Pre-Columbian Ecuador

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are as heavy as a pound and a quarter) no doubt might be used effectively; but the smaller ones, weighing only a few ounces, would not be very formidable; and taking them as a whole they are less adapted either for offensive or defensive purposes than most of the other stone implements. To this may be added that many are uninjured, and do not seem to have been put to any use whatever. Francisco Campaña (a half-Indian who joined the latter part of Whymper's journey) had assisted in the examination of graves in Peru, and said these stars in stone were found there placed upon the breasts of corpses; and it seems likely that they were to the Children of the Sun symbols of the luminary that they worshipped.

499: 1294: 1030:. The majority have six rays (and none have more), proceeding symmetrically from the center, and the whole are fashioned alike upon each side. A certain number have only five rays, and occasional examples are irregular in shape. All are pierced by a hole, which has been drilled from the two sides, and the size of this varies considerably. In dimensions they range from three to five inches in diameter and from three-quarters of an inch to two inches in thickness. Their weight is from five to twenty ounces. The larger part are made from basaltic rock and gabbro. Objects of this class were also cast in metal but these are now rarely found in Ecuador. 1232: 1268: 1282: 2411: 1101:

type P-T was the most numerous. The greater part have holes drilled from each side (with the holes having less in diameter in the middle than on their surfaces), though in some the aperture is as broad internally as externally. The positions of the holes vary, some being central, although most of them are nearest to the top. The lower edge is always the sharpest; and, while many would not have cut butter, there are a few sharp enough to cut wood. Their weight ranges from 3¼ to 29 ounces, and like the stars in stone they have been fashioned from a diversity of rocks.

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Building: And for making their Hatchets and Pick-axes, and some few Rakes, they made use of the Silversmiths, for as yet they had not attained to the Art of Working in Iron. Nor did they know how to make Nails, or use them, but tied all their timber with Cords of Hemp. Nor were their Hewers of Stone more artificial, for in cutting and shaping their Stones, they had no other Tool, than one made with some sharp Flints and Pebbles, with which they rather wore out the Stone by continual rubbing, than cutting."

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or cutting edges, are sharp. The examples in the next series (K-O) bear some resemblance to a bill-hook; the top edges are flat; and they are all pierced with holes drilled from the two sides. The specimens in the next row have similar holes—otherwise they approximate to the chisel type; while the type represented in the bottom series U-Y differs from all the others in having projecting shoulders, and (occasionally) in having a groove along the length of the top edge, apparently to facilitate handling.

745: 972:, and in Cusco according to the most reliable chronicles, was the favorite son of Huayna Capac and was very popular among the Inca armies stationed in the north. The brothers battled for six years, killing many men and weakening the empire. Finally in 1532 near Chimborazo, Atahualpa, with the aid of two of his father's generals, defeated his brother. Huáscar was captured and put in prison. Atahualpa became emperor of a severely weakened empire only to face the Spanish conquistadors' arrival in 1532. 1105: 1086: 1220: 55: 1256: 1244: 22: 1011: 890:, where Huascar's northbound troops were met and defeated by Atahualpa's southbound troops. Atahualpa's final victory over Huascar in the days just before the Spanish conquerors arrived resulted in large part from the loyalty of two of Huayna Capac's best generals, who were based in Quito along with Atahualpa. The victory remains a source of national pride to Ecuadorians as a rare case when "Ecuador" forcefully bettered a "neighboring country". 1134:

represented the yellow maize, some the white ... The most surprising circumstance of the whole is, the manner of their working, which, when we consider their want of instruments and the wretched form of those they had, appears an inexplicable mystery: for either they worked with copper tools, a metal little able to resist the hardness of stones, or, to give the nice polish conspicuous on their works, other stones must have been used as tools."

289: 618: 403:), remain unknown to archaeologists, a fact that adds credence to the possibility of early human habitation. Scholars have studied the Amazon region recently but the forest is so remote and dense that it takes years for research teams to survey even a small area. Their belief that the river basin had complex cultures is confirmed by the recent discovery of the Mayo-Chinchipe Cultural Complex in the 856:(modern-day Peru) was limited to about a half century, or less in some parts of Ecuador. During that period, some aspects of life remained unchanged. Traditional religious beliefs, for example, persisted throughout the period of Inca rule. In other areas, however, such as agriculture, land tenure, and social organization, Inca rule had a profound effect despite its relatively short duration. 1162:"knew not the invention of putting a handle of Wood to their Hammers, but worked with certain Instruments they had made of Copper, mixed with a sort of fine Brass. Neither did they know how to make Files or Graving-tools, or Bellows for Melting down Metals ... But above all, their Carpenters seemed to be worst provided with Tools; for though ours use many Instruments made of Iron, those of 899: 1321: 515:. Evidence from the archeological site El Inca date the culture to 9000–8000 BCE. Several sites were excavated around 1961. It is estimated this area is one of the most important in South America and existed along an ancient trade route. The tools used by these early nomadic hunters have provided relationships to the 474:

on the coast of Ecuador between 9000 and 6000 BC. The skeletal remains and other finds show evidence the culture once flourished in the area. Scientists have classified three phases of cultural development. The earliest people were hunter-gatherers and fishermen. At approximately 6000 BC, the culture

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The present Republic of Ecuador is at the heart of the region where a variety of civilizations developed for millennia. During the pre-Inca period people lived in clans, which formed great tribes, and some allied with each other to form powerful confederations, as the Confederation of Quito. But none

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Huayna Capac grew up in Ecuador and loved the land, in contrast preference to his native Cuzco. He named Quito the second Inca capital and a road was built to connect the two capitals. Cities and temples were built throughout the country. He married a Quitu princess and remained in the country until

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to Cerro de Hojas in the south. They were excellent weavers, produced textiles, articles of gold, silver spondylus shells and mother of pearls. The manteños mastered the seas and forged extensive trade routes as far as present-day Chile to the south and western Mexico to the north. The center of the

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Succeeding the Valdivia, the Machalilla Culture was a farming culture that throve along the coast of Ecuador between the 2nd and 1st millennia BCE. Its ceramics are easily differentiated from the Valdivia as they were painted black or white with red stripes, and figurines were rare and crudely made.

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to be a "hollowing-hammer for metal" by making a handle with a pliable wood rod. It is possible those marked A, B, and C were used for the same purpose. The objects D, F, G, and H are more puzzling. The two latter somewhat resemble the two others represented here, but differ from them in not having

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All these five types were found in numbers, in many localities, and have evidently been among the most common and generally used implements during the Equatorial Stone Age. In minor respects they exhibit considerable variety, and there are large differences in their size, thickness, and weight. The

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Five types are shown in the illustration with a white background. In the top row, series A-E, the whole of the edges are rounded, except the bottom ones. In the next line (F-J) all are of a chisel type. The tops and sides of these are sometimes flat or angular, and sometimes rounded; and the lower,

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Though all these writers appear to regard these objects as a kind of battle-axe (and are probably correct so far as those having a ray prolonged into a hatchet are concerned), there are several considerations that suggest these objects were habitually used as weapons. The larger of the stars (which

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had no other than a Hatchet, and a Pick-axe made of Copper; they neither had Saw, nor Augre, nor Planer, nor any other Tool for the Carpenter's work, so that they could not make Arches or Portals for doors; onely they hewed and cut their Timber, and whitened it, and then it was prepared for their

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developed in the coastal region of Southern Colombia and Northern Ecuador between 600 BCE and CE 200. Numerous archaeological sites have been discovered that show the highly artistic nature of this culture. Artifacts are characterized by gold jewelry, beautiful anthropomorphic masks and figurines

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were the last of the pre-Columbian cultures in the coastal region and flourished between 600 and 1534. They were the first to witness the arrival of Spanish ships sailing in the surrounding Pacific Ocean. According to archaeological evidence and Spanish chronicles, the civilization extended from

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A large number of implements in stone were obtained, from which selections are given in the illustration with a black background. Those marked E, J, K, L, N-T are unique, and the other forms are more or less rare. The central one, marked M, was the only object for which Ecuadorian natives could

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The period of Regional Development is when regional differences developed in the territorial or political and social organization of the peoples. Among the main towns of this period were the cultures: Jambelí, Guangala, Bahía, Tejar-Daule, La Tolita, Jama Coaque in the coast of Ecuador, in the

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is the first culture where significant remains have been discovered. Their civilization dates back as early as 3500 BC. Living in the area near The Valdivias were the first Americans to use pottery. They created bowls, jars and female statues out of clay, both for everyday life and for use in

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was made of it; the Indian artists therefore used to shew their skill in making ears of it in a kind of very hard stone; and so perfect was the resemblance that they could hardly be distinguished by the eye from nature; especially as the colour was imitated to the greatest perfection; some

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From this passage it appears that at the time of the Pizarros the Indians used tools of metal for most purposes. The concluding sentence evidently refers solely to fashioning stones for building. Older writers in general do not indicate that they had a cognizance of a Stone Age.

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the circular cavities in the sides. The objects of this type are highly wrought, and fashioned out of hard stone. It seems not unlikely that they were used for sharpening tools, and that the examples G, H are unused specimens. They have also been found by M. Wiener in Peru.

659:(300 BC– AD 500), La Chimba is the site of the earliest ceramic northern Andes, north of Quito, and is representative of the Formative Period in its final stage. Its inhabitants contacted several villages on the coast and the mountains, keeping close proximity to the 595:

religious ceremonies. They navigated the seas on rafts with sails and established a trade network with tribes in the Andes and the Amazon. Valdivia art and artifacts have been found throughout the country. An extensive collection is on display at the

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During the Formative Period, people of the region moved from hunting-gathering and simple farming into a more developed society, with permanent developments, an increase in agriculture and the use of ceramics. New cultures included the

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While they possess the general points of similarity that have been mentioned, scarcely any two are identical in form. Some are flat and thin, others are thick, or rise in the center upon each side into a shape like the hub of a wheel.

1058:. Finally, the Doctors Reiss and Stübel remark, in their work upon the Peruvian antiquities obtained at Ancon, that "the few stone objects found here show but slight traces of workmanship, an exception being ... a stone weapon of the 1195: 790:

The Huancavilcas constitute the most important pre-Columbian culture of Guayas, after Las Vegas. These warriors were noted for their appearance. Huancavilca culture recounts the legend of Guayas and Quiles, for which the city of

1046:, and he says that among the fractured skulls that were found "the larger part seemed to have been broken by blows from some such weapons". Mons. Wiener, in his book on Peru and Bolivia gives a figure of a star and was found at 975:

During the period of Inca presence, the Ecuadorian organizations adopted agricultural practices, and a few social organization of the Inca occupants, but maintained their traditional religious beliefs and many customs.

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In a U.S. Naval expedition report, figures are given of two stars in bronze (found at Cuzco, Peru), one having a sixth ray prolonged into a hatchet, which suggests that it must have been a war-club or battle-axe. In

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Tribes throughout Ecuador integrated during this period. They built better housing that allowed them to improve their living conditions and no longer be subject to the climate. In the mountains the Cosangua-Píllaro,

949:, Tupac Yupanqui's son with a Cañari princess (the people from modern-day Canar province), was able to conquer the remaining tribes and by 1500 most of Ecuador was incorporated into the Incan Empire loosely. 1293: 1002:

objects while in Ecuador during 1880. Most of the items he collected from those brought to him were stone; he thought that most metal artifacts had been smelted in search of any gold they contained.

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valley between 500 BC and 600 AD. Though the culture of these cities' inhabitants is not yet well understood, it is thought that tens of thousands of people resided in the region at its height.

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Among the distinctly ornamental objects in stone there are imitations of corn cobs. These were particularly mentioned in Juan & Ulloa's work, in the mid-18th century. Spanish writers say:

1154:

That the principal part of these objects and implements in stone are of considerable or of great age is apparent from the fact that they are scarcely mentioned at the time of the Pizarros.

1042:'s book on Peru, there is a figure of a six-rayed object in bronze, said to have been one of several, which are designated by the author (apparently following some earlier writer) 270: 663:, located on the plateau of Quito and its surrounding valleys. The Bahia culture occupied the area that stretches from the foothills of the Andes to the Pacific Ocean, and from 671:, to Bahía de Caráquez, in Manabi, in an area of wooded hills and vast beaches of their immigrant who facilitated the gathering of resources of both the jungle and the ocean. 1308: 1138:

Squier gives in his book on Peru a bad representation of one of these stone maize-heads and says that they were specially mentioned "by Padre Arriaga in his rare book on the

760:

and Piartal-Tuza cultures arose; in the eastern region was the Yasuní Phase, while the Milagro, Manteña and Huancavilca cultures developed on the coast, from 500 BC onwards.

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in the Pacific coast region is another well-known early Ecuadorian culture. Ancient Valdivian artifacts from as early as 3500 BC have been found along the coast north of the

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began the incorporation of Ecuador into Inca rule. They began by defeating the people of the Sierra including the Quitus tribe (the people for whom modern-day

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lived in the Andes and Coastal Regions of Ecuador between 900 and 300 BC. They were best known for their hollow ceramic animal- and plant-shaped figurines.

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his death. When Huayna Capac died, there was no clear successor to the thrown since the designated heir, Ninan Cuyochi, died shortly after his father.

1989: 1851: 549: 1281: 852:, as the Inca empire was known. Different tribes also sought refugee in the then thick interior jungles. The influence of these conquerors based in 557: 1412: 545: 1367: 452:

The preceramic period begins with the first human settlement at the end of the last glacial and continues until around 4200 BC. The Las Vegas and

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showing a stick inserted in the central hole; and another figure of a somewhat similar from in bronze, also handled. Like Squier, he calls them

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during the late 15th century met with fierce resistance by several Ecuadorian tribes, particularly the Cañari, in the region around modern-day

453: 1267: 4244: 1117:. This one weighs five and a quarter pounds, and another of eleven pounds was obtained. Several examples of form I were found, considered by 863:

and living out his elder years there before his death in about 1527. Huayna Capac's sudden death from a strange disease, described by one as

317: 1183: 3221: 2844: 2295: 2280: 1337: 553: 4249: 4357: 3253: 2226: 1219: 4342: 4352: 2647: 392:. The archaeological evidence has established that Ecuador was inhabited for at least 4,500 years before the rise of the Inca. 2005: 3241: 2615: 2373: 1849:

Lovell, W. George. (September 1992). "'Heavy Shadows and Black Night: Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America".

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Inca domination in Ecuador was short (around 70 years) but they left one of the best-known archaeological sites of Ecuador:

4155: 3270: 2545: 1207: 848:, overcame the resistance of these populations and that of the Cara, and thus incorporated most of modern-day Ecuador into 96: 4214: 3265: 3143: 1804: 417:. The invasion of the Inca in the 15th century was very painful and bloody. However, once occupied by the Quito hosts of 91: 345:

of coastal Ecuador, flourishing between 8000 and 4600 BC, is one of the oldest cultures in the Americas. The subsequent

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is an important archaeological site in the highlands of Ecuador, going back as early as 3,500 BC. It is located in the

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in southern Chile, and technological relationships to the late Pleistocene "fluted point" complexes of North America.

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is named). They continued by heading southwest to the coast, eventually subjugating the Ecuadorians living near the

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Ceramic vessel with a sitting human figure. Jama-Coaque Culture, of the Regional Development Period (500 BC–AD 500)

310: 1022:

By far the most common object was a stone star with a hole through the middle. They were found everywhere between

502:

Ceramic male figure representing a richly bejeweled nobleman, from Ecuador. Bahía Culture artwork (500 BC– AD 500)

495:. These human remains and other items can be seen at Museo Los Amantes de Sumpa y Centro Cultural in Santa Elena. 4347: 4099: 3729: 3411: 3226: 2837: 466: 342: 76: 983:. They tried to conquer the high Amazonian valley with only partial success, especially in the south, where the 4332: 4191: 4034: 2882: 2446: 2274: 2265: 194: 134: 4170: 3446: 4180: 3421: 2925: 2741: 2736: 2627: 2555: 2361: 2322: 334: 4196: 1062:

type ... the six-rayed stone star, here found once only, is elsewhere in Peruvian graves by no means rare."

4274: 4202: 4166: 3236: 2600: 2522: 2512: 2486: 2466: 2219: 1986: 1711: 1371: 1129:"The maize has ever been the delight of the Indians; for, besides being their food, their favourite liquor 3868: 3740: 3326: 3068: 2877: 2661: 2610: 2537: 2532: 2334: 1416: 1047: 303: 275: 265: 34: 498: 4337: 4095: 3979: 3822: 2830: 2756: 2461: 2456: 2307: 2290: 206: 146: 121: 2078: 54: 2562: 2481: 2436: 1630:"The song of air and water: Acoustic experiments with an Ecuadorian Whistle Bottle (c.900 BC–100 BC)" 1577: 969: 575: 404: 354: 2057:

Report of The U.S. Naval Astronomical Expedition to the Southern Hemisphere during the years 1849-52

3802: 3406: 3331: 3208: 3183: 2897: 2431: 2398: 680: 2041: 1320: 833:. The conquest of Ecuador began in 1463 under the leadership of the ninth Inca, the great warrior 3878: 3551: 3048: 2703: 2678: 2637: 2593: 2527: 2410: 2378: 2260: 2212: 2055: 834: 181: 141: 109: 4103: 667:, to the south of Manabi. The Jama-Coaque culture inhabited areas between Cabo San Francisco in 2451: 956:

Since neither of the brothers liked the idea of a torn empire, the two sons sought the throne.

945:

By the end of the 15th century, despite fierce resistance by several Ecuadorian native tribes,

774: 664: 571: 3521: 2116: 4024: 3939: 3873: 3506: 3231: 3030: 3005: 2970: 2771: 1059: 471: 3158: 421:, the Incas developed an extensive administration and began the colonization of the region. 4308: 4175: 4039: 4004: 3924: 3613: 3321: 3216: 3198: 3098: 2822: 2688: 2642: 2550: 2517: 2476: 2419: 1634: 161: 86: 3501: 1606: 8: 4141: 3903: 2935: 2915: 2751: 2698: 2605: 2500: 2393: 2035: 1574: 910:

was chosen by the Emperor Huayna Capac (ruled 1493–1525) to be the Inca northern capital.

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These appear to be the earliest people to cultivate maize in this part of South America.

477: 389: 385: 381: 217: 156: 116: 3133: 1707: 1545: 4264: 4254: 4160: 3984: 3893: 3672: 3416: 3361: 3336: 3000: 2995: 2965: 2960: 2790: 2766: 2726: 2713: 2632: 2588: 2576: 2441: 2247: 2156: 2124: 2088: 1864: 1741: 1527: 1457: 1440: 1438:

Stothert, Karen E. (July 1985). "The Preceramic Las Vegas Culture of Coastal Ecuador".

1348: 838: 725: 705: 699: 660: 612: 533: 43: 3883: 1676:

Bouchard, Jean Francois; Usselmann, Pierre (2003). "The region of Tumaco the Tolita".

871:, whose mother was Coya (meaning Empress) Mama Rahua Occillo and legitimate heir, and 377: 4289: 4219: 4185: 3908: 3898: 3608: 3576: 3456: 3386: 3118: 3093: 3025: 3015: 2853: 2721: 2693: 2622: 2317: 2110: 1808: 1777: 1731:

Antonio Fresco y Catálogo del Museo del Banco Central del Ecuador Sala de Arqueología

1519: 1511: 935: 879: 810: 447: 400: 3486: 3351: 3317: 2009: 1531: 757: 561: 151: 3989: 3929: 3913: 3796: 3760: 3667: 3571: 3371: 3188: 3163: 2980: 2975: 2806: 2761: 2746: 2673: 1860: 1649: 1639: 1503: 1449: 1299:

Cashaloma cup with dripped ("goteado") painting, Museo de las Culturas Aborigenes,

720: 635: 591: 541: 346: 81: 1507: 656: 4112: 3791: 3750: 3735: 3698: 3662: 3556: 3451: 3366: 3341: 3302: 3287: 3108: 2945: 2731: 2146: 1993: 1831: 1300: 1023: 965: 960:, born of Huayna Capac's sister in Cusco, was voted as ruler by the Inca nobles. 903: 875:, a son who was born to a Quitu princess, and reputedly his father's "favorite". 859:

Emperor Huayna Capac became very fond of Quito, making it a secondary capital of

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took over command of the army and began his march northward through the Sierra.

647:

Sierras the Cerro Narrío Alausí; and in the Ecuadorian Amazon jungle the Tayos.

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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

1491: 995: 939: 927: 883: 779: 744: 516: 373: 293: 4145: 4129: 3949: 1104: 1085: 4326: 3999: 3843: 3812: 3780: 3724: 3692: 3531: 3491: 3481: 3476: 3466: 3461: 3396: 3391: 3346: 2910: 2867: 2270: 1567:

Rudolph, James D. (1989). "Historical Setting". In Dennis M. Hanratty (ed.).

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A large number of stone objects were found that were undoubtedly implements.

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cultures during centuries until Spanish conquest. They are very effective.

1074: 1039: 946: 845: 826: 418: 413: 3566: 1568: 4078: 4068: 3687: 3618: 3471: 3441: 3148: 3040: 2920: 2683: 860: 849: 804: 709: 21: 1654: 769: 4116: 3954: 3934: 3376: 3168: 2930: 2383: 1826: 984: 560:

or Chaullabamba culture thrived from 2000 BC to AD 600 in the southern

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cultures, who thrived for thousands of years before the ascent of the

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of these confederations could resist the formidable momentum of the

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Ayala Esparza, MA; Gallardo Carillo, GF; Molina-Alarcón, M (2019).

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Standing Figure, La Tolita/Tumaco (1st century BC — 1st century AD)

1027: 887: 864: 537: 487: 3536: 2080:

Peru, Incidents of Travel and Exploration in the Land of the Incas

1869:

The Americas before and after 1492: Current Geographical Research.

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This struggle raged during the half-decade before the arrival of

868: 578:, and was discovered in 21st century. It belongs to the proposed 3586: 1812: 4063: 4053: 3436: 3431: 3356: 3292: 3173: 3123: 3113: 3088: 1130: 1070: 3703: 3647: 3638: 3526: 3103: 931: 914:

The history of Ecuador is better known from the point of the

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that reflect a hierarchical society with complex ceremonies.

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Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

2852: 1494:(17 June 1960). "Early Man Site Found in Highland Ecuador". 898: 544:

on the coast; Cotocollao, and The Chimba in the Sierra; and

1914:

Royal Commentaries of the Incas and General History of Peru

1051: 915: 814: 736:

culture thrived from AD 100 to 800 in the Manabí Province.

600: 372:, emerged in other parts of Ecuador. There are other major 1415:. Proyecto Zamora-Chinchipe. 22 June 2009. Archived from 882:'s conquering expedition in 1532. The key battle of this 470:

is the first known culture in Ecuador. They lived on the

1678:

Trois millénaires de civilisation á Colombia et Equateur

1477:

Pre-Historic Civilizations in Ecuador in Ancient History

1225:

Utensil with a figure from Chorrera culture (900–300 BC)

424:

The pre-Columbian era can be divided up into four eras:

1146:", and were household gods of the ancient inhabitants. 2181:(5th English edition, London ed.). Madrid. 1807 . 2179:

Relacion Historica del viaje a la Americana Meridional

1287:

Capulí ceramic sculpture of a contortionist (800—1500)

4280:

Painting in the Americas before European colonization

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Great tracts of Ecuador, including almost all of the

1899:

Historia del Reino de Quito en la América Meridional

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was among the first to begin farming (bottle gourd,

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Valdivia-Machalilla jaguar mortar (c. 2000—1300 BC)

825:, occupants of the site of the modern capital; the 437:

Period of Integration and the Arrival of the Incas.

1957:de Santa Cruz Pachacuti Yamqui Salcamayhua, Juan. 1830: 1825: 1959:Relación de las antigüedades deste Reyno del Perú 1852:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 1675: 740:Period of Integration and the arrival of the Inca 641: 4324: 1881: 867:, precipitated a bitter power struggle between 384:and in the middle Andean highland provinces of 4260:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas 4245:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas 2037:Travels Amongst the Great Andes of the Equator 1911: 1016:Travels Amongst the Great Andes of the Equator 829:(originally of Manabi) in the Sierra north of 511:The Inga lived in the Sierra near present-day 491:L.) The best known remains of the culture are 2838: 2220: 1971: 1690: 1014:Macanas, illustraction from Edward Whymper's 311: 1771: 1708:"Huge ancient lost city found in the Amazon" 1593:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology 1113:assign a use, and it was pronounced to be a 2008:. Proyecto Zamora-Chinchipe. Archived from 1833:The Peru Reader: History, Culture, Politics 1762:James A. Zeidler, Colorado State University 1338:Museo Antropologico y de Arte Contemporaneo 893: 634:Existing in the late Formative period, the 556:and many others in the Oriente region. The 2845: 2831: 2227: 2213: 2161:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2129:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2093:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1474: 1261:Statue from Chorrera Culture (1800—300 BC) 1249:Statue from Chorrera Culture (1800—300 BC) 1213:Ceramic bowls of Carchi culture (800-1500) 621:Statue from Chorrera Culture (1800—300 BC) 318: 304: 4250:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 2069: 2067: 1980: 1926: 1807:. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 1653: 1643: 2854:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures 1693:Old America: Pre-Columbian civilizations 1437: 1103: 1084: 1009: 990: 897: 743: 719: 616: 497: 20: 2281:Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute 2030: 2024: 1941: 1796: 1705: 1566: 1073:(s), used by armies of many Andean and 4325: 2192: 2108: 2073: 2064: 1896: 1848: 1774:Le Grand Inca Pachacútec Inca Yupanqui 360:Several other cultures, including the 2826: 2208: 1877: 1875: 1706:Rannard, Georgina (11 January 2024). 1621: 693: 606: 2234: 1987:Galapagosonline.com Incas in Ecuador 1916:. Translated by V. Livemore, Harold. 886:was fought on Ecuadorian soil, near 813:expansion northward from modern-day 674: 459: 441: 97:Spanish colonization of the Americas 25:Jama-Coaque figurine, 300 BC-AD 600. 3278:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela 2394:2010 coup d'état attempt and crisis 2296:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War (1857–1860) 1805:Library of Congress Country Studies 1370:. Exploring Ecuador. Archived from 1314:Jama-Coaque figurine, 300 BC-AD 800 785: 629: 585: 526: 434:Period of Regional Development; and 16:Ecuador before Spanish colonization 13: 4270:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas 3249:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia 2145:Reiss, W.; A. Stübel (1880–1887). 1872: 1865:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x 1360: 1344:Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino 376:sites in the coastal provinces of 14: 4369: 3261:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador 3232:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia 2616:1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis 2060:. 1855. pp. vol. ii, p. 138. 1149: 902:Pumapungo ruins at right, on the 4302: 3254:Archaeological sites in Colombia 3227:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil 2409: 2040:. London: John Murray. pp. 1839:Quote by Pedro de Cieza de Leon. 1595:. Oxford University Press. 2002. 1319: 1307: 1292: 1280: 1266: 1254: 1242: 1230: 1218: 1206: 1194: 1182: 287: 175:Ecuador as part of Gran Colombia 53: 4358:Indigenous peoples of the Andes 3237:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile 2186: 2170: 2148:The Necropolis of Ancon in Peru 2138: 2102: 2048: 1998: 1965: 1950: 1935: 1920: 1912:de la Vega El Inca, Garcilaso. 1905: 1890: 1842: 1819: 1790: 1765: 1756: 1734: 1725: 1699: 1695:. Barcelona: Circle of Readers. 1684: 1669: 1140:Extirpation of Idolatry in Peru 922:era. In 1463, the Inca warrior 763: 4343:Archaic period in the Americas 2195:The Royal Commentaries of Peru 1599: 1585: 1560: 1538: 1483: 1468: 1431: 1386: 642:Period of Regional Development 580:Mayo Chinchipe-Marañón culture 1: 4353:Indigenous peoples in Ecuador 4181:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala 3242:Archaeological sites in Chile 2362:Supreme Council of Government 1944:Suma y Narración de los Incas 1508:10.1126/science.131.3416.1805 1354: 1273:Statue from La Tolita/Tumaco 1080: 964:, born in Quito according to 708:emerged in eastern Ecuador's 4275:Mesoamerican writing systems 4232: 3271:Archaeological sites in Peru 1882:Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro. 1772:Rostworowski, María (2008). 1018:. London: John Murray, 1892. 821:, who fought along with the 798: 7: 4171:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán 2648:Water supply and sanitation 1972:Cabello de Balboa, Miguel. 1331: 1069:These weapons are known as 1048:Ancon (archaeological site) 987:defeated them three times. 778:culture was in the area of 715: 650: 10: 4374: 4197:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 4100:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil 2308:Liberal Revolution of 1895 1829:; Degregori; Kirk (1995). 1797:Rudolph, James D. (1991). 1691:Coe; Snow; Benson (1989). 1175: 1005: 918:expansion than during the 802: 697: 678: 610: 597:Museo Fianco Banco Central 506: 445: 207:Marcist (March) Revolution 147:Free Province of Guayaquil 122:Viceroyalty of New Granada 4298: 4240: 4231: 4151: 4074: 4049: 4020: 3995: 3970: 3945: 3920: 3889: 3864: 3839: 3808: 3771: 3746: 3709: 3678: 3653: 3624: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3600: 3595: 3422:Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia) 3207: 3039: 2896: 2860: 2784: 2712: 2669: 2660: 2584: 2575: 2508: 2499: 2427: 2418: 2407: 2246: 1578:Federal Research Division 1394:"Arqueología Ecuatoriana" 576:Zamora-Chinchipe Province 405:Zamora-Chinchipe Province 4309:Civilizations portal 3266:Cultural periods of Peru 2399:2024 Ecuadorian conflict 2193:de la Vega, Garcilasso. 2083:. New York. p. 177. 1837:. Duke University Press. 1800:Ecuador: A Country Study 1570:A Country Study: Ecuador 1490:William J. Mayer-Oakes; 894:Ecuador under Incan rule 837:. In that year, his son 782:, named in their honor. 681:Tumaco-La Tolita culture 4203:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 3049:Mesoamerican chronology 2379:War on drugs in Ecuador 2335:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War 2261:Real Audiencia of Quito 2199:cited by Whymper, 1892. 2183:cited by Whymper, 1892. 2167:cited by Whymper, 1892. 2135:cited by Whymper, 1892. 2099:cited by Whymper, 1892. 1929:El Señorio de los Incas 1742:"Manteño – Huancavilca" 1680:. Paris: CNRS Editions. 835:Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui 481:, and an early type of 456:dominated this period. 182:1827 Guayaquil uprising 142:Revolution of October 9 4348:Archaeology of Ecuador 2906:Archaeological periods 2352:Military Junta of 1963 1927:Cieza de León, Pedro. 1158:says that the Indians 1109: 1090: 1019: 911: 752: 729: 622: 572:Santa Ana (La Florida) 503: 353:in the modern city of 261:Ecuador–Peru conflicts 26: 4333:Prehistory of Ecuador 4209:List of Conquistadors 4096:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal 3507:Quebrada de Humahuaca 2926:Caddoan Mississippian 2256:Pre-Columbian Ecuador 1884:Historia de los Incas 1776:. Paris: Tallandier. 1107: 1088: 1013: 991:Objects and artifacts 901: 844:By 1500 Tupac's son, 747: 723: 620: 548:(4500 BC — AD 1532), 501: 472:Santa Elena Peninsula 331:Pre-Columbian Ecuador 72:Pre-Columbian Ecuador 24: 4176:Francisco de Montejo 4104:Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I 3217:Andean civilizations 3144:Shaft tomb tradition 2151:. London and Berlin. 1974:Miscelánea antártica 1635:Internet Archaeology 1156:Garcilaso de la Vega 970:Garcilaso de la Vega 655:The figurine of the 162:Guayaquil Conference 4142:Manco Inca Yupanqui 3447:Manteño-Huancavilca 2916:Ancestral Puebloans 2323:1922 general strike 2266:War of Independence 1992:18 May 2010 at the 1942:de Betanzos, Juan. 1744:. Exploring Ecuador 1609:. Exploring Ecuador 1575:Library of Congress 1548:. Exploring Ecuador 1502:(3416): 1805–1806. 1419:on 29 November 2014 1374:on 30 November 2010 1326:Manta culture chair 1108:Various stone tools 1089:Five types of tools 493:The Lovers of Sumpa 478:Lagenaria siceraria 271:Demographic history 218:Battle of Guayaquil 195:Republic of Ecuador 157:Battle of Pichincha 135:War of Independence 117:Viceroyalty of Peru 4265:Columbian exchange 4255:Portal:Mesoamerica 3407:La Tolita (Tumaco) 3222:Indigenous peoples 2961:Hopewell tradition 2888:Indigenous peoples 2737:Indigenous peoples 2628:Telecommunications 2538:National Congress 2115:. Paris. pp. 1897:de Velasco, Juan. 1441:American Antiquity 1349:History of Ecuador 1110: 1091: 1020: 912: 753: 730: 726:Walters Art Museum 700:Upano Valley sites 694:Upano River valley 661:Cotocollao culture 623: 613:Machalilla culture 607:Machalilla Culture 534:Machalilla culture 504: 428:Preceramic Period; 333:included numerous 294:Ecuador portal 27: 4338:Pre-Columbian era 4320: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4290:Pre-Columbian art 4226: 4225: 4220:Francisco Pizarro 4186:Pedro de Alvarado 3502:Pucará de Tilcara 2820: 2819: 2780: 2779: 2656: 2655: 2601:Coffee production 2571: 2570: 2546:Political parties 2533:National Assembly 2523:Foreign relations 2495: 2494: 2318:Concha Revolution 2075:Squier, E. George 2012:on 1 October 2013 1783:978-2-84734-462-2 1368:"Native Cultures" 936:Gulf of Guayaquil 880:Francisco Pizarro 775:Bahía de Caráquez 751:Ruins near Cuenca 724:Guangala Head in 706:cluster of cities 675:La Tolita Culture 665:Bahía de Caráquez 599:in Quito and the 460:Las Vegas culture 448:Andean preceramic 442:Preceramic period 431:Formative Period; 401:Amazon rainforest 343:Las Vegas culture 328: 327: 77:Las Vegas Culture 4365: 4307: 4306: 4305: 4229: 4228: 4215:Spanish Conquest 4192:Spanish Conquest 4167:Spanish Conquest 4156:Spanish Conquest 3598: 3597: 2847: 2840: 2833: 2824: 2823: 2800: 2793: 2667: 2666: 2611:Economic history 2582: 2581: 2541: 2506: 2505: 2425: 2424: 2413: 2389:2000 coup d'état 2291:March Revolution 2229: 2222: 2215: 2206: 2205: 2200: 2198: 2197:. pp. 52–3. 2190: 2184: 2182: 2174: 2168: 2166: 2160: 2152: 2142: 2136: 2134: 2128: 2120: 2112:Pérou et Bolivie 2106: 2100: 2098: 2092: 2084: 2071: 2062: 2061: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2028: 2022: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2002: 1996: 1984: 1978: 1977: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1909: 1903: 1902: 1894: 1888: 1887: 1879: 1870: 1868: 1846: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1823: 1817: 1816: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1769: 1763: 1760: 1754: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1738: 1732: 1729: 1723: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1703: 1697: 1696: 1688: 1682: 1681: 1673: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1657: 1647: 1645:10.11141/ia.52.2 1625: 1619: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1603: 1597: 1596: 1589: 1583: 1581: 1564: 1558: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1542: 1536: 1535: 1487: 1481: 1480: 1475:Dennis Jamison. 1472: 1466: 1465: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1413:"Mayo-Chinchipe" 1409: 1407: 1405: 1400:on 25 March 2016 1396:. Archived from 1390: 1384: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1364: 1323: 1311: 1296: 1284: 1270: 1258: 1246: 1234: 1222: 1210: 1198: 1186: 786:Los Huancavilcas 636:Chorrera culture 630:Chorrera Culture 592:Valdivia culture 586:Valdivia Culture 542:Chorrera culture 527:Formative Period 347:Valdivia culture 320: 313: 306: 292: 291: 290: 276:Economic history 266:Military history 110:Colonial Ecuador 92:Spanish conquest 82:Valdivia culture 57: 47: 29: 28: 4373: 4372: 4368: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4363: 4362: 4323: 4322: 4321: 4312: 4303: 4301: 4294: 4236: 4227: 4217: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4169: 4158: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4113:Quemuenchatocha 4111: 4102: 4098: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4042: 3911: 3820: 3794: 3783: 3730:Human Sacrifice 3727: 3719:Human Sacrifice 3716: 3690: 3663:Mayan Languages 3591: 3203: 3035: 2892: 2873:Genetic history 2856: 2851: 2821: 2816: 2803: 2796: 2789: 2776: 2757:Public holidays 2708: 2652: 2567: 2539: 2491: 2414: 2405: 2242: 2233: 2203: 2191: 2187: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2154: 2153: 2143: 2139: 2122: 2121: 2109:Wiener (1880). 2107: 2103: 2086: 2085: 2072: 2065: 2054: 2053: 2049: 2032:Whymper, Edward 2029: 2025: 2015: 2013: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1994:Wayback Machine 1985: 1981: 1970: 1966: 1955: 1951: 1940: 1936: 1925: 1921: 1910: 1906: 1895: 1891: 1880: 1873: 1847: 1843: 1824: 1820: 1795: 1791: 1784: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1747: 1745: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1716: 1714: 1704: 1700: 1689: 1685: 1674: 1670: 1660: 1658: 1626: 1622: 1612: 1610: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1565: 1561: 1551: 1549: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1488: 1484: 1473: 1469: 1436: 1432: 1422: 1420: 1411: 1403: 1401: 1392: 1391: 1387: 1377: 1375: 1366: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1334: 1327: 1324: 1315: 1312: 1303: 1301:Cuenca, Ecuador 1297: 1288: 1285: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1262: 1259: 1250: 1247: 1238: 1235: 1226: 1223: 1214: 1211: 1202: 1199: 1190: 1187: 1178: 1152: 1142:under the name 1083: 1008: 993: 966:Juan de Velasco 904:Tomebamba River 896: 807: 801: 788: 766: 742: 718: 702: 696: 683: 677: 653: 644: 632: 615: 609: 588: 529: 509: 462: 450: 444: 351:Guayas Province 324: 288: 286: 281: 280: 256: 248: 247: 214: 197: 187: 186: 177: 167: 166: 137: 127: 126: 112: 102: 101: 67: 45: 38: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4371: 4361: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4318: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4224: 4223: 4212: 4189: 4164: 4153: 4149: 4148: 4127: 4106: 4093: 4076: 4075:Notable Rulers 4072: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4046: 4044:Neo-Inca State 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4018: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3968: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3943: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3918: 3917: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3887: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3815: 3810: 3806: 3805: 3800: 3789: 3778: 3773: 3769: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3744: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3722: 3711: 3707: 3706: 3701: 3696: 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2908: 2902: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2857: 2850: 2849: 2842: 2835: 2827: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2814: 2809: 2802: 2801: 2794: 2786: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2778: 2777: 2775: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2752:Notable people 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2718: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2707: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2651: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2619: 2618: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2597: 2596: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2569: 2568: 2566: 2565: 2563:Vice President 2560: 2559: 2558: 2548: 2543: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2490: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2472:National parks 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2403: 2402: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2371: 2370: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2357:El Carnavalazo 2354: 2344: 2339: 2338: 2337: 2327: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2299: 2298: 2293: 2283: 2278: 2268: 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Bell 1482: 1467: 1454:10.2307/280325 1448:(3): 613–637. 1430: 1385: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1328: 1325: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1306: 1304: 1298: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1279: 1277: 1272: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1181: 1177: 1174: 1169: 1168: 1151: 1150:Age of objects 1148: 1136: 1135: 1082: 1079: 1007: 1004: 996:Edward Whymper 992: 989: 942:to Inca rule. 940:Island of Puna 928:Tupac Yupanqui 895: 892: 800: 797: 787: 784: 765: 762: 741: 738: 717: 714: 698:Main article: 695: 692: 679:Main article: 676: 673: 652: 649: 643: 640: 631: 628: 611:Main article: 608: 605: 603:in Guayaquil. 587: 584: 546:Mayo Chinchipe 528: 525: 517:Clovis culture 508: 505: 461: 458: 446:Main article: 443: 440: 439: 438: 435: 432: 429: 374:archaeological 326: 325: 323: 322: 315: 308: 300: 297: 296: 283: 282: 279: 278: 273: 268: 263: 257: 254: 253: 250: 249: 246: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 209: 204: 198: 193: 192: 189: 188: 185: 184: 178: 173: 172: 169: 168: 165: 164: 159: 154: 152:Luz de América 149: 144: 138: 133: 132: 129: 128: 125: 124: 119: 113: 108: 107: 104: 103: 100: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 68: 63: 62: 59: 58: 50: 49: 40: 39: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4370: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4311: 4310: 4297: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4242: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4221: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4204: 4198: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4161:Hernán Cortés 4157: 4154: 4150: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4077: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4048: 4045: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 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3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3250: 3247: 3243: 3240: 3239: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3209:South America 3206: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3038: 3032: 3031:Weeden Island 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3006:Poverty Point 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2971:Mississippian 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2898:North America 2895: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2868:Paleo-Indians 2866: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2848: 2843: 2841: 2836: 2834: 2829: 2828: 2825: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2792: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2711: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2659: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2590: 2587: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2564: 2561: 2557: 2554: 2553: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2372: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2328: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2315: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2288: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2275:reunification 2272: 2271:Gran Colombia 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2218: 2216: 2211: 2210: 2207: 2196: 2189: 2180: 2177:"1047,1048". 2173: 2164: 2158: 2150: 2149: 2141: 2132: 2126: 2118: 2114: 2113: 2105: 2096: 2090: 2082: 2081: 2076: 2070: 2068: 2059: 2058: 2051: 2043: 2039: 2038: 2033: 2027: 2011: 2007: 2006:"San Agustín" 2001: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1983: 1975: 1968: 1960: 1953: 1945: 1938: 1930: 1923: 1915: 1908: 1900: 1893: 1885: 1878: 1876: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1853: 1845: 1835: 1834: 1828: 1822: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1801: 1793: 1785: 1779: 1775: 1768: 1759: 1743: 1737: 1728: 1713: 1709: 1702: 1694: 1687: 1679: 1672: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1631: 1624: 1608: 1602: 1594: 1588: 1579: 1576: 1572: 1571: 1563: 1547: 1541: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1486: 1478: 1471: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1442: 1434: 1418: 1414: 1399: 1395: 1389: 1373: 1369: 1363: 1359: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1322: 1317: 1310: 1305: 1302: 1295: 1290: 1283: 1278: 1269: 1264: 1257: 1252: 1245: 1240: 1233: 1228: 1221: 1216: 1209: 1204: 1197: 1192: 1185: 1180: 1179: 1173: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1159: 1157: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1119:Thomas Ewbank 1116: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1087: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1035: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1017: 1012: 1003: 1001: 997: 988: 986: 982: 977: 973: 971: 967: 963: 959: 954: 950: 948: 943: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 920:Pre-Columbian 917: 909: 905: 900: 891: 889: 885: 881: 876: 874: 870: 866: 862: 857: 855: 851: 847: 842: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 806: 796: 794: 783: 781: 776: 771: 761: 759: 750: 746: 737: 735: 727: 722: 713: 711: 707: 701: 691: 688: 682: 672: 670: 666: 662: 658: 657:Bahía culture 648: 639: 637: 627: 619: 614: 604: 602: 598: 593: 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 524: 522: 518: 514: 500: 496: 494: 490: 489: 484: 480: 479: 473: 469: 468: 457: 455: 454:Inga cultures 449: 436: 433: 430: 427: 426: 425: 422: 420: 416: 415: 408: 406: 402: 398: 393: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 358: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 321: 316: 314: 309: 307: 302: 301: 299: 298: 295: 285: 284: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 258: 252: 251: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 199: 196: 191: 190: 183: 180: 179: 176: 171: 170: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 139: 136: 131: 130: 123: 120: 118: 115: 114: 111: 106: 105: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 78: 75: 73: 70: 69: 66: 65:Pre-Columbian 61: 60: 56: 52: 51: 48: 42: 41: 36: 31: 30: 23: 19: 4300: 4233: 4083:Moctezuma II 4040:Inca history 3965:Andean Music 3909:Architecture 3904:Architecture 3899:Architecture 3894:Architecture 3890:Architecture 3884:Gender Roles 3629:Tenochtitlan 3552:Timoto–Cuica 3547:Tierradentro 3332:Casma–Sechin 3260: 3064:Chalcatzingo 2704:Social class 2679:Demographics 2638:Trade unions 2594:Central Bank 2513:Constitution 2374:1990–present 2367:Paquisha War 2255: 2194: 2188: 2178: 2172: 2147: 2140: 2111: 2104: 2079: 2056: 2050: 2036: 2026: 2014:. 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1056:casse-têtes 1044:casse-têtes 805:Inca Empire 795:was named. 710:Upano River 568:provinces. 521:Fell's Cave 519:level I at 355:Santa Elena 87:Inca Empire 44:History of 4327:Categories 4117:Tisquesusa 4091:Cuauhtémoc 4087:Cuitláhuac 3417:Lauricocha 3387:Gran Chaco 3377:Cupisnique 3362:Chinchorro 3337:Chachapoya 3327:Caral–Supe 3169:Tlaxcaltec 3159:Teuchitlán 3074:Chupícuaro 3001:Plum Bayou 2996:Plaquemine 2966:Marksville 2931:Chichimeca 2772:Television 2742:Newspapers 2384:Cenepa War 1717:12 January 1607:"Chorrera" 1355:References 1081:Implements 985:Bracamoros 803:See also: 669:Esmeraldas 390:Chimborazo 386:Tungurahua 382:Esmeraldas 335:indigenous 4138:Atahualpa 4134:Pachacuti 4109:Nemequene 3975:Chinampas 3797:Astronomy 3786:Astronomy 3766:Mythology 3761:Mythology 3756:Mythology 3751:Mythology 3747:Mythology 3577:Wankarani 3567:Tuncahuán 3457:Marajoara 3412:Las Vegas 3298:Atacameño 3194:Xochipala 3134:Purépecha 3094:Epi-Olmec 3084:Cuicuilco 3026:Troyville 3016:St. Johns 2689:Education 2643:Transport 2551:President 2518:Elections 2487:Volcanoes 2477:Provinces 2467:Mountains 2420:Geography 2347:1960–1990 2342:1944–1960 2330:1925–1944 2313:1895–1925 2303:1860–1895 2286:1830–1860 2157:cite book 2125:cite book 2089:cite book 1748:5 January 1613:5 January 1552:5 January 1516:0036-8075 1378:5 January 1275:(c. 1 BC) 1000:Stone Age 981:Ingapirca 962:Atahualpa 924:Pachacuti 908:Tumebamba 884:civil war 873:Atahualpa 799:The Incas 793:Guayaquil 749:Ingapirca 687:La Tolita 467:Las Vegas 238:1960–1990 233:1944–1960 228:1925–1944 223:1895–1925 212:1860–1895 202:1830–1860 4234:See also 4152:Conquest 4125:Zoratama 3792:Calendar 3781:Calendar 3776:Calendar 3772:Calendar 3741:Religion 3736:Religion 3725:Religion 3714:Religion 3710:Religion 3699:Numerals 3693:Numerals 3654:Language 3634:Multiple 3572:Valdivia 3557:Tiwanaku 3517:Saladoid 3512:Quimbaya 3402:Kuhikugu 3382:Diaguita 3372:Chorrera 3189:Veraguas 3184:Veracruz 3164:Tlatilco 2976:Mogollon 2883:Cultures 2861:Americas 2807:Category 2699:Religion 2606:Currency 2540:(former) 2528:Military 2501:Politics 2240:articles 2077:(1877). 2034:(1892). 1990:Archived 1813:91009494 1532:26234989 1524:17753208 1332:See also 1144:zaramama 1028:Riobamba 938:and the 888:Riobamba 865:smallpox 770:Manteños 734:Guangala 716:Guangala 651:La Bahía 554:Chiguaza 538:Valdivia 488:Zea mays 341:Empire. 35:a series 33:Part of 4121:Tundama 4050:Peoples 4035:History 4030:History 4025:History 4021:History 4015:Cuisine 4010:Cuisine 4005:Cuisine 4000:Cuisine 3996:Cuisine 3854:Warfare 3849:Warfare 3844:Warfare 3840:Warfare 3834:Society 3829:Economy 3818:Society 3813:Society 3809:Society 3679:Writing 3673:Quechua 3658:Nahuatl 3625:Capital 3562:Toyopán 3542:Tairona 3452:Mapuche 3367:Chiripa 3342:Chancay 3313:Cañaris 3288:Amotape 3283:El Abra 3199:Zapotec 3179:Totonac 3154:Tepanec 3139:Quelepa 3109:Mezcala 3099:Huastec 3069:Cholula 3059:Capacha 3054:Acolhua 3011:Sinagua 2986:Patayan 2956:Hohokam 2946:Fremont 2791:Outline 2767:Smoking 2727:Cuisine 2714:Culture 2662:Society 2633:Tourism 2589:Banking 2577:Economy 2462:Mammals 2457:Islands 2442:Climate 2248:History 2236:Ecuador 1496:Science 1176:Gallery 1006:Macanas 998:sought 958:Huáscar 869:Huascar 550:Pastaza 507:El Inga 397:Oriente 370:Cañaris 46:Ecuador 4064:Muisca 4059:Mayans 4054:Aztecs 3688:Script 3683:Script 3643:Bacatá 3614:Muisca 3497:Pucará 3492:Piaroa 3487:Paiján 3482:Omagua 3437:Lupaca 3432:Lokono 3397:Kalina 3392:Huetar 3352:Chavín 3347:Chango 3322:Nariño 3318:Capulí 3308:Calima 3303:Aymara 3293:Arawak 3174:Toltec 3124:Olmecs 3119:Nicoya 3114:Mixtec 3089:Diquis 2991:Picosa 2981:Oshara 2951:Glades 2941:Dorset 2812:Portal 2722:Cinema 2694:Health 2684:People 2623:Mining 2482:Rivers 2437:Cities 2238: 1811: 1780: 1638:(52). 1530: 1522: 1514: 1462:280325 1460: 1404:2 June 1131:chicha 1071:Macana 1040:Squire 1024:Ibarra 819:Cuenca 758:Capulí 378:Manabí 362:Quitus 255:Topics 37:on the 4069:Incas 3960:Music 3955:Music 3950:Music 3946:Music 3879:Women 3874:Women 3869:Women 3865:Women 3823:Trade 3704:Quipu 3648:Cusco 3639:Hunza 3604:Aztec 3537:Taíno 3532:Sican 3527:Shuar 3477:Nazca 3467:Mollo 3462:Moche 3442:Luzia 3357:Chimú 3129:Pipil 3104:Izapa 3079:Coclé 3021:Thule 2911:Adena 2798:Index 2762:Sport 2747:Music 2674:Crime 2432:Birds 2044:–286. 1827:Starn 1528:S2CID 1458:JSTOR 1050:near 932:Quito 854:Cuzco 839:Tupac 831:Quito 823:Quitu 780:Manta 566:Azuay 562:Cañar 513:Quito 483:maize 366:Caras 339:Incan 3859:Army 3641:and 3619:Inca 3609:Maya 3587:Zenú 3582:Wari 3427:Lima 2732:Flag 2556:List 2163:link 2131:link 2095:link 2018:2014 1809:LCCN 1778:ISBN 1750:2011 1719:2024 1663:2019 1615:2011 1554:2011 1520:PMID 1512:ISSN 1425:2014 1410:and 1406:2010 1380:2011 1164:Peru 1052:Lima 1026:and 968:and 916:Inca 827:Cara 815:Peru 811:Inca 809:The 768:The 732:The 685:The 601:UEES 590:The 564:and 464:The 388:and 380:and 368:and 3940:Art 3935:Art 3930:Art 3925:Art 3921:Art 2117:685 2042:268 1861:doi 1712:BBC 1650:hdl 1640:doi 1504:doi 1500:131 1450:doi 582:. 4329:: 4178:) 2159:}} 2155:{{ 2127:}} 2123:{{ 2091:}} 2087:{{ 2066:^ 1874:^ 1857:82 1855:. 1803:. 1710:. 1648:. 1632:. 1573:. 1526:. 1518:. 1510:. 1498:. 1456:. 1446:50 1444:. 906:. 704:A 552:, 540:, 536:, 485:, 407:. 364:, 357:. 4222:) 4218:( 4211:) 4207:( 4205:) 4201:( 4199:) 4195:( 4188:) 4184:( 4174:( 4163:) 4159:( 3916:) 3912:( 3825:) 3821:( 3799:) 3795:( 3788:) 3784:( 3732:) 3728:( 3721:) 3717:( 3695:) 3691:( 3320:/ 2846:e 2839:t 2832:v 2277:) 2273:( 2228:e 2221:t 2214:v 2165:) 2133:) 2119:. 2097:) 2020:. 1976:. 1961:. 1946:. 1931:. 1901:. 1886:. 1867:. 1863:: 1815:. 1786:. 1752:. 1721:. 1665:. 1652:: 1642:: 1617:. 1580:. 1556:. 1534:. 1506:: 1479:. 1464:. 1452:: 1427:. 1408:. 1382:. 728:. 399:( 319:e 312:t 305:v

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