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614:(2009), attempts to address a number of issues which remain unanswered on the subject. These include the role of chance over the course of development, the importance of the development of unique personal characteristics to achieving greatness, and the influence of changes in the wider worlds surrounding the person – from interpersonal to societal - on the course of an individual's development.
446:
facilities. To the extent that these scientists are as competent as the rest or more so, they ultimately will do far better in terms of both role performance and reward... rewards (which) can be transformed into resources for further work... (and hence over time) scientists who are initially advantaged gain even greater opportunities for further achievement and rewards."
260:(1869), argued that people vary hugely in "natural ability" which is allegedly inherited biologically. Those at the very top end of the range, i.e., geniuses, become according to Galton the "eminent" achievers of their generation. To prove this thesis Galton collected data showing that genius clusters in what he termed "Notable Family Lines", such as those of
388:(1944) looked at many of the same historic greats as did Galton and Cox, but from a completely different orientation. As a cultural anthropologist, Kroeber maintained that, in Simonton's words, "culture takes primacy over the individual in any account of human (behavior), and that historic geniuses are no exception..."
662:
Dorris's argument in relation to chaotic matching is that access to the resources and learning opportunities essential to the development of key characteristics of an eventual 'great' often occurs not due to the efforts/planning of the individual, but simply due to chance events in the interpersonal,
395:
Kroeber found that genius never appeared in isolation, but rather, in
Simonton's words, that "one genius cluster(ed) with others of greater and lesser fame in adjacent generations". He also found that there were historical "crests" and "troughs" in every field. These fluctuations in the appearance
537:
He considers a massive range of experimental psychological research in order to establish the underlying genetic, neuro-chemical mechanisms which may be operating to influence levels of creativity associated with fluctuations in "the tendency towards over-inclusiveness indicative of psychoticism..."
287:
Galton then calculated the odds of eminent people having eminent relations, taking into account the closeness of the biological connection (e.g., son vs grandson), and the magnitude of achievement of the eminent parent. His findings were as anticipated: the more famous the parent (i.e., the greater
399:
Kroeber argued, in
Simonton's words, that his "configurations" were due to "emulations": "Geniuses cluster in history because the key figures of one generation emulate those in the immediately preceding generations... (until) it attains a high point of perfection that stymies further growth". At
654:
Dorris's argument in relation to catalytic matching is that anyone who eventually becomes a 'great' will have experienced one or more sustained periods of exceptionally accelerated development of their key characteristics, accelerations which serve massively to differentiate them from their former
640:
Dorris's core argument is that those who become 'great' start out with sufficient genetic potential and then are able, over two or more decades, to obtain matches/fits with "the right kind of problems" to extend the development of these genetic biases into what Dorris terms, "key characteristics".
541:
Eysenck's assessment of his overall argument is as follows: "There is no hint that the theory is more than a suggestion of how many disparate facts and hypotheses can be pulled together into a causal chain, explaining... the apogee of human endeavour – genius. If the theory has one point in its
484:
Development was tied throughout to the values, interests, resources, and personal investments of the family of origin. In most families "introduction to the field and initial... skill development occurred" because the "(p)arents (or other family members), in pursuing their own interests, created
461:
Zuckerman concluded that evidence of "accumulative of advantage" was clearly present over the course of development, with result that her research "... cast(s) considerable doubt on the conclusion that marked differences in performance between the ultra-elite and other scientists reflect equally
445:
In relation to the question of the career development of the scientific elite
Zuckerman uses the phrase "accumulation of advantage" to describe her findings. In her words: "Scientists who show promise early in their careers (are) given greater opportunities in the way of research training and
391:
To prove his thesis, Kroeber collected "long lists of notable figures from several nationalities and historic eras", and then grouped them within a field and a shared cultural context, e.g., "Configuration for
American Literature". Then within these groupings he listed his notables in "strict
644:
Dorris argues that there are four types of matching processes which occur over the course of such development. These refer to matches between the developmental needs of the person and the opportunities and resources essential to engaging in problem solving activities that stimulate further
476:
and five colleagues conducted extensive interviews with 120 "young men and women (as well as their parents and influential teachers)... who had reached the highest levels of accomplishment" in six fields – Olympic sprint swimmers, Top 10 rated professional tennis players, concert pianists,
126:
and subjective judgements of those who apply them. Whereas in some cases the perceived greatness of a person, place or object might be agreed upon by many, this is not necessarily the case, and the perception of greatness may be both fiercely contested and highly idiosyncratic.
663:
institutional or societal worlds around the person, who (unlike perhaps millions of equally capable peers) becomes the beneficiary of these chance events – events which Dorris argues can change a person's entire future in much the same way as a lottery jackpot or a
501:"Few... (of the) individuals (included in this study) were regarded as child prodigies"; and, as a result, this research "raises (serious) questions about earlier views of special gifts and innate abilities as necessary prerequisites of talent development".
412:
Retrospective studies, involving extensive interviews with individuals who have attained eminence, or at least exceptional levels of achievement, have added much to our understanding of the developmental process. Two studies in particular stand out.
946:
Simonton, 1994, p. 376. In
Simonton's words, "the traits available in a population gene pool cannot fluctuate wildly in any short period..." If genius were simply due to "inherited ability", it would "be spread (much) more evenly from generation to
514:
is central to becoming a creative genius; and a more recent book by Bill Dorris (2009) looks at the influence of "everything from genetics to cultural crises", including chance, over the course of development of those who attain greatness. See –
495:"Each group of parents strongly encouraged their children's development in a particularly highly approved talent field (related to the parents' own "special interests") and gave much less support to other possible talent fields and activities."
457:
She also interviewed forty-one Nobel laureates extensively about their "apprenticeships" to "master" scientists while they were doing their doctoral research, and other aspects of their career development related to the above topics.
453:
and the scientific rank and file" along a number of dimensions including socioeconomic origins, status of undergraduate and graduate education, the process of moving into the scientific elite, and first jobs and professorships.
322:
Cox found that the perceived eminence of those with the highest IQs was higher than that of those attaining lower IQ estimates, and that those with higher IQs also exhibited more versatility in their achievements. For example,
438:
Zuckerman reported her results around two main topics: How the Prize is
Awarded, and Career Development of the Scientific Elite. Her findings on the first topic are briefly overviewed in the Knowledge article regarding the
658:
This acceleration occurs because the person becomes the focal point (star) of a self-reinforcing system of expertise and resources (catalytic system) which thrives off this person's accelerated development and visibility.
498:"Families and teachers were crucial at every point along the way to excellence... what families and teachers do at different times and how they do it clearly sets the stage for exceptional learning in each talent field".
109:
in a particular place or area. Greatness can also be attributed to individuals who possess a natural ability to be better than all others. An example of an expression of the concept in a qualified sense would be
318:
reportedly studied Greek at 3, read Plato at 7, and learned calculus at 11. As such, what he was doing at 5, the average person couldn't do until 9 years, 6 months of age, giving Mill an estimated IQ of 190.
403:
Recent research is consistent with these explanations; but many aspects of the developmental process from birth to the attainment of greatness remain unaccounted for by
Kroeber's anthropological approach.
310:, had developed for differentiating children in terms of intelligence, Cox coded records of childhood and adolescent achievements of 301 historic eminent leaders and creators to estimate what their
215:
or person versus context. Today the importance of both dimensions is accepted by all, but disagreements over the relative importance of each are still reflected in variations in research emphases.
978:
Eysenck, 1995, op cit, re central role of personality as trait; Dorris, 2009, op cit, re interactivity of genetics with interpersonal and socio-cultural factors over course of development
122:
achieved greatness within his own lifetime", thus implying that "greatness" is a definite and identifiable quality. Application of the terms "great" and "greatness" is dependent on the
449:
To see if 'accumulation of advantage' was operating in the career development of the scientific elite, Zuckerman compared the careers of future laureates with those of "members of the
485:
situations that intrigued, interested, or involved the child... The child's interest was rewarded or encouraged..." and the parents then provided other ways to extend this interest.
193:
in the early 1900s, there has been a vast amount of social scientific research published relative to the question of greatness. Much of this research does not actually use the term
641:
These are the intellectual, personality, and self characteristics which eventually turn out to be required to solve a key generational problem in their field and/or society.
392:
chronological order", identifying the most eminent figures by using capital letters for their surnames (e.g. EMERSON, LONGFELLOW, POE, WHITMAN, etc. in above configuration).
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Bloom, 1985, pp. 221–24, 448. Albert, R.S. (1980) Family position and the attainment of eminence: a study of special family position and special family experience.
492:" is central to talent development. It is developed by "the home environment" and "...directly related to learning and participation in the chosen talent field".
523:(1995), "construct(s)... a model of genius and creativity" whose "novelty lies in (its) attempt to make personality differences central to the argument".
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level of presumed "natural ability"), the greater likelihood there would be illustrious relatives; and the closer the blood tie, the greater those odds.
526:
In particular
Eysenck is interested in a personality trait called "psychoticism ... chief among (whose) cognitive features is a tendency to
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would have been on the basis of intellectual level of such achievements relative to the age at which they were accomplished. For example,
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Two of these matching processes are covered extensively in the existing research literature: continuous matching and cumulative matching.
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favour it is that every step can be tested experimentally, and that many steps have already received positive support from such testing."
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Early scientific research on greatness had a strong genetic emphasis and focused on intelligence as the driving force behind the concept.
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The work of both Cox and Galton has been criticized for failing to take sufficient account of the role of nurture, or more specifically
450:
370:
There was one major anthropological study of genius, and it was triggered specifically by the author's contentions with Galton's work.
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The other two of the matching processes described by Dorris are completely new to this book: catalytic matching and chaotic matching.
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Dorris argues that those who attain 'greatness' are credited with solving a key generational problem in a field and/or society (e.g.,
1207:
Albert R. S. 1980. Family position and the attainment of eminence: a study of special family position and special family experience.
431:, is based on many sources of research evidence, including a series of forty-one extended interviews with American winners of the
343:, and others with IQs in the mid 160s or above were superior in their versatility to those attaining lower scores, such as
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306:(1926), was similar to Galton's in its orientation. Using the method that her mentor, Stanford Psychology Professor
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Dorris documents his theoretical arguments with extensive case studies of a wide range of individuals, including
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development of those aspects of intelligence, personality, and self which eventually become key characteristics.
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this point the "tradition degenerates into empty imitation, as most creative minds move on to greener pastures".
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of genius were much too rapid to be explained by the simple mechanism of genetic inheritance along family lines.
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227:
1305:
Walls, Jerry L. 2007. The Wizard versus The
General. in Jerry L. Walls, Gregory Bassham, and Dick Vitale.
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211:, etc. Historically the major intellectual battles over this topic have focused around the questions of
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27:"Preeminence" redirects here. For discussion of the preeminence of human beings over creation, see
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accomplished sculptors, exceptional mathematicians, and outstanding research neurologists.
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was one of the greatest wartime leaders". In the unqualified sense it might be stated "
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Historically, in Europe, rulers were sometimes given the attribute "the Great", as in
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Genius and
Eminence: The Social Psychology of Creativity and Exceptional Achievement
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Genius and Eminence: The Social Psychology of Creativity and Exceptional Achievement
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Genetic Studies of Genius, Vol 2. The Early Mental Traits of Three Hundred Geniuses
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They report many findings relevant to the "talent development process", including:
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Dorris, 2009, pp. 26–29, 31–36; Bloom, 1985, op cit; Zuckerman, 1977, op cit
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and educational advantage, in the achievements of these historical greats.
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marked differences in their initial capacities to do scientific work".
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A 1995 book by Hans Eysenck argues that a "personality trait" called
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1376:. Paris: Imprimerie de Cosse et Gaultier-Laguionie. pp. 563–64.
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peers in terms of both development and visibility within the field.
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1348:(1995). "The Nature of Greatness". In Kenneth W. Thompson (ed.).
1044:, 87–95, refers to such families as "eminence producing families"
843:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press vs Dorris. B. 2009.
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http://homepage.eircom.net/~wdorris/greatnesscasestudies.html
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http://homepage.eircom.net/~wdorris/greatnesscasestudies.html
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Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry Into Its Laws and Consequences
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in 1869, and especially with the accelerated development of
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771:. In Jerry L. Walls; Gregory Bassham; Dick Vitale (eds.).
530:, i.e., an inclination not to limit one's associations to
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A Philosophical Dictionary from the French of M. Voltaire
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The Clockwork Muse: The Predictability of Artistic Change
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The Clockwork Muse: The Predictability of Artistic Change
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Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States
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The Arrival of The Fittest: How The Great Become Great
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Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States
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The Arrival of The Fittest: How The Great Become Great
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The Arrival of The Fittest: How The Great Become Great
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Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States
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may contain excessive or inappropriate references to
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1389:. Vol. I. London: W. Dugdale. pp. 596–98.
1344:
965:Simonton, 1994, pp. 378-–82; Martindale, C. 1990.
1134:Dorris, 2009, pp. 83–84; Online Case Studies at:
629:in physics at the outset of the 20th century; or
304:The Early Mental Traits of Three Hundred Geniuses
1430:
197:in describing itself, preferring terms such as
1309:. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 129.
1253:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1031:. New York: Ballantine Books. pp. 4, backcover
766:
1146:Dorris, 2009, op cit, pp. 10–12, 24–25, 86–88
146:. Starting with the Roman consul and general
1274:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1239:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
170:. The English language uses the Latin term
1352:. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
407:
171:
155:
633:providing a voice for the outcasts of the
451:United States National Academy of Sciences
1334:Herzog, B. 1994. "greatness was created"
1251:Genius: The Natural History of Creativity
1053:Bloom, 1985, op cit, pp. 508 & ch 12.
841:Genius: The Natural History of Creativity
775:. University Press of Kentucky. pp.
598:Learn how and when to remove this message
521:Genius: The Natural History of Creativity
1381:
1366:
830:. New York: Springer, e.g. Chs 4 & 6
217:
83:
62:
47:
1173:Dorris, 2009, op cit, pp. 36–45, 138–44
991:. New York: The Free Press. pp. 61, 248
969:. New York: Basic Books, pp. 69, 70, 73
874:. New York: The Guilford Press, p10-11
14:
1431:
1191:Dorris, 2009; Online Case Studies at:
1125:Dorris, 2009, op cit, pp. 7, 10–12, 49
162:was also used, as in Pompeius Magnus,
1071:Bloom, 1985, p . 509, chs 11 & 12
578:by removing references to unreliable
234:
1286:Greatness: Who Makes History and Why
872:Greatness: Who Makes History and Why
582:where they are used inappropriately.
551:
505:
365:
114:is the definition of greatness" or "
293:Early Mental Traits of 300 Geniuses
24:
1338:
1000:Zuckerman, 1977, pp. 63–89, 144–52
34:For the deity in Manichaeism, see
25:
1455:
1396:
1288:. New York: The Guilford Press.
1272:Configurations of Cultural Growth
1223:Developing Talent in Young People
1029:Developing Talent in Young People
467:Developing Talent in Young People
386:Configurations of Cultural Growth
375:Configurations of Cultural Growth
222:"Jesus teaches about greatness" (
1416:
1402:
556:
68:Coronation of the Hero of Virtue
1378:– available in translation as:
1225:. New York: Ballantine Books.
1185:
1182:Dorris, 2009, pp. 49–67, 163–66
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769:"The Wizard versus The General"
621:resolving the conflict between
534:ideas, memories, images, etc."
1246:. (Lulu Url in Note 38 above)
1155:Dorris, 2009, pp. 24–25, 86–88
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877:
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850:
847:. (Lulu Url in Note 38 below)
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13:
1:
1407:The dictionary definition of
1385:(1843). "Great – Greatness".
1324:. New York: The Free Press.
1201:
1089:Eysenck, 1995, op cit, p. 279
910:Simonton, 1994, p14-16, 227-8
228:Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld
71:
1218:. New York: Pergamon Press.
1062:Bloom, 1985, pp, 445–46, 508
250:The earliest such research,
7:
1370:(1838). "Grand, Grandeur".
1027:Bloom, B. S. (ed). (1985).
1009:Zuckerman, 1977, pp. 122–30
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97:is a concept of a state of
10:
1460:
1373:Dictionnaire philosophique
1209:Gifted Child Quarterly, 24
1042:Gifted Child Quarterly, 24
956:Simonton, 1994, pp, 376-78
928:Simonton, 1994, pp. 376-77
919:Simonton, 1994, pp. 375–66
817:. New York: Pergamon Press
726:Norma Jeane/Marilyn Monroe
547:The Arrival of The Fittest
40:
33:
26:
1350:Great American Presidents
1307:Basketball and philosophy
1281:. New York: Basic Books.
1221:Bloom, B.S. (ed). 1985.
813:Albert, R.S. (ed) 1983.
773:Basketball and philosophy
179:Since the publication of
753:
408:Developmental approaches
1080:Bloom, 1985, pp. 3, 533
1018:Zuckerman, 1977, p. 250
861:by Francis Galton, 1870
767:Jerry L. Walls (2007).
209:exceptional achievement
1421:Quotations related to
1284:Simonton, D.K. 1994.
1116:Eysenck, 1995, pp. 8–9
937:Simonton, 1994, p. 376
901:Simonton, 1994, p225-6
883:Simonton, 1994, p11-13
870:Simonton, D.K. 1994.
569:self-published sources
231:
172:
156:
91:
81:
60:
1439:Sociological theories
1302:. New York: Springer
1298:Simonton, D.K. 2009.
1277:Martindale, C. 1990.
1267:. London: Macmillan.
826:Simonton, D.K. 2009.
221:
213:nature versus nurture
87:
66:
51:
1320:Zuckerman, H. 1977.
1270:Kroeber, A.L. 1944.
987:Zuckerman, H. 1977.
892:Simonton, 1994, p225
610:Bill Dorris's book,
1214:Albert, R.S. 1983.
1098:Eysenck, 1995, p. 8
704:, basketball great
627:James Clerk Maxwell
144:Catherine the Great
136:Frederick the Great
132:Alexander the Great
89:Great Wall of China
36:Father of Greatness
1346:Hans J. Morgenthau
1263:Galton, F. 1869.
1249:Eysenck, H. 1995.
839:Eysenck, H. 1995.
528:over-inclusiveness
420:– Zuckerman (1977)
235:Genetic approaches
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191:intelligence tests
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41:For the song, see
1265:Hereditary Genius
1242:Dorris. B. 2009.
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506:Recent approaches
425:Harriet Zuckerman
366:Cultural approach
345:George Washington
337:Benjamin Franklin
253:Hereditary Genius
244:Hereditary Genius
186:Hereditary Genius
120:George Washington
79:Peter Paul Rubens
43:Quavo discography
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801:"Which One"
588:August 2013
441:Nobel Prize
433:Nobel Prize
302:'s book on
173:magnum opus
154:equivalent
124:perspective
99:superiority
18:Preeminence
1433:Categories
1300:Genius 101
1202:References
828:Genius 101
748:Giftedness
714:Bill Gates
576:improve it
490:work ethic
349:Palestrina
284:in music.
224:Matthew 18
1423:Greatness
1410:greatness
333:Descartes
262:Bernoulli
95:Greatness
1383:Voltaire
1368:Voltaire
732:See also
690:da Vinci
674:Einstein
669:ticket.
532:relevant
325:da Vinci
274:Herschel
199:eminence
116:Napoleon
1444:Quality
1211:, 87–95
666:Titanic
580:sources
278:Jussieu
266:Cassini
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686:Mozart
341:Goethe
276:, and
270:Darwin
230:, 1860
204:genius
166:, and
158:Magnus
150:, the
148:Pompey
112:Hector
107:object
103:person
754:Notes
702:Crick
682:Monet
678:Elvis
488:The "
351:, or
256:, by
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195:great
152:Latin
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282:Bach
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