 7506:

Romero R, Nicolaides KH, Conde-Agudelo A, O'Brien JM, Cetingoz E, Da Fonseca E, et al. (September 2016).

2107: 1001:

suggesting that the presence of micro-organism alone may be insufficient to initiate the infectious response.

16909: 16201: 15542: 15449: 14951: 14242: 14096: 14064: 13962: 11848: 11294: 9400:"Branched-chain amino acid supplementation for improving growth and development in term and preterm neonates" 5461:"Treatment of vaginal candidiasis for the prevention of preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 4535:"Impact of Maternal Marital Status on Birth Outcomes Among Young Malaysian Women: A Prospective Cohort Study" 3037: 2915: 2746: 2712: 2628: 2537: 2333:, which keeps the Tiniest Babies Registry, to be the new smallest surviving premature baby in that registry. 2111: 5282:"Benefits of combining massage therapy with group interpersonal psychotherapy in prenatally depressed women" 986:

of the mother. Fetal infection is linked to preterm birth and to significant long-term disability including

758:

Percentage premature births in England and Wales 2011, by age of mother and whether single or multiple birth

17145: 17068: 16886: 16834: 16485: 16268: 16113: 15547: 15507: 15006: 14425: 14322: 14041: 13957: 13295: 10821: 2341: 2243: 1893: 1571: 1353: 1172: 1135: 475: 410: 253: 104: 16645: 7911: 7092:. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Ethics. September 2017. Archived from 5665:"Antenatal lower genital tract infection screening and treatment programs for preventing preterm delivery" 3148:

Haram K, Mortensen JH, Morrison JC (March 2015). "Tocolysis for acute preterm labor: does anything work".

1636:

Water can be carefully provided to prevent dehydration but not so much to increase risks of side effects.

17135: 17040: 16977: 16281: 15799: 15376: 15187: 15160: 14728: 13570: 13513: 13077: 12362:

Weisglas-Kuperus N, Hille ET, Duivenvoorden HJ, Finken MJ, Wit JM, van Buuren S, et al. (May 2009).

11910:"The encephalopathy of prematurity--brain injury and impaired brain development inextricably intertwined" 8641:"Prophylactic or very early initiation of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for preterm infants" 7117:"Multifetal pregnancy reduction of triplets to twins compared with non-reduced triplets: a meta-analysis" 2063:, disorders of psychological development, behavior, and emotion, disabilities of vision and hearing, and 1952: 1494: 1376:

shortens. Preterm cervical shortening is linked to preterm birth and can be detected by ultrasonography.

1228: 11414: 10525: 9801:"Push versus gravity for intermittent bolus gavage tube feeding of preterm and low birth weight infants" 6323:"Risk scoring systems for predicting preterm birth with the aim of reducing associated adverse outcomes" 6027:"The clinical significance of a positive Amnisure test in women with preterm labor and intact membranes" 4332:

Pinborg A, Wennerholm UB, Romundstad LB, Loft A, Aittomaki K, Söderström-Anttila V, et al. (2012).

4094: 3556:"Risk-scoring systems for predicting preterm birth with the aim of reducing associated adverse outcomes" 16982: 16972: 16863: 16858: 16392: 16191: 16165: 15901: 15847: 15582: 15419: 15177: 15102: 15072: 14420: 14136: 14101: 14091: 13131: 13013: 12964: 10194:

Fellman V, Hellström-Westas L, Norman M, Westgren M, Källén K, Lagercrantz H, et al. (June 2009).

8169:

Li X, Zhang Y, Shi Z (February 2005). "Ritodrine in the treatment of preterm labour: a meta-analysis".

5185:

van den Boogaard E, Vissenberg R, Land JA, van Wely M, van der Post JA, Goddijn M, Bisschop PH (2011).

2496: 2415: 2084: 1978: 1966:

Cardiovascular complications may arise from the failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth:

1936: 1736: 1324: 754: 14490: 11732: 9499:

Fabrizio V, Trzaski JM, Brownell EA, Esposito P, Lainwala S, Lussier MM, Hagadorn JI (November 2020).

7339:"Progesterone: Use in the second and third trimester of pregnancy for the prevention of preterm birth" 5951:"The clinical significance of a positive Amnisure test in women with term labor with intact membranes" 1417:

Severely premature infants may have underdeveloped lungs because they are not yet producing their own

17012: 16721: 16717: 16677: 16429: 16419: 16337: 16237: 15632: 15244: 14984: 14908: 14799: 14415: 14282: 13894: 13764: 13722: 13583: 11298: 8443:

Boundy EO, Dastjerdi R, Spiegelman D, Fawzi WW, Missmer SA, Lieberman E, et al. (January 2016).

7864:"Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth" 6746:"Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems" 5173:

Effect of smoke-free legislation on perinatal and child health: a systematic review and meta-analysis

3228:"Estimating conception statistics using gestational age information from NHS Numbers for Babies data" 2212: 2203: 2001: 1876:

Preterm births can result in a range of problems including mortality and physical and mental delays.

1695: 1669: 1482: 1349: 1099: 921: 888: 12259:"Contribution of brain size to IQ and educational underperformance in extremely preterm adolescents" 11962:"Grey and white matter distribution in very preterm adolescents mediates neurodevelopmental outcome" 11620: 11590: 11116:

Saigal S (April 2013). "Quality of life of former premature infants during adolescence and beyond".

10979:

Spencer MD, Moorhead TW, Gibson RJ, McIntosh AM, Sussmann JE, Owens DG, et al. (January 2008).

9703:"Nutrient-enriched formula versus standard formula for preterm infants following hospital discharge" 9449:"Dilute versus full-strength formula in exclusively formula-fed preterm or low birth weight infants" 8748:"High versus standard volume enteral feeds to promote growth in preterm or low birth weight infants" 3686:

Tersigni C, Castellani R, de Waure C, Fattorossi A, De Spirito M, Gasbarrini A, et al. (2014).

2224:(ELBW) which is less than 1,000 g. Almost all neonates in these latter two groups are born preterm. 1797:, and sudden oxygen desaturation episodes have not been reported in the trials considered in a 2021 1718:

Multi-nutrient fortifier used to fortify human milk and formula has traditionally been derived from

1673:

volume of milk or formula) is a priority in neonatal care as this reduces the risks associated with

17078: 16999: 15955: 14994: 14809: 14332: 14106: 13630: 13446: 13413: 13305: 12893: 12597:

Martinussen M, Flanders DW, Fischl B, Busa E, Løhaugen GC, Skranes J, et al. (December 2009).

10744:"New BAPM Framework on Extreme Preterm Birth Published | British Association of Perinatal Medicine" 10482:

Kaempf JW, Tomlinson M, Arduza C, Anderson S, Campbell B, Ferguson LA, et al. (January 2006).

4668: 3737: 2477: 1967: 1940: 1527: 1514: 1474: 620: 418: 10899: 10483: 9654:"Early fortification of human milk versus late fortification to promote growth in preterm infants" 8690:"Co-bedding in neonatal nursery for promoting growth and neurodevelopment in stable preterm twins" 8494:"Restricted versus liberal water intake for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants" 3997:"Interpregnancy interval and risk of preterm birth and neonatal death: retrospective cohort study" 2273:

Amillia Taylor is also often cited as the most premature baby. She was born on 24 October 2006 in

1785:

risks or adverse effects associated with high-volume enteral feeding of preterm infants including

17174: 17140: 16745: 16665: 16655: 16602: 16354: 16276: 16034: 15567: 15432: 15170: 14931: 14898: 14857: 14327: 14059: 13913: 13705: 13398: 11960:

Nosarti C, Giouroukou E, Healy E, Rifkin L, Walshe M, Reichenberg A, et al. (January 2008).

7764:

Aziz K, Lee HC, Escobedo MB, Hoover AV, Kamath-Rayne BD, Kapadia VS, et al. (October 2020).

6516:"Employment, working conditions, and preterm birth: results from the Europop case-control survey" 3480: 2060: 2035: 1510: 1454: 1095: 928: 467: 111: 7963:

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Krupa FG, Faltin D, Cecatti JG, Surita FG, Souza JP (July 2006). "Predictors of preterm birth".

1574:(NICU). The physicians who specialize in the care of very sick or premature babies are known as 17238: 17055: 16873: 16782: 16765: 16475: 16449: 16227: 16047: 16042: 16014: 15991: 15891: 15686: 15502: 15067: 14946: 14558: 13972: 13840: 13830: 13695: 13418: 13351: 13326: 13262: 13136: 11676: 9961:

Abiramalatha, T; Thanigainathan, S; Ramaswamy, VV; Rajaiah, B; Ramakrishnan, S (30 June 2023).

7590:

Stewart LA, Simmonds M, Duley L, Dietz KC, Harden M, Hodkinson A, et al. (November 2017).

5280:

Field T, Deeds O, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M, Gauler A, Sullivan S, et al. (October 2009).

4693:

Goldenberg RL, Iams JD, Mercer BM, Meis PJ, Moawad AH, Copper RL, et al. (February 1998).

2096: 1781: 1661: 1604: 1592: 1251: 840: 795: 12933: 12421:"Biological and Social Influences on Outcomes of Extreme-Preterm/Low-Birth Weight Adolescents" 12097:"Cognitive outcomes for extremely preterm/extremely low birth weight children in kindergarten" 5226:

Boy A, Salihu HM (2004). "Intimate partner violence and birth outcomes: a systematic review".

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Frey HA, Klebanoff MA (April 2016). "The epidemiology, etiology, and costs of preterm birth".

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womb; because of this, many premature babies spend the first days and weeks of their lives on

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Crowther CA, Middleton PF, Voysey M, Askie L, Duley L, Pryde PG, et al. (October 2017).

2501: 2456: 2452: 2008: 1985: 1588: 1393:

Preterm birth at 32 weeks 4 days, with a weight of 2,000 g attached to medical equipment

1257: 1212: 1139: 1122: 959: 763: 285: 120: 12646:

Allin M, Henderson M, Suckling J, Nosarti C, Rushe T, Fearon P, et al. (January 2004).

12147:

Allin MP, Kontis D, Walshe M, Wyatt J, Barker GJ, Kanaan RA, et al. (12 October 2011).

7686:"Level and volume of neonatal intensive care and mortality in very-low-birth-weight infants" 5808:

Zhang G, Feenstra B, Bacelis J, Liu X, Muglia LM, Juodakis J, et al. (September 2017).

5510:

Thinkhamrop J, Hofmeyr GJ, Adetoro O, Lumbiganon P, Ota E (June 2015). Thinkhamrop J (ed.).

4669:"Harmful air pollution 'definitely too high for the public' near city roads, study suggests" 3956:

Hendler I, Goldenberg RL, Mercer BM, Iams JD, Meis PJ, Moawad AH, et al. (March 2005).

17027: 17017: 16819: 16775: 16444: 16313: 16208: 16029: 16004: 15788: 15727: 15587: 15444: 15368: 15276: 15266: 15062: 14963: 14941: 14536: 14475: 14375: 14349: 13967: 13918: 13238: 13228: 13156: 13151: 13126: 13111: 13106: 12270: 12160: 6860:"Health outcomes of smoking during pregnancy and the postpartum period: an umbrella review" 6025:

Lee SM, Romero R, Park JW, Kim SM, Park CW, Korzeniewski SJ, et al. (September 2012).

5077:

Parazzini F, Chatenoud L, Surace M, Tozzi L, Salerio B, Bettoni G, Benzi G (October 2003).

4389: 1928: 1786: 1418: 1181: 1164: 1127: 836: 371: 332: 204: 180: 10691:

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8347:"Interventions to prevent hypothermia at birth in preterm and/or low birth weight infants" 6514:

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5024:

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1694:, finding "significant short- and long-term beneficial effects," including lower rates of 1314:

were able to reduce preeclampsia, a resulting decrease in preterm birth was not observed.

1102:, of the tests were 76%, 29%, and 30% for PAMG-1, fFN and CL, respectively (P < 0.01). 8: 17212: 17195: 17045: 16901: 16811: 16480: 16424: 16318: 16247: 16232: 16213: 16062: 15876: 15691: 15602: 15557: 15457: 15316: 15234: 15217: 15182: 15037: 14958: 14918: 14804: 14789: 13471: 13428: 13393: 13300: 13280: 12878: 12095:

Orchinik LJ, Taylor HG, Espy KA, Minich N, Klein N, Sheffield T, Hack M (November 2011).

9899:"Early versus late parenteral nutrition for critically ill term and late preterm infants" 2473: 2068: 1810: 1596: 1291: 1048: 957:

The frequency of infection in preterm birth is inversely related to the gestational age.

936: 868: 848: 801:

Certain ethnicities may have a higher risk as well. For example, in the U.S. and the UK,

791: 673: 548: 503: 463: 430: 304: 273: 257: 152: 12467: 12274: 12257:

Cheong JL, Anderson PJ, Roberts G, Burnett AC, Lee KJ, Thompson DK, et al. (2013).

12164: 12068: 11522: 9987: 9962: 8567: 8542: 8222: 8197: 7393: 7368: 6298: 6263: 6212: 5331:"Mycoplasma genitalium infection and female reproductive tract disease: a meta-analysis" 4393: 3458: 1526:

calcium-channel blockers and an oxytocin antagonist can delay delivery by 2–7 days, and

963:

infection is associated with increased risk of preterm birth, and spontaneous abortion.

17130: 17086: 17063: 16953: 16730: 16454: 16409: 16384: 16349: 16196: 16186: 15881: 15577: 15472: 15437: 15296: 15145: 15057: 15022: 14903: 14850: 14297: 14069: 13798: 13652: 13423: 13408: 12818: 12764: 12739: 12720: 12677: 12664: 12647: 12623: 12598: 12579: 12496: 12469: 12450: 12401: 12293: 12258: 12196: 12183: 12148: 12121: 12096: 12032: 12007: 11934: 11909: 11825: 11728: 11465: 11372: 11250: 11225: 11176: 11098: 11055: 11007: 10980: 10881: 10717: 10692: 10671: 10618: 10569: 10511: 10438: 10413: 10394: 10344: 10301: 10171: 10146: 10122: 10097: 9923: 9898: 9874: 9849: 9825: 9800: 9776: 9751: 9727: 9702: 9678: 9653: 9626: 9601: 9577: 9552: 9525: 9500: 9473: 9448: 9424: 9399: 9375: 9350: 9326: 9301: 9277: 9252: 9228: 9203: 9179: 9154: 9130: 9105: 9037: 9012: 8988: 8963: 8894: 8869: 8836: 8811: 8772: 8747: 8714: 8689: 8665: 8640: 8616: 8591: 8518: 8493: 8469: 8444: 8420: 8395: 8371: 8346: 8322: 8297: 8273: 8246: 8111: 8086: 8067: 7989: 7964: 7888: 7863: 7839: 7814: 7795: 7715: 7666: 7654: 7618: 7591: 7532: 7507: 7488: 7406: 7315: 7290: 7271: 7258: 7241: 7222: 7066: 7041: 6990: 6965: 6938: 6913: 6886: 6859: 6770: 6745: 6726: 6682: 6634: 6607: 6588: 6576: 6540: 6515: 6496: 6453: 6385: 6195: 6142: 6099: 6051: 6026: 5975: 5950: 5931: 5919: 5883: 5858: 5834: 5809: 5689: 5664: 5637: 5612: 5588: 5563: 5536: 5511: 5487: 5460: 5438: 5306: 5281: 5151: 5139: 5108: 5055: 5006: 4963: 4914: 4865: 4811: 4786: 4767: 4719: 4694: 4622: 4589: 4562: 4515: 4503: 4412: 4377: 4311: 4249: 4193: 4150: 3910: 3885: 3851: 3799: 3624: 3580: 3555: 3392: 3367: 3301: 3276: 3257: 3173: 3090: 3065: 2971: 2946: 2851: 2826: 2802: 2777: 2590: 2464: 2330: 2287: 2016: 1897: 1885: 1630: 1579: 1283: 920:

and/or smoking before the pregnancy influences the probability of a preterm birth. The

91: 64: 60: 12532: 11360: 10382: 10196:"One-year survival of extremely preterm infants after active perinatal care in Sweden" 8055: 6484: 6441: 6183: 5253:

Ugboma HA, Akani CI (2004). "Abdominal massage: another cause of maternal mortality".

4021: 3996: 3901: 3383: 2793: 1024:

A number of maternal bacterial infections are associated with preterm birth including

402: 16963: 16881: 16851: 16792: 16770: 16587: 16359: 16331: 16291: 16286: 16221: 16095: 15896: 15871: 15839: 15656: 15532: 15271: 15212: 15052: 15032: 15027: 14511: 14450: 14272: 13889: 13808: 13732: 13710: 13223: 13141: 12992: 12904: 12822: 12810: 12769: 12712: 12681: 12669: 12628: 12571: 12536: 12501: 12442: 12393: 12344: 12298: 12234: 12230: 12188: 12126: 12072: 12037: 11983: 11939: 11890: 11651: 11472: 11364: 11255: 11168: 11133: 11129: 11102: 11090: 11047: 11012: 10947: 10873: 10776: 10722: 10651: 10641: 10610: 10561: 10503: 10443: 10386: 10336: 10332: 10293: 10289: 10258: 10253: 10236: 10217: 10176: 10127: 10078: 10038: 9992: 9963:"Re-feeding versus discarding gastric residuals to improve growth in preterm infants" 9928: 9879: 9830: 9781: 9732: 9683: 9631: 9582: 9530: 9478: 9429: 9380: 9331: 9282: 9233: 9184: 9135: 9086: 9042: 8993: 8964:"Formula versus maternal breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants" 8940: 8899: 8841: 8777: 8719: 8670: 8621: 8572: 8523: 8474: 8425: 8376: 8327: 8278: 8227: 8178: 8151: 8116: 8087:"Tocolytic therapy for preterm delivery: systematic review and network meta-analysis" 8071: 8059: 8021: 7994: 7893: 7844: 7799: 7787: 7746: 7707: 7658: 7623: 7537: 7480: 7442: 7398: 7320: 7263: 7214: 7179: 7138: 7071: 7022: 6995: 6943: 6891: 6840: 6775: 6730: 6718: 6674: 6639: 6580: 6545: 6488: 6445: 6377: 6372: 6355: 6303: 6285: 6187: 6134: 6091: 6056: 5980: 5923: 5888: 5874: 5839: 5790: 5729: 5694: 5642: 5593: 5541: 5492: 5430: 5425: 5408: 5389: 5362: 5311: 5262: 5235: 5208: 5143: 5100: 5047: 4998: 4955: 4906: 4857: 4816: 4759: 4724: 4627: 4609: 4570: 4554: 4507: 4417: 4355: 4303: 4241: 4197: 4185: 4142: 4061: 4026: 3977: 3915: 3843: 3838: 3821: 3791: 3719: 3663: 3585: 3519: 3462: 3422: 3397: 3345: 3306: 3249: 3208: 3165: 3095: 3014: 2976: 2856: 2807: 2685: 2387: 2371: 2310: 1798: 1626: 1547: 1531: 1430: 1398: 1377: 1232: 1110: 1091: 1006: 426: 320: 300: 293: 168: 148: 128: 71: 12887: 12883: 12787:

DeMarsh S, Huntzinger A, Gehred A, Stanek JR, Kemper KJ, Belsky JA (February 2021).

12724: 12583: 12454: 12405: 11700:"Saybie, Born at 8.6 Ounces in San Diego, Is Now The World's Tiniest Surviving Baby" 11059: 10885: 10622: 10573: 10515: 10414:"Risk of recurrent spontaneous preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 10398: 10348: 7670: 7492: 7410: 7275: 6686: 6592: 6389: 6322: 6199: 6103: 5935: 5725: 5663:

Sangkomkamhang US, Lumbiganon P, Prasertcharoensuk W, Laopaiboon M (February 2015).

5155: 5112: 5059: 5010: 4967: 4918: 4869: 4519: 4315: 4253: 4154: 3934: 3855: 3803: 3261: 3177: 1562: 17205: 17032: 16692: 16633: 16597: 16242: 16181: 15913: 15627: 15239: 15112: 15107: 15001: 14405: 14380: 13451: 13218: 13213: 12944: 12800: 12759: 12751: 12704: 12659: 12618: 12610: 12563: 12528: 12491: 12481: 12432: 12383: 12375: 12334: 12288: 12278: 12226: 12200: 12178: 12168: 12116: 12108: 12064: 12027: 12019: 11973: 11929: 11921: 11882: 11613:"World's Smallest Baby Goes Home, Cellphone-Sized Baby Is Discharged From Hospital" 11376: 11356: 11245: 11237: 11180: 11160: 11125: 11082: 11039: 11002: 10992: 10939: 10863: 10712: 10704: 10600: 10553: 10495: 10433: 10425: 10378: 10328: 10305: 10285: 10248: 10207: 10166: 10158: 10145:

Costeloe KL, Hennessy EM, Haider S, Stacey F, Marlow N, Draper ES (December 2012).

10117: 10109: 10070: 10034: 10030: 10026: 9982: 9978: 9974: 9918: 9914: 9910: 9869: 9861: 9820: 9816: 9812: 9771: 9767: 9763: 9722: 9718: 9714: 9673: 9669: 9665: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9572: 9568: 9564: 9520: 9516: 9512: 9468: 9464: 9460: 9419: 9415: 9411: 9370: 9366: 9362: 9321: 9317: 9313: 9272: 9268: 9264: 9223: 9219: 9215: 9174: 9170: 9166: 9125: 9121: 9117: 9076: 9072: 9068: 9032: 9028: 9024: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8930: 8889: 8885: 8881: 8831: 8827: 8823: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8709: 8705: 8701: 8660: 8656: 8652: 8611: 8607: 8603: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8513: 8509: 8505: 8464: 8456: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8394:

Bruschettini M, O'Donnell CP, Davis PG, Morley CJ, Moja L, Calevo MG (March 2020).

8366: 8362: 8358: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8268: 8258: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8143: 8106: 8098: 8051: 7984: 7980: 7976: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7777: 7742: 7738: 7719: 7697: 7650: 7613: 7603: 7570: 7527: 7519: 7472: 7434: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7253: 7226: 7206: 7169: 7128: 7061: 7057: 7053: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6881: 6871: 6830: 6820: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6710: 6666: 6629: 6619: 6572: 6535: 6527: 6500: 6480: 6457: 6437: 6367: 6334: 6330: 6293: 6275: 6264:"Risk Scoring Systems for Preterm Birth and Their Performance: A Systematic Review" 6179: 6146: 6126: 6083: 6046: 6038: 6007: 5970: 5962: 5915: 5878: 5870: 5829: 5821: 5782: 5721: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5662: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5482: 5472: 5442: 5420: 5352: 5342: 5301: 5293: 5198: 5135: 5090: 5037: 4990: 4945: 4896: 4847: 4806: 4798: 4771: 4751: 4714: 4706: 4617: 4601: 4546: 4499: 4407: 4397: 4345: 4295: 4231: 4223: 4177: 4132: 4053: 4016: 4008: 3969: 3905: 3897: 3833: 3783: 3709: 3699: 3655: 3628: 3616: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3511: 3454: 3387: 3379: 3337: 3296: 3288: 3239: 3200: 3157: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3006: 2966: 2958: 2846: 2838: 2797: 2789: 2675: 2667: 2440: 2072: 2012: 1977:(RDS or IRDS) (previously called hyaline membrane disease). Another problem can be 1901: 1231:

have not shown that periodontal care during pregnancy reduces preterm birth rates.

979: 434: 340: 289: 276:

which occur more often than every ten minutes and/or the leaking of fluid from the

124: 52: 16560: 11493:"'Miracle baby': Born at 21 weeks, she may be the most premature surviving infant" 11390: 11226:"What contributes to disparities in the preterm birth rate in European countries?" 10526:

TABLE 1 Survival and Neurologic Disability Rates Among Extremely Premature Infants

9013:"Formula versus donor breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants" 8590:

Askie LM, Darlow BA, Davis PG, Finer N, Stenson B, Vento M, Whyte R (April 2017).

2962: 1389: 17162: 16948: 16840: 16760: 16397: 16364: 16153: 16138: 15918: 15676: 15391: 15286: 15155: 15047: 14936: 14885: 14829: 14779: 14708: 14683: 14653: 14563: 14470: 14410: 13947: 13803: 13667: 13625: 13486: 13461: 13385: 13275: 13257: 13203: 13087: 12898: 12708: 12364:"Intelligence of very preterm or very low birthweight infants in young adulthood" 12321:

Hack M, Flannery DJ, Schluchter M, Cartar L, Borawski E, Klein N (January 2002).

12283: 12173: 11421: 11397: 11273: 11241: 11086: 10678: 10532: 9253:"Carbohydrate supplementation of human milk to promote growth in preterm infants" 8263: 7782: 7765: 7210: 6714: 6219: 6087: 6042: 4402: 4227: 3620: 3341: 3204: 3161: 2444: 2359: 1997: 1956: 1862: 1674: 1446: 1426: 917: 907: 880: 864: 844: 634: 450: 363: 336: 328: 200: 176: 12956: 12755: 12614: 12419:

Doyle LW, Cheong JL, Burnett A, Roberts G, Lee KJ, Anderson PJ (December 2015).

10429: 7684:

Phibbs CS, Baker LC, Caughey AB, Danielsen B, Schmitt SK, Phibbs RH (May 2007).

7463:

Iams JD (January 2014). "Clinical practice. Prevention of preterm parturition".

7346:

The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists

6966:"Support during pregnancy for women at increased risk of low birthweight babies" 4262: 2484: 1896:

at which the infant has at least a 50% chance of survival is referred to as the

299:

The cause of spontaneous preterm birth is often not known. Risk factors include

16787: 16492: 16402: 16298: 16158: 16147: 16087: 15965: 15722: 15637: 15343: 15291: 14989: 14819: 14703: 14643: 14307: 14302: 14292: 14287: 14252: 13990: 13817: 13793: 13737: 13615: 13610: 13600: 13588: 13466: 13250: 13121: 13067: 12909: 12023: 11925: 9106:"Protein supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants" 7575: 7438: 7133: 7116: 6876: 6011: 5786: 5297: 4994: 4605: 3973: 3538: 3515: 3010: 2671: 2460: 2407: 2297:. She was discharged from the Baptist Children's Hospital on 20 February 2007. 2056: 1948: 1932: 1908: 1535: 1406: 1271: 1237: 1025: 987: 975: 942:

Intimate violence against the mother is another risk factor for preterm birth.

903: 876: 872: 607: 379: 308: 281: 172: 156: 116: 13999:

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

12868: 12864: 12112: 11886: 11849:"During Coronavirus Lockdowns, Some Doctors Wondered: Where Are the Preemies?" 10943: 10557: 10113: 9865: 8198:"Magnesium sulphate for preventing preterm birth in threatened preterm labour" 7608: 6670: 5966: 5810:"Genetic Associations with Gestational Duration and Spontaneous Preterm Birth" 5477: 4755: 4181: 3787: 17232: 16566: 16374: 16077: 15960: 15732: 15622: 15411: 15386: 14979: 14893: 14824: 14794: 14774: 14633: 14608: 14531: 14445: 14435: 14430: 14237: 14028: 13942: 13903: 13879: 13788: 13672: 13605: 13476: 13380: 13341: 13033: 12805: 12788: 11655: 11317: 10655: 6624: 6531: 6289: 4802: 4613: 4558: 4550: 4189: 4012: 2469: 2428: 2314: 2306: 2080: 2076: 1842: 1732: 1691: 1614: 1609: 1442: 1438: 1159: 1087: 852: 767: 594: 497: 375: 324: 208: 12486: 12379: 12006:

Nosarti C, Nam KW, Walshe M, Murray RM, Cuddy M, Rifkin L, Allin MP (2014).

10708: 9204:"Higher versus lower protein intake in formula-fed low birth weight infants" 8543:"Nasal high flow therapy for primary respiratory support in preterm infants" 8085:

Haas DM, Caldwell DM, Kirkpatrick P, McIntosh JJ, Welton NJ (October 2012).

6809:"Vitamins C and E and the risks of preeclampsia and perinatal complications" 5203: 5186: 5095: 5078: 5063: 4885:"Progesterone and the risk of preterm birth among women with a short cervix" 4350: 4333: 3704: 3687: 3659: 2242:

increase exponentially with decreasing gestational age and weight. The 2007

16846: 16687: 16369: 16303: 15768: 15348: 15301: 15249: 15207: 14842: 14663: 14658: 14638: 14618: 14604: 14548: 14395: 14277: 14227: 13857: 13852: 13593: 13493: 13438: 13166: 13045: 13040: 12814: 12773: 12716: 12673: 12632: 12575: 12567: 12540: 12505: 12446: 12437: 12420: 12397: 12348: 12302: 12238: 12192: 12130: 12076: 12041: 11987: 11978: 11961: 11943: 11894: 11425: 11368: 11259: 11172: 11164: 11137: 11094: 11051: 11016: 10951: 10877: 10726: 10614: 10605: 10588: 10565: 10507: 10499: 10447: 10390: 10340: 10297: 10262: 10221: 10180: 10131: 10082: 10042: 9996: 9932: 9883: 9834: 9785: 9736: 9687: 9635: 9586: 9534: 9482: 9433: 9384: 9335: 9302:"Fat supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants" 9286: 9237: 9188: 9139: 9090: 9046: 8997: 8944: 8935: 8918: 8903: 8845: 8781: 8723: 8674: 8625: 8576: 8527: 8478: 8460: 8429: 8380: 8331: 8298:"Caesarean section versus vaginal delivery for preterm birth in singletons" 8282: 8231: 8182: 8155: 8120: 8063: 8025: 7998: 7897: 7848: 7791: 7750: 7711: 7662: 7627: 7541: 7484: 7446: 7402: 7324: 7267: 7218: 7183: 7142: 7075: 6999: 6947: 6895: 6844: 6779: 6722: 6678: 6643: 6584: 6549: 6492: 6449: 6381: 6307: 6191: 6138: 6095: 6060: 5984: 5927: 5892: 5843: 5794: 5733: 5698: 5646: 5597: 5545: 5496: 5434: 5393: 5366: 5315: 5266: 5239: 5212: 5147: 5104: 5051: 5002: 4959: 4910: 4861: 4820: 4763: 4631: 4590:"Changes in the Relationship between Marriage and Preterm Birth, 1989–2006" 4574: 4511: 4421: 4359: 4307: 4245: 4213: 4146: 4065: 4030: 3981: 3919: 3847: 3795: 3723: 3667: 3589: 3523: 3466: 3401: 3349: 3310: 3292: 3253: 3212: 3169: 3099: 3018: 2980: 2860: 2811: 2689: 2406:. The characteristic neuropathology of preterms has been described as the " 2403: 2399: 2375: 2363: 2207: 1993: 1838: 1740: 1551: 1490: 1037: 994: 911: 802: 422: 351: 344: 190: 15829: 10997: 10868: 10851: 10212: 10195: 10056: 10054: 10052: 8810:

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as teenagers. Some of these problems can be described as being within the

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to correct vision problems, a common occurrence among premature babies.

1617:, and basic infection control measures can significantly reduce preterm 17200: 17157: 17098: 16936: 15928: 15835: 15763: 15281: 15203: 15082: 14877: 14748: 14693: 14688: 14678: 14673: 14526: 14400: 14262: 14257: 14213: 13245: 13185: 13116: 12316: 12314: 12312: 12252: 12250: 12248: 12212: 12210: 12142: 12140: 12090: 12088: 12086: 10074: 10049: 8134:

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is between 34 and 36 weeks' gestation. These babies are also known as

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for prematurity and low birth weight per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004.

2031: 1618: 1578:. In the NICU, premature babies are kept under radiant warmers or in 1522: 1033: 998: 807: 383: 355: 212: 12309: 12245: 12207: 12137: 12083: 11781:"Miracle Baby Thrives After Being Given 0% Chance To Live Diagnosis" 10807: 9600:

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In developed countries premature infants are usually cared for in a

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In humans, the usual definition of preterm birth is birth before a

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treatment may improve outcomes. A number of medications, including

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1989: 1960: 1750: 1711: 1303: 971: 946: 899: 895: 884: 855:, maternal diabetes, asthma, thyroid disease, and heart disease. 782: 417:

Signs and symptoms of preterm labor include four or more uterine

160: 12694: 11644:"Incredibly, World's Tiniest Preterm Babies Are Doing Just Fine" 10928: 8745: 8011: 3066:"Bed rest in singleton pregnancies for preventing preterm birth" 1227:

While periodontal infection has been linked with preterm birth,

16623: 16175: 15671: 15133: 15128: 14668: 14455: 14440: 14203: 13775: 13657: 13481: 13403: 13062: 13057: 13052: 12859: 12789:"Pediatric Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine: A Scoping Review" 12323:"Outcomes in young adulthood for very-low-birth-weight infants" 9498: 8916: 8084: 7862:

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For preterm infants who are born after 34 weeks of gestation ("

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Preterm birth may be prevented in those at risk if the hormone

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3644: 3606: 3274: 2657: 2367: 2291: 2274: 2216:(SGA) babies. Weight-based classification further recognizes 1794: 1769: 1710:

Individualizing the nutrients and quantities used to fortify

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Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)

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has been recommended but not amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (

997:

of the decidua occurs in up to 70% of women at term using a

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As weight is easier to determine than gestational age, the

1760:

intragastric tube feeding for feeding preterm infants with

1215:

is expected to benefit pregnant women and their offspring.

931:

is associated with an increased risk preterm birth with an

906:

during pregnancy increases the chance of preterm delivery.

449:

The main categories of causes of preterm birth are preterm

280:

before 37 weeks. Premature infants are at greater risk for

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domain and have been speculated to arise due to decreased

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High-volume (more than 180 mL per kilogram per day)

1294:

is used to reduce the number of fetuses to two or three.

14004:

Declaration on the elimination of violence against women

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Taylor and Hoyt's pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus

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for early delivery of infants expected to have very low

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Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society

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Li B, Zhang X, Peng X, Zhang S, Wang X, Zhu C (2019).

5406: 5125: 4882: 4263:"Premature birth risk is genetic, researchers suspect" 3674: 3365: 3147: 2775: 2653: 2651: 1981:(previously called bronchopulmonary dysplasia or BPD). 1804: 1477:

and has been shown to reduce related mortality rates.

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Historical figures who were born prematurely include

1984:

Gastrointestinal and metabolic issues can arise from

1731:

receiving the majority of their nutrition and fluids

1530:

drugs delay by 48 hours but carry more side effects.

1317: 12837: 10096:

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Guideline: Calcium supplementation in pregnant women

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Brain injury is common among preterms, ranging from

1702:

Fortified human breast milk and preterm/term formula

1435:

American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists

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have been linked as risk factors for preterm birth.

11391:

Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention

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4465:"Smart Parenting: The Filipino Parenting Authority" 2648: 1832: 1297: 11464: 11075:Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 10849: 9939: 9546: 9544: 9251:Amissah EA, Brown J, Harding JE (September 2020). 9104:Amissah EA, Brown J, Harding JE (September 2020). 8730: 7196: 7155: 6857: 4833: 3815: 3813: 2996: 2322:Sharp Mary Birch Hospital for Women & Newborns 1973:Respiratory problems are common, specifically the 1821:For preterm infants in neonatal intensive care on 1078: 16415:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder 12986: 10016: 9701:Young L, Embleton ND, McGuire W (December 2016). 9551:Premkumar MH, Pammi M, Suresh G (November 2019). 9494: 9492: 8961: 8296:Alfirevic Z, Milan SJ, Livio S (September 2013). 6907: 6905: 5905: 5856: 4688: 4686: 4204: 4091:Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3635: 1453:course is often viewed as worth the risk. A 2015 17230: 11589:. Chennai, India. 26 August 2004. Archived from 11315: 10667: 10665: 10355: 8688:Lai NM, Foong SC, Foong WC, Tan K (April 2016). 8687: 7039: 6605: 6024: 5857:Rosa CQ, Silveira DS, Costa JS (December 2014). 4489: 4371: 4369: 4281: 4093:. November 2011. pp. 44, 45. Archived from 4037: 2533:"Preterm Labor and Birth: Condition Information" 1772:, bradycardia, or oxygen desaturation episodes. 1681: 924:published an international study in March 2014. 11309: 11150: 10460: 9750:Richards R, Foster JP, Psaila K (August 2021). 9541: 9300:Amissah EA, Brown J, Harding JE (August 2020). 9011:Quigley M, Embleton ND, McGuire W (July 2019). 7562:American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 6073: 4167: 4080:"The Care of Women Requesting Induced Abortion" 3994: 3810: 3605:Unless otherwise given in boxes, reference is: 2374:(born in 1874 at seven months' gestation), and 794:1.22–1.50) of preterm birth. Pregnancies after 11517: 11515: 11513: 11230:Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology 11224:Delnord M, Blondel B, Zeitlin J (April 2015). 11029: 10845: 10843: 10798:"Extreme preemies face long-term disabilities" 9652:Thanigainathan S, Abiramalatha T (July 2020). 9599: 9489: 9058: 9056: 8805: 8803: 8801: 8799: 8797: 8795: 8793: 8791: 8037: 8035: 6902: 6329:, Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 5997: 5948: 5557: 5555: 4683: 4327: 4325: 4118: 3862: 1751:Intermittent feeding versus continuous feeding 1743:and slower microbial colonization of the gut. 1090:. In one investigation comparing this test to 1017:infections are associated with preterm birth. 358:. Evidence does not support the usefulness of 27:Birth at less than a specified gestational age 16546: 15815: 14858: 14698:(American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot') 14188: 12972: 12553: 10771: 10769: 10662: 8491: 8133: 7956: 7874:(12) (published 25 December 2020): CD004454. 7427:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 5775:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 5658: 5656: 5561: 4778: 4587: 4532: 4433: 4431: 4366: 4046:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 3962:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 3648:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 3536: 3501: 3483:. World Health Organization. 19 February 2018 3322: 3320: 2903: 2660:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2618: 2616: 2487:to provide benefit in neonatal care is weak. 2338:Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota 1243: 14872: 10972: 10822:"Why Do So Many Preemies Have Hearing Loss?" 10738: 10736: 10635: 10580: 8962:Brown JV, Walsh V, McGuire W (August 2019). 7554: 7458: 7456: 6959: 6957: 6858:Avşar TS, McLeod H, Jackson L (March 2021). 6656: 6520:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 6423: 6421: 6419: 5899: 3609:Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology 3540:Biological Pathways Leading to Preterm Birth 3419:Cloherty and Stark's Manual of Neonatal Care 2940: 2938: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2351:On 5 July 2020 Curtis Means was born at the 2220:(VLBW) which is less than 1,500 g, and 1094:testing and cervical length measurement via 11510: 10964:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 ( 10850:Moster D, Lie RT, Markestad T (July 2008). 10840: 10537: 10475: 10368: 9967:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9903:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9805:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9756:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9707:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9658:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9606:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9557:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9505:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9453:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9404:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9355:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9306:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9257:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9208:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9159:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9110:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9065:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9053: 9017:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8968:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8874:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8816:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8788: 8752:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8694:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8645:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8596:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8547:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8498:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8400:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8351:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8302:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8202:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8127: 8032: 7969:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 7868:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 7819:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 7735:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 7373:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 7295:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 7108: 7046:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6970:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6918:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6750:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6417: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6399: 5669:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5617:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5568:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5552: 5516:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5252: 4876: 4744:Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 4735: 4322: 3995:Smith GC, Pell JP, Dobbie R (August 2003). 3769: 3767: 3765: 3560:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3225: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3070:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2771: 2769: 2736: 2734: 2589:World Health Organization (November 2014). 2378:(born in 1885 at seven months' gestation). 2362:(born in 1571 at seven months' gestation), 1872:Health outcomes for adults born prematurely 1130:has become useful in the assessment of the 823: 16553: 16539: 15822: 15808: 14865: 14851: 14202: 14195: 14181: 14055:International Center for Research on Women 12979: 12965: 12652:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 11195:"WHO Disease and injury country estimates" 10932:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 10766: 10586: 8168: 7149: 6796:. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2013. 6238:"Rea - a smart bandage for pregnant women" 5766: 5714:Journal of the American Dental Association 5653: 5503: 5454: 5452: 5286:Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 4925: 4428: 3886:"Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth" 3547: 3440: 3438: 3413: 3411: 3361: 3359: 3317: 3277:"Annual summary of vital statistics: 2008" 2992: 2990: 2613: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2402:injury to intraventricular and cerebellar 2366:(born in 1642, small enough to fit into a 1879: 1264: 914:are at higher risk of being born preterm. 51: 12804: 12763: 12663: 12622: 12495: 12485: 12436: 12387: 12338: 12292: 12282: 12182: 12172: 12120: 12031: 11977: 11933: 11823: 11249: 11006: 10996: 10867: 10792: 10790: 10733: 10716: 10604: 10437: 10252: 10211: 10170: 10121: 9986: 9922: 9873: 9824: 9775: 9726: 9677: 9625: 9576: 9524: 9472: 9423: 9374: 9325: 9276: 9227: 9178: 9129: 9080: 9036: 8987: 8934: 8919:"Breastfeeding and the use of human milk" 8893: 8835: 8771: 8713: 8664: 8615: 8566: 8517: 8492:Bell EF, Acarregui MJ (4 December 2014). 8468: 8419: 8370: 8321: 8272: 8262: 8221: 8110: 7988: 7887: 7838: 7781: 7701: 7617: 7607: 7574: 7531: 7512:Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 7453: 7392: 7314: 7257: 7173: 7132: 7082: 7065: 7040:Berghella V, Saccone G (September 2019). 6989: 6954: 6937: 6885: 6875: 6834: 6824: 6769: 6633: 6623: 6539: 6371: 6347: 6297: 6279: 6050: 5974: 5882: 5833: 5801: 5688: 5636: 5587: 5535: 5486: 5476: 5424: 5356: 5346: 5305: 5225: 5202: 5094: 5041: 4949: 4938:Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 4900: 4851: 4840:Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 4810: 4718: 4621: 4411: 4401: 4349: 4235: 4136: 4072: 4020: 3909: 3837: 3713: 3703: 3601: 3599: 3579: 3504:Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 3391: 3300: 3243: 3089: 2970: 2944: 2935: 2911:"What are the symptoms of preterm labor?" 2850: 2801: 2696: 2679: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2514: 2259:James Elgin Gill (born on 20 May 1987 in 1857: 1290:, there is a high risk of preterm birth. 406:A new mother holds her premature baby at 11826:"Some Famous "High Risk" Newborn Babies" 10636:Lambert SR, Lyons CJ (31 October 2016). 6396: 5379: 5017: 4119:Virk J, Zhang J, Olsen J (August 2007). 3762: 3106: 2766: 2731: 2106: 1861: 1561: 1388: 1323:nutritional supplements such as omega-3 1158: 1145: 1084:Placental alpha microglobulin-1 (PAMG-1) 753: 401: 11846: 11836:from the original on 11 September 2007. 10019:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 7158:"Fetal reduction: 25 years' experience" 7156:Evans MI, Andriole S, Britt DW (2014). 6659:Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 6327:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5562:Smaill FM, Vazquez JC (November 2019). 5449: 4087:Evidence-based Clinical Guideline No. 7 3935:"Risk factors present before pregnancy" 3932: 3444: 3435: 3408: 3356: 3226:Chow YH, Dattani N (26 February 2009). 2987: 1445:, often when the pregnancy has reached 1277: 993:It has been reported that asymptomatic 14: 17231: 11115: 10900:"Depression linked to premature birth" 10787: 10012: 10010: 10008: 10006: 9960: 8171:The Indian Journal of Medical Research 5083:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 4931: 4644: 3596: 3129:from the original on 29 September 2016 3033:"What causes preterm labor and birth?" 2557: 2344:for five months, and then discharged. 2231: 1919:Specific risks for the preterm neonate 1005:preterm birth. The condition known as 468:intrauterine inflammation or infection 223:~15 million a year (12% of deliveries) 16534: 16053:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy 16020:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy 15803: 14846: 14176: 13774: 12960: 11907: 11805:. Guinness World Records. 5 July 2020 11697: 11328:from the original on 21 November 2008 11205:from the original on 11 November 2009 10892: 6353: 6236:Agency, Innosuisse-Swiss Innovation. 6076:Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 4666: 4539:Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health 2831:International Journal of Epidemiology 1848: 397: 16825:Infant respiratory distress syndrome 16119:Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability 14313:Infant respiratory distress syndrome 14143: 14037:Office of Research on Women's Health 11687:from the original on 1 January 2008. 11445:from the original on 9 December 2007 11428:. 12 June 2008. Retrieved 2010-1-24. 11072: 10672:March of Dimes --> Neonatal Death 10587:Arzuaga BH, Lee BH (December 2011). 10405: 7944:from the original on 18 January 2017 7462: 6356:"The epidemiology of preterm labour" 5754:from the original on 20 January 2015 4654:National Bureau of Economic Research 3945:from the original on 17 August 2010. 1816: 1775: 1690:recommended feeding preterm infants 1639: 1613:(skin to skin warming), encouraging 1507:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 1363: 1348:—often given in the form of vaginal 1105: 660:History of spontaneous preterm birth 572:Large or small pregnancy weight gain 15697:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth 14155: 14075:Society for Women's Health Research 14009:International Day of the Girl Child 12474:Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 12327:The New England Journal of Medicine 12069:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2010.07.002 11641: 11318:"Extremely Low Birth Weight Infant" 10856:The New England Journal of Medicine 10522:from the original on 18 March 2008. 10003: 8136:The New England Journal of Medicine 7690:The New England Journal of Medicine 7465:The New England Journal of Medicine 6813:The New England Journal of Medicine 5814:The New England Journal of Medicine 5026:"Maternal stress and preterm birth" 4889:The New England Journal of Medicine 4445:from the original on 11 August 2014 4282:Tsur A, Mayo JA, Wong RJ, Shaw GM, 4125:The New England Journal of Medicine 3822:"Marriage still protects pregnancy" 3459:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2014.10.027 2947:"Cervical alterations in pregnancy" 2483:The evidence to support the use of 2353:University of Alabama at Birmingham 1805:Parenteral (intraveneous) nutrition 1664:(GI tract), medical conditions (or 1646:continuous positive airway pressure 1582:(also called isolettes), which are 1541: 1218: 1201: 486: 335:. For a healthy pregnancy, medical 46:Premature birth, preemies, premmies 24: 16830:Transient tachypnea of the newborn 16068:Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy 14119:Birth control in the United States 12665:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2004.tb00433.x 11581:"A little miracle called Madeline" 11535:from the original on 23 March 2007 11523:"Most-premature baby allowed home" 10783:from the original on 18 July 2016. 7655:10.1097/01.AOG.0000168435.17200.53 7259:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb13235.x 6577:10.1097/01.AOG.0000189080.76998.f8 6235: 5920:10.1097/01.AOG.0000252706.46734.0a 5140:10.1097/01.AOG.0000275264.78506.63 4504:10.1097/01.AOG.0000128070.44805.1f 3750:from the original on 8 August 2014 2382:Effect of the coronavirus pandemic 2007:Hematologic complications include 1963:is unable to meet postnatal needs. 1927:Neurological problems can include 1725: 1461:probably reduces the risk of IVH. 1318:Reducing spontaneous preterm birth 25: 17250: 16608:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome 16326:Pain management during childbirth 16253:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome 14014:Commission on the Status of Women 13024:External female genitalia (vulva) 12833: 11677:"World's Smallest Baby Goes Home" 11619:. 8 February 2005. Archived from 11316:Subramanian, KNS (18 June 2009). 10910:from the original on 8 April 2009 10464:National Vital Statistics Reports 8638: 8014:MMWR. Recommendations and Reports 4791:American Journal of Public Health 4699:American Journal of Public Health 3776:Maternal and Child Health Journal 3045:from the original on 2 April 2015 2923:from the original on 2 April 2015 2754:from the original on 2 April 2015 2719:from the original on 2 April 2015 2636:from the original on 5 April 2015 2601:from the original on 7 March 2015 2545:from the original on 2 April 2015 1286:, which often result from use of 1154: 1138:is the most common definition of 17126:Vertically transmitted infection 16512: 16511: 16498:Sexual activity during pregnancy 15702:Postpartum physiological changes 15402:Postpartum physiological changes 14927:Assisted reproductive technology 14154: 14142: 14131: 14130: 13347:Assisted reproductive technology 12987: 12780: 12731: 12688: 12639: 12590: 12547: 12512: 12461: 12412: 12355: 12231:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2012.12.003 12048: 11901: 11866: 11840: 11817: 11795: 11773: 11747: 11717: 11691: 11669: 11635: 11605: 11573: 11547: 11485: 11457: 11431: 11407: 11383: 11340: 11287: 11266: 11217: 11187: 11144: 11130:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2013.01.012 11109: 11066: 11023: 10922: 10814: 10806:. 6 January 2005. Archived from 10684: 10629: 10454: 10333:10.1136/archdischild-2015-308579 10312: 10290:10.1136/archdischild-2015-310313 10269: 10254:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.3351 10228: 10187: 10138: 10089: 9890: 9841: 9792: 9743: 9694: 9593: 9440: 9391: 9342: 9293: 9244: 9195: 9146: 9097: 9004: 8955: 8910: 8681: 8632: 8583: 8534: 8485: 8436: 8387: 8338: 8289: 8238: 8189: 8162: 8078: 8005: 7930: 7918:from the original on 9 July 2017 7904: 7855: 7806: 7757: 7726: 7677: 7634: 7583: 7548: 7499: 7417: 7360: 7331: 7282: 7233: 7190: 7033: 7006: 6851: 6800: 6786: 6737: 6693: 6650: 6373:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2005.00575.x 5875:10.1590/S0034-8910.2014048005283 5426:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.03020.x 5409:"Aerobic vaginitis in pregnancy" 5030:American Journal of Epidemiology 3839:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2005.00667.x 3543:. National Academies Press (US). 2945:Vink J, Myers K (October 2018). 2877:. Oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com 2591:"Preterm birth Fact sheet N°363" 2266:In 2014, Lyla Stensrud, born in 2254: 1833:Hyponatraemia and hypernatraemia 1668:), risk of aspirating milk, and 1557: 1468: 1298:Reducing indicated preterm birth 1288:assisted reproductive technology 1064: 203:, keeping the baby warm through 17218:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder 17168:Group B streptococcal infection 16736:Intrauterine growth restriction 15754:Adaptation to extrauterine life 14248:Breastfeeding and mental health 13313:Breastfeeding and mental health 11914:Seminars in Pediatric Neurology 7121:Reproductive Biomedicine Online 6599: 6556: 6507: 6464: 6314: 6255: 6229: 6206: 6163: 6153: 6110: 6067: 6018: 5991: 5942: 5850: 5740: 5726:10.14219/jada.archive.2001.0299 5705: 5604: 5400: 5373: 5273: 5246: 5219: 5178: 5162: 5119: 5070: 4974: 4827: 4660: 4638: 4581: 4526: 4483: 4457: 4275: 4161: 4112: 3988: 3949: 3926: 3730: 3530: 3495: 3473: 3268: 3219: 3184: 3141: 3057: 3025: 2889: 2370:mug, according to his mother), 2102: 1762:gastroesophageal reflux disease 1340: 1249:screening for and treatment of 1079:Placental alpha microglobulin-1 456: 453:and spontaneous preterm labor. 425:, true labor is accompanied by 16561:Conditions originating in the 16000:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy 15397:Maternal physiological changes 11555:"trithuc.thanhnienkhcn.org.vn" 10031:10.1002/14651858.CD012642.pub2 9979:10.1002/14651858.CD012940.pub3 9915:10.1002/14651858.CD013141.pub2 9817:10.1002/14651858.CD005249.pub3 9768:10.1002/14651858.CD009719.pub3 9719:10.1002/14651858.CD004696.pub5 9670:10.1002/14651858.CD013392.pub2 9618:10.1002/14651858.CD012888.pub2 9569:10.1002/14651858.CD013145.pub2 9517:10.1002/14651858.CD013465.pub2 9465:10.1002/14651858.CD007263.pub3 9416:10.1002/14651858.CD012273.pub2 9367:10.1002/14651858.CD002777.pub2 9318:10.1002/14651858.CD000341.pub3 9269:10.1002/14651858.CD000280.pub3 9220:10.1002/14651858.CD003959.pub4 9171:10.1002/14651858.CD007090.pub2 9122:10.1002/14651858.CD000433.pub3 9073:10.1002/14651858.CD000343.pub3 9029:10.1002/14651858.CD002971.pub5 8980:10.1002/14651858.CD002972.pub3 8886:10.1002/14651858.CD001819.pub3 8828:10.1002/14651858.CD013542.pub2 8764:10.1002/14651858.CD012413.pub3 8706:10.1002/14651858.CD008313.pub3 8657:10.1002/14651858.CD001243.pub4 8608:10.1002/14651858.CD011190.pub2 8559:10.1002/14651858.CD006405.pub4 8510:10.1002/14651858.CD000503.pub3 8412:10.1002/14651858.CD004953.pub4 8363:10.1002/14651858.CD004210.pub5 8314:10.1002/14651858.CD000078.pub3 8214:10.1002/14651858.CD001060.pub2 7981:10.1002/14651858.CD012077.pub2 7880:10.1002/14651858.CD004454.pub4 7831:10.1002/14651858.CD003935.pub5 7743:10.1002/14651858.CD003096.pub2 7385:10.1002/14651858.CD004947.pub3 7307:10.1002/14651858.CD000262.pub4 7058:10.1002/14651858.CD007235.pub4 6982:10.1002/14651858.CD000198.pub3 6930:10.1002/14651858.CD006172.pub4 6762:10.1002/14651858.CD001059.pub5 6335:10.1002/14651858.cd004902.pub2 5681:10.1002/14651858.CD006178.pub3 5629:10.1002/14651858.CD000491.pub3 5580:10.1002/14651858.CD000490.pub4 5528:10.1002/14651858.CD002250.pub3 3572:10.1002/14651858.CD004902.pub5 3082:10.1002/14651858.CD003581.pub3 2999:Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 2867: 2818: 1866:Preterm infants survival rates 1688:American Academy of Pediatrics 1331: 1270:correction (i.e. removal of a 770:, previous spontaneous (i.e., 437:) is a serious threat to both 13: 1: 16910:Vitamin K deficiency bleeding 16202:Prelabor rupture of membranes 14952:partner-assisted reproduction 14243:Breastfeeding and medications 13963:Social determinants of health 12533:10.1016/S0378-3782(00)00094-3 11361:10.1016/S0029-7844(03)00617-3 10681:Retrieved on 11 November 2014 10383:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60136-1 8056:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04233-1 6485:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60082-9 6442:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60108-7 6184:10.1016/S0029-7844(00)01130-3 6119:Journal of Perinatal Medicine 3902:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60074-4 3384:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 3038:National Institutes of Health 2963:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2018.03.007 2916:National Institutes of Health 2794:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 2747:National Institutes of Health 2713:National Institutes of Health 2629:National Institutes of Health 2538:National Institutes of Health 2507: 2416:structural magnetic resonance 2112:Disability-adjusted life year 1975:respiratory distress syndrome 1682:Human breast milk and formula 1423:respiratory distress syndrome 1187: 1116: 17069:Periventricular leukomalacia 16887:Persistent fetal circulation 16835:Meconium aspiration syndrome 16481:Systemic lupus erythematosus 16132:Maternal care related to the 16114:Gestational thrombocytopenia 14805:Neonatal withdrawal syndrome 14426:Infant cognitive development 14323:Neonatal intensive care unit 13958:Gender disparities in health 13296:Mother-to-child transmission 12709:10.1016/j.cortex.2013.06.001 12284:10.1371/journal.pone.0077475 12174:10.1371/journal.pone.0024525 11242:10.1097/GCO.0000000000000156 11087:10.1097/dbp.0b013e3181ba0fba 8264:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002398 7783:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000902 7211:10.1097/aog.0b013e318293f12f 6864:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 6715:10.1097/AOG.0000000000004480 6268:Journal of Clinical Medicine 6088:10.3109/01443615.2013.807786 6043:10.3109/14767058.2012.657279 5335:Clinical Infectious Diseases 5255:Nigerian Journal of Medicine 4403:10.1371/journal.pone.0186151 4228:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181dffcdb 3738:"Premature Birth Fact Sheet" 3621:10.1586/17474108.2013.825481 3342:10.1097/AOG.0000000000002352 3205:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2014.05.030 3162:10.3109/14767058.2014.918095 2342:neonatal intensive care unit 2236: 2019:(jaundice) that can lead to 1654: 1572:neonatal intensive care unit 1500: 1421:. This can lead directly to 1384: 1354:hydroxyprogesterone caproate 1073: 952: 476:neonatal intensive care unit 421:in one hour. In contrast to 7: 16978:Intraventricular hemorrhage 16282:Cephalopelvic disproportion 15188:Traditional birth attendant 14729:Supplemental nursing system 13571:Pelvic inflammatory disease 13514:Hormone replacement therapy 13078:Reproductive system disease 12756:10.1097/MD.0000000000006408 12615:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.06.015 11467:Guinness World Records 2004 10777:"World Health Organization" 10430:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015402 7555:Caritis S, Rouse D (2006). 7162:Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 4667:Chung E (30 October 2019). 3941:. Merck Sharp & Dohme. 3232:Health Statistics Quarterly 2490: 2393: 2041: 1959:, at a time when their own 1953:intraventricular hemorrhage 1412: 1325:polyunsaturated fatty acids 1055: 10: 17255: 16983:Germinal matrix hemorrhage 16973:Velamentous cord insertion 16864:Bronchopulmonary dysplasia 16393:Breastfeeding difficulties 16192:Constriction ring syndrome 16166:Braxton Hicks contractions 15420:Brain health and pollution 14481:Prenatal development table 14421:Irritant diaper dermatitis 14065:Black Women's Health Study 13132:Complications of pregnancy 12024:10.1016/j.nicl.2014.08.005 11926:10.1016/j.spen.2009.09.005 11908:Volpe JJ (December 2009). 11847:Preston E (19 July 2020). 7576:10.1016/j.ajog.2006.10.003 7439:10.1016/j.ajog.2005.06.049 7134:10.1016/j.rbmo.2017.05.012 6877:10.1186/s12884-021-03729-1 6012:10.1016/j.ajog.2010.10.543 5787:10.1016/j.ajog.2007.12.014 5298:10.1016/j.jbmt.2008.10.002 4995:10.1016/j.ijgo.2006.03.022 4606:10.1177/003335491112600514 3974:10.1016/j.ajog.2004.09.021 3516:10.1016/j.siny.2015.12.011 3011:10.1016/j.prrv.2016.08.008 2672:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.09.080 2497:Canadian Perinatal Network 2336:Born in February 2009, at 2290:problems, together with a 2222:Extremely Low Birth Weight 1937:retinopathy of prematurity 1869: 1737:red blood cell transfusion 1625:may also be used to treat 1566:Incubator for preterm baby 1244:Screening during pregnancy 1120: 466:), decidual bleeding, and 374:or incubation, supporting 103:at younger than 37 weeks' 17183: 17118: 17077: 17054: 17026: 17013:Necrotizing enterocolitis 16998: 16895: 16872: 16810: 16803: 16744: 16722:Large for gestational age 16718:Small for gestational age 16710: 16674: 16642: 16616: 16584: 16573: 16506: 16463: 16430:Peripartum cardiomyopathy 16420:Pubic symphysis diastasis 16383: 16267: 16131: 16104: 16086: 16028: 15990: 15981: 15937: 15855: 15846: 15781: 15746: 15710: 15664: 15655: 15633:Chorionic villus sampling 15615: 15410: 15367: 15336: 15329: 15196: 15121: 15090: 15081: 15015: 14985:Obstetric ultrasonography 14972: 14917: 14909:Pre-conception counseling 14884: 14800:Prenatal cocaine exposure 14757: 14588:Infant care and equipment 14587: 14505:Socialization and Culture 14504: 14416:Infant visual development 14368: 14283:Infant and toddler safety 14211: 14126: 14083: 14042:Women's Health Initiative 14027: 13989: 13980: 13929: 13895:Major depressive disorder 13763: 13723:Intimate partner violence 13685: 13584:Female genital mutilation 13579: 13528: 13437: 13379: 13325: 13271: 13184: 13097: 13086: 13012: 12999: 12919: 12841: 12603:The Journal of Pediatrics 12113:10.1017/S135561771100107X 11887:10.1016/j.clp.2013.09.005 11349:Obstetrics and Gynecology 11299:World Health Organization 11199:World Health Organization 10944:10.1017/S001216220100247X 10906:. Melbourne. 4 May 2004. 10558:10.1080/14767050701866971 10114:10.1016/j.clp.2017.01.009 9866:10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000724 7776:(16_suppl_2): S524–S550. 7643:Obstetrics and Gynecology 7609:10.1186/s13643-017-0600-x 7199:Obstetrics and Gynecology 7015:Obstetrics and Gynecology 6703:Obstetrics and Gynecology 6671:10.1517/13543784.16.3.337 6612:Frontiers in Neuroscience 6565:Obstetrics and Gynecology 6172:Obstetrics and Gynecology 5967:10.1080/14767050902801694 5908:Obstetrics and Gynecology 5478:10.1186/s13643-015-0018-2 5191:Human Reproduction Update 5128:Obstetrics and Gynecology 4932:Romero R (October 2007). 4756:10.1080/00365540601087566 4645:Currie J (October 2009). 4492:Obstetrics and Gynecology 4338:Human Reproduction Update 4216:Obstetrics and Gynecology 4182:10.1038/s41558-019-0632-4 3939:Merck Manual Home Edition 3788:10.1007/s10995-009-0546-2 3692:Human Reproduction Update 3330:Obstetrics and Gynecology 2485:osteopathic manipulations 2213:small for gestational age 2204:World Health Organization 2002:necrotizing enterocolitis 1696:necrotizing enterocolitis 1670:necrotizing enterocolitis 1483:necrotizing enterocolitis 1255:, group B streptococcus, 1100:positive predictive value 1061:with a polygenic nature. 922:World Health Organization 561:Low socio-economic status 444: 227: 219: 196: 186: 142: 134: 110: 90: 70: 59: 50: 42: 37: 15956:Gestational hypertension 15523:Intrahepatic cholestasis 14810:Parental child abduction 14333:Oral rehydration therapy 13631:Gynaecological disorders 13447:Culture and menstruation 13414:Contraceptive prevalence 13306:Compulsory sterilization 12806:10.1542/peds.2020-016162 6625:10.3389/fnins.2019.01284 6532:10.1136/jech.2003.008029 5863:Revista de Saude Publica 4803:10.2105/AJPH.2005.065680 4551:10.1177/1010539514537678 4013:10.1136/bmj.327.7410.313 2478:inferior parietal lobule 1988:, feeding difficulties, 1968:patent ductus arteriosus 1945:transient hyperammonemia 1941:developmental disability 1511:calcium channel blockers 824:Factors during pregnancy 621:Asymptomatic bacteriuria 408:Kapiolani Medical Center 292:and problems with their 17175:Neonatal conjunctivitis 16666:Single umbilical artery 16656:Umbilical cord prolapse 16603:Placental insufficiency 16576:complicating pregnancy, 16355:Umbilical cord prolapse 16277:Amniotic fluid embolism 16035:dermatoses of pregnancy 15593:Motor vehicle emissions 15454:Concomitant conditions 15428:environmental toxicants 15171:Auxiliary nurse midwife 14932:artificial insemination 14899:Natural family planning 14815:Parental responsibility 14328:Newborn care and safety 13914:Urinary tract infection 13706:Abuse during childbirth 12521:Early Human Development 12487:10.1186/1477-7525-11-51 12380:10.1136/adc.2007.135095 12219:Early Human Development 11875:Clinics in Perinatology 11698:Allyn B (29 May 2019). 11118:Early Human Development 10946:(inactive 8 May 2024). 10677:24 October 2014 at the 10102:Clinics in Perinatology 5096:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601690 4288:Journal of Perinatology 3660:10.1067/mob.2002.127140 2061:intellectual disability 2036:urinary tract infection 1884:In the U.S. where many 1880:Mortality and morbidity 1265:Reducing existing risks 1096:transvaginal ultrasound 929:anti-thyroid antibodies 252:at fewer than 37 weeks 17151:ureaplasma urealyticum 16859:Wilson–Mikity syndrome 16783:Brachial plexus injury 16471:Concomitant conditions 16450:Postpartum thyroiditis 16228:Circumvallate placenta 16048:Impetigo herpetiformis 16043:Gestational pemphigoid 16015:Hyperemesis gravidarum 15948:hypertensive disorders 15687:Postpartum confinement 14947:in vitro fertilisation 14559:Grandparent visitation 13831:Cardiovascular disease 13419:Contraceptive security 13352:In vitro fertilization 13263:Postpartum confinement 13137:Hyperemesis gravidarum 12568:10.1542/peds.2007-0169 12438:10.1542/peds.2015-2006 11471:. Bantam Books. 2004. 11165:10.1542/peds.2013-0009 10606:10.1542/peds.2011-1689 10500:10.1542/peds.2004-2547 8936:10.1542/peds.2011-3552 8461:10.1542/peds.2015-2238 6354:Steer P (March 2005). 3293:10.1542/peds.2010-3175 2195: 2097:chronic kidney disease 1867: 1858:Outcomes and prognosis 1837:Imbalances of sodium ( 1662:gastrointestinal tract 1605:mechanical ventilation 1567: 1394: 1252:Ureaplasma urealyticum 1168: 759: 740:Being single/unmarried 414: 268:(American English) or 215:, supporting breathing 17099:Congenital hypertonia 16990:Anemia of prematurity 16698:Shoulder presentation 16440:Postpartum infections 16435:Postpartum depression 15682:Postpartum depression 15563:Pruritic folliculitis 15307:Unassisted childbirth 14318:Infant sleep training 13953:Healthcare inequality 13755:Gender discrimination 13559:Human papilloma virus 13234:Vesicovaginal fistula 11803:"Most premature baby" 11415:Million-Dollar Babies 11402:Institute of Medicine 11295:"Data and statistics" 10998:10.1186/1741-7015-6-1 10869:10.1056/NEJMoa0706475 10709:10.1093/cercor/bhp212 10213:10.1001/jama.2009.771 7477:10.1056/NEJMcp1103640 6213:Cervical incompetence 6131:10.1515/jpm-2013-0234 5826:10.1056/NEJMoa1612665 5204:10.1093/humupd/dmr024 4711:10.2105/AJPH.88.2.233 4594:Public Health Reports 4351:10.1093/humupd/dms044 4170:Nature Climate Change 3705:10.1093/humupd/dmu007 2502:World Prematurity Day 2457:parahippocampal gyrus 2453:middle temporal gyrus 2309:, requiring birth by 2244:Institute of Medicine 2218:Very Low Birth Weight 2110: 2026:Infection, including 2009:anemia of prematurity 1986:neonatal hypoglycemia 1865: 1565: 1475:group B streptococcus 1392: 1258:Trichomonas vaginalis 1162: 1146:Emerging Technologies 1140:cervical incompetence 1123:Cervical incompetence 1121:Further information: 960:Mycoplasma genitalium 883:), are also at risk. 757: 583:Short maternal height 526:Short cervical length 405: 286:delays in development 121:delays in development 17104:Congenital hypotonia 17018:Meconium peritonitis 16820:Intrauterine hypoxia 16776:Subgaleal hemorrhage 16445:Postpartum psychosis 16314:Obstetrical bleeding 16209:Obstetrical bleeding 16030:Integumentary system 16005:Gestational diabetes 15984:related to pregnancy 15982:Other, predominantly 15789:Gravidity and parity 15769:Congenital disorders 15728:Lactation consultant 15598:Pre-existing disease 15277:Childbirth positions 15267:Rupture of membranes 14964:Unintended pregnancy 14942:fertility medication 14476:Prenatal development 14376:Attachment parenting 14350:Shaken baby syndrome 14060:Nurses' Health Study 13968:Reproductive justice 13919:Urinary incontinence 13539:Sexually transmitted 13394:Intrauterine devices 13239:Rectovaginal fistula 13229:Obstetrical fistulae 13157:Gestational diabetes 13152:Obstetrical bleeding 13127:Adolescent pregnancy 13112:Gravidity and parity 13107:Unintended pregnancy 12340:10.1056/NEJMoa010856 12012:NeuroImage. Clinical 11979:10.1093/brain/awm282 11759:Children's Minnesota 11725:"The Tiniest Babies" 11531:. 21 February 2007. 11305:on 16 February 2007. 10531:12 June 2008 at the 10524:— in particular see 9854:BMJ Paediatrics Open 8148:10.1056/NEJMra050435 7703:10.1056/NEJMsa065029 6826:10.1056/NEJMoa054186 6218:7 March 2014 at the 4902:10.1056/NEJMoa067815 4138:10.1056/NEJMoa070445 2788:(10053): 1459–1544. 2463:, as well as larger 2206:tracks rates of low 2192: more than 1500 1979:chronic lung disease 1929:apnea of prematurity 1811:late preterm infants 1787:aspiration pneumonia 1284:multiple pregnancies 1278:Multiple pregnancies 1165:prenatal development 1128:Obstetric ultrasound 875:, whether too much ( 837:fertility medication 727:Unintended pregnancy 688:Black ethnicity/race 537:Prenatal Care Absent 480:Risk scoring systems 413:in Honolulu, Hawaii. 372:skin-to-skin contact 333:psychological stress 274:uterine contractions 205:skin-to-skin contact 181:psychological stress 17213:Neonatal withdrawal 17196:Perinatal mortality 17046:Sclerema neonatorum 16902:hematologic disease 16425:Postpartum bleeding 16248:Placental abruption 16233:Monochorionic twins 16063:Prurigo gestationis 15692:Sex after pregnancy 15499:Endocrine diseases 15445:Prenatal depression 15317:Placental expulsion 15235:Uterine contraction 15218:cervical effacement 14959:Fertility awareness 14790:Infant ear piercing 13973:Women's empowerment 13841:Alzheimer's disease 13472:Cloth menstrual pad 13429:Fertility awareness 13399:Oral contraceptives 13281:Perinatal mortality 12275:2013PLoSO...877475C 12165:2011PLoSO...624525A 12057:Pediatric Neurology 11683:. 8 February 2005. 11420:31 May 2009 at the 11396:5 June 2011 at the 6479:(9928): 1549–1560. 6281:10.3390/jcm12134360 6000:Am J Obstet Gynecol 5134:(2 Pt 1): 318–324. 4441:. 14 January 2014. 4394:2017PLoSO..1286151B 4300:10.1038/jp.2017.104 3447:Pediatric Neurology 3041:. 3 November 2014. 2715:. 3 November 2014. 2632:. 3 November 2014. 2541:. 3 November 2014. 2474:sensorimotor cortex 2421:hippocampal regions 2232:Society and culture 2126: less than 120 1931:, hypoxic-ischemic 1886:neonatal infections 1546:The routine use of 1368:In preparation for 1292:Selective reduction 1049:periodontal disease 978:, and the fetus. A 937:confidence interval 869:placental abruption 849:high blood pressure 792:confidence interval 674:Bacterial vaginosis 464:placental abruption 305:high blood pressure 153:high blood pressure 63:preterm baby in an 17146:mycoplasma hominis 17131:Neonatal infection 17087:Gray baby syndrome 17064:Perinatal asphyxia 16954:Hyperbilirubinemia 16731:Postterm pregnancy 16578:labour or delivery 16455:Puerperal mastitis 16410:Breast engorgement 16197:Monoamniotic twins 16187:Chorionic hematoma 15468:Hypercoagulability 15297:Natural childbirth 15146:Postterm pregnancy 14904:Male contraceptive 14298:Infant food safety 14070:Cartwright Inquiry 13981:Politics, research 13799:Endometrial cancer 13653:Sexual intercourse 13424:Planned parenthood 13409:Male contraceptive 12920:External resources 12799:(2): e2020016162. 12431:(6): e1513–e1520. 11853:The New York Times 11824:Raju, TNK (1980). 11761:. 23 December 2020 11729:University of Iowa 11593:on 2 December 2007 11561:on 24 January 2008 10810:on 12 August 2020. 10754:on 4 December 2020 10075:10.15142/fptk-b748 7596:Systematic Reviews 5781:(1): 43.e1–43.e5. 5465:Systematic Reviews 5348:10.1093/cid/civ312 5066:on 8 October 2007. 5043:10.1093/aje/kwf176 4058:10.1111/aogs.13111 3245:10.1057/hsq.2009.5 2843:10.1093/ije/dyt251 2476:bilaterally, left 2465:lateral ventricles 2331:University of Iowa 2196: 2017:hyperbilirubinemia 1898:limit of viability 1868: 1849:Hearing assessment 1631:hyperbilirubinemia 1568: 1395: 1169: 760: 714:Unwanted pregnancy 415: 398:Signs and symptoms 382:feeding, treating 337:induction of labor 321:vaginal infections 309:multiple gestation 258:late preterm birth 169:vaginal infections 157:Multiple gestation 17226: 17225: 17114: 17113: 16964:Neonatal jaundice 16882:Pneumopericardium 16852:Pneumomediastinum 16793:Klumpke paralysis 16771:Caput succedaneum 16706: 16705: 16574:Maternal factors 16528: 16527: 16486:Thyroid disorders 16476:Diabetes mellitus 16360:Uterine inversion 16292:Shoulder dystocia 16287:Obstructed labour 16263: 16262: 16127: 16126: 16096:Chorea gravidarum 15872:Ectopic pregnancy 15797: 15796: 15782:Obstetric history 15777: 15776: 15738:Confinement nanny 15651: 15650: 15518:Acute fatty liver 15325: 15324: 15213:cervical dilation 14840: 14839: 14700: 14537:Children's rights 14451:Object permanence 14273:Failure to thrive 14170: 14169: 14050: 14049: 13875: 13874: 13826: 13825: 13809:Papanicolaou test 13765:Non-communicable 13733:Sexual harassment 13711:Domestic violence 13681: 13680: 13524: 13523: 13321: 13320: 13224:Retained placenta 13142:Ectopic pregnancy 12954: 12953: 12609:(6): 848–853.e1. 11972:(Pt 1): 205–217. 11623:on 1 January 2008 11413:Spencer E. Ante. 11044:10.1111/obr.12214 10779:. November 2015. 10377:(9608): 261–269. 10206:(21): 2225–2233. 10163:10.1136/bmj.e7976 8103:10.1136/bmj.e6226 8050:(9261): 989–994. 7696:(21): 2165–2175. 7524:10.1002/uog.15953 7175:10.1159/000357974 6819:(17): 1796–1806. 6436:(9607): 164–175. 6242:www.innosuisse.ch 5820:(12): 1156–1167. 5419:(10): 1163–1170. 5089:(10): 1345–1349. 4471:on 14 August 2014 4294:(10): 1088–1092. 3832:(10): 1411–1416. 3378:(9963): 117–171. 2388:COVID-19 pandemic 2372:Winston Churchill 2315:laser eye surgery 2311:caesarean section 2305:their mother had 2085:MRI brain imaging 1817:Gastric residuals 1799:systematic review 1776:High volume feeds 1640:Breathing support 1603:supplementation, 1548:caesarean section 1532:Magnesium sulfate 1431:antenatal steroid 1378:Cervical cerclage 1364:Cervical cerclage 1233:Smoking cessation 1229:randomized trials 1111:Fetal fibronectin 1106:Fetal fibronectin 1092:fetal fibronectin 1007:aerobic vaginitis 982:also may lead to 879:) or too little ( 752: 751: 701:Filipino ancestry 427:cervical dilation 235: 234: 32:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 17246: 17206:Infant mortality 17041:Erythema toxicum 17033:thermoregulation 17000:Gastrointestinal 16808: 16807: 16804:Affected systems 16681: 16649: 16634:Chorioamnionitis 16627: 16598:Placenta praevia 16591: 16582: 16581: 16555: 16548: 16541: 16532: 16531: 16515: 16514: 16350:Postmature birth 16338:Placenta accreta 16243:Placenta praevia 16238:Placenta accreta 16182:Chorioamnionitis 15992:Digestive system 15988: 15987: 15914:Fetal resorption 15902:Rudimentary horn 15859:abortive outcome 15853: 15852: 15824: 15817: 15810: 15801: 15800: 15662: 15661: 15628:Cardiotocography 15334: 15333: 15240:Vaginal delivery 15113:Nesting instinct 15088: 15087: 15073:Rudimentary horn 15002:Prenatal testing 14867: 14860: 14853: 14844: 14843: 14696: 14381:Baby-led weaning 14197: 14190: 14183: 14174: 14173: 14158: 14157: 14146: 14145: 14134: 14133: 13987: 13986: 13772: 13771: 13692: 13691: 13686:Non-reproductive 13535: 13534: 13452:Feminine hygiene 13219:Cesarian section 13214:Obstructed labor 13095: 13094: 13010: 13009: 12991: 12981: 12974: 12967: 12958: 12957: 12839: 12838: 12827: 12826: 12808: 12784: 12778: 12777: 12767: 12735: 12729: 12728: 12703:(8): 2264–2271. 12692: 12686: 12685: 12667: 12643: 12637: 12636: 12626: 12594: 12588: 12587: 12562:(2): e366–e376. 12551: 12545: 12544: 12516: 12510: 12509: 12499: 12489: 12465: 12459: 12458: 12440: 12416: 12410: 12409: 12391: 12374:(3): F196–F200. 12359: 12353: 12352: 12342: 12318: 12307: 12306: 12296: 12286: 12254: 12243: 12242: 12214: 12205: 12204: 12186: 12176: 12144: 12135: 12134: 12124: 12107:(6): 1067–1079. 12092: 12081: 12080: 12052: 12046: 12045: 12035: 12003: 11992: 11991: 11981: 11957: 11948: 11947: 11937: 11905: 11899: 11898: 11870: 11864: 11863: 11861: 11859: 11844: 11838: 11837: 11821: 11815: 11814: 11812: 11810: 11799: 11793: 11792: 11790: 11788: 11777: 11771: 11770: 11768: 11766: 11751: 11745: 11744: 11742: 11740: 11731:. Archived from 11721: 11715: 11714: 11712: 11710: 11695: 11689: 11688: 11673: 11667: 11666: 11664: 11662: 11639: 11633: 11632: 11630: 11628: 11609: 11603: 11602: 11600: 11598: 11577: 11571: 11570: 11568: 11566: 11557:. Archived from 11551: 11545: 11544: 11542: 11540: 11519: 11508: 11507: 11505: 11503: 11489: 11483: 11482: 11470: 11461: 11455: 11454: 11452: 11450: 11435: 11429: 11411: 11405: 11387: 11381: 11380: 11344: 11338: 11337: 11335: 11333: 11313: 11307: 11306: 11301:. Archived from 11291: 11285: 11284: 11278: 11270: 11264: 11263: 11253: 11221: 11215: 11214: 11212: 11210: 11191: 11185: 11184: 11159:(6): 1168–1179. 11148: 11142: 11141: 11113: 11107: 11106: 11070: 11064: 11063: 11027: 11021: 11020: 11010: 11000: 10976: 10970: 10969: 10963: 10955: 10926: 10920: 10919: 10917: 10915: 10896: 10890: 10889: 10871: 10847: 10838: 10837: 10835: 10833: 10818: 10812: 10811: 10794: 10785: 10784: 10773: 10764: 10763: 10761: 10759: 10750:. Archived from 10740: 10731: 10730: 10720: 10703:(6): 1462–1475. 10688: 10682: 10669: 10660: 10659: 10633: 10627: 10626: 10608: 10599:(6): 1047–1052. 10584: 10578: 10577: 10541: 10535: 10523: 10479: 10473: 10472: 10458: 10452: 10451: 10441: 10409: 10403: 10402: 10366: 10353: 10352: 10327:(5): F377–F383. 10316: 10310: 10309: 10284:(2): F153–F161. 10273: 10267: 10266: 10256: 10232: 10226: 10225: 10215: 10191: 10185: 10184: 10174: 10142: 10136: 10135: 10125: 10093: 10087: 10086: 10058: 10047: 10046: 10037: 10569379. 10025:(10): CD012642. 10014: 10001: 10000: 9990: 9958: 9937: 9936: 9926: 9894: 9888: 9887: 9877: 9845: 9839: 9838: 9828: 9796: 9790: 9789: 9779: 9747: 9741: 9740: 9730: 9713:(12): CD004696. 9698: 9692: 9691: 9681: 9649: 9640: 9639: 9629: 9597: 9591: 9590: 9580: 9548: 9539: 9538: 9528: 9511:(11): CD013465. 9496: 9487: 9486: 9476: 9444: 9438: 9437: 9427: 9410:(10): CD012273. 9395: 9389: 9388: 9378: 9346: 9340: 9339: 9329: 9297: 9291: 9290: 9280: 9248: 9242: 9241: 9231: 9199: 9193: 9192: 9182: 9165:(11): CD007090. 9150: 9144: 9143: 9133: 9101: 9095: 9094: 9084: 9060: 9051: 9050: 9040: 9008: 9002: 9001: 8991: 8959: 8953: 8952: 8938: 8929:(3): e827–e841. 8914: 8908: 8907: 8897: 8865: 8850: 8849: 8839: 8822:(12): CD013542. 8807: 8786: 8785: 8775: 8743: 8728: 8727: 8717: 8685: 8679: 8678: 8668: 8651:(10): CD001243. 8636: 8630: 8629: 8619: 8587: 8581: 8580: 8570: 8538: 8532: 8531: 8521: 8504:(12): CD000503. 8489: 8483: 8482: 8472: 8440: 8434: 8433: 8423: 8391: 8385: 8384: 8374: 8342: 8336: 8335: 8325: 8293: 8287: 8286: 8276: 8266: 8257:(10): e1002398. 8242: 8236: 8235: 8225: 8193: 8187: 8186: 8166: 8160: 8159: 8131: 8125: 8124: 8114: 8082: 8076: 8075: 8039: 8030: 8029: 8009: 8003: 8002: 7992: 7960: 7954: 7953: 7951: 7949: 7934: 7928: 7927: 7925: 7923: 7908: 7902: 7901: 7891: 7859: 7853: 7852: 7842: 7810: 7804: 7803: 7785: 7761: 7755: 7754: 7737:(11): CD003096. 7730: 7724: 7723: 7705: 7681: 7675: 7674: 7638: 7632: 7631: 7621: 7611: 7587: 7581: 7580: 7578: 7552: 7546: 7545: 7535: 7503: 7497: 7496: 7460: 7451: 7450: 7433:(5): 1234–1242. 7421: 7415: 7414: 7396: 7364: 7358: 7357: 7355: 7353: 7343: 7335: 7329: 7328: 7318: 7286: 7280: 7279: 7261: 7237: 7231: 7230: 7205:(6): 1305–1308. 7194: 7188: 7187: 7177: 7153: 7147: 7146: 7136: 7112: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7101: 7086: 7080: 7079: 7069: 7037: 7031: 7030: 7010: 7004: 7003: 6993: 6961: 6952: 6951: 6941: 6909: 6900: 6899: 6889: 6879: 6855: 6849: 6848: 6838: 6828: 6804: 6798: 6797: 6790: 6784: 6783: 6773: 6756:(10): CD001059. 6741: 6735: 6734: 6697: 6691: 6690: 6654: 6648: 6647: 6637: 6627: 6603: 6597: 6596: 6571:(6): 1279–1288. 6560: 6554: 6553: 6543: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6468: 6462: 6461: 6425: 6394: 6393: 6375: 6366:(Suppl 1): 1–3. 6351: 6345: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6318: 6312: 6311: 6301: 6283: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6233: 6227: 6210: 6204: 6203: 6167: 6161: 6157: 6151: 6150: 6114: 6108: 6107: 6071: 6065: 6064: 6054: 6037:(9): 1690–1698. 6022: 6016: 6015: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5978: 5946: 5940: 5939: 5903: 5897: 5896: 5886: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5837: 5805: 5799: 5798: 5770: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5744: 5738: 5737: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5692: 5660: 5651: 5650: 5640: 5623:(11): CD000491. 5608: 5602: 5601: 5591: 5559: 5550: 5549: 5539: 5507: 5501: 5500: 5490: 5480: 5456: 5447: 5446: 5428: 5404: 5398: 5397: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5360: 5350: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5309: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5206: 5182: 5176: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5098: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5062:. Archived from 5045: 5021: 5015: 5014: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4953: 4951:10.1002/uog.5174 4929: 4923: 4922: 4904: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4855: 4853:10.1002/uog.2773 4831: 4825: 4824: 4814: 4797:(9): 1545–1551. 4782: 4776: 4775: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4722: 4690: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4651: 4642: 4636: 4635: 4625: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4498:(6): 1300–1307. 4487: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4467:. Archived from 4461: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4435: 4426: 4425: 4415: 4405: 4388:(10): e0186151. 4373: 4364: 4363: 4353: 4329: 4320: 4319: 4279: 4273: 4270: 4260:Lay summary in: 4257: 4239: 4222:(6): 1125–1133. 4211: 4202: 4201: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4140: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4099: 4084: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4024: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3933:Moldenhauer JS. 3930: 3924: 3923: 3913: 3881: 3860: 3859: 3841: 3817: 3808: 3807: 3771: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3749: 3742: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3717: 3707: 3683: 3672: 3671: 3654:(5): 1254–1257. 3642: 3633: 3632: 3603: 3594: 3593: 3583: 3566:(10): CD004902. 3551: 3545: 3544: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3442: 3433: 3432: 3415: 3406: 3405: 3395: 3363: 3354: 3353: 3336:(4): e187–e199. 3324: 3315: 3314: 3304: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3247: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3125:. October 2016. 3115: 3104: 3103: 3093: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3029: 3023: 3022: 2994: 2985: 2984: 2974: 2942: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2919:. 11 June 2013. 2907: 2901: 2900: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2854: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2805: 2773: 2764: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2750:. 11 June 2013. 2738: 2729: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2705: 2694: 2693: 2683: 2655: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2620: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2586: 2555: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2529: 2441:internal capsule 2191: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2119: 2013:thrombocytopenia 1992:of prematurity, 1957:thyroid hormones 1902:second trimester 1675:venous catheters 1627:newborn jaundice 1542:Mode of delivery 1399:fibronectin test 1219:During pregnancy 1202:Before pregnancy 980:chorioamnionitis 902:, and excessive 491: 490: 487:Maternal factors 435:chorioamnionitis 354:is taken during 341:cesarean section 290:hearing problems 264:or colloquially 262:premature babies 240:, also known as 125:hearing problems 55: 35: 34: 21: 18:Premature babies 17254: 17253: 17249: 17248: 17247: 17245: 17244: 17243: 17229: 17228: 17227: 17222: 17179: 17163:Neonatal sepsis 17110: 17079:Musculoskeletal 17073: 17050: 17031: 17022: 16994: 16949:Hydrops fetalis 16900: 16891: 16868: 16841:Pleural disease 16799: 16761:Cephalohematoma 16740: 16702: 16675: 16670: 16643: 16638: 16617: 16612: 16585: 16577: 16575: 16569: 16559: 16529: 16524: 16502: 16459: 16403:Cracked nipples 16398:Low milk supply 16379: 16365:Uterine rupture 16259: 16154:Oligohydramnios 16139:amniotic cavity 16133: 16123: 16100: 16082: 16033: 16024: 15983: 15977: 15946: 15933: 15919:Molar pregnancy 15858: 15842: 15828: 15798: 15793: 15773: 15742: 15706: 15677:Postpartum care 15647: 15611: 15514:Liver diseases 15508:Thyroid disease 15406: 15392:Gestational age 15363: 15321: 15287:Labor induction 15192: 15183:Perinatal nurse 15156:Birth attendant 15117: 15077: 15011: 15007:Medical imaging 14968: 14937:fertility fraud 14913: 14880: 14871: 14841: 14836: 14830:Paternity fraud 14780:Closed adoption 14753: 14709:Infant clothing 14684:Haberman Feeder 14654:Car seat safety 14583: 14564:Infant swimming 14542:UN Child rights 14500: 14411:Gestational age 14364: 14207: 14201: 14171: 14166: 14122: 14107:Family planning 14085: 14079: 14046: 14023: 13982: 13976: 13948:Gender equality 13931: 13925: 13871: 13822: 13804:Cervical cancer 13766: 13759: 13697: 13687: 13677: 13668:Sex differences 13626:Forced marriage 13575: 13540: 13530: 13520: 13462:Menstrual cycle 13433: 13386:Family planning 13384: 13375: 13328: 13317: 13276:Maternal deaths 13267: 13258:Postpartum care 13204:Multiple births 13180: 13089: 13082: 13015: 13006: 13003: 12995: 12985: 12955: 12950: 12949: 12915: 12914: 12850: 12836: 12831: 12830: 12785: 12781: 12736: 12732: 12693: 12689: 12644: 12640: 12595: 12591: 12552: 12548: 12517: 12513: 12466: 12462: 12417: 12413: 12360: 12356: 12319: 12310: 12255: 12246: 12215: 12208: 12145: 12138: 12093: 12084: 12053: 12049: 12004: 11995: 11958: 11951: 11906: 11902: 11871: 11867: 11857: 11855: 11845: 11841: 11822: 11818: 11808: 11806: 11801: 11800: 11796: 11786: 11784: 11783:. 14 April 2021 11779: 11778: 11774: 11764: 11762: 11753: 11752: 11748: 11738: 11736: 11735:on 10 June 2010 11723: 11722: 11718: 11708: 11706: 11696: 11692: 11675: 11674: 11670: 11660: 11658: 11640: 11636: 11626: 11624: 11611: 11610: 11606: 11596: 11594: 11579: 11578: 11574: 11564: 11562: 11553: 11552: 11548: 11538: 11536: 11521: 11520: 11511: 11501: 11499: 11491: 11490: 11486: 11479: 11463: 11462: 11458: 11448: 11446: 11439:"Miracle child" 11437: 11436: 11432: 11422:Wayback Machine 11412: 11408: 11398:Wayback Machine 11388: 11384: 11345: 11341: 11331: 11329: 11314: 11310: 11293: 11292: 11288: 11276: 11272: 11271: 11267: 11222: 11218: 11208: 11206: 11193: 11192: 11188: 11149: 11145: 11114: 11110: 11071: 11067: 11038:(10): 804–811. 11032:Obesity Reviews 11028: 11024: 10977: 10973: 10957: 10956: 10927: 10923: 10913: 10911: 10898: 10897: 10893: 10848: 10841: 10831: 10829: 10820: 10819: 10815: 10796: 10795: 10788: 10775: 10774: 10767: 10757: 10755: 10742: 10741: 10734: 10697:Cerebral Cortex 10689: 10685: 10679:Wayback Machine 10670: 10663: 10648: 10634: 10630: 10585: 10581: 10542: 10538: 10533:Wayback Machine 10480: 10476: 10459: 10455: 10410: 10406: 10367: 10356: 10317: 10313: 10274: 10270: 10241:JAMA Pediatrics 10233: 10229: 10192: 10188: 10143: 10139: 10094: 10090: 10059: 10050: 10015: 10004: 9973:(6): CD012940. 9959: 9940: 9909:(4): CD013141. 9895: 9891: 9846: 9842: 9811:(8): CD005249. 9797: 9793: 9762:(8): CD009719. 9748: 9744: 9699: 9695: 9664:(7): CD013392. 9650: 9643: 9598: 9594: 9549: 9542: 9497: 9490: 9459:(6): CD007263. 9445: 9441: 9396: 9392: 9361:(2): CD002777. 9347: 9343: 9312:(8): CD000341. 9298: 9294: 9263:(9): CD000280. 9249: 9245: 9214:(6): CD003959. 9200: 9196: 9151: 9147: 9116:(9): CD000433. 9102: 9098: 9067:(5): CD000343. 9061: 9054: 9023:(7): CD002971. 9009: 9005: 8974:(8): CD002972. 8960: 8956: 8915: 8911: 8880:(6): CD001819. 8866: 8853: 8808: 8789: 8758:(3): CD012413. 8744: 8731: 8700:(4): CD008313. 8686: 8682: 8637: 8633: 8602:(4): CD011190. 8588: 8584: 8553:(5): CD006405. 8539: 8535: 8490: 8486: 8441: 8437: 8406:(3): CD004953. 8392: 8388: 8357:(2): CD004210. 8343: 8339: 8308:(9): CD000078. 8294: 8290: 8243: 8239: 8208:(8): CD001060. 8194: 8190: 8167: 8163: 8132: 8128: 8083: 8079: 8040: 8033: 8020:(RR-11): 1–22. 8010: 8006: 7975:(8): CD012077. 7961: 7957: 7947: 7945: 7936: 7935: 7931: 7921: 7919: 7910: 7909: 7905: 7860: 7856: 7825:(4): CD003935. 7811: 7807: 7762: 7758: 7731: 7727: 7682: 7678: 7639: 7635: 7588: 7584: 7553: 7549: 7504: 7500: 7461: 7454: 7422: 7418: 7379:(7): CD004947. 7365: 7361: 7351: 7349: 7341: 7337: 7336: 7332: 7301:(1): CD000262. 7287: 7283: 7238: 7234: 7195: 7191: 7154: 7150: 7113: 7109: 7099: 7097: 7096:on 4 April 2019 7088: 7087: 7083: 7052:(9): CD007235. 7038: 7034: 7011: 7007: 6976:(4): CD000198. 6962: 6955: 6924:(2): CD006172. 6910: 6903: 6856: 6852: 6805: 6801: 6792: 6791: 6787: 6742: 6738: 6698: 6694: 6655: 6651: 6604: 6600: 6561: 6557: 6512: 6508: 6469: 6465: 6426: 6397: 6352: 6348: 6339: 6337: 6319: 6315: 6260: 6256: 6246: 6244: 6234: 6230: 6220:Wayback Machine 6211: 6207: 6168: 6164: 6158: 6154: 6115: 6111: 6072: 6068: 6023: 6019: 5996: 5992: 5947: 5943: 5904: 5900: 5855: 5851: 5806: 5802: 5771: 5767: 5757: 5755: 5746: 5745: 5741: 5710: 5706: 5675:(2): CD006178. 5661: 5654: 5609: 5605: 5560: 5553: 5522:(6): CD002250. 5508: 5504: 5457: 5450: 5405: 5401: 5378: 5374: 5327: 5323: 5278: 5274: 5251: 5247: 5224: 5220: 5183: 5179: 5171:28. März 2014: 5167: 5163: 5124: 5120: 5075: 5071: 5022: 5018: 4979: 4975: 4930: 4926: 4881: 4877: 4832: 4828: 4783: 4779: 4740: 4736: 4691: 4684: 4674: 4672: 4665: 4661: 4649: 4643: 4639: 4586: 4582: 4531: 4527: 4488: 4484: 4474: 4472: 4463: 4462: 4458: 4448: 4446: 4437: 4436: 4429: 4374: 4367: 4330: 4323: 4280: 4276: 4261: 4212: 4205: 4166: 4162: 4117: 4113: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4082: 4078: 4077: 4073: 4042: 4038: 4007:(7410): 313–0. 3993: 3989: 3954: 3950: 3931: 3927: 3896:(9606): 75–84. 3882: 3863: 3818: 3811: 3772: 3763: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3684: 3675: 3643: 3636: 3604: 3597: 3552: 3548: 3535: 3531: 3500: 3496: 3486: 3484: 3481:"Preterm birth" 3479: 3478: 3474: 3443: 3436: 3429: 3417: 3416: 3409: 3364: 3357: 3325: 3318: 3273: 3269: 3224: 3220: 3189: 3185: 3146: 3142: 3132: 3130: 3117: 3116: 3107: 3076:(3): CD003581. 3062: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3031: 3030: 3026: 2995: 2988: 2943: 2936: 2926: 2924: 2909: 2908: 2904: 2895: 2894: 2890: 2880: 2878: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2823: 2819: 2774: 2767: 2757: 2755: 2740: 2739: 2732: 2722: 2720: 2707: 2706: 2697: 2656: 2649: 2639: 2637: 2622: 2621: 2614: 2604: 2602: 2587: 2558: 2548: 2546: 2531: 2530: 2515: 2510: 2493: 2445:corpus callosum 2396: 2384: 2360:Johannes Kepler 2257: 2239: 2234: 2194: 2193: 2189: 2187: 2186: 1200–1500 2183: 2181: 2180: 1080–1200 2177: 2175: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2105: 2044: 1998:inguinal hernia 1921: 1894:gestational age 1882: 1874: 1860: 1851: 1835: 1819: 1807: 1778: 1753: 1728: 1726:Timing of feeds 1704: 1684: 1657: 1642: 1560: 1544: 1503: 1471: 1427:glucocorticoids 1415: 1387: 1366: 1343: 1334: 1320: 1300: 1280: 1267: 1246: 1221: 1204: 1190: 1173:gestational age 1157: 1148: 1136:gestational age 1125: 1119: 1108: 1081: 1076: 1067: 1058: 1028:, asymptomatic 955: 935:of 1.9 and 95% 918:Passive smoking 881:oligohydramnios 865:placenta previa 845:embryo transfer 826: 505: 489: 459: 451:labor induction 447: 400: 329:tobacco smoking 254:gestational age 242:premature birth 201:Corticosteroids 177:tobacco smoking 105:gestational age 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17252: 17242: 17241: 17224: 17223: 17221: 17220: 17215: 17210: 17209: 17208: 17203: 17193: 17187: 17185: 17181: 17180: 17178: 17177: 17172: 17171: 17170: 17160: 17155: 17154: 17153: 17148: 17143: 17141:herpes simplex 17138: 17128: 17122: 17120: 17116: 17115: 17112: 17111: 17109: 17108: 17107: 17106: 17101: 17089: 17083: 17081: 17075: 17074: 17072: 17071: 17066: 17060: 17058: 17056:Nervous system 17052: 17051: 17049: 17048: 17043: 17037: 17035: 17024: 17023: 17021: 17020: 17015: 17010: 17004: 17002: 16996: 16995: 16993: 16992: 16987: 16986: 16985: 16975: 16969: 16968: 16967: 16966: 16961: 16951: 16946: 16945: 16944: 16939: 16934: 16929: 16924: 16913: 16912: 16906: 16904: 16893: 16892: 16890: 16889: 16884: 16878: 16876: 16874:Cardiovascular 16870: 16869: 16867: 16866: 16861: 16856: 16855: 16854: 16849: 16837: 16832: 16827: 16822: 16816: 16814: 16805: 16801: 16800: 16798: 16797: 16796: 16795: 16790: 16780: 16779: 16778: 16773: 16768: 16763: 16750: 16748: 16742: 16741: 16739: 16738: 16733: 16724: 16714: 16712: 16708: 16707: 16704: 16703: 16701: 16700: 16695: 16690: 16684: 16682: 16672: 16671: 16669: 16668: 16663: 16658: 16652: 16650: 16646:umbilical cord 16640: 16639: 16637: 16636: 16630: 16628: 16614: 16613: 16611: 16610: 16605: 16600: 16594: 16592: 16579: 16571: 16570: 16558: 16557: 16550: 16543: 16535: 16526: 16525: 16523: 16522: 16507: 16504: 16503: 16501: 16500: 16495: 16493:Maternal death 16490: 16489: 16488: 16483: 16478: 16467: 16465: 16461: 16460: 16458: 16457: 16452: 16447: 16442: 16437: 16432: 16427: 16422: 16417: 16412: 16407: 16406: 16405: 16400: 16389: 16387: 16381: 16380: 16378: 16377: 16372: 16367: 16362: 16357: 16352: 16347: 16342: 16341: 16340: 16328: 16323: 16322: 16321: 16311: 16306: 16301: 16299:Fetal distress 16296: 16295: 16294: 16284: 16279: 16273: 16271: 16265: 16264: 16261: 16260: 16258: 16257: 16256: 16255: 16250: 16245: 16240: 16235: 16230: 16218: 16217: 16216: 16206: 16205: 16204: 16199: 16194: 16189: 16184: 16168: 16163: 16162: 16161: 16159:Polyhydramnios 16156: 16148:amniotic fluid 16143: 16141: 16129: 16128: 16125: 16124: 16122: 16121: 16116: 16110: 16108: 16102: 16101: 16099: 16098: 16092: 16090: 16088:Nervous system 16084: 16083: 16081: 16080: 16075: 16070: 16065: 16060: 16055: 16050: 16045: 16039: 16037: 16026: 16025: 16023: 16022: 16017: 16012: 16007: 16002: 15996: 15994: 15985: 15979: 15978: 15976: 15975: 15970: 15969: 15968: 15966:HELLP syndrome 15958: 15952: 15950: 15935: 15934: 15932: 15931: 15926: 15921: 15916: 15911: 15906: 15905: 15904: 15899: 15894: 15889: 15884: 15879: 15869: 15863: 15861: 15857:Pregnancy with 15850: 15844: 15843: 15827: 15826: 15819: 15812: 15804: 15795: 15794: 15792: 15791: 15785: 15783: 15779: 15778: 15775: 15774: 15772: 15771: 15766: 15761: 15756: 15750: 15748: 15744: 15743: 15741: 15740: 15735: 15730: 15725: 15723:Health visitor 15720: 15714: 15712: 15708: 15707: 15705: 15704: 15699: 15694: 15689: 15684: 15679: 15674: 15668: 15666: 15659: 15653: 15652: 15649: 15648: 15646: 15645: 15640: 15638:Nonstress test 15635: 15630: 15625: 15619: 15617: 15613: 15612: 15610: 15609: 15608: 15607: 15606: 15605: 15600: 15595: 15590: 15585: 15580: 15572: 15571: 15570: 15565: 15560: 15554:Skin diseases 15552: 15551: 15550: 15545: 15540: 15535: 15527: 15526: 15525: 15520: 15512: 15511: 15510: 15505: 15497: 15496: 15495: 15490: 15485: 15480: 15470: 15465: 15460: 15452: 15447: 15442: 15441: 15440: 15435: 15430: 15422: 15416: 15414: 15408: 15407: 15405: 15404: 15399: 15394: 15389: 15384: 15379: 15373: 15371: 15365: 15364: 15362: 15361: 15356: 15351: 15346: 15344:Amniotic fluid 15340: 15338: 15331: 15327: 15326: 15323: 15322: 15320: 15319: 15314: 15309: 15304: 15299: 15294: 15292:Multiple birth 15289: 15284: 15279: 15274: 15269: 15264: 15263: 15262: 15257: 15252: 15242: 15237: 15232: 15227: 15226: 15225: 15220: 15215: 15200: 15198: 15194: 15193: 15191: 15190: 15185: 15180: 15175: 15174: 15173: 15163: 15158: 15153: 15148: 15143: 15142: 15141: 15131: 15125: 15123: 15119: 15118: 15116: 15115: 15110: 15105: 15100: 15098:Bradley method 15094: 15092: 15085: 15079: 15078: 15076: 15075: 15070: 15065: 15060: 15055: 15050: 15045: 15040: 15035: 15030: 15025: 15019: 15017: 15013: 15012: 15010: 15009: 15004: 14999: 14998: 14997: 14990:Pregnancy test 14987: 14982: 14976: 14974: 14970: 14969: 14967: 14966: 14961: 14956: 14955: 14954: 14949: 14944: 14939: 14934: 14923: 14921: 14915: 14914: 14912: 14911: 14906: 14901: 14896: 14890: 14888: 14882: 14881: 14870: 14869: 14862: 14855: 14847: 14838: 14837: 14835: 14834: 14833: 14832: 14822: 14820:Parenting plan 14817: 14812: 14807: 14802: 14797: 14792: 14787: 14782: 14777: 14772: 14767: 14761: 14759: 14755: 14754: 14752: 14751: 14746: 14741: 14736: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14704:Infant carrier 14701: 14691: 14686: 14681: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14651: 14646: 14644:Baby transport 14641: 14636: 14631: 14626: 14621: 14616: 14611: 14602: 14597: 14591: 14589: 14585: 14584: 14582: 14581: 14576: 14571: 14566: 14561: 14556: 14551: 14546: 14545: 14544: 14534: 14529: 14524: 14519: 14514: 14508: 14506: 14502: 14501: 14499: 14498: 14493: 14488: 14483: 14478: 14473: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14453: 14448: 14443: 14438: 14433: 14428: 14423: 14418: 14413: 14408: 14403: 14398: 14393: 14388: 14383: 14378: 14372: 14370: 14366: 14365: 14363: 14362: 14357: 14352: 14347: 14342: 14341: 14340: 14330: 14325: 14320: 14315: 14310: 14308:Infant massage 14305: 14303:Infant formula 14300: 14295: 14293:Infant feeding 14290: 14288:Infant bathing 14285: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14265: 14260: 14255: 14253:Bottle feeding 14250: 14245: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14225: 14219: 14217: 14209: 14208: 14206:and their care 14200: 14199: 14192: 14185: 14177: 14168: 14167: 14165: 14164: 14152: 14140: 14127: 14124: 14123: 14121: 14116: 14111: 14110: 14109: 14099: 14094: 14089: 14087: 14084:Women's health 14081: 14080: 14078: 14077: 14072: 14067: 14062: 14057: 14051: 14048: 14047: 14045: 14044: 14039: 14033: 14031: 14025: 14024: 14022: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14006: 14001: 13995: 13993: 13991:United Nations 13984: 13983:& advocacy 13978: 13977: 13975: 13970: 13965: 13960: 13955: 13950: 13945: 13940: 13935: 13933: 13930:Sociocultural 13927: 13926: 13924: 13923: 13922: 13921: 13916: 13911: 13901: 13900: 13899: 13898: 13897: 13887: 13876: 13873: 13872: 13870: 13869: 13864: 13863: 13862: 13861: 13860: 13845: 13844: 13843: 13833: 13827: 13824: 13823: 13821: 13820: 13818:Ovarian cancer 13815: 13814: 13813: 13812: 13811: 13801: 13794:Uterine cancer 13791: 13786: 13780: 13778: 13769: 13761: 13760: 13758: 13757: 13752: 13747: 13746: 13745: 13738:Sexual assault 13735: 13730: 13725: 13720: 13719: 13718: 13708: 13702: 13700: 13689: 13683: 13682: 13679: 13678: 13676: 13675: 13670: 13665: 13660: 13655: 13650: 13645: 13640: 13639: 13638: 13628: 13623: 13618: 13616:Child marriage 13613: 13611:Breast ironing 13608: 13603: 13601:Breast binding 13598: 13597: 13596: 13591: 13589:Clitoridectomy 13580: 13577: 13576: 13574: 13573: 13568: 13567: 13566: 13556: 13551: 13545: 13543: 13532: 13526: 13525: 13522: 13521: 13519: 13518: 13517: 13516: 13506: 13501: 13496: 13491: 13490: 13489: 13484: 13479: 13474: 13467:Menstrual aids 13464: 13459: 13454: 13449: 13443: 13441: 13435: 13434: 13432: 13431: 13426: 13421: 13416: 13411: 13406: 13401: 13396: 13390: 13388: 13377: 13376: 13374: 13373: 13372: 13371: 13366: 13356: 13355: 13354: 13349: 13344: 13333: 13331: 13323: 13322: 13319: 13318: 13316: 13315: 13310: 13309: 13308: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13278: 13272: 13269: 13268: 13266: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13254: 13253: 13251:Husband stitch 13243: 13242: 13241: 13236: 13226: 13221: 13216: 13211: 13206: 13201: 13196: 13190: 13188: 13182: 13181: 13179: 13178: 13177: 13176: 13175: 13174: 13169: 13159: 13154: 13149: 13144: 13139: 13129: 13124: 13122:Antenatal care 13119: 13114: 13109: 13103: 13101: 13092: 13084: 13083: 13081: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13068:Fallopian tube 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13049: 13048: 13043: 13038: 13037: 13036: 13020: 13018: 13014:Reproductive 13007: 13000: 12997: 12996: 12993:Women's health 12984: 12983: 12976: 12969: 12961: 12952: 12951: 12948: 12947: 12936: 12924: 12923: 12921: 12917: 12916: 12913: 12912: 12901: 12890: 12871: 12851: 12846: 12845: 12843: 12842:Classification 12835: 12834:External links 12832: 12829: 12828: 12779: 12730: 12687: 12638: 12589: 12546: 12527:(3): 175–191. 12511: 12460: 12411: 12354: 12333:(3): 149–157. 12308: 12269:(10): e77475. 12244: 12225:(6): 371–380. 12206: 12159:(10): e24525. 12136: 12082: 12047: 11993: 11949: 11920:(4): 167–178. 11900: 11865: 11839: 11816: 11794: 11772: 11746: 11716: 11690: 11668: 11634: 11604: 11572: 11546: 11509: 11484: 11477: 11456: 11430: 11406: 11382: 11355:(3): 488–492. 11339: 11308: 11286: 11265: 11236:(2): 133–142. 11216: 11186: 11143: 11124:(4): 209–213. 11108: 11081:(5): 460–470. 11065: 11022: 10971: 10938:(8): 508–516. 10921: 10891: 10862:(3): 262–273. 10839: 10828:. 19 June 2017 10813: 10786: 10765: 10732: 10683: 10661: 10646: 10628: 10579: 10552:(2): 115–121. 10536: 10474: 10453: 10424:(6): e015402. 10404: 10354: 10311: 10268: 10247:(3): 230–238. 10227: 10186: 10137: 10108:(2): 287–303. 10088: 10069:(4): 898–921. 10048: 10002: 9938: 9889: 9860:(1): e000724. 9840: 9791: 9742: 9693: 9641: 9592: 9540: 9488: 9439: 9390: 9341: 9292: 9243: 9194: 9145: 9096: 9052: 9003: 8954: 8909: 8851: 8787: 8729: 8680: 8631: 8582: 8533: 8484: 8435: 8386: 8337: 8288: 8237: 8188: 8177:(2): 120–127. 8161: 8142:(5): 477–487. 8126: 8077: 8031: 8004: 7955: 7929: 7903: 7854: 7805: 7756: 7725: 7676: 7649:(1): 181–189. 7633: 7582: 7547: 7518:(3): 308–317. 7498: 7471:(3): 254–261. 7452: 7416: 7359: 7330: 7281: 7252:(3): 382–395. 7232: 7189: 7148: 7127:(3): 296–304. 7107: 7081: 7032: 7021:(4): 576–582. 7005: 6953: 6901: 6850: 6799: 6785: 6736: 6709:(2): 320–323. 6692: 6665:(3): 337–345. 6649: 6598: 6555: 6526:(5): 395–401. 6506: 6463: 6395: 6346: 6313: 6254: 6228: 6205: 6178:(2): 225–228. 6162: 6152: 6125:(4): 473–477. 6109: 6082:(6): 566–568. 6066: 6017: 5990: 5961:(4): 305–310. 5941: 5914:(3): 634–640. 5898: 5869:(6): 977–984. 5849: 5800: 5765: 5739: 5720:(7): 875–880. 5704: 5652: 5603: 5551: 5502: 5448: 5399: 5388:(3): 105–108. 5372: 5341:(3): 418–426. 5321: 5292:(4): 297–303. 5272: 5261:(3): 259–262. 5245: 5234:(4): 159–164. 5218: 5197:(5): 605–619. 5177: 5161: 5118: 5069: 5016: 4973: 4944:(5): 675–686. 4924: 4895:(5): 462–469. 4875: 4846:(4): 362–367. 4826: 4777: 4750:(5): 390–397. 4734: 4705:(2): 233–238. 4682: 4659: 4637: 4600:(5): 717–725. 4580: 4545:(3): 335–347. 4525: 4482: 4456: 4427: 4365: 4321: 4274: 4272: 4271: 4269:. 25 May 2010. 4203: 4160: 4131:(7): 648–653. 4111: 4100:on 29 May 2012 4071: 4052:(6): 751–760. 4036: 3987: 3968:(3): 882–886. 3948: 3925: 3861: 3809: 3782:(2): 205–216. 3761: 3729: 3698:(4): 582–593. 3673: 3634: 3615:(5): 435–442. 3595: 3546: 3529: 3494: 3472: 3453:(2): 143–152. 3434: 3427: 3407: 3355: 3316: 3287:(1): 146–157. 3267: 3218: 3183: 3156:(4): 371–378. 3140: 3105: 3056: 3024: 2986: 2934: 2902: 2888: 2866: 2837:(3): 802–814. 2817: 2765: 2730: 2695: 2666:(2): 225–234. 2647: 2612: 2556: 2512: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2504: 2499: 2492: 2489: 2461:fusiform gyrus 2408:encephalopathy 2395: 2392: 2383: 2380: 2256: 2253: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2174: 960–1080 2170: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2115: 2104: 2101: 2057:cerebral palsy 2043: 2040: 2039: 2038: 2024: 2005: 1982: 1971: 1964: 1949:cerebral palsy 1933:encephalopathy 1920: 1917: 1881: 1878: 1870:Main article: 1859: 1856: 1850: 1847: 1843:hypernatraemia 1834: 1831: 1818: 1815: 1806: 1803: 1777: 1774: 1752: 1749: 1727: 1724: 1703: 1700: 1683: 1680: 1666:co-morbidities 1656: 1653: 1641: 1638: 1593:brain activity 1576:neonatologists 1559: 1556: 1543: 1540: 1536:cerebral palsy 1502: 1499: 1470: 1467: 1414: 1411: 1407:cardiac arrest 1405:If a baby has 1386: 1383: 1372:, the woman's 1365: 1362: 1342: 1339: 1333: 1330: 1319: 1316: 1299: 1296: 1279: 1276: 1272:uterine septum 1266: 1263: 1245: 1242: 1238:antenatal care 1220: 1217: 1203: 1200: 1189: 1186: 1156: 1155:Classification 1153: 1147: 1144: 1118: 1115: 1107: 1104: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1066: 1063: 1057: 1054: 1026:pyelonephritis 988:cerebral palsy 976:amniotic fluid 954: 951: 877:polyhydramnios 873:amniotic fluid 825: 822: 774:) or surgical 750: 749: 746: 741: 737: 736: 733: 728: 724: 723: 720: 715: 711: 710: 707: 702: 698: 697: 694: 689: 685: 684: 681: 676: 670: 669: 666: 661: 657: 656: 654: 647: 644: 643: 640: 637: 630: 629: 626: 623: 617: 616: 613: 610: 608:Celiac disease 604: 603: 600: 597: 591: 590: 587: 584: 580: 579: 576: 573: 569: 568: 565: 562: 558: 557: 554: 551: 545: 544: 541: 538: 534: 533: 530: 527: 523: 522: 519: 516: 509: 508: 500: 495: 488: 485: 458: 455: 446: 443: 399: 396: 364:corticosteroid 282:cerebral palsy 233: 232: 229: 225: 224: 221: 217: 216: 198: 194: 193: 188: 184: 183: 173:celiac disease 167:, a number of 146: 140: 139: 136: 132: 131: 129:sight problems 117:Cerebral palsy 114: 108: 107: 94: 88: 87: 74: 68: 67: 57: 56: 48: 47: 44: 40: 39: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17251: 17240: 17239:Preterm birth 17237: 17236: 17234: 17219: 17216: 17214: 17211: 17207: 17204: 17202: 17199: 17198: 17197: 17194: 17192: 17189: 17188: 17186: 17182: 17176: 17173: 17169: 17166: 17165: 17164: 17161: 17159: 17156: 17152: 17149: 17147: 17144: 17142: 17139: 17137: 17134: 17133: 17132: 17129: 17127: 17124: 17123: 17121: 17117: 17105: 17102: 17100: 17097: 17096: 17095: 17094: 17090: 17088: 17085: 17084: 17082: 17080: 17076: 17070: 17067: 17065: 17062: 17061: 17059: 17057: 17053: 17047: 17044: 17042: 17039: 17038: 17036: 17034: 17029: 17025: 17019: 17016: 17014: 17011: 17009: 17006: 17005: 17003: 17001: 16997: 16991: 16988: 16984: 16981: 16980: 16979: 16976: 16974: 16971: 16970: 16965: 16962: 16960: 16957: 16956: 16955: 16952: 16950: 16947: 16943: 16940: 16938: 16935: 16933: 16930: 16928: 16925: 16923: 16920: 16919: 16918: 16915: 16914: 16911: 16908: 16907: 16905: 16903: 16898: 16894: 16888: 16885: 16883: 16880: 16879: 16877: 16875: 16871: 16865: 16862: 16860: 16857: 16853: 16850: 16848: 16845: 16844: 16843: 16842: 16838: 16836: 16833: 16831: 16828: 16826: 16823: 16821: 16818: 16817: 16815: 16813: 16809: 16806: 16802: 16794: 16791: 16789: 16786: 16785: 16784: 16781: 16777: 16774: 16772: 16769: 16767: 16764: 16762: 16759: 16758: 16757: 16756: 16752: 16751: 16749: 16747: 16743: 16737: 16734: 16732: 16728: 16727:Preterm birth 16725: 16723: 16719: 16716: 16715: 16713: 16709: 16699: 16696: 16694: 16691: 16689: 16686: 16685: 16683: 16680: 16679: 16673: 16667: 16664: 16662: 16659: 16657: 16654: 16653: 16651: 16648: 16647: 16641: 16635: 16632: 16631: 16629: 16626: 16625: 16621: 16615: 16609: 16606: 16604: 16601: 16599: 16596: 16595: 16593: 16590: 16589: 16583: 16580: 16572: 16568: 16567:fetal disease 16564: 16556: 16551: 16549: 16544: 16542: 16537: 16536: 16533: 16521: 16520: 16516: 16509: 16508: 16505: 16499: 16496: 16494: 16491: 16487: 16484: 16482: 16479: 16477: 16474: 16473: 16472: 16469: 16468: 16466: 16462: 16456: 16453: 16451: 16448: 16446: 16443: 16441: 16438: 16436: 16433: 16431: 16428: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16418: 16416: 16413: 16411: 16408: 16404: 16401: 16399: 16396: 16395: 16394: 16391: 16390: 16388: 16386: 16382: 16376: 16375:Uterine atony 16373: 16371: 16368: 16366: 16363: 16361: 16358: 16356: 16353: 16351: 16348: 16346: 16345:Preterm birth 16343: 16339: 16336: 16335: 16334: 16333: 16329: 16327: 16324: 16320: 16317: 16316: 16315: 16312: 16310: 16307: 16305: 16302: 16300: 16297: 16293: 16290: 16289: 16288: 16285: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16275: 16274: 16272: 16270: 16266: 16254: 16251: 16249: 16246: 16244: 16241: 16239: 16236: 16234: 16231: 16229: 16226: 16225: 16224: 16223: 16219: 16215: 16212: 16211: 16210: 16207: 16203: 16200: 16198: 16195: 16193: 16190: 16188: 16185: 16183: 16180: 16179: 16178: 16177: 16173: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16160: 16157: 16155: 16152: 16151: 16150: 16149: 16145: 16144: 16142: 16140: 16136: 16130: 16120: 16117: 16115: 16112: 16111: 16109: 16107: 16103: 16097: 16094: 16093: 16091: 16089: 16085: 16079: 16078:Stretch marks 16076: 16074: 16071: 16069: 16066: 16064: 16061: 16059: 16056: 16054: 16051: 16049: 16046: 16044: 16041: 16040: 16038: 16036: 16031: 16027: 16021: 16018: 16016: 16013: 16011: 16008: 16006: 16003: 16001: 15998: 15997: 15995: 15993: 15989: 15986: 15980: 15974: 15971: 15967: 15964: 15963: 15962: 15961:Pre-eclampsia 15959: 15957: 15954: 15953: 15951: 15949: 15944: 15940: 15936: 15930: 15927: 15925: 15922: 15920: 15917: 15915: 15912: 15910: 15907: 15903: 15900: 15898: 15895: 15893: 15890: 15888: 15885: 15883: 15880: 15878: 15875: 15874: 15873: 15870: 15868: 15865: 15864: 15862: 15860: 15854: 15851: 15849: 15845: 15841: 15837: 15833: 15830:Pathology of 15825: 15820: 15818: 15813: 15811: 15806: 15805: 15802: 15790: 15787: 15786: 15784: 15780: 15770: 15767: 15765: 15762: 15760: 15757: 15755: 15752: 15751: 15749: 15745: 15739: 15736: 15734: 15733:Monthly nurse 15731: 15729: 15726: 15724: 15721: 15719: 15716: 15715: 15713: 15709: 15703: 15700: 15698: 15695: 15693: 15690: 15688: 15685: 15683: 15680: 15678: 15675: 15673: 15670: 15669: 15667: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15654: 15644: 15641: 15639: 15636: 15634: 15631: 15629: 15626: 15624: 15623:Amniocentesis 15621: 15620: 15618: 15614: 15604: 15601: 15599: 15596: 15594: 15591: 15589: 15586: 15584: 15583:Vaginal flora 15581: 15579: 15576: 15575: 15573: 15569: 15566: 15564: 15561: 15559: 15556: 15555: 15553: 15549: 15546: 15544: 15541: 15539: 15536: 15534: 15531: 15530: 15528: 15524: 15521: 15519: 15516: 15515: 15513: 15509: 15506: 15504: 15501: 15500: 15498: 15494: 15491: 15489: 15486: 15484: 15481: 15479: 15476: 15475: 15474: 15473:Substance use 15471: 15469: 15466: 15464: 15461: 15459: 15456: 15455: 15453: 15451: 15448: 15446: 15443: 15439: 15436: 15434: 15431: 15429: 15426: 15425: 15423: 15421: 15418: 15417: 15415: 15413: 15409: 15403: 15400: 15398: 15395: 15393: 15390: 15388: 15387:Fundal height 15385: 15383: 15380: 15378: 15375: 15374: 15372: 15370: 15366: 15360: 15357: 15355: 15352: 15350: 15347: 15345: 15342: 15341: 15339: 15335: 15332: 15328: 15318: 15315: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15303: 15300: 15298: 15295: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15278: 15275: 15273: 15270: 15268: 15265: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15247: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15233: 15231: 15228: 15224: 15221: 15219: 15216: 15214: 15211: 15210: 15209: 15205: 15202: 15201: 15199: 15195: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15181: 15179: 15176: 15172: 15169: 15168: 15167: 15164: 15162: 15159: 15157: 15154: 15152: 15149: 15147: 15144: 15140: 15139:Preterm birth 15137: 15136: 15135: 15132: 15130: 15127: 15126: 15124: 15120: 15114: 15111: 15109: 15106: 15104: 15103:Hypnobirthing 15101: 15099: 15096: 15095: 15093: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15080: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15066: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15056: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15041: 15039: 15036: 15034: 15031: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15020: 15018: 15014: 15008: 15005: 15003: 15000: 14996: 14993: 14992: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14983: 14981: 14980:3D ultrasound 14978: 14977: 14975: 14971: 14965: 14962: 14960: 14957: 14953: 14950: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14938: 14935: 14933: 14930: 14929: 14928: 14925: 14924: 14922: 14920: 14916: 14910: 14907: 14905: 14902: 14900: 14897: 14895: 14894:Birth control 14892: 14891: 14889: 14887: 14883: 14879: 14875: 14868: 14863: 14861: 14856: 14854: 14849: 14848: 14845: 14831: 14828: 14827: 14826: 14823: 14821: 14818: 14816: 14813: 14811: 14808: 14806: 14803: 14801: 14798: 14796: 14795:Open adoption 14793: 14791: 14788: 14786: 14783: 14781: 14778: 14776: 14775:Child neglect 14773: 14771: 14768: 14766: 14763: 14762: 14760: 14756: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14699: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14615: 14612: 14610: 14609:Hidden camera 14606: 14603: 14601: 14598: 14596: 14593: 14592: 14590: 14586: 14580: 14577: 14575: 14572: 14570: 14567: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14557: 14555: 14552: 14550: 14547: 14543: 14540: 14539: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14532:Child custody 14530: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14510: 14509: 14507: 14503: 14497: 14494: 14492: 14489: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14446:Nursery rhyme 14444: 14442: 14439: 14437: 14436:Kangaroo care 14434: 14432: 14431:Infant crying 14429: 14427: 14424: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14397: 14394: 14392: 14389: 14387: 14384: 14382: 14379: 14377: 14374: 14373: 14371: 14367: 14361: 14358: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14345:Preterm birth 14343: 14339: 14336: 14335: 14334: 14331: 14329: 14326: 14324: 14321: 14319: 14316: 14314: 14311: 14309: 14306: 14304: 14301: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14261: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14238:Breastfeeding 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14210: 14205: 14198: 14193: 14191: 14186: 14184: 14179: 14178: 14175: 14163: 14162: 14153: 14151: 14150: 14141: 14139: 14138: 14129: 14128: 14125: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14108: 14105: 14104: 14103: 14100: 14098: 14095: 14093: 14090: 14088: 14082: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14053: 14052: 14043: 14040: 14038: 14035: 14034: 14032: 14030: 14029:United States 14026: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13997: 13996: 13994: 13992: 13988: 13985: 13979: 13974: 13971: 13969: 13966: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13946: 13944: 13943:Disadvantaged 13941: 13939: 13936: 13934: 13928: 13920: 13917: 13915: 13912: 13910: 13907: 13906: 13905: 13904:Urinary tract 13902: 13896: 13893: 13892: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13882: 13881: 13880:Mental health 13878: 13877: 13868: 13865: 13859: 13856: 13855: 13854: 13851: 13850: 13849: 13846: 13842: 13839: 13838: 13837: 13834: 13832: 13829: 13828: 13819: 13816: 13810: 13807: 13806: 13805: 13802: 13800: 13797: 13796: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13789:Breast cancer 13787: 13785: 13782: 13781: 13779: 13777: 13773: 13770: 13768: 13762: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13744: 13741: 13740: 13739: 13736: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13721: 13717: 13714: 13713: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13703: 13701: 13699: 13698:against women 13693: 13690: 13684: 13674: 13673:Sex education 13671: 13669: 13666: 13664: 13661: 13659: 13656: 13654: 13651: 13649: 13646: 13644: 13641: 13637: 13634: 13633: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13606:Breast health 13604: 13602: 13599: 13595: 13592: 13590: 13587: 13586: 13585: 13582: 13581: 13578: 13572: 13569: 13565: 13562: 13561: 13560: 13557: 13555: 13552: 13550: 13547: 13546: 13544: 13542: 13536: 13533: 13527: 13515: 13512: 13511: 13510: 13507: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13488: 13485: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13477:Menstrual cup 13475: 13473: 13470: 13469: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13453: 13450: 13448: 13445: 13444: 13442: 13440: 13436: 13430: 13427: 13425: 13422: 13420: 13417: 13415: 13412: 13410: 13407: 13405: 13402: 13400: 13397: 13395: 13392: 13391: 13389: 13387: 13382: 13381:Contraception 13378: 13370: 13367: 13365: 13362: 13361: 13360: 13357: 13353: 13350: 13348: 13345: 13343: 13342:Childlessness 13340: 13339: 13338: 13335: 13334: 13332: 13330: 13327:Reproductive 13324: 13314: 13311: 13307: 13304: 13303: 13302: 13301:Sterilization 13299: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13273: 13270: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13252: 13249: 13248: 13247: 13244: 13240: 13237: 13235: 13232: 13231: 13230: 13227: 13225: 13222: 13220: 13217: 13215: 13212: 13210: 13207: 13205: 13202: 13200: 13199:Preterm birth 13197: 13195: 13192: 13191: 13189: 13187: 13183: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13164: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13153: 13150: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13134: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13104: 13102: 13100: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13085: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13047: 13044: 13042: 13039: 13035: 13034:Clitoral hood 13032: 13031: 13030: 13027: 13026: 13025: 13022: 13021: 13019: 13017: 13011: 13008: 13005: 13002:Reproductive 12998: 12994: 12990: 12982: 12977: 12975: 12970: 12968: 12963: 12962: 12959: 12946: 12942: 12941: 12937: 12935: 12931: 12930: 12926: 12925: 12922: 12918: 12911: 12907: 12906: 12902: 12900: 12896: 12895: 12891: 12889: 12885: 12881: 12880: 12876: 12872: 12870: 12866: 12862: 12861: 12857: 12853: 12852: 12849: 12844: 12840: 12824: 12820: 12816: 12812: 12807: 12802: 12798: 12794: 12790: 12783: 12775: 12771: 12766: 12761: 12757: 12753: 12750:(12): e6408. 12749: 12745: 12741: 12734: 12726: 12722: 12718: 12714: 12710: 12706: 12702: 12698: 12691: 12683: 12679: 12675: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12657: 12653: 12649: 12642: 12634: 12630: 12625: 12620: 12616: 12612: 12608: 12604: 12600: 12593: 12585: 12581: 12577: 12573: 12569: 12565: 12561: 12557: 12550: 12542: 12538: 12534: 12530: 12526: 12522: 12515: 12507: 12503: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12483: 12479: 12475: 12471: 12464: 12456: 12452: 12448: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12430: 12426: 12422: 12415: 12407: 12403: 12399: 12395: 12390: 12385: 12381: 12377: 12373: 12369: 12365: 12358: 12350: 12346: 12341: 12336: 12332: 12328: 12324: 12317: 12315: 12313: 12304: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12276: 12272: 12268: 12264: 12260: 12253: 12251: 12249: 12240: 12236: 12232: 12228: 12224: 12220: 12213: 12211: 12202: 12198: 12194: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12170: 12166: 12162: 12158: 12154: 12150: 12143: 12141: 12132: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12114: 12110: 12106: 12102: 12098: 12091: 12089: 12087: 12078: 12074: 12070: 12066: 12062: 12058: 12051: 12043: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12025: 12021: 12017: 12013: 12009: 12002: 12000: 11998: 11989: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11971: 11967: 11963: 11956: 11954: 11945: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11927: 11923: 11919: 11915: 11911: 11904: 11896: 11892: 11888: 11884: 11880: 11876: 11869: 11854: 11850: 11843: 11835: 11831: 11827: 11820: 11804: 11798: 11782: 11776: 11760: 11756: 11750: 11734: 11730: 11726: 11720: 11705: 11701: 11694: 11686: 11682: 11678: 11672: 11657: 11653: 11649: 11645: 11638: 11622: 11618: 11614: 11608: 11592: 11588: 11587: 11582: 11576: 11560: 11556: 11550: 11534: 11530: 11529: 11524: 11518: 11516: 11514: 11498: 11494: 11488: 11480: 11478:9780553587128 11474: 11469: 11468: 11460: 11444: 11440: 11434: 11427: 11423: 11419: 11416: 11410: 11403: 11399: 11395: 11392: 11386: 11378: 11374: 11370: 11366: 11362: 11358: 11354: 11350: 11343: 11327: 11323: 11319: 11312: 11304: 11300: 11296: 11290: 11282: 11275: 11269: 11261: 11257: 11252: 11247: 11243: 11239: 11235: 11231: 11227: 11220: 11204: 11200: 11196: 11190: 11182: 11178: 11174: 11170: 11166: 11162: 11158: 11154: 11147: 11139: 11135: 11131: 11127: 11123: 11119: 11112: 11104: 11100: 11096: 11092: 11088: 11084: 11080: 11076: 11069: 11061: 11057: 11053: 11049: 11045: 11041: 11037: 11033: 11026: 11018: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10990: 10986: 10982: 10975: 10967: 10961: 10953: 10949: 10945: 10941: 10937: 10933: 10925: 10909: 10905: 10901: 10895: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10861: 10857: 10853: 10846: 10844: 10827: 10823: 10817: 10809: 10805: 10804: 10799: 10793: 10791: 10782: 10778: 10772: 10770: 10753: 10749: 10745: 10739: 10737: 10728: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10710: 10706: 10702: 10698: 10694: 10687: 10680: 10676: 10673: 10668: 10666: 10657: 10653: 10649: 10647:9780702066160 10643: 10639: 10632: 10624: 10620: 10616: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10598: 10594: 10590: 10583: 10575: 10571: 10567: 10563: 10559: 10555: 10551: 10547: 10540: 10534: 10530: 10527: 10521: 10517: 10513: 10509: 10505: 10501: 10497: 10493: 10489: 10485: 10478: 10470: 10466: 10465: 10457: 10449: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10431: 10427: 10423: 10419: 10415: 10408: 10400: 10396: 10392: 10388: 10384: 10380: 10376: 10372: 10365: 10363: 10361: 10359: 10350: 10346: 10342: 10338: 10334: 10330: 10326: 10322: 10315: 10307: 10303: 10299: 10295: 10291: 10287: 10283: 10279: 10272: 10264: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10246: 10242: 10238: 10231: 10223: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10205: 10201: 10197: 10190: 10182: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10164: 10160: 10156: 10152: 10148: 10141: 10133: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10115: 10111: 10107: 10103: 10099: 10092: 10084: 10080: 10076: 10072: 10068: 10064: 10057: 10055: 10053: 10044: 10040: 10036: 10032: 10028: 10024: 10020: 10013: 10011: 10009: 10007: 9998: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9980: 9976: 9972: 9968: 9964: 9957: 9955: 9953: 9951: 9949: 9947: 9945: 9943: 9934: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9916: 9912: 9908: 9904: 9900: 9893: 9885: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9867: 9863: 9859: 9855: 9851: 9844: 9836: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9818: 9814: 9810: 9806: 9802: 9795: 9787: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9769: 9765: 9761: 9757: 9753: 9746: 9738: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9720: 9716: 9712: 9708: 9704: 9697: 9689: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9671: 9667: 9663: 9659: 9655: 9648: 9646: 9637: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9619: 9615: 9611: 9607: 9603: 9596: 9588: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9547: 9545: 9536: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9518: 9514: 9510: 9506: 9502: 9495: 9493: 9484: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9466: 9462: 9458: 9454: 9450: 9443: 9435: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9417: 9413: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9394: 9386: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9368: 9364: 9360: 9356: 9352: 9345: 9337: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9319: 9315: 9311: 9307: 9303: 9296: 9288: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9270: 9266: 9262: 9258: 9254: 9247: 9239: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9221: 9217: 9213: 9209: 9205: 9198: 9190: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9149: 9141: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9123: 9119: 9115: 9111: 9107: 9100: 9092: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9074: 9070: 9066: 9059: 9057: 9048: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9030: 9026: 9022: 9018: 9014: 9007: 8999: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8981: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8958: 8951: 8946: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8913: 8905: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8887: 8883: 8879: 8875: 8871: 8864: 8862: 8860: 8858: 8856: 8847: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8817: 8813: 8806: 8804: 8802: 8800: 8798: 8796: 8794: 8792: 8783: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8749: 8742: 8740: 8738: 8736: 8734: 8725: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8684: 8676: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8650: 8646: 8642: 8635: 8627: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8597: 8593: 8586: 8578: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8537: 8529: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8488: 8480: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8439: 8431: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8390: 8382: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8341: 8333: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8315: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8292: 8284: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8251:PLOS Medicine 8248: 8241: 8233: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8192: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8165: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8130: 8122: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8081: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8038: 8036: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8008: 8000: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7959: 7943: 7939: 7933: 7917: 7913: 7907: 7899: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7858: 7850: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7809: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7760: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7729: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7680: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7637: 7629: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7586: 7577: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7563: 7558: 7551: 7543: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7502: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7459: 7457: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7420: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7363: 7347: 7340: 7334: 7326: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7285: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7236: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7193: 7185: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7152: 7144: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7111: 7095: 7091: 7085: 7077: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7036: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7009: 7001: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6960: 6958: 6949: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6908: 6906: 6897: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6854: 6846: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6803: 6795: 6789: 6781: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6740: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6696: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6653: 6645: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6602: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6559: 6551: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6510: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6467: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6350: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6317: 6309: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6258: 6243: 6239: 6232: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6214: 6209: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6166: 6156: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6113: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6070: 6062: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6021: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5994: 5986: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5945: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5902: 5894: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5853: 5845: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5804: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5769: 5753: 5749: 5743: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5708: 5700: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5659: 5657: 5648: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5607: 5599: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5558: 5556: 5547: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5506: 5498: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5455: 5453: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5403: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5376: 5368: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5325: 5317: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5276: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5249: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5222: 5214: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5181: 5174: 5170: 5165: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5073: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5020: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4977: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4928: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4781: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4730: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4689: 4687: 4670: 4663: 4655: 4648: 4641: 4633: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4584: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4529: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4486: 4470: 4466: 4460: 4444: 4440: 4434: 4432: 4423: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4372: 4370: 4361: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4344:(2): 87–104. 4343: 4339: 4335: 4328: 4326: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4278: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4258: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4210: 4208: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4115: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4081: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4040: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3991: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3952: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3816: 3814: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3746: 3739: 3733: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3641: 3639: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3602: 3600: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3550: 3542: 3541: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3498: 3482: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3439: 3430: 3428:9781975159559 3424: 3420: 3414: 3412: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3362: 3360: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3323: 3321: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3271: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3238:(41): 21–27. 3237: 3233: 3229: 3222: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3187: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3144: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3060: 3044: 3040: 3039: 3034: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2993: 2991: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2939: 2922: 2918: 2917: 2912: 2906: 2898: 2892: 2876: 2870: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2772: 2770: 2753: 2749: 2748: 2743: 2737: 2735: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2654: 2652: 2635: 2631: 2630: 2625: 2619: 2617: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2544: 2540: 2539: 2534: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2513: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2494: 2488: 2486: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2470:fusiform gyri 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2429:basal ganglia 2426: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2391: 2389: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2354: 2349: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2320:In May 2019, 2318: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2307:pre-eclampsia 2304: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2269: 2264: 2262: 2255:Notable cases 2252: 2249: 2248:Preterm Birth 2245: 2229: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2214: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2168: 840–960 2162: 720–840 2156: 600–720 2150: 480–600 2144: 360–480 2138: 240–360 2132: 120–240 2120: no data 2113: 2109: 2100: 2098: 2092: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2081:frontal lobes 2078: 2077:myelinization 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2052: 2048: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1969: 1965: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1925: 1924: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1892:The earliest 1890: 1887: 1877: 1873: 1864: 1855: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1839:hyponatraemia 1830: 1828: 1824: 1814: 1812: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1773: 1771: 1765: 1763: 1757: 1748: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1733:intravenously 1723: 1721: 1716: 1713: 1708: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1679: 1676: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1615:breastfeeding 1612: 1611: 1610:kangaroo care 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1564: 1558:Neonatal care 1555: 1553: 1549: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1515:beta mimetics 1512: 1508: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1478: 1476: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1456: 1450: 1449:at 23 weeks. 1448: 1444: 1443:dexamethasone 1440: 1439:betamethasone 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1410: 1408: 1403: 1400: 1391: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1361: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1338: 1329: 1326: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1275: 1273: 1262: 1260: 1259: 1254: 1253: 1241: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1199: 1196: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1166: 1161: 1152: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1114: 1112: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1088:preterm labor 1085: 1071: 1065:Prenatal care 1062: 1053: 1050: 1045: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1018: 1016: 1011: 1008: 1002: 1000: 996: 991: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 964: 962: 961: 950: 948: 943: 940: 938: 934: 930: 925: 923: 919: 915: 913: 912:birth defects 909: 905: 901: 897: 892: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 856: 854: 853:pre-eclampsia 850: 846: 842: 838: 833: 829: 821: 817: 814: 809: 804: 799: 797: 793: 790:of 1.35 (95% 789: 784: 779: 777: 773: 769: 768:endometriosis 765: 756: 747: 745: 742: 739: 738: 734: 732: 729: 726: 725: 721: 719: 716: 713: 712: 708: 706: 703: 700: 699: 695: 693: 690: 687: 686: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 671: 667: 665: 662: 659: 658: 655: 653: 652: 648: 646: 645: 641: 638: 636: 632: 631: 627: 624: 622: 619: 618: 614: 611: 609: 606: 605: 601: 598: 596: 595:Periodontitis 593: 592: 588: 585: 582: 581: 577: 574: 571: 570: 566: 563: 560: 559: 555: 552: 550: 547: 546: 542: 539: 536: 535: 531: 528: 525: 524: 520: 517: 515: 511: 510: 507: 501: 499: 498:Relative risk 496: 493: 492: 484: 481: 477: 471: 469: 465: 454: 452: 442: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 412: 409: 404: 395: 391: 389: 385: 381: 377: 376:breastfeeding 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 348: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 325:air pollution 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 297: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 238:Preterm birth 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 209:breastfeeding 207:, supporting 206: 202: 199: 195: 192: 189: 185: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 147: 145: 141: 138:Often unknown 137: 133: 130: 126: 122: 118: 115: 113: 112:Complications 109: 106: 102: 98: 95: 93: 89: 86: 82: 78: 75: 73: 69: 66: 62: 58: 54: 49: 45: 41: 38:Preterm birth 36: 30: 19: 17091: 16847:Pneumothorax 16839: 16753: 16746:Birth trauma 16726: 16688:Breech birth 16678:presentation 16676: 16644: 16618: 16586: 16517: 16510: 16370:Vasa praevia 16344: 16330: 16304:Locked twins 16220: 16170: 16146: 15892:Interstitial 15463:Hypertension 15450:Immunization 15433:in pregnancy 15349:Amniotic sac 15302:Silent birth 15245:Presentation 15208:Bishop score 15178:Obstetrician 15138: 15068:Interstitial 14995:home testing 14758:Other topics 14697: 14664:Cradle board 14659:Cloth diaper 14619:Baby shampoo 14605:Baby monitor 14595:Baby bouncer 14549:Circumcision 14396:Birth defect 14344: 14278:Immunization 14228:Birth weight 14159: 14147: 14135: 13858:Hip fracture 13853:Osteoporosis 13594:Infibulation 13494:Dysmenorrhea 13487:Sanitary pad 13439:Menstruation 13198: 13167:Preeclampsia 13162:Hypertension 13046:Labia majora 13041:Labia minora 12938: 12927: 12903: 12892: 12873: 12854: 12796: 12792: 12782: 12747: 12743: 12733: 12700: 12696: 12690: 12658:(1): 46–53. 12655: 12651: 12641: 12606: 12602: 12592: 12559: 12555: 12549: 12524: 12520: 12514: 12477: 12473: 12463: 12428: 12424: 12414: 12371: 12367: 12357: 12330: 12326: 12266: 12262: 12222: 12218: 12156: 12152: 12104: 12100: 12063:(1): 12–20. 12060: 12056: 12050: 12015: 12011: 11969: 11965: 11917: 11913: 11903: 11881:(1): 69–82. 11878: 11874: 11868: 11856:. 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Retrieved 10752:the original 10748:www.bapm.org 10747: 10700: 10696: 10686: 10637: 10631: 10596: 10592: 10582: 10549: 10545: 10539: 10494:(1): 22–29. 10491: 10487: 10477: 10468: 10462: 10456: 10421: 10417: 10407: 10374: 10370: 10324: 10320: 10314: 10281: 10277: 10271: 10244: 10240: 10230: 10203: 10199: 10189: 10154: 10150: 10140: 10105: 10101: 10091: 10066: 10062: 10022: 10018: 9970: 9966: 9906: 9902: 9892: 9857: 9853: 9843: 9808: 9804: 9794: 9759: 9755: 9745: 9710: 9706: 9696: 9661: 9657: 9609: 9605: 9595: 9560: 9556: 9508: 9504: 9456: 9452: 9442: 9407: 9403: 9393: 9358: 9354: 9344: 9309: 9305: 9295: 9260: 9256: 9246: 9211: 9207: 9197: 9162: 9158: 9148: 9113: 9109: 9099: 9064: 9020: 9016: 9006: 8971: 8967: 8957: 8948: 8926: 8922: 8912: 8877: 8873: 8819: 8815: 8755: 8751: 8697: 8693: 8683: 8648: 8644: 8634: 8599: 8595: 8585: 8550: 8546: 8536: 8501: 8497: 8487: 8452: 8448: 8438: 8403: 8399: 8389: 8354: 8350: 8340: 8305: 8301: 8291: 8254: 8250: 8240: 8205: 8201: 8191: 8174: 8170: 8164: 8139: 8135: 8129: 8094: 8090: 8080: 8047: 8043: 8017: 8013: 8007: 7972: 7968: 7958: 7946:. 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Retrieved 2536: 2482: 2413: 2404:haemorrhages 2400:white matter 2397: 2385: 2376:Anna Pavlova 2364:Isaac Newton 2357: 2350: 2346: 2335: 2319: 2299: 2278: 2272: 2265: 2258: 2247: 2240: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2211: 2208:birth weight 2201: 2197: 2103:Epidemiology 2093: 2089: 2053: 2049: 2045: 1994:hypocalcemia 1922: 1906: 1891: 1883: 1875: 1852: 1836: 1823:gavage feeds 1820: 1808: 1779: 1766: 1758: 1754: 1745: 1741:gut motility 1729: 1717: 1709: 1705: 1685: 1658: 1650: 1643: 1635: 1608: 1569: 1552:birth weight 1545: 1504: 1495:co-amoxiclav 1491:erythromycin 1479: 1472: 1463: 1459: 1451: 1416: 1404: 1396: 1367: 1358: 1350:progesterone 1346:Progestogens 1344: 1341:Progestogens 1337:condition). 1335: 1321: 1312:antioxidants 1301: 1281: 1268: 1256: 1250: 1247: 1226: 1222: 1205: 1195:Smoking bans 1191: 1170: 1149: 1126: 1109: 1082: 1068: 1059: 1046: 1042: 1038:appendicitis 1023: 1019: 1012: 1003: 995:colonization 992: 965: 958: 956: 944: 941: 939:of 1.1–3.5. 927:Presence of 926: 916: 893: 857: 834: 830: 827: 818: 800: 780: 761: 743: 730: 717: 704: 691: 678: 663: 649: 633:High or low 472: 460: 457:Risk factors 448: 423:false labour 419:contractions 416: 392: 352:progesterone 349: 345:preeclampsia 298: 269: 265: 261: 241: 237: 236: 191:Progesterone 144:Risk factors 29: 17191:Miscarriage 17093:muscle tone 16959:Kernicterus 16812:Respiratory 16788:Erb's palsy 16693:Asynclitism 16661:Nuchal cord 16309:Nuchal cord 16058:Linea nigra 16010:Hepatitis E 15943:proteinuria 15924:Miscarriage 15909:Embryo loss 15887:Heterotopic 15759:Apgar score 15543:Hepatitis C 15529:Infections 15369:Development 15354:Endometrium 15312:Water birth 15230:Bloody show 15161:Men's roles 15091:Preparation 15043:Heterotopic 14770:Babywearing 14765:Baby shower 14739:Swim diaper 14629:Baby walker 14614:Baby powder 14554:Foster care 14522:Child abuse 14517:Babysitting 14369:Development 14355:Soy formula 14233:Breast pump 14161:WikiProject 13848:Bone health 13784:Lung cancer 13621:Dyspareunia 13564:HPV vaccine 13504:Amenorrhoea 13499:Menorrhagia 13337:Infertility 13286:Stillbirths 13147:Miscarriage 12929:MedlinePlus 12018:: 180–191. 11642:Rochman B. 11627:28 November 11597:28 November 11565:28 November 11449:28 November 11209:11 November 10914:16 December 7770:Circulation 7348:. July 2017 6340:5 September 6247:5 September 6224:Radiopaedia 6006:(1): S209. 4989:(1): 5–11. 3715:10807/56796 3199:: 105–109. 2386:During the 2288:respiratory 2268:San Antonio 2021:kernicterus 1720:bovine milk 1623:Bili lights 1599:catheters, 1597:intravenous 1589:oxygenation 1487:amoxicillin 1469:Antibiotics 1332:Antibiotics 1178:ventilators 1030:bacteriuria 894:The use of 835:The use of 813:Philippines 772:miscarriage 514:fibronectin 494:Risk factor 317:underweight 211:, treating 165:underweight 77:Neonatology 43:Other names 17201:Stillbirth 17158:Omphalitis 17119:Infections 17028:Integument 16319:Postpartum 16214:Antepartum 15929:Stillbirth 15840:puerperium 15838:, and the 15836:childbirth 15764:Child care 15657:Postpartum 15616:Procedures 15568:Dermatoses 15424:Nutrition 15282:Home birth 15204:Pelvimetry 15083:Childbirth 15063:Unintended 14919:Conception 14878:childbirth 14749:Travel cot 14694:Infant bed 14689:High chair 14679:Baby wipes 14674:Diaper bag 14639:Baby swing 14527:Child care 14512:Attachment 14401:Childbirth 14263:Cradle cap 14214:Pediatrics 14086:by country 13890:Depression 13541:infections 13246:Episiotomy 13186:Childbirth 13117:Obstetrics 12905:DiseasesDB 12793:Pediatrics 12556:Pediatrics 12425:Pediatrics 12389:1874/32813 11153:Pediatrics 10758:25 October 10593:Pediatrics 10488:Pediatrics 10063:Pediatrics 9082:2292/57382 8923:Pediatrics 8449:Pediatrics 7602:(1): 235. 7352:29 January 7100:26 October 6870:(1): 254. 6836:2440/23161 5758:19 January 5358:1773/26479 5169:The Lancet 4675:2 November 4671:. CBC News 3281:Pediatrics 2957:: 88–102. 2508:References 2449:cerebellum 2437:brain stem 2295:hemorrhage 2069:depression 1692:human milk 1580:incubators 1528:β2-agonist 1419:surfactant 1370:childbirth 1209:folic acid 1188:Prevention 1182:surfactant 1163:Stages in 1117:Ultrasound 1013:Untreated 933:odds ratio 889:depression 788:odds ratio 748:1.03–1.28 735:1.09–1.58 722:1.41–1.61 651:odds ratio 504:confidence 431:effacement 388:intubation 384:infections 368:nifedipine 327:exposure, 213:infections 187:Prevention 85:Obstetrics 81:Pediatrics 16927:Anti-Kell 16565:period / 16563:perinatal 16385:Puerperal 15973:Eclampsia 15877:Abdominal 15848:Pregnancy 15832:pregnancy 15272:Caesarean 15038:Abdominal 14874:Pregnancy 14825:Paternity 14734:Swaddling 14600:Baby gate 14579:Wet nurse 14569:Milk bank 14461:Parenting 14386:Baby talk 14338:Pedialyte 14268:Esotropia 14223:Baby food 13716:Pregnancy 13696:Violence 13636:Vaginitis 13509:Menopause 13369:Fostering 13359:Parenting 13329:life plan 13194:Midwifery 13172:Eclampsia 13099:Pregnancy 13088:Maternal 12940:eMedicine 12823:231730075 12682:221649350 12480:(1): 51. 11656:0040-781X 11586:The Hindu 11502:2 January 11332:26 August 11322:eMedicine 11103:205574669 10826:Audiology 10656:960162637 10157:: e7976. 8097:: e6226. 8072:205936902 7800:224826008 7569:(6): S2. 6731:236200411 6290:2077-0383 5471:(1): 31. 4614:0033-3549 4559:1010-5395 4237:2164/2233 4198:208538820 4190:1758-6798 4176:: 77–82. 3005:: 38–46. 2897:"Premmie" 2326:San Diego 2303:pregnancy 2284:digestive 2237:Economics 2073:executive 2032:pneumonia 1655:Nutrition 1619:morbidity 1584:bassinets 1523:Tocolysis 1501:Tocolysis 1447:viability 1385:Treatment 1074:Diagnosis 1034:pneumonia 999:DNA probe 953:Infection 808:Filipinos 776:abortions 642:0.66–1.4 549:Chlamydia 356:pregnancy 244:, is the 220:Frequency 197:Treatment 72:Specialty 65:incubator 61:Intubated 17233:Category 16897:Bleeding 16588:placenta 16519:Category 16332:placenta 16222:placenta 15882:Cervical 15867:Abortion 15665:Maternal 15643:Abortion 15588:Bleeding 15538:COVID-19 15503:Diabetes 15488:Cannabis 15438:prenatal 15359:Placenta 15330:Prenatal 15260:shoulder 15255:cephalic 15223:position 15197:Delivery 15058:Postterm 15023:Cervical 14886:Planning 14785:Cry room 14724:Stroller 14714:Pacifier 14649:Bassinet 14624:Baby toy 14486:Teething 14466:Peekaboo 14406:Crawling 14391:Babbling 14212:Health ( 14137:Category 14097:Ethiopia 14019:UN Women 13836:Dementia 13767:diseases 13750:Femicide 13728:Misogyny 13648:Polygamy 13549:Safe sex 13457:Menarche 13364:Adoption 13291:Abortion 13209:Oxytocin 13029:Clitoris 12945:ped/1889 12815:33500321 12774:28328840 12744:Medicine 12725:32770053 12717:23845237 12674:14974647 12633:19683725 12584:11674158 12576:18245409 12541:10996273 12506:23531081 12455:30594886 12447:26553187 12406:16930851 12398:18805824 12349:11796848 12303:24130887 12263:PLOS ONE 12239:23273486 12193:22022357 12153:PLOS ONE 12131:21923973 12077:21147382 12042:25379430 11988:18056158 11944:19945651 11895:24524447 11858:2 August 11834:Archived 11809:15 March 11685:Archived 11681:CBS News 11617:CBS News 11533:Archived 11528:BBC News 11443:Archived 11418:Archived 11394:Archived 11369:12962929 11326:Archived 11260:25692506 11203:Archived 11201:. 2009. 11173:23669525 11138:23462550 11095:19823140 11060:22685359 11052:25073871 11017:18234075 10991:(1): 1. 10952:12206615 10908:Archived 10886:25921193 10878:18635431 10803:NBC News 10781:Archived 10727:19812240 10675:Archived 10623:31065615 10615:22065266 10574:27735824 10566:18240080 10529:Archived 10520:Archived 10516:20495326 10508:16396856 10448:28679674 10418:BMJ Open 10399:17256481 10391:18207020 10349:20567764 10341:27059074 10298:27531224 10263:25621457 10222:19491184 10181:23212881 10132:28477661 10083:17908777 10043:37824273 9997:37387544 9988:10312053 9933:32266712 9884:32821859 9835:34346056 9786:34355390 9737:27958643 9688:32726863 9636:31684689 9587:31697857 9535:33226632 9483:31246272 9434:33006765 9385:33620090 9336:32842164 9287:32898300 9238:32573771 9189:33215474 9140:32964431 9091:27155888 9047:31322731 8998:31452191 8945:22371471 8904:34165778 8846:33368149 8782:33733486 8724:27075527 8675:34661278 8626:28398697 8577:37144837 8568:10161968 8528:25473815 8479:26702029 8430:32187656 8381:29431872 8332:24030708 8283:28976987 8232:25126773 8223:10838393 8183:15756046 8156:17671256 8121:23048010 8064:11293641 8026:12211284 7999:28786098 7942:Archived 7916:Archived 7898:33368142 7849:35377461 7792:33081528 7751:24190310 7712:17522400 7671:22742373 7663:15994635 7628:29183399 7542:27444208 7493:29480873 7485:24428470 7447:16647905 7411:43862120 7403:23903965 7394:11035916 7325:23440777 7276:30837582 7268:10740336 7219:23812466 7184:24525884 7143:28625760 7076:31553800 7000:30933309 6948:28205207 6896:33771100 6845:16641396 6780:30277579 6723:34293768 6687:11591970 6679:17302528 6644:31849592 6618:: 1284. 6593:19518460 6585:16319253 6550:15082738 6493:24680633 6450:18191687 6390:33738952 6382:15715585 6308:37445395 6299:10342801 6216:Archived 6200:34818112 6192:11165586 6139:24334429 6104:20265539 6096:23919851 6061:22280400 5985:19350444 5936:20732037 5928:17329514 5893:26039401 5844:28877031 5795:18295169 5752:Archived 5734:11480640 5699:25922860 5647:26560337 5598:31765489 5546:26092137 5497:25874659 5435:21668769 5394:11506145 5367:25900174 5316:19761951 5267:15532228 5240:15481481 5213:21622978 5156:32544532 5148:17666606 5113:27688375 5105:14506499 5060:44325654 5052:12505886 5011:41368575 5003:16730012 4968:46366053 4960:17899585 4919:14884358 4911:17671254 4870:24970386 4862:16565989 4821:16118366 4764:17464860 4632:21886332 4575:25005933 4567:26725703 4520:43892340 4512:15172868 4475:9 August 4449:8 August 4443:Archived 4422:29020025 4382:PLOS ONE 4360:23154145 4316:25566593 4308:28749482 4267:BBC News 4254:10113798 4246:20502281 4155:14975701 4147:17699814 4066:28181672 4031:12907483 3982:15746686 3943:Archived 3920:18177778 3856:13193685 3848:16167946 3804:20441901 3796:20012348 3754:8 August 3745:Archived 3724:24619876 3668:12439515 3590:26490698 3524:26794420 3467:25497122 3402:25530442 3350:28937572 3311:21173001 3262:23996035 3254:19320250 3213:24965989 3178:20078137 3170:24990666 3127:Archived 3100:25821121 3043:Archived 3019:27665510 2981:30314740 2921:Archived 2861:24374829 2812:27733281 2752:Archived 2717:Archived 2690:26432464 2634:Archived 2599:Archived 2543:Archived 2491:See also 2433:amygdala 2425:thalamus 2414:Various 2394:Research 2279:in vitro 2065:epilepsy 2042:Survival 1915:debate. 1913:abortion 1519:atosiban 1455:Cochrane 1413:Steroids 1328:making. 1308:fish oil 1056:Genetics 709:1.5–2.1 696:1.8–2.2 683:1.5–3.1 668:3.2–4.0 628:0.8–1.5 615:1.2–1.6 602:1.1–2.3 589:1.3–2.5 578:1.5–2.3 567:1.7–2.2 556:1.0–4.8 543:2.8–3.0 532:2.1–3.9 521:2.9–5.5 506:interval 360:bed rest 301:diabetes 270:premmies 266:preemies 149:Diabetes 92:Symptoms 17136:rubella 16766:Chignon 16620:chorion 16172:chorion 15897:Ovarian 15574:Others 15548:Malaria 15493:Opioids 15483:Alcohol 15478:Smoking 15337:Anatomy 15166:Midwife 15134:Newborn 15053:Ovarian 15033:Ectopic 15028:Cryptic 14973:Testing 14744:Teether 14719:Playpen 14496:Weaning 14491:Walking 14204:Infants 14149:Commons 13938:Poverty 13932:factors 13909:Urethra 13885:Anxiety 13867:Anaemia 13663:Puberty 13643:Leblouh 13529:Sexual 13404:Condoms 12899:D047928 12765:5371477 12624:5875423 12497:3618000 12294:3793949 12271:Bibcode 12201:3884637 12184:3192037 12161:Bibcode 12122:3282051 12033:4215396 11935:2799246 11739:22 July 11377:9995272 11281:cdc.gov 11251:4352070 11181:8389988 11008:2241838 10904:The Age 10832:1 April 10718:2871377 10439:5734267 10306:7958596 10172:3514472 10123:5424630 9924:7138920 9875:7422638 9826:8407046 9777:8407337 9728:6463855 9679:7390609 9627:6815687 9578:6837687 9526:8094236 9474:6596360 9425:8078205 9376:8094384 9327:8236752 9278:8094174 9229:7387284 9180:8092673 9131:8094919 9038:6640412 8989:6710607 8895:8223964 8837:8094920 8773:8092452 8715:6464533 8666:8521644 8617:6478245 8519:7038715 8470:4702019 8421:7080446 8372:6491068 8323:7052739 8274:5627896 8112:4688428 7990:6483544 7948:18 July 7922:18 July 7889:8094626 7840:8978608 7720:8083107 7619:5706301 7533:5053235 7316:4164464 7227:9069311 7067:6760928 7027:2927852 6991:6443020 6939:6464057 6887:7995767 6771:6517256 6635:6892975 6541:1732750 6501:8532979 6458:8204299 6147:6547430 6052:3422421 5976:2744034 5884:4285828 5835:5561422 5690:8498019 5638:7043273 5589:6953361 5537:7154219 5488:4373465 5443:7789770 5307:2785018 4812:1449396 4772:5159387 4729:9491013 4720:1508185 4623:3151189 4413:5636124 4390:Bibcode 3911:7134569 3629:8036202 3581:7388653 3393:4340604 3302:4079290 3091:7144825 3049:7 March 2972:6282836 2927:7 March 2852:4052131 2803:5388903 2758:7 March 2723:7 March 2640:7 March 2605:6 March 2595:who.int 2549:7 March 2246:report 2079:of the 1990:rickets 1961:thyroid 1939:(ROP), 1935:(HIE), 1909:ethical 1782:enteral 1712:enteral 1304:aspirin 1213:smoking 972:chorion 947:Nigeria 908:Tobacco 904:alcohol 900:cocaine 896:tobacco 885:Anxiety 783:Obesity 380:formula 378:and/or 231:805,800 161:obesity 16711:Growth 16624:amnion 16176:amnion 15747:Infant 15672:Lochia 15458:Anemia 15377:Embryo 15250:breech 15129:Mother 15108:Lamaze 14669:Diaper 14456:Parent 14441:Mother 14114:Russia 13776:Cancer 13688:health 13658:Orgasm 13531:health 13482:Tampon 13090:health 13063:Uterus 13058:Cervix 13053:Vagina 13004:health 12934:001562 12821: 12813: 12772: 12762: 12723: 12715: 12680: 12672: 12631: 12621: 12582: 12574: 12539: 12504: 12494: 12453: 12445: 12404: 12396: 12347: 12301: 12291: 12237: 12199: 12191: 12181: 12129: 12119: 12075: 12040: 12030: 11986: 11942: 11932: 11893: 11787:5 June 11765:5 June 11709:30 May 11661:30 May 11654: 11475: 11375: 11367: 11258: 11248: 11179: 11171: 11136: 11101: 11093: 11058: 11050: 11015: 11005: 10950: 10884: 10876: 10725: 10715: 10654: 10644: 10621: 10613: 10572: 10564: 10514: 10506: 10446: 10436: 10397: 10389: 10371:Lancet 10347: 10339: 10304: 10296: 10261: 10220: 10179: 10169: 10130: 10120: 10081: 10041: 9995: 9985: 9931: 9921: 9882: 9872: 9833: 9823: 9784: 9774: 9735: 9725: 9686: 9676: 9634: 9624: 9612:(10). 9585: 9575: 9563:(11). 9533: 9523: 9481: 9471: 9432: 9422: 9383: 9373: 9334: 9324: 9285: 9275: 9236: 9226: 9187: 9177: 9138: 9128: 9089: 9045: 9035: 8996: 8986: 8943: 8902: 8892: 8844: 8834: 8780: 8770: 8722: 8712: 8673: 8663: 8624: 8614: 8575: 8565: 8526: 8516: 8477: 8467: 8428: 8418: 8379: 8369: 8330: 8320: 8281: 8271: 8230: 8220: 8181: 8154: 8119: 8109: 8070: 8062: 8044:Lancet 8024: 7997: 7987: 7896: 7886: 7847: 7837: 7798: 7790: 7749: 7718: 7710: 7669: 7661: 7626: 7616: 7540: 7530: 7491: 7483: 7445: 7409: 7401: 7391: 7323: 7313: 7274: 7266: 7225: 7217: 7182: 7141: 7074: 7064: 7025: 6998: 6988: 6946: 6936: 6894: 6884: 6843: 6778: 6768: 6729: 6721: 6685: 6677: 6642: 6632: 6591: 6583: 6548: 6538: 6499: 6491: 6473:Lancet 6456: 6448: 6430:Lancet 6388: 6380: 6306: 6296: 6288: 6198: 6190: 6145: 6137: 6102: 6094: 6059: 6049: 5983: 5973: 5934: 5926: 5891: 5881: 5842: 5832: 5793: 5732: 5697: 5687: 5645: 5635: 5596: 5586: 5574:(11). 5544: 5534: 5495: 5485: 5441: 5433: 5392: 5365: 5314: 5304: 5265: 5238: 5211: 5154: 5146: 5111: 5103: 5058: 5050: 5009: 5001: 4966: 4958: 4917: 4909: 4868: 4860: 4819: 4809: 4770: 4762: 4727: 4717: 4630: 4620: 4612: 4573: 4565: 4557: 4518: 4510: 4420: 4410: 4358: 4314: 4306: 4252: 4244: 4196: 4188: 4153: 4145: 4104:31 May 4064: 4029: 4022:169644 4019: 3980: 3918: 3908: 3890:Lancet 3854: 3846: 3802: 3794: 3722: 3666: 3627: 3588: 3578: 3522: 3487:20 May 3465: 3425: 3400: 3390: 3372:Lancet 3348: 3309: 3299: 3260: 3252: 3211: 3176: 3168: 3098: 3088: 3017: 2979: 2969: 2859: 2849: 2810: 2800: 2782:Lancet 2688: 2459:, and 2447:, and 2261:Ottawa 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2034:, and 2028:sepsis 2015:, and 2004:(NEC). 2000:, and 1970:(PDA). 1951:, and 1827:reflux 1791:reflux 1601:oxygen 1591:, and 1517:, and 1374:cervix 1132:cervix 1036:, and 984:sepsis 974:, the 968:amnion 861:cervix 512:Fetal 445:Causes 331:, and 294:vision 278:vagina 228:Deaths 135:Causes 17184:Other 17008:Ileus 16755:scalp 16464:Other 16269:Labor 16135:fetus 16106:Blood 15945:, and 15939:Edema 15718:Doula 15711:Roles 15603:Sleep 15578:Drugs 15558:Lupus 15382:Fetus 15151:Doula 15122:Roles 15048:Molar 15016:Types 14574:Nanny 14258:Colic 14102:India 14092:China 13383:& 13073:Ovary 13016:tract 12910:10589 12869:P07.3 12865:O60.1 12819:S2CID 12721:S2CID 12678:S2CID 12580:S2CID 12451:S2CID 12402:S2CID 12197:S2CID 11966:Brain 11539:5 May 11497:TODAY 11373:S2CID 11277:(PDF) 11177:S2CID 11099:S2CID 11056:S2CID 10882:S2CID 10619:S2CID 10570:S2CID 10512:S2CID 10471:(16). 10395:S2CID 10345:S2CID 10302:S2CID 8455:(1). 8068:S2CID 7796:S2CID 7716:S2CID 7667:S2CID 7489:S2CID 7407:S2CID 7342:(PDF) 7272:S2CID 7223:S2CID 6727:S2CID 6683:S2CID 6589:S2CID 6497:S2CID 6454:S2CID 6386:S2CID 6222:from 6196:S2CID 6143:S2CID 6100:S2CID 5932:S2CID 5439:S2CID 5152:S2CID 5109:S2CID 5056:S2CID 5007:S2CID 4964:S2CID 4915:S2CID 4866:S2CID 4768:S2CID 4650:(PDF) 4563:JSTOR 4516:S2CID 4312:S2CID 4250:S2CID 4194:S2CID 4151:S2CID 4098:(PDF) 4083:(PDF) 3852:S2CID 3800:S2CID 3748:(PDF) 3741:(PDF) 3625:S2CID 3258:S2CID 3174:S2CID 2881:6 May 2368:quart 2292:brain 2275:Miami 1795:apnea 1770:apnea 1429:, an 1047:Also 1015:yeast 843:with 803:Black 764:older 439:fetus 313:obese 248:of a 246:birth 99:of a 97:Birth 16942:Rh E 16937:Rh D 16932:Rh c 16137:and 15412:Care 14876:and 14471:Play 14360:SIDS 13743:Rape 12894:MeSH 12879:9-CM 12811:PMID 12770:PMID 12713:PMID 12670:PMID 12629:PMID 12572:PMID 12537:PMID 12502:PMID 12443:PMID 12394:PMID 12345:PMID 12299:PMID 12235:PMID 12189:PMID 12127:PMID 12073:PMID 12038:PMID 11984:PMID 11940:PMID 11891:PMID 11860:2020 11811:2023 11789:2021 11767:2021 11741:2010 11711:2019 11663:2019 11652:ISSN 11648:Time 11629:2007 11599:2007 11567:2007 11541:2007 11504:2019 11473:ISBN 11451:2007 11365:PMID 11334:2009 11256:PMID 11211:2009 11169:PMID 11134:PMID 11091:PMID 11048:PMID 11013:PMID 10966:link 10948:PMID 10916:2008 10874:PMID 10834:2020 10760:2019 10723:PMID 10652:OCLC 10642:ISBN 10611:PMID 10562:PMID 10504:PMID 10444:PMID 10387:PMID 10337:PMID 10294:PMID 10259:PMID 10218:PMID 10200:JAMA 10177:PMID 10128:PMID 10079:PMID 10039:PMID 10023:2023 9993:PMID 9971:2023 9929:PMID 9907:2020 9880:PMID 9831:PMID 9809:2021 9782:PMID 9760:2021 9733:PMID 9711:2016 9684:PMID 9662:2020 9632:PMID 9610:2019 9583:PMID 9561:2019 9531:PMID 9479:PMID 9430:PMID 9408:2020 9381:PMID 9359:2021 9332:PMID 9283:PMID 9234:PMID 9185:PMID 9163:2020 9136:PMID 9114:2020 9087:PMID 9043:PMID 8994:PMID 8950:NEC. 8941:PMID 8900:PMID 8878:2021 8842:PMID 8820:2020 8778:PMID 8756:2021 8720:PMID 8671:PMID 8649:2021 8622:PMID 8573:PMID 8551:2023 8524:PMID 8502:2014 8475:PMID 8426:PMID 8404:2020 8377:PMID 8355:2018 8328:PMID 8306:2013 8279:PMID 8228:PMID 8206:2014 8179:PMID 8152:PMID 8117:PMID 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